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Literary Analysis of Young Goodman BrownB

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Literary Analysis of Young Goodman Brown

“Young Goodman Brown” a story by Nathaniel Hawthorn which commonly talks about the power of social expectations, the transformation of people’s way of living as well as the grip of the past. It is a precise and well-elaborated story on how the community is corrupt and how hypocrisy hides the real image of the society. It is about Goodman Brown on how he used to figure out the politicians, spiritual leaders, the community members and his wife Faith as the epitome of moral ethics in the society. However, all this trust and believe ended changing him to an independent person who cannot trust on anyone in the community even his wife after knowing that they were all involved in the evil ceremony that usually happened during the night on the sacred forests. Hawthorn appropriately applies literary devices to bring out the plot of the story as well as its clear interpretation. Characterization has been well put off in the story where the main characters are Goodman Brown, Faith, and the Old Man. In this paper, the literary critical analysis of the “Young Goodman Brown” in regards of the themes, symbolism, historical content, motifs, themes, settings, the dark romantics and fall of man as well as the plot as brought up in the story are elaborated into an in-depth extent.

The settings of the story reflect the historical context of the community as well as the cultural beliefs and erosion of ethics in the society. Considering its environmental settings is in a rural area at Salem village where the evil people were associated with dark things used to attend the evil ceremony at night. The witch and people who were believed to be going the religion rules were the ones associated with such ceremonies (Hawthorne, page 13). Even though the author does not put clear whether it was the reality or a dream, it shows that during the nineteenth-century people were corrupt in superstition and other cultural beliefs that put a boundary between them and Christianity. Women were associated with purity and were regarded as vital pillars of the family in the matters regarding religion in the community. Good Brown believed that his wife was pure and the one to lead him towards the kingdom of heaven and attended the ceremony saying that it would be the last time and he follows Faith’s footsteps. However, it was against his expectations and surprising to meet her on the evil’s ceremony during the night. The case was not different with the deacons, and other community leaders who were regarded as the mirror of the society and Young Goodman Brown could not trust them anymore.

Dark romantics are also part of the story which author uses to express the cultural beliefs of many others writers in the early nineteenth-century deed. The gothic story composes a description of gloomy events followed with the psychological nuisance. The author uses his wife to illustrate the act of evil in the society and hypocrisy ending up never to trust anyone and living according to his principles and religious beliefs. It is traumatizing that Goodman Brown has kept hope for his wife as the one to transform and lead him towards the Christianity ways, but later realized she was also involved in the evil ceremony. The religious leaders and politicians are respectable heads of the community who tricks people about their love of God and public, but they are hypocrites who get involved in witchcraft and all other sorts of evils (Takeuchi, page 21). The “Young Goodman Brown” acts as a metaphor for the fall of man in the society regarding the author’s illustration of what he sees as hypocrisy and integral imperfection in the nation’s religion. It symbolically reflects the story in the bible on how the serpent enticed Eve to take the forbidden fruit which also put Adam in the same action and finally they were exiled from the garden of Aden and subjected to the pain of evils they deed. Goodman Brown was enticed by the Oldman to attend the dark ceremony where afterward realized the hypocrisy and moral degradation in the society and ended up trusting no one even his beloved wife.

The author accurately uses themes to bring out the conflict and other critical devices as well as development of the story’s plot. The themes that are mainly reflected in the story include the weakness of public morality, fear of wilderness and the inevitable loss of innocence. The mentioned above themes are the ones that the author applies bringing out the conflict and enhancing readers understandability. The theme of the weakness of public morality is reflected in the story where all the people in the community beginning with politicians to religious leaders and civilians are involved in unethical deeds. It illustrated in a conflict of the story before Goodman Brown attending the evil ceremony and at the climax where he decided never to trust anybody in the community and live his own moral life. The theme of fear of wilderness also significantly enhances plot development. Goodman Brown was in high terror as he gets into the lonely forest and meets with the Oldman (Melville, page 17). The wilderness represented evil as he was afraid and ashamed of being seen by other community members in the forest such as the woman whom they met on their way to the evil ceremony. The theme of inevitable loss of innocence creates the climax of the story. After realizing that all the community members are evil and eroded with hypocrisy, Goodman Brown decided to live independently and seek his interventions towards religion and the kingdom of heaven.

According to the discussion above, hawthorn’s “Young Goodman Brown” is a reflection of the today’s society where people have to live on their means and they are responsible for the evil deeds that one commits. The story is educative not only to the present but also the future generations as it shows how hypocrisy has corrupted the society in all the sectors both social-economically and political basis.

References

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. Booklassic, 2015.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. Simon and Schuster, 2012.

Melville, Herman. “Hawthorne and his Mosses.” Literary World 17 (2015): 17.

Takeuchi, Kisaki. “An Analysis of Hawthorne and Akutagawa.” (2016).

New Zealand

Name

Institution

Introduction

The insight of environmental predicaments and their designation is reliant on the socio-cultural background in which they take place. The evaluation if a crisis or risk subsists, and at what degree it is compelling enough, could vary from society to society and would vary in due course. For instance, Japanese civilization instigates a stronger weight on ecological problems, which warn human health, as opposed to those difficulties that pressure the innate environment. The social, as well as cultural framework of the New Zealand civilization, has designated it is more amenable to nature conservation subjects. Countless New Zealand citizens regard the natural surroundings as distinctive, and in numerous instances it is; the valleys, the outstanding indigenous trees, waterways, lakes as well as exclusive flora and fauna. The country, more so as opposed to other civilizations, employs the natural surroundings to represent the nation, for example, kiwi, koru et cetera. A New Zealand citizen has as much to be associated with the nation’s physical surroundings just like its association with its history as well as culture. Conservation administration in New Zealand comprises of civilizing and societal features and viewpoints as well as environmental values. This paper centers on how cultural viewpoints control the management of the surroundings. This assumption and hypothesis begins with the manner New Zealanders esteem their surroundings, and the way bionetworks and the nation’s green reflection are placed on the global political agenda.

Conservation

Conserving particularly the natural surroundings:

• The conservation and vigilant administration of the surroundings as well as of Natural Resources.

•An occurrence of upgrading by virtue of avoiding failure or injury or additional change.

Conservation signifies the preservation and protection of innate and significant resources for the reason of upholding their inherent values, given their approval and frivolous enjoyment by the public, as well as, safeguarding the alternatives of potential generations. Nature protection denotes the preservation and defense of New Zealand’s innate resources, having consideration to their inherent significances and having regard to native flora and fauna, innate ecologies and landscape.

Environment

Environment comprises of:

a) Ecologies and their essential parts, comprising of people and societies; and

b) The entire innate as well as physical resources; and

c) Amenity Principles; and

d) The societal, economic, aesthetic, and civilizing situations that influence the matters articulated in (a) to (c) of this designation or those influenced by those aspects.

The Past

At the time, Europeans came to New Zealand in the belatedly 1800’s they came with established animals as well as plants. They considered that it would build New Zealand have the experience of being like their home plus they were attempting to perk up the region for themselves (McDonald, 2011). This deed had a key outcome on the innate surroundings in New Zealand, for example, launching rabbits. These animals had a key effect on New Zealand’s native flora, by browsing in the forest floor. They consume seeds, lawns and understory twigs and bushes in the forest. This sequentially, as well had a consequence on New Zealand’s fauna. Moa hatchlings were dependent on seeds and minute animals for the initial few years of their existence. With the setting up of creatures, for example, rabbits and rats (that the Polynesians as well introduced), they turned to being direct opposition for the little moa for provisions (Beattie & Star, 2010). The moa in the nation had no additional living thing in which it was in express rivalry with before this and fought to stay alive. In addition, the Moa was fully over hunted and their eggs were utilized by the Polynesians as being a food source. In due course, it was educational and societal aspects that sent the Moa to extermination in New Zealand (Lovelock, 2005). This instance of societal and enlightening insinuations on the surroundings has been realized from and currently some native geneses in New Zealand are defended, so the identical destinies as the Moa never expand to other geneses presently in New Zealand, for example, the kiwi. Up to the conclusion of World War II, the animal reserves were merely established because the regions were considered as being misused land. Moreover, the reserves were considered to be a revered location of Maori. An example is that the initial National Park was developed in the country in 1894, since the Maori was frightened that the white persons, who had come to New Zealand, would take or assume ownership of their mountain that was tapu. Protection and ecosystem was not truly considered about in the untimely 1900’s. Growing and establishing National parks, as well as, reserves were further for societal and civilizing gain. It was at that time remarkably universal (up to World War II) to watch browsing, hunting and deforestation in National Parks, as well as, reserves (Lynch, 2012).

Cultural and societal viewpoints have since varied in New Zealand and possibly the world over. Presently, ecological and conservation administration is concerned with protection and natural balance. Economics although, still assumes an outsized branch of ecological management. Natural legacy to any nation is a civilizing notion. Natural conservation regions and reserves are perceived as being a pinnacle’ of the nation and are currently respected locals by sightseer, government subdivisions and the societies. Conservation, as well as, Environmental Management, will merely be victorious if it recognizes and reacts to the human, civilizing and societal aspects of a society or a region.

Case study of a Forest and Bird Project – Community involvement

Royal Forest, as well as, Bird Protection Society, is New Zealand’s primary autonomous conservation association. It was engulfed in the societal and political environment of the untimely 1900’s, a time when Forest along with Bird was established. The Local Bird Protection culture, as then known, apprehended its initial communal conference in March 1923 plus was directed by Captain Sanderson (Forest and Bird, 2008). During this era, Captain Sanderson was the motivating force behind inventing the Native Bird Protection Culture. Its unique principle was to reinstate Kapiti Island to its previous splendor. It additional principle was to sustain the flora and fauna reserve position it was provided with in the belatedly 1800’s. In 1923, and in numerous years before, Kapiti Island was teemed with livestock, sheep and goats, which were grazing the plant life and killing surroundings for the indigenous birds, providing no consideration to its flora and fauna reserve position (Forest and Bird, 2008). The Society started to widen its prospects and commenced to concentrate on numerous different aspects. Still nowadays, it has similar purposes as when it initially started, to defend New Zealand’s local surroundings, their environments and the innate attractive values.

Forest and Bird nowadays has developed from potency to strength. It encompasses over 40,000 affiliates in 54 branches all through New Zealand (Cuervo & Restrepo, 2007). Affiliates can be any person who has an adoration and interest for maintenance and the surroundings to be precise. In support of its affiliates, Forest and Bird supporters, lobby and fix capitulations to central and home government on protection and ecological aspects and activities. Supporting Forest and Bird along with their efforts is evidence that it is one of the principal social associations affecting ecological administration in New Zealand. There are several opportunities of protection and environmental administration, which Forest and Bird is engrossed in aid of its constituents, a number of includes:

•Nautical and coastal regions

•High state regions

•Re-establishing the Dawn Chorus – Bird protection

•Biosecurity

•Resource Administration

•Mining

•Fresh and Clean Water maintenance

Present History

The organization was originally established to defend the countries native forests, as well as, birds. Its current role has primarily grown to comprise fortification of all native varieties and untamed regions, on earth and in the nation’s oceans, lakes, as well as, rivers. The organization provides a pro-conservation say for all the endangered species and delicate places – from imperiled Maui’s dolphins to the tussock-lands of the nation. New Zealand’s region envelops a region of ocean lots of times larger than the country’s land mass, as well as, it is residence to lots of itinerant species, for example, seabirds along with marine mammals. The organization works with other ecological organizations, for example, BirdLife International, on protecting ecological issues in the country’s Exclusive Economic region, the extended Pacific, as well as, in Antarctica. The organization is not a government institute and never receives government finances. Nonetheless, it depends on the kindness of its members’ donations, contributions and inheritances to perform its conservation efforts.

How does Forest and Bird manipulate protection management?

The organization has established a system of 38 reserves plus sanctuaries for its resident species that are enthusiastically controlled by its members. It has as well productively campaigned for larger protection for its local animals and assisted to bring lots of species, for example, the kakapo, as well as, black robin, which were on the verge of extermination (Fuller & Rose, 2003). The organization has as well published awareness-raising magazines plus guides, for example, the organization’s periodical magazine, Forest and Bird, along with the organization’s popular customer brochure termed as the Best Fish Guide. Forest and Bird organization has also created numerous awareness-raising occasions, for example, the once a year Bird of the Year survey (Narwade et al, 2011).

The organization has established seven cottages all through the nation, since its members can obtain up-close and private with the resident birds, plants, not forgetting wild places. Since lots of the species set up in New Zealand traversal and comprehensive borders, the organization has a diversity of national and global partners, for example, BirdLife International. Given that Forest & Bird was established, communal parks, as well as, reserves have augmented to where they currently envelop a third of New Zealand, logging of indigenous forests has practically congested, and numerous species have been taken back from the point of extermination. The organization has been at the front position of almost all of the main conservation operations of the previous eight decades, for example, the struggle to protect Lake Manapouri plus the encounter to stop taking down of local trees in the nation’s North Island woodlands along with on the West Coast. Forest and Bird, established to defend New Zealand’s local forests as well as birds, presently encompasses an extensive brief: the conservation of the entire native, locales and wild regions.

How Can Community and Individuals Become Involved?

With this question, one could ask himself what could be the most significant thing in the planet. The answer could probably lie in the people and only them to be precise. This is in the consideration that this question does not embrace that citizens can by no means precipitate or direct over ecological disasters. In history and even lately, they have the capability and do; so frequently, it can be stated, as a consequence of poverty or the fighting. Citizens are not essentially an ecological blight, as implied by researchers. People might be caustic, but once shown the consequences to the ecological outcomes of their deeds, the organization is as well capable of altering people’s behavior, or establishing the conditions essential for change (Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand, 2009). Therefore, the buried supposition in any declarations to the consequence that all which is required to instigate the planet a “better” place in some way.

This in some way is obliged to reduce human inhabitants, are a backdoor, method of articulating that humans are merely and simply beings of nature, without any religious aspect to them, not capable of following any coded track of the act in the long-term, predominantly a guiding principle that might aggravate immediate or transitional material gain (Griesser et al, 2007). However, most people, maybe even an immense majority, will, possibly, intentionally and willingly change their behavior, and to their individual cost, wherever they come to consider that a meticulous strategy is wrong – even if the alteration might be problematic, or tricky, or costly. For civilization, it has to be a significant world and a planet where all responsible persons desire to know. After this realization, people have to take action upon their truthfully-held principles concerning what it is moral to implement, plus cannot be implemented (Munro et al, 2011). Despoiling the innate surroundings, both for this generation and for the entire of those organizations that emerge after it, must certainly be objectionable to any hard-working adult who provides the time to consider the environmental outcomes of clearly negligent deeds.

References

Beattie, J., & Star, P. (2010). Global Influences and Local Environments: Forestry and Forest

Conservation in New Zealand, 1850s-1925. British Scholar Journal, 3(2), 191-218.

Cuervo, A. M., & Restrepo, C. (2007). Assemblage and Population-Level Consequences of

Forest Fragmentation on Bilateral Asymmetry in Tropical Montane Birds. Biological Journal Of The Linnean Society, 92(1), 119-133. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00884.x

Fuller, R. J., & Rose, C. (2003). Bird Life of Woodland and Forest; With Line Ill. By Chris

Rose. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Griesser, M., Nystrand, M., Eggers, S., & Ekman, J. (2007). Impact of Forestry Practices on

Fitness Correlates and Population Productivity in

Lovelock, B. (2005). Tea-sippers or Arsonists? Environmental NGOs and Their Responses to

Protected Area Tourism: A Study of the Royal Forest

Lynch, J. (2012). New Zealand Case Studies. Environmental Education, 10041.

McDonald, P. (2011). Foot-Tracks in New Zealand: Origins, Access Issues and Recent

Developments. Dunedin, N.Z.: P. McDonald.

Munro, N. T., Fischer, J., Barrett, G., Wood, J., Leavesley, A., & Lindenmayer, D. B. (2011).

Bird’s Response to Revegetation of Different

Narwade, S., Kalra, M., Jagdish, R., Varier, D., Satpute, S., Khan, N., & … Sood, R. (2011).

Literature based species occurrence data of birds of northeast India. Zookeys, 150407-417. doi:10.3897/zookeys.150.2002

Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand. (2009). Wild Encounters: A Forest &

Bird Guide To Discovering New Zealand’s Unique Wildlife. Auckland, N.Z: Penguin.

Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand, (2008). Available at:

http://www.forestandbird.org.nz/index.asp

Crimes of the Heart

Crimes of the Heart

Author

Institution

Introduction

The description of a theater event as “good” usually comes off as a safe way for being noncommittal about a piece of work. However, there are instances where one would describe a theater event as nice or good or even awesome and mean it. This is the case for the play “Crimes of the Heart” which I attended at a local theater recently. Indeed, this comes as one of the best descriptions for the production, as well as the play.

The play revolves around the Magrath sisters namely Lenny, Meg and Babe, who have reunited at the family home located in Mississippi. This is after Babe shoots her abusive husband. Lenny can be characterized as a wallflower who laments her shriveled ovary, while the egocentric Meg has had her Hollywood career abruptly terminated after she had a nervous breakdown. Babe, on the other hand, is the impulsive and unruly sister who provides her sisters with shocking details pertaining to her affair with a black boy in his teenage years. The play involves the bubbling of past resentments to the surface as the three sisters are forced to deal, not only with their assorted relatives or even the previous relationships, but also the latest incident where Babe has murdered her abusive husband, which comes as a disruption to their dysfunctional lives.

Of course, this is not a stable family as each of them is running from something or tackling a fundamental issue in her life. On the same note, they all have baggage as they are grappling with the death of their mother who took the family cat with her. The issues with which the three sisters are grappling are a recipe for a dysfunctional drama rather than a humorous comedy, if delicate direction is not inculcated. Nevertheless, the direction of the play does not focus on the negative aspects in the lives of the sisters but their relationships with each other. The play seems to incorporate an unobtrusive approach to material, which costs the play some humor although it works pretty well. On the same note, the characters had to play in an extremely natural way, which resulted in the loss of their eccentricities, with some outrageous moments taking on a somber feel rather than being quirky.

I particularly liked the Lenny character who makes the transition from being the mopey and sad sister to being a truly caring person who essentially assumes the mother role over her two sisters. Indeed, this is an extremely effective performance that inculcates stability in the play, as well as the character. However, I particularly did not like the Babe character as she was portrayed as a bored adolescent and not as a detached 24 year old woman who strives to protect or defend her sanity through becoming withdrawn from life. As much as the Babe character has the capacity to connect immensely with the two other sisters in a number of the scenes, her largely recitative delivery often makes her seem too isolated in a large part of the play. Nevertheless, one would thoroughly enjoy the depiction of Barnette, who doubles up as Babe’s determined lawyer who is having a crush on his client, thereby introducing some vitality to the play. Chick, who is a nasty control freak cousin, doubles up as properly annoying. Indeed, the entire cast plays out into a terrific play.

Crime Victims’ Needs and VOCA-Funded Services

Lisa C. Newmark

Crime Victims’ Needs and VOCA-Funded Services

Why is the author creditable (based on academic/research, credentials, experience with victim services, etc.)

Dr. Lisa C. Newmark is is a leading director in an undergraduate program at George Mason University. She is also an associate professor in the department of society, criminology and law at the same university. Before joining this prestigious university in 2007 she was a senior associate researcher in the center for urban institute Justice Policy. She has had a rich experience in evaluation, applied research, as well as policy and program development for direct services for a wide range of crime victims.

b. What does this article say regarding crimes, victims and/or victim services?  (Brief article summary)

Her article Crime Victims’ Needs and VOCA-Funded Services asserts that many crime victims are not able to access formal service programs for victims. Only 45 of victims have had their cases being addressed by this group of service providers. These findings indicate that there is a dire need for the expansion of this service to victims who are rapidly getting underserved. This is because a considerable number of victims still do not get served by alternative services. However findings indicate that victims are happy with VOCA services.

c. How does this article compare with the other articles I have selected?

This article is different from other articles I have selected because it goes on to provide a summary of an empirical research carried out by the author. Apart from that it also gives out the findings .of other various researches carried out by other authentic institutions on the subject matter. It draws sound conclusions based on a wide research initiative by the author. She supports my initiative to carry out my own investigations by saying that the consequences of crime do not necessarily have to be reported for some victims can help themselves.

d. How will this article assist me in my efforts to develop a victim assistance program?

This article will assist me develop a victim assistance program through the following: Firstly the author already acknowledges that the results of crime do not necessarily generate the need to seek help from other people. In spite of whether it is formal or informal help. However, victims who are overwhelmed emotionally may need to seek alternative help. According to this report 20% of victims did not get satisfied with the justice system. The victims were dissatisfied because a number of offenders were not found guilty for their actions. The more reason why I need to develop a victim assistant program.

Jacqueline Corcoran

The Effects of a Police/Victim Assistance Crisis Team Approach to Domestic Violence

Why the author is creditable (based on academic/research, credentials, experience with victim services, etc.)

Jacqueline Corcoran who has a Doctor of Philosophy degree in law is a professor at the Virginia University in Alexandria. She heads the school of Social work..She has coauthored and also authored numerous books dealing with strengths based models and evidence. Part of her work also includes clinical applications of family interventions that are evidence based, Building of skills and strengths as well as Diagnosis and clinical Assessment in social work practices.

b. What does this article say regarding crimes, victims and/or victim services?  (Brief article summary)

c. How does this article compare with the other articles I have selected?

This article in comparison to others I have selected in that it covers cases beginning from the early 90s. Apart from that it also covers statistics of murder between partners unlike the others I had selected. The expenses incurred from domestic violence in the US alone per year are also estimated in this article; where it is estimated that family violence in the US costs the tax payers about $5-10 billion. However, these costs raise to $164 billion if children’s effects are also incuded. Most of these costs are as a result of non productivity, medical treatments and court cases.

d. How will this article assist me in my efforts to develop a victim assistance program?

This article will assist me in my attempt to set up a victims assistance program through the following ways: It reports that law enforcement agencies are facing challenges when dealing with domestic violence stemming from the following reasons; In the first place the domestic violence calls tend to call for more time than other pressing police matters, the high number of dismissed cases and the low rate of prosecution when it comes to such matters makes police officers perceive it as a waste of time arresting perpetrators of domestic violence. This means there is a gap in the industry and i need to come in and feel it through starting a victims assistance program.

Skogan, W.G., Davis, R.C. & Lurigio, A.J. (1990). Victims’ needs and victim services. Final report of the Center for Urban Affairs, Northwestern University to the National Institute of Justice.

Why is the author creditable (based on academic/research, credentials, experience with victim services, etc.)

Wesley Skogan is an expert in policing and crime, in the lastbthree decades he has spearheaded numerous researches ta the institute for policy research which include victim response to crime, the fear of crime and victimization. From 1993 he was directing an assessment of the Chicago’s experimental city wide initiative. His recent project include: an assessment of the use of information technology by law enforcement agencies.,

b. What does this article say regarding crimes, victims and/or victim services?  (Brief article summary)

The author conducted four crime assisting programs in where he made use of proactive outreach polices, He tried to vary the extend of conduct with people who reported crime to law enforcing agencies. He t5herefore made his team divide non conduct and conduct cases. People who had at least a telephone call with the research team were conduct cases. Non conduct cases were those whose cases were made to the team through a third party. After making conduct with the conduct cases and referring them to the police it was realized that it would take about 9 months for victims to be reattributed.

c. How does this article compare with the other articles I have selected?

This art goes in full fledged research unlike the other articles where the author makes actual conduct with the victims and carries out an empirical research to find out how long it would take for their cases to be heard and concluded. The author also is able to make a very important finding that has not been made in the other articles; not all cases reported by victims are entered into the police computers, consequently some cases are never heard or they take too long to be heard and concluded.

d. How will this article assist me in my efforts to develop a victim assistance program?

This article will assist me in my efforts to develop a victim assistance program through the following ways: I will get to a local police station where cases have been filed and make comparisons of cases that are in court, and those that have not yet been heard then find out which ones are missing from the computer data base. From her I will feel the gap of police complacency by taking on the cases to find out how I can assist the victims.

The Victim/Witness Assistance Program and JAG Corps 21

by Mr. Dennis E. Matthews, Jr.*Why is the author creditable (based on academic/research, credentials, experience with victim services, etc.)

Broadie is an expert in investigating homicides , in the last 40years he dealt with a number of volatile cases while teaching at Texas state university. He has written many books and articles. From 2007 he was leading the criminal justice department at the university of texas. His recent project dealt with assisting victims trace criminals without fearing that they would come back for them in Washngton.

What does this article say regarding crimes, victims and/or victim services?  (Brief article summary)

The author believes that in the Victims assistance program was doing well in 1982 when it started. It was committed because it stemmed from earlier studies on crime. Itbvwas instituted by bPresident Reegan after receiving reports from a committee on how to safeguard the rights of victims by protecting them from criminals who wanted to avenge if they testified against them. The entire study was about re-victimization and how victims could be placed on an equal footing with the accused. The office that deals with victims of crime was eventually placed in the ministry of justice. However after many years these policies no longer work and there is a need to feel this gap through private practice.

c. How does this article compare with the other articles I have selected?

This article is somehow different from the other articles I have selected since it deals with the military and also refers to the history of the victims assisting program and how it was started in the USA. The articles deals with how this victimization program worked for the military personnel spouses who became victims of domestic violence. The author asserts that there can not be a substute for an experi3enced VWAP professional that can reallybchampion

d. How will this article assist me in my efforts to develop a victim assistance program?

Skogan, W.G., Davis, R.C. & Lurigio, A.J. (1990). Victims’ needs and victim services. Final report of the Center for Urban Affairs, Northwestern University to the National Institute of Justice.

Why is the author creditable (based on academic/research, credentials, experience with victim services, etc.)

Wesley Skogan is an expert in policing and crime, in the lastbthree decades he has spearheaded numerous researches ta the institute for policy research which include victim response to crime, the fear of crime and victimization. From 1993 he was directing an assessment of the Chicago’s experimental city wide initiative. His recent project include: an assessment of the use of information technology by law enforcement agencies.,

b. What does this article say regarding crimes, victims and/or victim services?  (Brief article summary)

The author conducted four crime assisting programs in where he made use of proactive outreach polices, He tried to vary the extend of conduct with people who reported crime to law enforcing agencies. He t5herefore made his team divide non conduct and conduct cases. People who had at least a telephone call with the research team were conduct cases. Non conduct cases were those whose cases were made to the team through a third party. After making conduct with the conduct cases and referring them to the police it was realized that it would take about 9 months for victims to be reattributed.

c. How does this article compare with the other articles I have selected?

This art goes in full fledged research unlike the other articles where the author makes actual conduct with the victims and carries out an empirical research to find out how long it would take for their cases to be heard and concluded. The author also is able to make a very important finding that has not been made in the other articles; not all cases reported by victims are entered into the police computers, consequently some cases are never heard or they take too long to be heard and concluded.

Article will assist me in my efforts to develop a victim assistance program through the following ways: I will get to a local police station where cases have been filed and make comparisons of cases that are in court, and those that have not yet been heard then find out which ones are missing from the computer data base. From her I will feel the gap of police complacency by taking on the cases to find out h

d. How will this article assist me in my efforts to develop a victim assistance program?

This article will assist me in my efforts to develop a victim assistance program through the following ways: I will get to a local police station where cases have been filed and make comparisons of cases that are in court, and those that have not yet been heard then find out which ones are missing from the computer data base. From her I will feel the gap of police complacency by taking on the cases to find out h

Crime Scene Report

Western Maryland Regional Crime Laboratory

Hagerstown Police Department

50 N. Burhans Blvd., Hagerstown, MD 21740

Crime Scene Report

Agency: Hagerstown Police DepartmentPage # 1 of 2

Case #: 98-108597Report Date: 08/01/07

Laboratory # CS-04-04

Ref: Suspicious Death, 123 West Main Street.

On entering the crime scene, there was male body lying on its side on a bed located at the center of the room. The bed was covered by a satin blue sheet which had some blood stains on it. There was a night stand positioned on the west wing of the room on the left side of the bed, on top of the night stand, there was a lamp, phone and a time clock. As per the clock, it was thirty minutes past nine. A rifle which was slightly covered by a pillow could be easily seen on the floor next to the bed and the night stand. On the east side of the room, there was a television set placed on top of another night stand. Under the television set, lied a written piece of paper. Next to the television set, a dust bin with crumpled pieces of paper in it could also be seen. On the northern side of the room, there was an empty box on the floor. Next to the empty box, there stood a night stand with a radio set, bottle of an alcoholic drink and empty drinking glass. Three pens, a pencil and a lamp were also placed on top of the night stand.

In order to get a general feel of the crime scene, I walked through the room. This was just to find out whether anyone had tampered with anything before my arrival. This also vital I n the creation of original theories based on the visual assessment. During the walk through, nothing was touched. The main idea of the walk through was just to get the general picture of what might have occurred. Potential evidences were duly noted at this stage. A second walk through was conducted where the scene was documented. This was done through taking of pictures and the drawing of sketches. During this stage, nothing was tampered with. After the second walk through, potential evidences were collected and stored safely according to the law. This was done so as to preserve the evidence. A thorough search commenced immediately after the second walk through. A zonal search was employed in order to thoroughly search the crime scene. The scene was divided in to four sectors. These sectors were namely the west, east, north and southern wing. The collection of physical evidence was carried during this stage. All evidences collected were immediately preserved, tagged and logged in properly recorded. The following evidences were collected.

Evidence

Exhibit # Evidence Where located

1 Stained blue bed sheets Bed

2 Cell phone Night stand

3 Pen one Hairdresser

4 Clear drinking glass Dresser

5 Liquor bottle Dresser

6 Paper with hand writing TV table

7 Crumpled paper Waste basket

8 Fire arm( rifle) Floor

9 Finger print Jaen

10 Pencil Dresser

11 Pen 3 Dresser

12 Pen 2 Dresser

13 Witness GSR Jaen

14 Decorative pillow Floor

15 Pillow 2 Floor

16 Waste basket Floor

17 Blood sample Jaen

18 Witness fiber Jaen

Laboratory Report

Bed sheet: stained blue sheets

Test #1: results of analysis:

The stain present on the bed sheet tested positive for the presence of human blood. DNA was extracted from the pillow under head and compared with the known DNA sample of Robert Allen Jones. To a reasonable degree of scientific certainty, It was determined that the source of the DNA on this exhibit originated from Robert Allen Jones.

Trace Evidence Analysis

Seven hairs were recovered from the sheets. These hairs were determined to be of human origin. Five of the hairs are consistent in microscopic characteristics with hair exemplars of Robert. Two of the hairs are consistent in microscopic characteristics with red-hair exemplars of miss Daugh.

Gunshot residue analysis

The test was performed on the samples recovered near where the pillow was located. Numerous particles unique

Cell phone

Cell phone analysis

No voice mail messages were found. The account of this phone is the name of Robert Allen Jones. An attempt is being made to obtain the telephone records for the phone.

Glass

Finger print analysis

Three partial latent prints containing sufficient friction ridge skin patterns to be of value for comparison/ identification purposes were identified on the submitted water glass. Latent prints were identified as originating from right thumb, right index, and right ring finger or Robert.

Forensic biology

Swab samples from the rim of the submitted water glass yielded positive results for presence of saliva. DNA was extracted from this exhibit and compared to known DNA samples of Robert Allen. To a reasonable degree of scientific certainty, it was determined that the DNA on this exhibit originated from Robert Allen Jones

Toxicology for drugs and alcohol

No positive results yielded

Liquor bottle

Finger print analysis

Three partial latent prints containing sufficient friction ridge skin patterns to be of value

For comparisons purposes were identified. The finger prints belonged to Robert.

Forensic Biology

Swab samples from the mouth of the submitted liquor yielded positive results for presence of saliva. The DNA matched that of Robert.

Note

Finger print analysis

The finger print found on the note matched that of Robert.

Fire arm

Forensic biology

Stain present on the riffle yielded positive results for presence of human blood. The DNA sample matched that one of Robert.

Trace evidence analysis

Two hairs were recovered from the rifle. The hairs were determined to of human origin. They were consistent with head-hair exemplars from Robert.

Gunshot residue analysis

Numerous particles unique to the Gunshot residue were identified on the rifle. This indicated that the rifle had not been cleaned after being fired last.

Firearm examination

The firearm was tested. The rifle is operational and no safety defects were detected, the submitted projectile from the deceased at autopsy compared to the projectile that was test fired, it was determined that the projectile recovered from the deceased was fired from the riffle.

Witness fiber

Trace evidence

No fibers matching Jaen were discovered within the crime scene

Gunshot residue analysis

This test yielded no useful result

Witness fingerprints

Fingerprint analysis

No finger print matching jaen were discovered within the crime scene.

Witness GSR

Forensic Biology

The test yielded no result.

Reconstruction

Due to lack of evidence that pointed towards the direction of Jaen having committed the crime, only one conclusion was arrived at. All evidence pointed that this was suicide because all the DNA samples collected belonged to Robert

cc: HPD Central Records

Prof. S. Blankenship

HPD Lab case file

Report Submitted By:

Your Name Here

Forensic Student Reviewed By:

Crime Rates in the United Kingdom

Crime Rates in the United Kingdom

Name:

Institution:

Abstract

Crime refers to the violation of set up laws or rules which govern a system. Upon an individual being convicted for a certain crime, they’re liable to punishment by fine, being imprisoned for specified time period or going through a death sentence.

Gender

A study carried out in August, 2012 in which there were riots in Britain showed that suspects were charged and the press focused on ethnicity, age, offenders employment status and neighbourhood. However, and by far, the statistics shockingly revealed that gender ranked highest, with 92 percent out of the first 466 defendants being male. If for instance the crimes committed by men were at the same rate as those by women, £3.4 billion would be saved every year. There’s no much doubt that most crimes in the UK are committed by men. However, at no point will men ever commit crimes at the same rate as women do much as a male-free societies are not an option. With men taking the greater percentage of individuals committing crimes, it is still not convincing that masculinity is the root cause. Violent crime which could be easily associated to males is worrying and there seems to be a continuous rise. Taken as a percentage of the all of reported crime, violent crime has been;

2.4% in 1900

1% in 1937

0.9% in 1967

5.6% in 1997

There was however about 10% in 2011. The study shows that in September 2011, 17.42% comprised of violent crime out of the total of recorded crime.

As per a  HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Public_Health_Agency” o “Canadian Public Health Agency” Public Health Agency report, the rate of violent crime doubled among male youth during the late 1980s and 1990s. While it almost tripled among female youth, it rose for the latter from 2.2 per 1,000 in 1988 to a peak of 5.6 per 1,000 in 1996, with a decline beginning in 1999. Researchers have suggested that the high rise on crime statistics could be explained by the compulsory approach to schoolyard fights and  HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying” o “Bullying” bullying, thereby leading to criminalization of behaviours now commonly referred as “assault” behaviours. Increase in the proportion of female violent crime would be explained more by a change in policies that govern various laws than by effective behaviour of the population itself. Evidence indicates that aggressive and violent behaviour in children is directly related to family and social factors, such like social and financial deprivation; tough and inconsistent parenting; parents’ marital problems; family problems, whether between parents, by parents towards children or between siblings; poor parental mental health; physical and sexual abuse; and alcoholism, drug dependency or other substance misuse by parents or different other family members.”

Males are typically more openly aggressive than females, which violent crime statistics support. Some researchers have indicated that females are not necessarily less tough, but that they tend to show their aggression in less overt, less physical ways. For instance, females may go ahead to show case more verbal and relational aggression, such like  HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_rejection” o “Social rejection” social rejection. Men do on the other hand, however, express their aggression with violence more often than women would do.

Gender considerations in regard to crime have been largely ignored and pushed aside in criminological and sociological studies, until recent years, to the extent of female deviance having been marginalized (Heidensohn, 1995).

Females have an apparently low level of offending’ (Heidensohn, 1995); that they pose less of a social threat than their male counterparts; that their ‘delinquencies tend to be of a relatively minor kind’, but also due to the fear that including women in research could threaten or undermine theories, as Thrasher and Sutherland feared would happen with their research (Heidensohn, 1995).

1.42 million offenders were sentenced for criminal offences in England in the year 2006. 80 per cent of these offenders were male. 82 and 94 per cent of all the crime offenders in England found guilty of, or cautioned for, violence against the person, criminal damage, drug offences and robbery and burglary were male. Even though the number of offenders was quite small, 97 per cent of those found guilty of, or cautioned for, sexual offences were equally male.

The most commonly committed offence by both men and women in England was theft in 2006. 50 per cent of female offenders were found guilty of, or cautioned for, theft and handling stolen goods, compared with 30 per cent of male offenders. Overall, 71 per cent of theft-related offences were committed by men. Of those found guilty or cautioned for sexual offences, 98% were male. Women commit less ‘white collar’ crimes than men. This is at least partly mainly because women are less represented in the top business jobs.

Race/ethnicity

2.7% of the population aged 10 were blacks in England according to a survey carried out in 2009-2010.13.7% made up the prison population. 6% received sentences for burglary, 9% for violence against persons, 16% for drug offences, 19% for robbery, and 22% for fraud and forgery. Blacks however committed crimes that were more severe based on the longer sentence lengths. In 2003, twice as many blacks were in prison as at university as per the Commission for Racial Equality report.

12% of the population in London was Black in 2010. Statistics carried out in June 2010 by The Sunday Telegraph via a Freedom of Information Act request showed that street crimes with an inclusion of muggings, assault with intention to rob alongside snatching of properties had 54% being black people. 59% of the same made up of robbery, 67% were gun crimes and 32% were for sexual offences. In 2004, the British Crime Survey found out that more Whites than non-Whites reported being victims of racially motivated crimes with five times as many Whites as non-Whites reporting being wounded in the attacks. In contrast, hate crime statistics state that whites are a minority of the victims.

HYPERLINK “http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Kriss_Donald” o “Kriss Donald” Kriss Donald, a fifteen-year-old was a victim of racial crime. He was kidnapped and murdered in  HYPERLINK “http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Glasgow” o “Glasgow” Glasgow in  HYPERLINK “http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/2004” o “2004” 2004. Five men of British Asian origin were found guilty of racially-motivated violence. They were all convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.

A race advisor to the London mayor in 2003, said drugs and gun crime were the greatest threat to the black community. Following a string of murders committed by black people in 2007, Tony Blair the then British Prime Minister associated it to the black culture from the black community. To him, there was need to be mobilize and in turn denounce the gang culture that had been killing innocent young black kids. But we won’t stop this by pretending it isn’t young black kids doing it. As a result of the Africa-Caribbean people being underrepresented in the white-collar crime, gang involvement has been seen to be a continuing problem.

According to commentators, the issue of black people and crime is hidden away or downplayed, and that the fear of accusations of racism is viewed as a contributing factor. As one of the few police forces, the Metropolitan Police Service ranks as having gathered statistics on gang rape. Sorious Samura, a filmmaker gathered 29 such incidents which involved young people from the period January 2006 to March 2009 and came up with findings that 66 out of 92 people convicted were black or of mixed race. The filmmaker indicates that it is quite disturbing to ignore that such a high level of crime statistic was committed by black and mixed-race young men.

1,543 victims of racist crime in Scotland were of Pakistani origin in 2005-2006, while more than 1,000 victims were classed as being Britons. 87,000 people from either the black people or minority ethnic communities mentioned that they had been subjected to racial crimes according to the British Crime Survey in 2004. 49,000 violent attacks were reported with 4,000 being wounded. Similarly, 92,000 whites mentioned they had been victims of racial crimes. 77,000 however was the number of white people who had experienced violent attacks whereas white people who reported having been wounded were five times the number of blacks and minority ethnic victims which was at 20,000.

More than two-thirds of black men are held responsible for crimes like shootings and more than half of robberies in London are equally by black men according to the Scotland Yard figures. Statistics also show that police have held black women accountable for a disproportionate amount of violent crimes. 45 per cent of suspected female perpetrators were black for knife crime offences. Among those women and girls police took action against for gun crime, 58 per cent of women and girls had the police take action against them for gun crimes whereas 52 per cent were robbery related crimes.

Police statistics relate to those persons who were prosecuted – whether convicted or acquitted – whether issued with a caution, a warning or any form of penalty notice.

Over12 per cent of London’s 7.5million population is black. This includes those of mixed black and white parentage, whereas 69 per cent are white. These findings are as per the Office for National Statistics.

Police figures equally demonstrate that black men are more likely to be the victims of violent crimes. This accounts for up to about 832 out of 2,882 of male victims of shootings in 2009-10 being black. Black people as per annual figures indicate that they are six times more likely to be stopped and searched by the police than their white counterparts.

Richard Garside, of the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies at King’s College London, said: ‘Given Britain’s long history of racism and imperialism, it should not greatly surprise us that black and minority ethnic groups are disproportionately members of social classes that have tended to experience greater victimization and to be the subject of police attention. Just because the police treat black men as more criminal than white men, it does not mean that they are.’

Age

In 2009-2010, males aged 16 to 20 years in England were more at risk of being homicide victims with a rate of 34 homicides per million people in the age group.

The proportion of adults aged 16 years and above who thought crime had increased nationally in England fell from 66 per cent in 2009-2010 to 60 per cent in 2010-2011.

Adults aged 16 years and over believe that crime is not going up, while at a national level people believe that it is going up and at a much faster rate than anticipated.

Between 1 June 2000 and 31 December 2009, close to half (49 per cent) of adults aged 21 and above in England with an ASBO breached it at least once while 38 per cent breached it more than once.

In the year 2010, 384 prisoners were sentenced to life imprisonment in England and Wales, which is a decrease of 9 per cent when compared with 421 in the year 2009.

Since arrest rates are especially high for teenagers and young adults, criminologists have long contended that age structure changes affect crime trends. This belief has been drawn into question in recent years mainly because crime has not declined even though high-crime age groups have shrunk. The age/crime relationship is probably exaggerated by high arrest rates for younger persons. They are due partly to their lesser ability to escape arrest, younger persons commit more group crime, maybe as a result of peer influence and the age structure of victims should be considered. A review of 90 studies that touch on crime rates on age structure indicate that only a small minority proceeds to find significant relationships. It is however hard to conclude that the age/crime relationship does not exist, but the strength of evidence indicates that forecasts on demographic trends are not likely to be helpful.

The violent crime arrest rates for persons aged 10 to 24 years in 2009 were 519.6 arrests per 100,000 population for males, and 118.5 arrests per 100,000 for females.  The violent crime arrest rates were highest for males aged between 15 to 19 years with a rate of 730.3 per 100,000.

Residence

In 2007, reports showed that more than one-fifth of  HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_London” o “Crime in London” crimes in London ware committed by immigrants. Up to about a third of all solved, reported sex offences and a half of all solved, reported frauds in the capital were carried out by non-British citizens. A study conducted in 2008 found that the crime rate of Eastern European immigrants was similar to that of the indigenous population. 2006 research found that immigrants have a positive and significant impact on the crime rate. This confirms that larger shares of immigrants are associated with a higher crime rate. This may be caused by the higher unemployment, and thus worse socioeconomic conditions among immigrants. It also demonstrates that unemployed immigrants are still more likely to commit crimes than unemployed non-immigrants.

Crimes among residences have in most cases led to people deserting their houses. This in turn as effect on a city’s employment leading to low population growth, low growth of towns.

Arrival of immigrants has resulted in a lack of progress in the reduction of offences against property and in a minor increase in the number of offences against Collective Security (i.e. drugs and trafficking). In the case of nationals, their contribution to the increase in the crime rate is primarily concentrated in offences against persons. Econometric results confirm the result even after controlling for all the observed socioeconomic and demographic factors. The report indicates that a higher proportion of American, non-European, and African immigrants tend to widen the crime differential, the effect being larger for the latter ones. The paper generally supports that labor market related conditions seem to supersede other potential explanations for the relationship between crime and immigration. However, given the limitations of the dataset and the available statistics of crime in, the econometric analysis cannot exclude other alternative explanations such as ethnical related activities or misperceptions about the law. Cultural differences were statistically detected, endorsing the view that some communities of immigrants might not see criminal law as a body of rules capturing their own views of society.

Students are seen as rich pickings by some criminals who tend to assume that they have a mobile or smart phone, television, CD or DVD player, a laptop, digital camera and mp3 player, and maybe even a bike, a car or some designer gear. All are relatively easy to dispose of in the world they frequent.

Estimations are that a third of students become victims of crime, mainly theft and burglary, but many of these incidents ought to have been prevented.

Most students are in most cases not aware of crimes in our towns and cities until they bump into them one day. This happens to be particularly true for freshers partying in their first few weeks at university who are not ‘street-wise’ about the local area. Student victims may often be the worse for wear, perhaps having taken advantage of drinks promotions in a club or restaurant.

The figures speak for themselves. Up to about 20 per cent of student robberies do take place in the first six weeks of the academic year.

Profession/unemployment factors

There is a correlation between unemployment and crime. Similarly, joblessness is a major motivator in theft, burglary and violent crimes that can have a monetary motivation. Unemployment is linked to a greater extent to certain types of crimes which are mostly perpetrated by men without a college education. Wage fall has a greater effect on crime, given low wages don’t always provide workers with everything they want and need as it comes to fending for themselves and their families.

The greatest correlation between unemployment and crime is found with theft and burglary crimes, mainly because persons without an income, are in most instances desperate for money therefore end up stealing it, or steal things they need, can sell in exchange for money. These crimes are carried out by less-educated men in society. Wages for less skilled, poorly educated men decreased from 1979 to 1992 thereby resulting to a high rise in crime rates. 1993 to 1987 saw the same types of workers wages increase whereas crime rates decreased.

Lower wages rates, unemployment are equally linked with higher assault rates. Money, not only hatred, anger or revenge, can be a big motive in violent crimes. For the case of theft and burglary, this type of relation in assault cases will mainly, only exist in men without college education. Given money is rarely a motive in rape or murder — consequences of these crimes far outweigh any monetary gain — there are no strong correlation whatsoever between these crimes and unemployment or lower wages. This therefore does show how unemployment affects certain crimes — those with monetary motives — but does not raise the crime rates in all areas of crime.

It has been found that a bad labour market has a profound impact on the crime rates.

A fall in wages does increase the relative payoff of criminal activity. It is obvious that economic conditions do have an impact on crime. Analyses to examine the links between wages, unemployment and crimes between 1979 and 1997 for men without college educations were conducted. In one analysis, crime rates in several counties across the country were looked at. All counties with populations greater than 25,000 persons were compared with state wages and unemployment rates. Next analysis focused on statistics from 198 metropolitan areas. Researchers took into consideration factors like arrest rates and number of police who may have equally influenced crime rates. Researchers calculated that the 20 percent fall in the wages of non-college-educated men over the entire period accounts for a 10.8 percent increase in property crime and a 21.6 percent increase in violent crime. Wage declines are thus responsible for more than half of the long term increase in both property and violent crime.

Wages in turn had a greater effect on crime than was the case with unemployment rates. Reason being unemployment rates are cyclical and there are no strong long-term trends. Wages, however, fell steadily during most of the period under research. Long-term trend in wages was a big dominant factor on crime during this period under research.

Among less educated men, lower wages and higher unemployment rates where people lived made it more likely that they had participated in crimes. Cognitive ability and background on family makes it true for the researchers.

Low-skilled workers are clearly the most affected by labor change opportunities, making results remain after controlling for a wealth of personal and family characteristics.

REFERENCES

HYPERLINK “http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/crime.html” http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/crime.html

HYPERLINK “http://ukcrimestats.com/blog/2011/11/” http://ukcrimestats.com/blog/2011/11/

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_Kingdom” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_Kingdom

HYPERLINK “http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8681469/Crime-in-Britain-the-key-statistics.html” http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8681469/Crime-in-Britain-the-key-statistics.html

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1290047/Metropolitan-Police-crime-statistics-reveal-violent-criminals-black–victims.html

Space Yacht Concert; Evelyn Munoz

Name

Institution

Course

Professor

Date of SubmissionSpace Yacht Concert; Evelyn Munoz

Music is an essential and primary element of the entertainment industry. Attending a live concert is one of the best experience not only regarding entertainment but also in the basics of understanding the music theory part taught in class. There is a lot involved in music starting from the key learning, composing, recording, sound and instrumentation to the real performance as well as stage appearance. The overall art determines the presence and attraction of the genre to its audience. The aim of every artist is composing exciting music that will attract and satisfy the fans desire as entertainment is the crucial issue in this industry. Space Yacht concert powered by Night out is one of the best music recitals that I attended as an external live performance where Evelyn Munoz was the chief artist. In this paper, Evelyn Munoz performance at the Space Yacht place is illustrated in a profound extent as an out of class concert that helps in understanding varied types and styles of stage representation in consideration of the voice type, performance quality as well as the performer’s appearance.

Music keeps in advancing as time goes regarding the melodies, texture, chord structures, and harmonic series among many other music fundamentals. Also, the music composition and styles used are most important as various genres today are different to what they were some decades ago. The difference is distinct, and one can note when listening to the 90’s and nowadays music where today artists have the freedom to compose their work on own perspective. The case was different a few decades ago where the musicians had to write songs talking about their past experiences which were mostly related to their future in particular. Change is inevitable, and the artists have to adapt it to enhance diversification in the industry.

In the night out at the Space Yacht place lots of musical fundamentals were observed in the famous artist, Evelyn Munoz’s performance. During the presentation, the pitch of Evelyn Munoz’s voice was steadily creating a reverent melody that perfectly caught the audience’s attention. The excellence sound articulation free from noise and other irrelevant distractors from unconditioned instrumentation made her art unique and unusual becoming an efficient entertainment journal to all. Her attack style preferably marks the beginning of her performance as the note is explicitly introduced. The choral style is depicted by the homophonic texture in Evelyn Munoz art where mostly there is the application of soft text dynamics.

The unique vocal features mentioned above boosts the quality of her music, making Evelyn Munoz’s one of the most famous female artists worldwide. Stage appearance and performances are also a vital thing when it comes to determining an artist’s perfection in the music industry. Evelyn Munoz proved this right during her presentation at the Space Yacht during the memorable night out. She digitally made her performance starting from her dressing mode to instrumentation and dancing. It being a night out is clear that the audience is there for entertainment, it is an effective way of relieving stress after the long day’s chores work. Evelyn Munoz’s appearance made the presentation efficient and on the other side used instrumentation that provided the right pitch. The dancing modes especially in her work “Dance Sauté” made the audience left helpless from joining the changing styles throughout her presentation.

Evelyn Munoz’s art made the night out at the Space Yacht entertaining through the efficient application of her experience in music industry. The voice types, stage styles as well as the actual presentation and appearance in the stage significantly determines the quality of music genre. External learning out of the class work is vital to the music students as it provides an exposure to the real world and in the process, they end up learning different skills to boost their career as well as talents.

Crime Problem and Gang Violence

Crime Problem

Name:

Instructor:

Course:

Date:

Crime Problem: Gang Violence

Introduction

Gang violence has become a perennial problem in the United States. No matter the hard measures taken by the federal government to maintain law and order criminal gangs continue to wreck havoc in our streets and neighborhoods. In a 2010 survey, the National Youth gang Survey (NYGS) put the prevalence of gang problems at 34.1 percent, a figure that has remained fairly constant since 2005 (Egley and Howell, 2012). According to the survey, there are an estimated 29,400 number of gangs operating across the United States, with approximately 756, 000 gang members. The FBI associates the proliferation of gangs to the rise in the number of violent crimes. Gang crime account for more than half of all homicides reported in U.S large cities (Egley and Howell, 2012). While the gang problem may not be necessarily a new issue the chilling figures and other social economic consequences call for concerted effort to address gang-related crime.

Everybody is susceptible to gang crime (U.S. Department of Justice, 1996). This includes anybody who can come in between the gang attempts to control neighborhoods or anyone trying to disrupt the gang income which includes extortion, drugs and weapon trafficking, robbery, and fraud and brothels (Curry and Spergel 1992). Sometimes the teens are the most affected as they are lured into their enemy’s trap unknowingly. Other victims are the innocent citizens who have been caught in the crossfire. According to NYGS there was an annual average of 2000 gang homicide from 2006 to 2010 (Egley and Howell, 2012). Gang crime is mostly concentrated in urban areas. The most affected cities are the long beach, Oakland, Oklahoma, Los Angeles, Newark, Chicago and Oklahoma.

U.S, gang membership can largely be classified as street gangs, motorcycle gangs or the prison gangs. Although the number of females continuing to join these gangs has increased, gang membership is still dominated by the males. The majority of the members (58.6 percent in 2008) are adults, meaning that they are over 18 (Egley and Howell, 2012).

A Gang Structure

Adopted from: Urban Dynamics, Inc

Situational Analysis

In order to understand gang crime, it is important to first of all understand why gangs form (Clarke, 1997). What for instance motivate youths into joining gangs and what sustain them into this gangs? There are so many schools of thoughts as to why youths join gangs. There is a school of thought that believe youths join various gangs to fulfill some of the needs that the society is unable to provide for them(Felson, 1994).). Others attribute the formation of gangs to poverty and ethnic marginality, desire for material gain, influence of supportive peer groups, and escape from hostile families (Gordon, 2000). From a psychological perspective these motivating factors can be summed to what Maslow termed as the hierarchy of needs (Decker, 2008). In this theory, Maslow argues that that human needs are hierarchical, forming a pyramid shape. At the lower level, human beings are guided by the physiological and safety related needs. At the top of the pyramid they want to feel a sense of belongingness, self-esteem, and self actualization (Decker, 2008). When the youths are denied a fruitful opportunity to attain these needs, they are most likely to be lured to criminal gangs that ostensibly provide an easier way of rising to the top of pyramid. In this way, gangs are adoptive mechanism of releasing the human needs that that are not met through the proper channel.

However, theories that tend to lean towards environmental sociology tend to argue that inequality, poverty, and unemployment play a minimal role in influencing crime. According to these theories, people have a rational choice, and will always be motivated to behave in a way that maximizes pleasure and avoids pain. Routine Activity Theory, a subsidiary of Rational Choice Theory for instance holds that for a crime to occur there must be three elements: a motivated offender who has criminal inclinations, a promising target, and the absence of a capable guardian who can prevent the crime from occurring (Felson and Cohen, 1980). The three elements form the sides of the crime triangle or the problems analysis triangle.

Adopted from: Center for Problem-Oriented Policing

According to this theory, crime is a normal activity and will always occur when the three elements converge. From a utilitarian perspective, criminals are motivated to act whenever an opportunity presents itself. The opportunity can be the presence of a vulnerable target that is not protected by an effective guardian. In this case, the guardian is the security system. It is important to note a security system does not only comprise the police but also the neighbors, colleagues, friends, security guards and all the other preventive agents. Thus, whenever the security system is not effective enough in providing the security for its people, criminals will always strike (Clarke and Felson, 2004).

Principle Opportunity Theory

The opportunity theory is premised on the ground that opportunity makes the thief (Felson and Clarke, 1998). The theory argues that when there is an opportunity to commit a crime, the criminals will rise to the occasion. If this assertion is held in the perspective of the gang crime, it would not be truer. In United States for example, gangs seems to have an open opportunity to commit crime. If the gangs that are operating in drug trafficking are to be considered against this theory for instance, it can be argued the United States has ready market for drugs. Any criminal who want to indulge in drug trafficking will get an available market, and of course make good money. This is also the case with weapon trafficking. The opportunities are just irresistible.

As the theory further argues, a crime opportunity will create the opportunity for another crime. This must be the reason why the gangs are involved in a series of crimes. The gangs will be charged from all manner of criminal activities from homicide, extortion, rape, robberies and many more. Thus when one is trafficking arms; he or she can easily be tempted to employ the same weapons to commit a crime (Howell and Decker, 1998). Drugs traffickers also will be forced to unleash violence to protect their strongholds. It is also true that crimes will be concentrated in time and space. No wonder gang crime is more concentrated in lower end suburbs. Reducing the opportunity to commit crime will definitely reduce this type of crime but it is not usually the final solution. Concerted measures will have to be put in place.

Possible Intervention

The fact that gang crime is a perennial problem does not mean that it can not be eradicated, or at least reduced to tolerable levels (Braga et al, 2012). Various interventions can be applied to try and dismantle the gang culture. Like the opportunity theory would observe, gang culture is becoming too attractive. Many of the youngsters are now almost relating gang culture as a way of lifestyle. These gangs will exhibit a definite style of dressing, talking and even walking. Unless urgent measures are taken, the children who grow up in gang dominated neighborhood are likely to think that being a member of gang is a way of life. The government, the media and the larger society must do all things at their disposal to paint gang culture as unacceptable social behavior. Children must be taught to shape up to the right role models.

To reduce gang crime both the governments-federal and local- and the society at large must take measures that will discourage committing crime. At the federal level for instance, the government must make sure that drug and weapon trafficking is not only a difficult affair, but it is risky as well. Those caught committing crime must be made to face the full force of the law. Marketing the products of crime activity must be made increasingly difficult (Braga, 2011). This will call for dismantling the current thriving black market. It is important to remember that most of the criminal gangs will continue to commit crime so long as there are remarkable benefits (Eck, 1994). The government must make sure that committing crime is absolutely worthless, with no benefits. Such measures as seizing products gotten out of criminal activity are steps in the right direction.

In addition, as the criminal gang will commit crime in the absence of a guardian, the government must put in place an effective security structure, including an active police service and a society that is well informed and prepared in ways of reducing crime (Felson, 1994). The current modern policing requires that the security be trained in ways of pre-empting criminal activity rather than reacting to crime that has already been committed (Braga, 2011). More importantly, the government needs to put in place measures that will eradicate the excuses that are put up time and again as the motivating factors to crime. Such as excuses as poverty, unemployment and ethnic marginalization must be resolved.

Recommendations

Dismantling the black market to discourage drug and weapon trafficking. The government should ensure that our borders are well monitored, and guarded to prevent shipment of illegal goods.

Tightening security apparatus, including employing modern technology like evenly distributed CCTV cameras.

Training the police on active rather than reactive measures: In this way the police will have new ways of doing things like pre-empting crime rather than responding to criminal activity.

Use harsh deterrence measures like long term incarceration and capital punishment where warranted.

Invest in social economic conditions to uplift the life of all people

Ensure that the children are brought up in proper parentage and the right guidance before they slip to gang culture.

References

Braga et al. (2012).Moving the work of criminal investigators towards crime control. London: Sage Publishers

Braga, A. (2011). Problem-Oriented Policing and Crime Prevention. London: Sage Publishers

Center for Problem-Oriented Policing. (2012). A Theory of Crime Problems. Retrieved on Nov. 19, 2012 from: HYPERLINK “http://www.popcenter.org/learning/pam/help/theory.cfm” http://www.popcenter.org/learning/pam/help/theory.cfm

Clarke, R. & Felson, M. (2004). Routine Activity and Rational Choice. New York: Transactional Publishers

Clarke, R. (1997). Situational Crime Prevention: Successive Case Studies (2nd). New York: Harrow and Heston.

Curry G.D. & Spergel I.A. (1992) Gang Involvement and Delinquency among Hispanic and African American Adolescent males. Journal of research on Crime and Delinquency. Vol. 29 p.273-291

Decker, S. (2008). Strategies to Address Gang Crime: A guidebook for Local Law Enforcement. Glendale: Arizona Sate University.

Eck, J.E. (1994). Drug Markets and Drug Places: A Case-Control Study of the Spatial Structure of illicit Drug dealing. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. College Park: University of Maryland.

Egley, A. & Howell, J. (2011). Highlights of the 2010 National Youth Gang survey. Washington D.C: U.S Department of Justice

Felson, M. & Cohen, L. (1980). Human ecology and crime: A routine activity approach. Human Ecology Vol. 8(4), 389-405.

Felson, M. (1994). Crime and Everyday Life: Insight and implications for Society. California: Pine Forge press.

Felson, M. & Clarke, R. (1998). Principle of crime opportunity. New York: Harrow and Heston.

Gordon, S. (2000). Criminal Business Organization, Street Gangs and ‘Wanna-be’ Groups: a Vancouver Perspective. Canadian Journal of Criminology Vol. 42 (1), 39-60.

Howell, J. & Decker, S. (1998). The Youth gangs, Drugs, and Violence connection. Washington DC; U.S Department of Justice

U.S. Department of Justice (1996). Victims of Gang Violence: A New Frontier in Victim Services. Washington D.C: U.S Department of Justice.

Urban Dynamics HYPERLINK “http://www.urbandynamics.net/” http://www.urbandynamics.net/

The concepts of race, gender, and class are used to give identities to people within the society.

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The concepts of race, gender, and class are used to give identities to people within the society. Identities in terms of race, gender and class are highly regarded by people in the society who consider them as significant factors that describe a person’s history. Thus; over the years, the idea of transformation almost been regarded as a taboo since the society has made people to believed that transformation causes damage to history. However, Kai & Marquis argue that these identities are merely scripts, and the evidence that supports the scripts are within the people carry them (Kai & Marquis, 2017). By this argument, the authors mean that people themselves know their own identities despite what the society claims for them. The authors support their argument by stating that if we fear losing ourselves without these identities, we shall be trapped into identities that we know fail us (Kai & Marquis, 2017).

Categorization of humans based on their race is made depending on their physicals, behavioral and more so cultural attributes which may signify that they share the same origin (Swinehart, 2018). Especially in the current society, race can also be defined as a group of people who share certain traits like skin color, hair texture, and other physical features. Race stems from the idea that there are groups of humans in the world and all have specific physical features or cultural ways which distinguish them from another group. For example, people may identify their races as aboriginals, African-American or black, Asian, Pacific Islander, Native Americans, and Hawaiian. Individuals may identify themselves with one or more social identities which also define their race. For example, individuals of African, Asian American, Native American or Hawaiian ethnicity may identify themselves as African-Americans. In reality, race is thought by many to be a social construct. A social construction is a term used to define any concept which has only been created by society at large. In this definition, race is not a natural phenomenon that can be found in other non-human species. Race has its roots in human history which are very ancient in terms of evolution since they date early pre-historic times of humankind; thus, making it to be a strong identity for people.

Class is defined as a social division whereby people are categorized according to their social or economic status (Swinehart, 2018). The social classes are a hierarchy, and each class has its own customs, values, beliefs, and habits. Individuals that belong in the higher classes within the hierarchy enjoy more privileges than those that belong in lower classes; where by, the rights and freedoms of those in higher classes are prioritized and observed more than those of lower classes. On the other side, punishments are severe for those that come from lower classes especially when they offend people from a higher class. For instance, Kai & Marquis, (2017) reflect on an episode of law-and-order SVU in which a black boy, from a black school confronted a white transgender teenage girl from another school. The white girl sustained a fall over a bride when she was pushed, she survived the initial fall, but later died because of complications related with the fall. Over the course of episode, the boy was constantly reminded that he had not just hurt anyone, but someone from a “protected class.” As a punishment for the offense, the black boy suffered serious consequences by being jailed for 3 years in juvenile and 4 more years in the adult prison upon his 18th birthday (Kai & Marquis, 2017).

Gender is a classification of sex in terms of the social and cultural roles played by men and women. It is one’s status as a man or woman, boy or girl. This also includes anatomy such as chromosomes, hormone levels, muscle mass, fat distribution (Swinehart, 2018). The concept of gendered behavior will vary by culture but often happens during development stages such as childhood. In western societies gender typically refers to sexual identity while other cultures might use it for social roles and roles assigned by the society itself. The term gender identity, or simply “gender”, is a person’s personal identification with the sex that they were assigned at birth and sometimes defined as embodying certain personality traits or characteristics that are typical for people of the opposite gender.

References

Swinehart, K. (2018). Gender, class, race, and region in “bilingual” Bolivia. Signs and Society, 6(3), 607-621. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/699668Kai M. Green & Marquis Bey (2017) Where Black Feminist Thought and Trans* Feminism Meet: A Conversation, Souls, 19:4, 438-454, https://doi.org/10.1080/10999949.2018.1434365

Crime- Juvenile Delinquency

Crime- Juvenile Delinquency

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Introduction

Sociologically, crime and deviance can be viewed as the externalities or acts that are harmful to the individual and society at large, which are prohibited and punishable by law. Each and every social setting has mores, values, beliefs and expected standards that govern interaction of the members and in the long run help to streamline coexistence. For an action to be classified as crime it must be engagement in an activity that sways away from mores and standards of expected behavior accompanied by intentions of the errant which is mostly motivated by strict societal exceptions. In the analysis of social order, institutions within a given social setting and structures have defined social practices that maintain, conserve and enforce ways of interactions and behavior in order to reproduce those conditions that are capable of continually reproducing conditions essential for its own existence (Inderbitzin, Bates & Gainey, 2013). This implies that different institutions will have different definitions of crime and different mechanisms of control or course of action in case there is violation; the conditions affecting the changes and magnitude of committing these crimes and the form of legal or penal responses made by that institution. Juvenile delinquency on the other hand can be viewed as a classification of crime that is associated with young people that is, individuals younger than the statutory age of majority. This age will differ with countries and economies, social institutions and structures as the independence of expected behavior varies and depending with the nature and severity of the crime committed, juveniles can be tried or punished as adults. This paper will evaluate juvenile delinquency from a sociological perspective by use of theories and other sociological insights in a bid to understand various concepts of and offer solutions to this classification of crime since at this age control and management of behavior is paramount to curb regional and international crimes in now and in future.

In human growth and development, there are transitional stages which are characterized by various psychological needs and wants and puberty, as the age bracket of our interest, has personal challenges that can promote development of crime and other violations of social order. For instance, in cognitive development, individuals’ at this age bracket are more abstract than egocentric enabling individual to reason and think in a wider perspective with which the executive functioning of thoughts and cognitive skills control and coordinate thoughts and behaviors. Sociological and behavioral studies suggest that thoughts, notions and perceptions developed at this stage of life significantly impact individual’s future life by shaping one’s character that plays a major role in personality formation. It is in this stage of social development that adolescents form personal identities with egocentrism influencing the self-conscious desire to feel important/ recognition in social groups and enjoy social acceptance (Nofziger, 2010). Theories suggest normalcy as part of development rather than formation but the cognitive process of change in both content of one’s thoughts and structure about one’s self makes it more of a formation and thus control and management of traits such as self-awareness and self-control will lead to wise decisions during the stage and in transition to adulthood.

Researchers suggest two types of juvenile delinquency, repeat offender; defined as life-course-persistent offender who starts showing anti-social / aggressive behaviors in childhood to adolescence and continues to adulthood and specific offender also known as adolescence-limited offender whose anti-social and aggressive behaviors begins and ends during the adolescence period. For good parenting and societal nurturing, it is important for stakeholders to account for behavioral changes from childhood to later stages of development in a bid to evaluate the course of action for respective individual. For instance, by understanding the behavioral changes one can identify an adolescent-limited individual by analyzing his/her post-adolescent actions such as less pathology, dropping of criminal/ aggressive activities once the adolescence is over and other problematic issues such as substance abuse and financial dilemmas, characterized at both adolescence and adulthood for those who were delinquent than those who were not (Moshman, 2011).

Causes

Sociologically juvenile delinquency can be attributed to two major factors of personal/cognitive development and external factors with personal growth/cognitive factors largely influenced by process of growth and development which can be tamed or untamed depending with the approach implemented. For instance, experts view juvenile crimes to be disproportionately committed on sex differences with boys more susceptible than girls; attribute that feminism theories suggest as ideologies of masculinity that make boys feel strong, powerful and aggressive necessitating competition, which in the process of asserting and expressing their masculinity end up in anti-social and criminal behaviors (Silvestri & Crowther-Dowey, 2008). Other factors within the development can be social and economic class of these adolescents as they grow up with the observations that the ones from low social status and who in one way feel social or racial disaggregated are prone to juvenile delinquency. This is naturally manifested in the process of growth and development which with effective control and management from parents and other social institutions can be tamed and managed in the long run. External factors include family factors and peer influence with family factors taking form of parental supervision; disciplining and punishing, parental conflicts and separations, parental abuse and other parent-child relationships influence the susceptibility of the child to juvenile delinquency. Peer influence on the other hand fall under differential association and cultural organization with observations that in a group context, existence of culturally complex communal institutions such as schools, churches and social group, coupled with peer pressure can lead to children diverting their focus to crime (Gelfand, Chiu & Hong, 2011).

Risks and Mitigation

Risks involved with juvenile delinquency include behavioral and cognitive problems such as extreme criminal behaviors of rape, murder and other violent behaviors in childhood or adolescence and other cognitive problems in adulthood such as substance abuse and poor financial and time management, low intelligence and impulsiveness, gratification, restlessness and lack of empathy in adulthood. As part of mitigation, effective parenting such as consequence-based discipline; parents should avoid neglect so as to know and monitor child’s activities and actions, they should be reflective on justifying the discipline actions to avoid authoritative and harsh discipline to the children as they grow and they should give attention to their children especially on mental and psychological needs necessary for upright development.

Conclusion

Juvenile delinquency as a subtype of crime cannot be ignored in that ineffective management can lead to developmental problems which can necessitate crime in a wider perspective both in childhood and in adulthood. This can be tamed and managed by proper parenting and strengthening of social institutions; which as a sociologist, understanding the process of growth and development in conjunction with adaptability in the social institutions will go further in reducing the cases of juvenile crimes for societal, regional and international peace and coexistence.

References

Moshman, D. (2011). Adolescent rationality and development: Cognition, morality, and identity. New York: Psychology Press

Silvestri, M., & Crowther-Dowey, C. (2008). Gender & crime. Los Angeles: SAGE.

Nofziger, S. (January 01, 2010). A Gendered Perspective on the Relationship Between Self-Control and Deviance. Feminist Criminology, 5, 1, 29-50

Gelfand, M. J., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (2011). Advances in culture and psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Inderbitzin, M. L., Bates, K. A., & Gainey, R. R. (2013). Deviance and social control: A sociological perspective. Los Angeles: SAGE.