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The Business Community Promotional Plan

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The Business Community Promotional Plan

In line with the California Business Education Association’s mission of fostering excellence in business disciplines, this promotional plan has been designed for the Business Community within the state. The promotion will therefore target all the business set-ups within the stated area and will mostly rely on the available associations and alliances existing for effectiveness.

Plan Objectives

To reach to the extensive business community within California in order to inform them of the existence, significance and value of CBEA

To highlight the importance of collaboration between the business community with business educators for professionalism and excellence of businesses

To help increase enrollment of business set ups to the association by over 50% within the first two weeks of promotion

Main message

In line with the stated objectives, the promotion intends to inform the business community on the importance of business education and partnerships with the business educators.

Promotional techniques

Given that the target market segment has been established, there are various techniques that will be deployed to ensure a wide reach. First, there will be a two week door to door campaign to select high commercial areas to reach to the business community. Flyers and billboards will be mainly used this two week promotional campaign. In addition, seminars will also be organized for the business community regarding professionalism through business education. In addition, advertisements will be placed on the local dailies and business magazines.

Evaluation

Success of this promotional activity will be evaluated on a weekly basis to establish the challenges faced. As a result, there will be improvements and adjustments to maximize performance. The target set is to register about 200 more businesses within the promotional budget of $150,000 within the one month promotion schedule.

Criminological Theories and Practice

Criminological Theories and Practice

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Criminological Theories and Practice

Theory is an important aspect of any profession as it serves to guide practice, more so if the practice is to be evidence based. The existence of theories therefore acts as theoretical frameworks upon which practice is based. Criminal justice is no different, as knowledge of the various theories not only helps in guiding professionals in their approaches to cases, but it also helps in the formulation of policies. Policies such as diversion programs, graffiti reduction programs, the three strike laws as well as the stiffer penalties such as the death penalty have all in one way or another been inspired by criminological theories of crime causation.

One means of sentencing that can be said to have been influenced by theory is the diversion program; a form of sentencing aimed at ensuring the offender does not get a criminal record. In this case, the offender is usually forced to meet certain requirements such as provision of community service, restitution, education in order to avoid future offenses as well as avoidance of situations that may result in another similar offence. The first theory that clearly influences the formulation of this approach to sentencing is the labeling theory. The labeling theory avers that the labeling of an individual as deviant usually results in lower self esteem, self rejection and consequently further engagement in deviant behavior. Further, it posits that once labeled gaining acceptance back into society may prove a problem, as majority of those who accept the labeling of others also have a hard time changing their opinions of them, even in cases where evidence has been presented to suggest otherwise. The newly formed status of “criminal” dictates how an individual is identified in the public, and may push the individual into forfeiting any further attempts they may have wanted to have towards conforming. (Macionis & Gerber, 2010). These programs, by ensuring that the individual does not get labeled as a criminal attempt to avoid the effect that labeling would otherwise have on the individual and push him/her towards engaging in repeat offenses. This principle also applies when it comes to the expunging of records, as by doing away with the criminal label, the individuals are not defined by their previous mistakes and are therefore able to avoid engaging in further criminal behavior due to the burden that the “criminal” label would otherwise have given them. Indeed findings by Bernburg, Krohn and Rivera (2006) in a study on adolescents to establish whether or not the labeling theory can be used to explain crime, find that adolescents who had been involved in the juvenile justice system were prone to engage in further delinquent behavior by associating with other delinquent peers or even joining groups of other delinquents such as gangs. This therefore means that diversion programs do help, as they ensure the individual avoids being sentenced and therefore avoids what would otherwise be a criminal label and the subsequent stigma suffered could drive them into associating with fellow delinquents, leading to further crime if looked at from the differential association theory.

The police athletics league, at times referred to as the police activities league, refers to the program through which members of the police force actually act as mentors and coaches for young people, in sporting activities, homework or other activities. The programs are mainly aimed at building character, keeping the youths off drugs as well as strengthening the bond between the community and the police department. This approach towards eliminating crime can be claimed to be linked to follow the concepts of the social control theory, more so when it comes to instilling self control thus achieving internal control. Another way, through which control is achieved by this program, is indirectly through the police officers who act as figures the children can identify with thus influencing behavior positively. By building close relationships with the children they mentor, the police officers are able to exert indirect control, as the children would be afraid of disappointing them by engaging in delinquent behavior (Hirschi, 2002). This approach is also based on the social disorganization theory, which argues that crime can be related to the breakdown of social institutions as well as communal relationships. As such the approach attempts to foster a sense of community, strengthening the communal relationships and creating a sense of organization within larger groups which according to the social disorganization theory, does deter crime (Bursik, 1988). The same issue of creating communal relationships as well as strengthening social institutions applies when it comes to the midnight basketball leagues, which were intended to foster good community relationships. Based on the findings by Sampson and Groves (1989) as well as the findings of Bursik and Grasmick (1993) that the community structure in terms of race, socioeconomic status, residential mobility as well as family disruptions indeed affect the crime rates due to the sparse nature of friendship networks, unsupervised youth groups as well as low organizational participation, programs such as the police activities leagues and midnight basketball leagues do affect these variables and are bound to reduce the crime rates according to the social disorganization theory (Kubrin & Weitzer, 2003).

The differential association theory could also be said to have played a very important role in the development of the “Weed and Seed” program, as it identifies the potential influence the company one keeps has on their behavior or their affinity to engage in criminal activities. The differential association theory posits that through interacting with criminals, individuals are able to learn new attitudes, values, motives and techniques for committing crimes (Sutherland, 1947). As such, it therefore seems prudent to try and separate the criminal elements from the rest of society in order to ensure that they do not influence the rest of society. This is essentially the main principle behind the weed and seed program, which attempts to weed out violent elements within various target areas through the help of members of the community, thus reducing drug trafficking, gang activity and violent crimes amongst other criminal activities. The program itself integrates community policing, law enforcement and prevention measures in order to reduce crime. By weeding out the rogue elements, the police department ensures that crime coming about as a learned behavior is at its minimum, as any relationships or associations these criminals might have with others are cut short. In addition, Matsueda (2000) further posits that according to the differential association theory of social organization, the crime rates within communities or groups are essentially affected by how the group itself is organized to fight crime compared to how it is organized in favor of crime commitment. The seed aspect of the program therefore attempts to ensure that the community’s organization against crime outweighs its organization in favor of crime, a clear application of concepts from the differential association theory. The findings of Kissner and Pyrooz (2009) on the influence of familial gang involvement on subsequent gang membership, serve to highlight the influence close relationships do have on the potential learning and subsequent engagement in criminal behavior, therefore justifying the need to “weed” out criminal elements in an attempt to prevent those around them from being influenced into engaging in delinquent behavior.

Stiff penalties such as the death penalty and the three strikes rule are founded on the classical school of criminology which essentially believes that punishment is actually a deterrent if it is proportional to the crime (Landau, 2002). Another theory which could also be used to explain the application of stiffer penalties is the social control theory. The theory argues that punishment or rewards can actually be used to bring about direct control over an individual or their criminal activities and ensure compliance. Aspects of the differential association theory could also be argued to influence the application of stiffer penalties, more so the three strikes rule, as it would ensure that the favorable definitions for breaking the law do not outweigh the unfavorable definitions, thus discouraging repeat offenders from engaging in criminal activities.

Overall, it is quite clear that theories and research inform the development of policies and programs used in the criminal justice department and as such cannot be ignored. They not only provide a theoretical framework for practice but actually lead to the adoption of evidence based practices, making the criminal justice department more effective when it comes to combating crime.

References

Bursik, R. (1988). Social Disorganization and Theories of Crime and Delinquency. Criminology26.

Bursik, R., & Grasmick, H. (1993). Neighborhoods and Crime: The Dimensions Of EffectiveCommunity Control. New York: Lexington Books.

Bernburg, G., Krohn, M., & Rivera, C. (2006). Official Labeling, Criminal Embeddedness,and Subsequent Delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency43(1), 67-88.

Hirschi, T. (2002). Causes of delinquency. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

Kissner, J., & Pyrooz, D. (2009). Self-control, differential association, and gang membership: Atheoretical and empirical extension of the literature. Journal of Criminal Justice 37, 478487.

Kubrin, C., & Weitzer, R. (2003). New Directions in Social Disorganization Theory. Journal ofResearch in Crime & Delinquency 40, 374-402.

Landau, Norma (2002). Law, Crime, and English Society, 1660-1830. Cambridge UniversityPress. p. 118.

Macionis, J., & Gerber, L. (2010). Sociology. Canada: Pearson Education.

Matsueda, R. (2000). Differential Association Theory. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.soc.washington.edu/users/matsueda/DA.pdf” http://www.soc.washington.edu/users/matsueda/DA.pdf

Sampson, R. & Groves, W. (1989). “Community Structure and Crime: Testing SocialDisorganization Theory. American Journal of Sociology 94, 774-802.

Sutherland, E. (1947). Principles of Criminology. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott

Criminal Rights in the Bill of Rights

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Criminal Rights in the Bill of Rights

Primarily, the criminal justice system is responsible for enforcing law and order and ensuring that every citizen is protected against harm. To achieve this, the government has granted it certain powers that enable them to enforce the relative laws. However, the constitution has also provided the accused with certain rights. This was essentially influenced by the need to create a balance between order and power. Thus as much as offenders break the law, they have a right to undergo a distinct procedure and fair treatment when determining whether they are guilty or not. This paper reviews the protections provided for in the Bill of Rights to individuals in the criminal arena. To enhance a harmonic consideration, it begins by underscoring the historical underpinning and then delves in discussing the respective rights. To accredit the study, it highlights relative important supreme cases and finally provides an informed opinion with respect to whether the criminal rights are too many, enough or balanced.

In his review, Levy asserts that the constitutional provisions of the rights of the criminals originated from the historic English documents that address the aspects of liberty. These constitute the Petition of Right of 1628, English Bill of Rights of 1689, and the 1215’s Magna Carta. Basically, the documents sought to limit the government’s application of the law and were even respected by the King. A classic illustration in this regard pertains to the Magna Carta section 39 that stipulated that any free man could not be imprisoned without having been judged by the law. The respective ideas are posited to have been introduced in America during the 1600s. The colonists expanded the provisions of the historic documents and integrated these in the 1641’s Massachusetts Body of Liberties. By independence, respective provisions were ingrained in the constituent and were widely accepted as being legal. The framers of the US constituted included these provisions in the final document that was based on the initial thirteen constitutions.

The fourth amendment seeks to protect the accused persons against unreasonable as well as unwarranted searches and property seizures. The amendment clearly lays down the conditions that require the government officials to acquire search or arrest warrants prior to executing the given activity. The underlying aim for this is to protect the right of the respective individual to security of their houses, effects, papers and persons related to them. The issuance of the arrest or search warrant on the other hand needs to be guided by a probable cause. Further, details regarding the place of search, the individual to be searched and the objects to be sought need to be provided with utmost precision. The search under this amendment needs to be carried out in cases where the individual expects privacy or the society affirms that the expectation of privacy under such circumstances is reasonable as provided for in Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 387 (1967).

The Fifth Amendment provides specific legal procedures that need to be followed during such instances. In particular, it stipulates that the government is not allowed to hold any individual answerable for a serious offense in the absence of appropriate evidence that implies that the person is guilty. Further, an individual is not supposed to be tried more than twice on a given crime. The amendment also stipulates that an individual should not be forced to witness against him or herself in any criminal case. Finally, it provides that the government should not deprive an individual of property, life or liberty without following the proper and fair legal procedures. These were well exemplified in Malloy v. Hogan (1964) in which defendants in courts were liable to being protected against self incrimination.

The Sixth Amendment also guarantees the individuals that are accused or suspected of crime against the government powers in different ways. To begin with, Bodenhamer cites that accused persons need to undergo a speedy public trial that needs to be undertaken before a non biased jury of the community or state in which the given crime was committed. Then, there needs to be sufficient information detailing the crime and reasons for the accusation. The government also needs to provide the accused with help from a professional lawyer and allow the former to meet the witnesses that are expected to testify against the individual. Finally, this amendment gives the individual a right to be accorded means of getting favorable witnesses. This was emphasized by the Washington v Texas (1967) case that provided that defendants have a right to a subpoena witness who would testify in their favor. In addition the Duncan v Louisiana (1968) case indicates that the person accused a crime has a right to be tried by a jury. Also, in the Klopfer v North Carolina (1967), it was reiterated that the accused have a right to be accorded a speedy trial.

The eighth amendment then protects the accused individuals from punishments that are overly harsh. In this regard, Ducat and Chase explain that this is all inclusive and comprises of excessive fines as well as bails. This was apparent in the Robinson v. California (1962) case in which state governments were prevented form using unusual or cries punishments. Also, in the Murphy v Hunt, 455 US 478 (1982), it was found out by the court that the accused had been unconstitutionally denied bail. Equally important is the fourteenth amendment that details general provisions regarding the rights of the individual against the government and state powers. In this respect, state governments are forbidden from formulating ad enforcing laws that are likely to deprive the accused of the right to property, liberty or life without following lawful procedures. In addition, state governments are compelled by the law to accord its citizens equal protection that is provided by the law.

The implementation of the preceding laws has raised various controversies since their enforcement. The issue pertaining to a probability of having given the criminals too many rights is particularly contentious. From a personal point of view, I agree that as much as the criminal might be guilty, s/he deserves a right to be treated fairly. This is so because of the surrounding uncertainties with respect to whether the former is guilty or not. When this is determined and affirmed, subsequent laws need to be more stringent in order to enforce justice. Also worth mentioning is the need for the criminal to be given a punishment that is reflective of the degree of the crime committed. Presently, the laws related to imprisonment are very lenient and can be implicated for a rise in incidences of repeat crime. These need be amended in order to protect the wellbeing of the victims too.

Bibliography

Bodenhamer, David. Fair Trial: Rights of the Accused in American History. New York Oxford University Press, 1992.

Ducat, Craig and Chase, Harold. Constitutional Interpretation. USA: West Publishing Company, 1992.

Levy, Leonard. Seasoned Judgments: The American Constitution, Rights and History. USA: Transaction Publishers, 1995.

Should NBA Players Need to go to college

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Should NBA Players Need to go to college

Introduction

College education in the United States despite it being expensive remains to be the best globally considering the number of students that go abroad for the studies and vice-versa. Every young people below 18years is required to attend school and later college level that few used it to transit to the University level and much more. While they are few people who are against people joining college because of the money required and that it leads to one being immersed in more debts that they pay in the future for a long time it has been believed that it is the reason of the decreased unemployment rate in the United States(Evans) . Joining the NBA is usually a guarantee that one’s life is on the right track as long as one has the skills to play basketball and have the required height. The discussion below will shed right on whether college education should be needed for one to join the NBA while also looking at the various stakeholder’s perspectives.

Original NBA Age Requirement

The first requirement of people enrolling in the NBA was in 1969 and it stated that anyone who had not completed high school education or one that had completed and not joined college yet was nor eligible for joining unless four years after he has graduated or his class has graduated. After this law was challenged by a prospective NBA player Spencer Haywood and Sam Schulman the Seattle Supersonics owner and according to Judge warren this was against the antitrust law hence he struck it done and stated that in the event one was experiencing financial hardships he could join early (A. Wacker, and Edelman). However, in 1976, the education requirements were removed completely and this led to the recruitment of a few players who had left college early. In 1975 some high school seniors were recruited for the NBA and this played a big part in the seven percent high school elections made by 2001; Kobe Bryant was among the few. In addition, LeBron James who has been rising since he joined the leagues was also selected with the first overall pick in 2003 and a year later Dwight Howard was selected. While the NBA owners had declared that entering the leagues right from high school was a personal choice, they later changed their mind in 2005 when Commissioner Stern stated that the college basketball experience helped the players to be more prepared for the court. This belief led to the adoption of the current college requirement that states that one is eligible to join only if he is no less than 19 years of age and has at least one year since their high school graduation. The requirement since its enacted has seen various players who have joined after being engaged in the same game at the college level (A. Wacker, and Edelman).

Perspectives on College requirements

They have been various people with varying opinions on whether the requirement that one has to join the NBA after one year is beneficial. According to Emmert who claims he is up to making changes in the college sports he states that the stay of the students in the colleges should be increased to 2 years since they have joined the colleges as students and not athletes. Various people have criticized him claiming that he lacks interest in what the students are going to study but the money they make for the colleges they have enrolled. In addition, some people believe that they are people like Kobe and LeBron who are pros and should just join immediately after high school to stop wasting time but others whose talents are not yet developed should join the college to perfect their skills more; some people disagree (Hatfield). They also claim that whichever player is recruited that the fact they are joining NBA despite how good they are they will all require adjustments and adaptability hence there is no need of them wasting time in colleges but used the time to fir in the NBA’s (Andras). Also, some people believe that in college there are very many time constraints since there is the allowed time in the gym and the other classes that people are involved in hence this time wasted can be used to perfect one’s skills and the fact that one gets to practice with pros is more beneficial. We all join college education to have a better future through the money that will earn id one has the opportunity to make ends meet through bypassing college education it is not only right but beneficial since they get to achieve their dreams sooner (Hill, and Jolly).

Unfortunately, some scholars believe that shifting directly to the NBA’s personality and self-esteem can be affected because the players picked were in most cases dominating in their previous leagues but in the big leagues they are the worse if not worst. While some may refer to this as a weakness it is believed that the few who are picked have always worked hard to join these leagues hence they know what to expect (DiMauro). Moreover, they are some downside too where one may lose his college chance if he ends up not making the roster for NBA after trying out, the disappointments can be frustrating and may lead to a promising student who could have excelled in other diverse fields not succeeding (Andras). In addition, some people believe that students should stay in college longer since basketball career may not last forever, this is because there are accidents that can render your skills despite how good they are useless. While people agree that the advancements in technology and the therapy equipment are in place can in a way ensure this the risks are too high. Also, a college education is better according to a few hence the stay in college should be extended from the current one year.

NBA Stakeholders

They are various stakeholders of the league that support it and can be credited with the high performance for the players, they are the owners, athletes, sponsors, fans and the team staff. To begin with the owners, they believe that the rule that requires one to attend only one year in college should be removed, this is to increase the quality of the league games since with more practice the players will be better and this will not only attract more fans but also consumer dollars which will benefit the business perspectives of the league (Parlow). Secondly, according to the athletes, the increased education limit will hurt them and not in any way perfect their schools, first, the earning while in college goes to the school which despite offering them scholarships it still gains a lot (Berry). Also, the longer one stays in college means that they will be recruited later which is usually the same if one scores less, this effect was clear when Cauley-Stein who was a pro decreased his scores. Thirdly, for the fans, there is a high probability of the fan base being more this is because the players will garner a huge following as they are playing while in college hence when they join the big leagues the number will increase and so will be the business sides of the league. In addition, regarding the staff the older a player is the more responsible and disciplined, there is hence the extra age that will be added will make their work easier and translate to ensuring that the perform their work more efficiently increasing their productivity (Turner, and Karl Hakes). Lastly, the sponsors support the teams that are bound to benefit them more hence the players when the time they will stay in college is increased means as individuals they will glow and their productivity will increase hence they will attract more consumers’ interest which benefits the sponsors in terms of revenue (Berri).

Conclusion

A college education has both benefits and disadvantages to all parties involved and while going to the big leagues ensures that the student achieves their dreams earlier the more they stay in college the better they will be when they join the big leagues. Some scholars believe that to ensure that the students will succeed in other areas if they were not built for the NBA’s they should be allowed to hold their college eligibility. While this sounds like a very good deal and a win-win for everyone we have not yet seen it in action but there is still time (Andras). While the people aligning with the increases stay in the college are high that those supporting otherwise it is evident that they are success stories of people who joined after high school and their productivity has been nothing but excellent, for example, LeBron and Kobe. Finally, basketball as we know it is not only a prestigious game but not like golf but it has attracted a very high number of followers and who the more they are the high the revenue for the owners and more fun for their supporters.

Works Cited

Andras, Simon. “Should Basketball Players Be Required To Go To College?”. Secsportsfan.Com, http://www.secsportsfan.com/should-basketball-players-be-required-to-go-to-college.html. Accessed 8 Mar 2020.

A. Wacker, Joseph, and Marc Edelman. Collectively Bargained Age/Education Requirements: A Source Of Antitrust Risk For Sports Club-Owners Or Labor Risk For Players Unions?. 2010, pp. 354-376, http://www.pennstatelawreview.org/115/2/115%20Penn%20St.%20L.%20Rev.%202.341.pdf. Accessed 8 Mar 2020.

Berri, David. “How The NBA’s Age Limit Helps Colleges But Hurts Players”. Time, 2014, https://time.com/3649028/nba-draft-age-limit-kentucky-wildcats-one-and-done/. Accessed 8 Mar 2020.

Berry, Dennis. “NBA Should Raise Player Age Limit”. Thebestsportsblog.Com, 2016, http://www.thebestsportsblog.com/nba-should-raise-player-age-limit.html. Accessed 8 Mar 2020.

DiMauro, Koelbe. “Should NBA Players Have To Go To College”. Basketballin23, https://basketballin23.wordpress.com/2015/03/01/should-nba-players-have-to-go-to-college/. Accessed 8 Mar 2020.

Evans, Brent A. “From College To The NBA: What Determines A Player’S Success And What Characteristics Are NBA Franchises Overlooking?”. Applied Economics Letters, vol 25, no. 5, 2017, pp. 300-304. Informa UK Limited, doi:10.1080/13504851.2017.1319551. Accessed 8 Mar 2020.

Hatfield, Luke. “College Basketball Players Should Stay In School”. Hawk Eye, 2014, https://bphawkeye.org/sports/2014/01/02/college-basketball-players-should-stay-in-school/. Accessed 8 Mar 2020.

HILL, JAMES R., and NICHOLAS A. JOLLY. “Salary Distribution And Collective Bargaining Agreements: A Case Study Of The NBA”. Industrial Relations: A Journal Of Economy And Society, vol 51, no. 2, 2012, pp. 342-363. Wiley, doi:10.1111/j.1468-232x.2012.00680.x. Accessed 8 Mar 2020.

Parlow, Matthew J. Professional Sports League Commissioners’ Authority And Collective Bargaining. Heinonline, 2010, pp. 4-25, https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&qsp=6&q=nba+players+%22collective+bargaining+agreements%22&qst=bh&httpsredir=1&article=1587&context=facpub. Accessed 8 Mar 2020.

Turner, Chad, and Jahn Karl Hakes. The Collective Bargaining Effects Of NBA Player Productivity Dynamics. 2007, pp. 4-30, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5058/1/MPRA_paper_5058.pdf. Accessed 8 Mar 2020.

Criminal Punishment in Criminal Justice

Criminal Punishment in Criminal Justice

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TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc55799379” Abstract PAGEREF _Toc55799379 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc55799380” Problem Statement PAGEREF _Toc55799380 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc55799381” Research Objectives PAGEREF _Toc55799381 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc55799382” Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc55799382 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc55799383” Theories of punishment in criminology PAGEREF _Toc55799383 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc55799384” Deterrent Theory PAGEREF _Toc55799384 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc55799385” Retributive Theory PAGEREF _Toc55799385 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc55799386” Preventive Theory PAGEREF _Toc55799386 h 11

HYPERLINK l “_Toc55799387” Methodology PAGEREF _Toc55799387 h 12

HYPERLINK l “_Toc55799388” Data Collection Methods PAGEREF _Toc55799388 h 12

HYPERLINK l “_Toc55799389” Findings PAGEREF _Toc55799389 h 13

AbstractCrime occurrence, detention, and prevention is a dynamic aspect of keeping law and order guided by different criminology theories. To derive the right meaning in criminology and crime prevention, it is good to look at the nature and forms of crime. Different theories of criminology have shed light to the value and nature of crime and the dynamics of trying to prevent its occurrence. The first step into understanding the nature and diversity of crime in order to prevent is to analyze the motives. Secondly, the punishment models chosen need to be strong enough not only to deter crime but also to increase leverage on the behavior reform for the convicted. There are different theories of punishment and crime prevention and deterrent avenues that fully address the field of crime prevention. The key theories show that in order to build a lasting crime deterrent model, the punishment has to be derived within the criminal justice policies.

Problem StatementCrime prevention is one of the basic roles of law enforcers and the authority. However, the whole affair of identifying offenders and the motives to crime in a bid to apply the right punishment is tedious and lengthy (Carrington et al., 2016). The different theories in criminal justice that are applied to help understand crime occurrence and deterrent have shown that the key to countering crime lies in applying the right punishment. Due to the evolving nature of crime and its dynamics, there have been quite a remarkable change in the nature of punishment applied. The need to have a robust crime deterrent system has led to the revision of the punishment modules used in criminal justice (Campesi, 2015). The theories point to a very interesting dynamic that show that to deter crime, it is wise to understand its cause, motive, and nature so that the right punishment can be applied.

Still, the need to have the right approach to crime prevention has added value to how the punishment is administered in a bid to discourage crime. More often are the cases where the nature of crime and the increased aspects of offence within a specific area goes unnoticed and thus the applied punishment does fails to fully deter crime (Campesi, 2015). Over the years, the need to have robust punishment methods that will fully deter crime have increased as the nature and type of crime accelerates. Today, the age of internet and global mobility has led to the thriving of the crime gangs like in drugs and human trafficking. Consequently, the need to have the right avenues to crime prevention has to lie within the development of appropriate punishment models and systems (Sandberg et al., 2017). Unfortunately, some punishment models have bene overtaken by time and have already proven ineffective in deterring crime. To create the right approach to crime prevention has to begin with the creation of a reliable and effective punishment system.

Research ObjectivesTo investigate how the application of punishment in criminal justice helps counter crime

To assess the different punishment models used and their respective impact in deterring crime

To establish the different theories of criminal justice that touch on punishment in relation to crime deterrence within a specific field

To investigate how punishment in criminology has addressed the need for a diverse and creative module that can discourage crime

To compare different criminology theories in respect to punishment as an avenue of discouraging offenders from committing crime

Crime prevention in criminal justice takes many forms and looks at the nature, intensity, and dynamics of crime. The various theories that address crime have diverse and inclusive views that tends to break down crime occurrence and diversity (Durrant & Ward, 2015). To go further, the occurrence of crime in many areas tends to show similar pattern that makes it easy to trace and track. More often are the cases where crime occurrence goes unnoticed until it grows to levels that makes it hard to control. The association between crime and unemployment has for many decades been a key parameter when analyzing crime (Shammas, 2018). For example, many youths in the suburbs and the urban areas choose to engage in crime to meet their basic needs.

The issue tends to grow even wider when the level of unemployment is high that translates to rise in crime as a source of livelihood. The issue of drugs has also bene a major factor when looking at crime mainly among the youths (Durrant & Ward, 2015). School dropouts and the lack of strong social and economic structures also creates the right environment for crime to thrive. Therefore, crime prevention and analysis in criminal justice takes many forms and diversity that requires looking at its nature and intensity. Criminal punishment in criminal justice has many outcomes depending on how it is done and the intended results. For example, people who commit grave crimes like murder often face intense punishment like life sentences or even death penalties. The form of punishment has to match the nature and intensity of crime committed (Sandberg et al., 2017). One of the drawbacks of such a system is that it may deny the criminal the right to present his or her case.

Crime occurrence and prevention has its own approach that requires the law enforcers to look into its dynamics. To add on this, crime occurrence can have diverse notions that look at how the various models lead to crime analysis. Over the years the area of crime detection, prevention and even punishment of those who engage in crime has taken many paths. The various theories developed to look at crime occurrence have a very unique form that assesses the way criminal think before they conduct a crime. This pattern of crime analysis goes far beyond the normal as it looks at what form of punishment can be applied to match the specific crime.

More often are the cases where the criminals choose to engage in crime out of fantasy and this makes the punishment applied respond to the issue at hand (Shammas, 2018). For example, mostly young criminals engage in crime out of peer pressure that makes them unaware of the repercussions. The issue also complicates the nature and diversity of punishment applied. Considering that criminal justice is a broad field, the application of punishment needs to be look at in the nature of crime, its intensity, and the intended outcomes (Sandberg et al., 2017). One thing that remains true is that every crime has its consequences where it can affect the victim or even those around indirectly. In spite of the efforts put to address common crime patterns, the models used to induce punishment should look at how and where the

Literature ReviewCriminal justice is a broad aspect of law and order as well the underlying facets to law and crime prevention. To broaden this, the occurrence of crime, prevention, and punishment are all compounds that make up the whole area of criminal justice. To ensure that the area of crime occurrence and punishment is well understood, it is good to look at different theories in crime analysis and detection (Shammas, 2018). One thing to note is that to fully address crime in the society, the key is to assess how it occurs, the underlying factors in modeling its patters, and laying down the right models to counter its spread. Punishment in criminal justice comes in many forms and models that are generated to match and deter criminals from repeating the same offence. For example, the occurrence of crime is always associated with the need to satisfy and urge or a need. For example, the most common serious crimes like robbery, murder, or drugs often come with an inner motivation to satisfy a need. The best to respond to such crimes is to form a punishment model that does not only respond to the physical aspect of crime deterrence but also ensures behavior correction (Shammas, 2018).

Theories of punishment in criminologyTheories of punishment can be divided into two general philosophies: utilitarian and retributive. The utilitarian theory of punishment seeks to punish offenders to discourage, or “deter,” future wrongdoing. The retributive theory seeks to punish offenders because they deserve to be punished. The sole purpose of punishment is to deter or discourage an individual from committing and offence or crime (Sandberg et al., 2017). Over the years, the nature and type of punishment has changed with the criminal justice taking diverse forms to ensure that crime is properly addressed.

The theories of crime and punishment are centered around the value of making sure that the criminal understand that crime has consequences with the best option being staying away from crime (Carrington et al., 2016). It is true that not all forms of punishment are effective particularly when looking at the nature and intensity of crime. To add on this, the punishment applied ought to look at the underlying forms of offences and what type of punishment can match that crime. It is therefore good to look at how and what forms of punishment methods need to be applied as guided by the various punishment theories in criminal justice (Shammas, 2018).

The terms punishment criminology is very diverse and looks at a wide array of crime occurrence and prevention methods that can match that offence. To add on this, the diversity ibn crime prevention and punishment tends to align with the respective form of offences done and the intended result in the punishment (Newburn, 2016). This implies that for every form of crime, a respective form and intensity of punishment needs to be applied to ensure that the individual and others are discouraged from committing the offence in the future. One of the punishment theories addresses the norm and the nature of crime and how the applied deterrence methods effectively discourage crime. The key idea in this theory is that the crime patterns can tell the right avenues of punishment to apply to effectively discourage the offenders (Shammas, 2018). Based on the underlying nature of crime and the forms of punishment applied, the need to deter crime is always the priority in this affair.

Deterrent TheoryThe retributive theory assumes that the punishment is given only for the sake of it. Thus, it suggests that evil should be returned for evil without taking into consideration any consequences. There are two theories in which this theory can be divided further. They are specific deterrence and general deterrence. In specific deterrence, punishment is designed such that it can educate the criminals. Thus, this can reform the criminals that are subjected to this theory. Also, it is maintained that the punishment reforms the criminals (Sandberg et al., 2017). This is done by creating a fear that the punishment will be repeated.

However, the criminology punishment theories do not always pinpoint the avenues to look for when applying the right steps. The issue here is that crime can evolve over time and thus the deterrence methods have also to be changed (Carrington et al., 2016). The changes and diversity in crime thus makes the application of a respective punishment method vary even in one form of offence. To add on this, the criminology punishment theories in criminal justice tend to vary and it is always vital to address what and how the crime needs to be addressed. people tend to agree with the theory of punishment that is most likely to generate the outcome they believe is the correct one. This system of beliefs about the purposes of punishment often spills over into the political arena. Politics and correctional policy are intricately related (Shammas, 2018). The key to addressing crime in all its nature is to look at what and how the patterns of offence in any form varies from one area to another.

Retributive TheoryRetribution is the most ancient justification for punishment. This theory insists that a person deserves punishment as he has done a wrongful deed. Also, this theory signifies that no person shall be arrested unless that person has broken the law (Eck et al., 2015). Criminal punishment in criminal justice has many outcomes depending on how it is done and the intended results. For example, people who commit grave crimes like murder often face intense punishment like life sentences or even death penalties. The form of punishment has to match the nature and intensity of crime committed (Newburn, 2016). One of the drawbacks of such a system is that it may deny the criminal the right to present his or her case. Crime occurrence and prevention has its own approach that requires the law enforcers to look into its dynamics. Here are the conditions where a person is considered as an offender are:

The penalty given will be equivalent to the grievance caused by the person.

Performed a crime of certain culpability.

That similar persons have been imposed for similar offenses.

That the action performed was by him and he was only responsible for it. Also, he had full knowledge of the penalty system and possible consequences.

The theory is based on the fact that an offender deserves to pay for his or her sins or crime. Perhaps the key to understanding the need and nature of pp is to look at both the cause and motive for a crime. The retributive theory underscores that a punishment for a crime should always be directed to creating reform or changing the individual to a positive direction (Carrington et al., 2016). For example, punishing a robber is mean to aggressively discourage the criminal from robbing in the future. For this reason, the retributive theory as a major element of defining punishment is detailed within the idea of creating a base for future crime prevention by discouraging the potential criminals. This demands that all forms of crime need to be addressed within the derived intensity by first of the offence so as to ensure that the punishment applied matches the offence (Durrant et al., 2015). Still, the theory underlines that the need for punishment is not mainly hinged on making the person regret the crime but to act as a reminder that doing so in the future can bring danger. By so doing the crime prevention by inducing punishment under the retributive theory is based on aggressive models that analyze the offence and offer an equal form of punishment.

Preventive TheoryThis theory has used a restraint that an offender if repeats the criminal act is culpable for death, exile or imprisonment. The theory gets its importance from the notion that society must be protected from criminals. Thus, the punishment here is for solidarity and defense (Durrant et al., 2015). The modern criminologists saw the preventive theory from a different view. They first realized that the social and economic forces should be removed from society. Also, one must pay attention to individuals who show anti-social behavior. This is because of psychological and biological handicaps (Sandberg et al., 2017). Therefore, crime prevention and analysis in criminal justice takes many forms and diversity that requires looking at its nature and intensity.

Criminal punishment in criminal justice has many outcomes depending on how it is done and the intended results. For example, people who commit grave crimes like murder often face intense punishment like life sentences or even death penalties. The form of punishment has to match the nature and intensity of crime committed. One of the drawbacks of such a system is that it may deny the criminal the right to present his or her case (Carrington et al., 2016). Crime occurrence and prevention has its own approach that requires the law enforcers to look into its dynamics.

MethodologyData Collection MethodsThe research will be based on gathering data on a very broad topic and thus the information will be searched from existing database and online journals. To ensure that the information is credible and reliable, the study will use existing data from online sources that address the topic being investigated. One of the main reasons for using online sources is to increase the accuracy of the data. Peer reviews literature and data can help generate accurate data that is essential when dealing with a sensitive topic. The first step will be to go for online journals that deal with criminology topics that will help generate the required information. Once the right journals are found, the information will be retrieved based on its relevance, accuracy, and reliability.

The second set of data will be gathered by conducting online search from websites and articles. The use of government websites and data from police will be an essential gateway in ensuring that the study is detailed and credible. Still, the study will also be hinged on deriving credible data that will be based on existing records from the law enforcers. This set of data will be reliable in creating the right output for analysis and findings generation. The sue of online method of data collection helps capitalize on accuracy and validity of the data. To create the right settings for the needed data can derive the right avenues for a tangible and reliable conclusions and findings. The research will therefore use online channels to generate data and thus build a tangible outlook of the topic.

FindingsThe research makes firm and detailed findings based on the literature review and journals studied. The key findings are based on a theoretical information gathered on the topic that adds to the existing literature. Different theories of criminology have shed light to the value and nature of crime and the dynamics of trying to prevent its occurrence. The need to have a robust crime deterrent system has led to the revision of the punishment modules used in criminal justice. The theories point to a very interesting dynamic that show that to deter crime, it is wise to understand its cause, motive, and nature so that the right punishment can be applied. Crime occurrence and prevention has its own approach that requires the law enforcers to look into its dynamics. To add on this, crime occurrence can have diverse notions that look at how the various models lead to crime analysis. Over the years the area of crime detection, prevention and even punishment of those who engage in crime has taken many paths (Carrington et al., 2016).

Punishment in criminal justice comes in many forms and models that are generated to match and deter criminals from repeating the same offence. For example, the occurrence of crime is always associated with the need to satisfy and urge or a need. For example, the most common serious crimes like robbery, murder, or drugs often come with an inner motivation to satisfy a need. The theories of crime and punishment are centered around the value of making sure that the criminal understand that crime has consequences with the best option being staying away from crime (Eck et al., 2015). It is true that not all forms of punishment are effective particularly when looking at the nature and intensity of crime.

This implies that for every form of crime, a respective form and intensity of punishment needs to be applied to ensure that the individual and others are discouraged from committing the offence in the future (Durrant et al., 2015). One of the punishment theories addresses the norms and the nature of crime and how the applied deterrence methods effectively discourage crime.

The key idea in this theory is that the crime patterns can tell the right avenues of punishment to apply to effectively discourage the offenders. The first step into understanding the nature and diversity of crime in order to prevent is to analyze the motives. It is clear that one of the defining values in crime deterrence is to have an equal or robust punishment models that will help discourage criminals from committing offences.

References

Campesi, G. (2015). Neoliberal and Neoconservative Discourses on Crime and Punishment. Sortuz: Oñati Journal of Emergent Socio-Legal Studies, 3(1), 33-52.

Carrington, K., Hogg, R., & Sozzo, M. (2016). Southern criminology. The British Journal of Criminology, 56(1), 1-20.

Crawford, A., & Evans, K. (2017). Crime prevention and community safety.

Durrant, R., & Ward, T. (2015). Evolutionary criminology: Towards a comprehensive explanation of crime. Academic Press.

Durrant, R., & Ward, T. (2015). Evolutionary criminology: Towards a comprehensive explanation of crime. Academic Press.

Eck, J., & Weisburd, D. L. (2015). Crime places in crime theory. Crime and place: Crime prevention studies, 4.

Newburn, T. (2016). Social disadvantage: Crime and punishment. Social advantage and disadvantage, 322-40.

Sandberg, S., & Ugelvik, T. (2017). Why do offenders tape their crimes? Crime and punishment in the age of the selfie. British Journal of Criminology, 57(5), 1023-1040.

Shammas, V. L. (2018). Bourdieu’s five lessons for criminology. Law and Critique, 29(2), 201-219.

L99 Prompt 2 Response

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L99 Prompt 2 ResponseOn matters regarding the two-step theory, the author starts by pointing out that the followers and leaders are involved in the process. I agree with this point since the theory is based on the influence that opinion leaders have on opinion followers. This happens after reading the atmosphere of their focus point followed by sharing with their followers their thoughts on the same (Lamb, n.d.). I further agree with the author on the followers approaching these leaders due to their greater knowledge on various matters that interest them, including the Black Lives Matter movement which has garnered a great number of followers. This indicates that the followers are active participants and they are not just fed information by the media (Lamb, n.d.). They embrace the idea of having leaders to help them understand various important topics since the leaders better understand these topics. The author mentions that once the information has been shared to them, they then provide support to their opinion leaders, after which change follows. I am in agreement of this statement since that is how various ideas are championed and heard by the public (Butt, 2017). This is how small groups receive, process, understand, and act following the information sharing especially when support is greatly needed. Although the author has not mentioned it, it is important to note that the theory is referred to as the two-step theory since it goes through two stages, that is, the opinion leaders acquire information from media sources and then the leaders inform their opinion followers are then informed.

References

Butt, S. (2017, Sept 24). Two Step Flow Theory. LinkedIn SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/Sanabutt21/two-step-flow-theory-80106052Lamb, B. (N.D.). The Two Step Flow Theory. Lesson Bucket. https://lessonbucket.com/media-in-minutes/the-two-step-flow-theory/

The Biology of our best and Worst Selves

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The Biology of our best and Worst Selves

The Biology behind Murder and Violence

Human behaviors of violence, which sometimes lead to murder, are related to biological activities. Before an individual begins precise violence, the brain, in general, is always aware of everything. The amygdala is the only part of the human brain that is associated with human violence. The amygdala tends to interpret the environment within which an individual is in and then creates a perception that leads to fear and distinct reactions (“The Biological and Emotional Causes of Aggression – Principles of Social Psychology – 1st International Edition”). The reactions that are due to the amygdala’s perception are the ones that lead to human violence. The frontal cortex plays a significant role in regulating the activities of the amygdala (Sapolsky). Individuals who participate in various kinds of violence usually have a frontal cortex that failed to regulate the amygdala activities, which is in charge of violent behavior.

How Biology Factor in to Violent Behavior

Brain development in humans occurs during fetal life. Individuals whose parents were exposed to stress hormones while pregnant tend to have an amygdala, which is very aggressive during adulthood. Adults with aggressive amygdala tend to be violent in society. The frontal cortex barely controls the activities of the amygdala of such individuals. Stress and trauma also lead to violent behavior to individuals (Sapolsky). Stress usually leads to the deactivation of the frontal cortex’s activities, thus making individuals react days or weeks violently after their stressful or traumatic event (Resource Treatment Center). Low impulse control is a condition in which individuals do not have control over themselves. Individuals with low impulse tend to have aggressive behaviors such as violence towards their society.

News about Act of Violence

Ethnic groups prefer to be treated equally in every society. Whenever people with particular origin are maltreated, they tend to cause violence within society to fight for their rights. According to (Slugoski), the operations that took place in Red Deer led to violence because the anti-protestors were shoving the protesters to move away and stop their activities. This shoving act made the protesters furious, which made them try to push their way past the anti-protesters.

The main reason why people gathered at Red Deer was the outcry of freedom of expression. All humans are entitled to freedom of expression (Slugoski). Whenever they are denied the free will of the expression, they tend to react, and most humans react violently. Every society has leaders that are supposed to defend the rights of the citizens within a specific region. Whenever leaders fail to protect their people’s rights, individuals usually tend to find a way of protesting so that they can be given their rights.

Importance of Sociological Factors in Violence

The amygdala activities are sometimes triggered by people’s social lives, such as fear or danger. People generate distinct perceptions whenever they are in danger. The frontal cortex’s failure usually leads to some individuals having false perception, thus involving themselves in violent activities. There are times when people involve themselves in violent operations to defend themselves from the existing danger. The frontal cortex plays a significant role in violent activities because the amygdala tends to lose control whenever it fails. The ideology behind childhood trauma and violence tends to generate a long-term effect on people (Sapolsky). The effects of childhood trauma are expressed to individuals after the age of twenty-five because this is the point where the frontal cortex develops to maturity.

Work Cited

Resource Treatment Center. “Impulse Control Disorder Symptoms & Effects.” Resource Treatment Center, Resource Treatment Center, 27 Sept. 2018, www.resourcetreatmentcenter.com/behavioral/impulse-control/symptoms-effects/.

Sapolsky, Robert. “The Biology of Our Best and Worst Selves | Robert Sapolsky.” YouTube, 2017, m.youtube.com/watch?feature=emb_title&time_continue=1&v=ORthzIOEf30. Accessed 13 Oct. 2020.

Slugoski, Kenddra. “Anti-Racism Group Angered by Premier Kenney’s Response to Red Deer Violence.” Global News, 23 Sept. 2020, globalnews.ca/news/7353671/anti-racism-group-red-deer-rally-premier-kenney-madu-response/. Accessed 13 Oct. 2020.

“The Biological and Emotional Causes of Aggression – Principles of Social Psychology – 1st International Edition.” Opentextbc.Ca, 26 Sept. 2017, opentextbc.ca/socialpsychology/chapter/the-biological-and-emotional-causes-of-aggression/. Accessed 13 Oct. 2020.

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Long Term Effects on Children Raised In Dysfunctional Households

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Long Term Effects on Children Raised In Dysfunctional Households

Family dysfunction is a condition that interferes with healthy family functioning and most families have some periods in which functioning are impaired. Healthy families usually return to normal functioning after crisis such as death in family, parent’s illness ends. In dysfunctional families, there are always profound impacts on children who later grow with the negative effect in life (Hunt Web). Some of the dysfunctional families include substance abuse, emotional and mental problems, child neglect, religious fundamentalist families, alcoholism, child abuse, or extreme parental rigidity. Children in dysfunctional families do not always get their needs met and negative patterns of parental behavior usually become prevail in children’s lives.

Hunt explains that children raised from dysfunctional families normally suffer from low self-esteem, feel depressed or anxious, and that they may self-sabotage their goals and dreams or fail to actualize their potential (Web). Moreover, these kinds of children may unwittingly act out of a life script that had been written by early negative programming, face challenges of making money or settling down into a satisfactory career or have difficulties with intimacy issues. Another serious effect of children coming from dysfunctional families is sometimes out of touch with their feelings, spirituality, and other challenges that may arise from their stormy childhood with a spoiled self (Blair Web). Some of the effects of dysfunctional families are discussed under the following subtopics;

Uninvolved Parents

Uninvolved parents typically provide for their children’s basic and physical needs but lack emotional connection, distant and aloof, frequently attempt to adopt their children and are indifferent and dismissive of many of the children’s fundamental needs. Moreover, uninvolved children are usually disinterested in vital areas of their children’s lives such as school work and hobbies and are always uncaring about how their children behave in general (Hunt Web). This kind of parenting may have many negative outcomes for children that touch most of the significant areas of life such as greater proneness to stress (Blair Web). Children raised from uninvolved parents may have increased risk of drug and alcohol abuse and are further likely to develop problematic behaviors or delinquency. Additionally, children raised from uninvolved parents tend to perform poorly in academics and are likely to have challenge establishing and maintaining relationships or have poor social skills.

Parents with addictions

Parents with addictions usually impose dire consequences to their children among them physical, intellectual, social, and emotional problems that may continue or emerge until later in children’s lives. Addiction usually run in families and children of addicted parents are more at risk for drug or alcohol abuse than compared to children from other functional families because of both genetic and family environment factors. Substance abuse by parents and children are strongly correlated and adolescents who perceive that parents are permissive about the use of drugs are more likely to use drugs. Moreover, children from addicted parents always become mistrustful of others, have difficulty understanding emotions of others, and are at higher risk for placement outside the home. There are always adolescent runaways and homeless youths reported globally because of their parents’ harshness. According to Blair, such kind of children also exhibit symptoms of depression and anxiety and further experience greater physical and mental health problems as well as higher health and welfare costs (Web).

Authoritarian Parenting

Hunt asserts that authoritarian parents usually have the following characteristics: strict rules and expectations, very demanding but not responsive, do not express much warmth or nurturing, utilize punishments with little or no explanation, and do not give children choices or options (Web). Some of the possible effects of this kind of parenting include children rarely learning to think on their own, children feel pressured always and are usually withdrawn socially. Moreover, children raised in authoritarian parenting may develop resentment of authority, have low self-esteem, develop fear of failure and may develop a tendency to act out in most cases. Finally these kind of children may be very hungry, resentful or frustrated and can find it hard dealing with their anger.

Trust Issues

Parents may always cheat for many reasons but for whatever reason, there are always impacts on the children’s life. Such kind of information is really damaging to children who may develop some trust issues in their later lives. They may feel that their future boyfriends or spouse will be unfaithful or even carry resentment for the cheating parent or both. Children will always feel embarrassed and may even be too angered to throw up the infidelity to the cheating parent. Furthermore, children faced with trust issues may flash back what their parents did and carry it with them the rest of their lives or even decide to adopt negative things such as adultery that their parents did.

Considering stages of Psychosocial Development, Erik Erikson asserts that children normally develop in a predetermined order especially how the children socialize and how their sense of self is affected by socializing. Successful completion of every stage of life may lead to healthy personality as well as good interactions with others but failure to complete the stages may lead to a more unhealthy personality. This kind of theory directly applies to the children in dysfunctional families who are usually faced by numerous challenges (Hunt Web).

According to Blair, children brought up in dysfunctional families normally undergo maximum mental health damage because in most cases, they spend time servicing their negative identity, which is more important to them than education (Web). Thinking oneself as worthless usually reflects in the life of children more than education issues thus causing them to perform poorly in academics. Such kind of children takes themselves as inferior beings incapable of learning anything particularly things that negate their negative identity thus leading to high rate of dropouts.

It is apparent that children born in dysfunctional families have negative feelings, thoughts, and behaviors that are derived from the nature of their families. The negative set of patterns adopted by the children make up their personality, which develops as they go through different experiences in life (Hunt Web). Children from dysfunctional families may sometimes have personality disorders that may make it difficult for them to change their past unusual or unexpected behaviors. Additionally, children brought up in dysfunctional families normally develop impulsive behaviors that expose them to many negative consequences such as distress or regret in their lives. In summary, children in dysfunctional families do not always get their needs met and negative patterns of parental behavior usually become prevail in children’s lives.

Works Cited

Blair, Tony. Blaming a moral decline for the riots makes good headlines but bad policy. The Guardian, 20 Aug. 2014. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/20/tony-blair-riots-crime-family>.

Hunt, June. Understanding and Dealing With a Dysfunctional Family. The Christian Post, 8 Jul. 2012. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://www.christianpost.com/news/understanding-and-dealing-with-a-dysfunctional-family-77826/>.