BIO 235 -The movements permitted at the shoulder joint

BIO 235 -The movements permitted at the shoulder joint

Subject: Biology    / General Biology   
Question

    Name the type of joint, and list the movements permitted at the shoulder joint. Under each movement’s name, list the names of the muscles responsible for each of these movements along with descriptions of their bone insertion.
    What are EPSPs and IPSPs, and how are they produced? Explain how these electrical currents are used in spatial and temporal summation to initiate or inhibit the generation of an action potential.
    Match the items in column A with the descriptions in column B to create the BEST MATCHES.

Items in column A can be used only once when making matches to column B. There is only one correct answer for each blank space.

Column A
    

Column B

?1. pia mater

?2. denticulate ligaments

?3. epidural space

?4. dura mater

?5. arachnoid mater

?6. tract

?7. nucleus

?8. horn

?9. nerve

10. ganglion

11. endoneurium

12. meningeal branch

13. ventral ramus

14. rami communicantes

15. dorsal ramus

16. tendon reflex

17. cranial reflex

18. spinal reflex

19. autonomic reflex

20. contralateral reflex

21. polysynaptic reflex

22. crossed extensor reflex

23. ipsilateral reflex

24. monosynaptic reflex

25. patellar reflex

26. stretch reflex

27. Babinski sign

28. spinothalamic tract

29. vestibulospinal tract

30. corticospinal tract

31. posterior columns
    

_______ branch of spinal nerve serving vertebrae; vertebral ligaments and blood vessels of the spinal cord

_______ a group of axons with common functions within the spinal cord (or brain)

_______ responsible for transmitting nerve impulses for sensing crude touch

_______ a group of cell bodies found outside the spinal cord (or brain)

_______ branch of spinal nerve serving anterior trunk and extremities

_______ composed of collagen and fine elastic fibers; highly vascular

_______ connective tissue coverings of axons within spinal nerves

_______ coordinate movements with visual stimuli

_______ extension of the leg at the knee joint in response to tapping the patellar ligament

_______ extensions of pia mater; suspend spinal cord within vertebral canal

_______ plantar flexion of the foot in response to tapping the calcaneal tendon

_______ responsible for transmitting nerve impulses for proprioception

_______ region of gray matter in the spinal cord

_______ reflex allowing you to maintain balance when you withdraw lower limb from a painful stimulus

_______ reflex arc with more than one synapse in the CNS

_______ reflex causing muscle relaxation so that tendons will not be torn

_______ reflex in which sensory impulses enter one side of the spinal cord and motor impulses exit on the opposite side

_______ general term used for a reflex with the integration center in the brain stem

_______ space just superficial to dura mater; some anesthetics are injected into this area

_______ general term used for a reflex with integration center in the gray matter of spinal cord

    Describe how the central nervous system is protected from injury. List the components of a spinal reflex arc. Describe the function of each component.
    Outline the differences between a special sensory, motor and mixed cranial nerve, and briefly describe the functions of each sensory component of the cranial nerve.
    Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the correct terms or phrases.
        The _______ nervous system regulates involuntary actions such as _______ muscle contraction.
        Increased _______ by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system generally _______ heart rate.
        The first motor neuron in any autonomic motor _______ is called a _______ neuron.
        The _______ division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the craniosacral division because the cell bodies of its neurons are located in the brain stem and _______ region of the spinal cord.
        Parasympathetic _______ fibers arise from the cranial and _______ areas of the CNS.
        Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete the neurotransmitter _______, whereas parasympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete the neurotransmitter _______.
        In _______ syndrome, the cause for lack of sympathetic _______ to one side of the face is located in the superior cervical ganglion.
        The _______ parasympathetic outflow comprises preganglionic axons that extend from the _______ in cranial nerves III, VII, IX or X.
        _______ neurons release acetylcholine; they are found in the _______ and autonomic nervous systems.
        Nicotinic receptors bind_______, which always has a(n) _______ effect at these receptors.
        Excitation of _______ receptors results in increased cardiac output, elevated blood pressure and _______ breakdown of fatty acids.
        The balance between _______ and _______ activity is called autonomic tone.
        The _______ controls the balance between sympathetic and _______ activity.
        Activation of the _______ division causes a set of responses designed to protect the body from a real or perceived threat. Collectively, these responses are called the _______ response.
        Parasympathetic activation allows the body to process ingested food and conserve_______. The parasympathetic response is sometimes called the _______ response.
        EEG records _______ waves in awake infants, and _______ waves appear during stress in children.
        The distal _______ of an autonomic sensory neuron is a _______.
        The posterior and _______ parts of the hypothalamus control the _______ division of the autonomic nervous system.
        The anterior and medial parts of the _______ control the _______ division of the autonomic nervous system.
        The sympathetic _______ consist of one row on each side of the vertebral column for the sites of synapses between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons; prevertebral _______ innervate organs below the diaphragm.
    Match the items in column A with the descriptions in column B.

Items in column A can be used only once when making matches to column B. There is only one correct answer for each blank space.

Column A
    

Column B

?1. adenosine

?2. anterolateral pathway

?3. caffeine

?4. chemoreceptor

?5. consciousness

?6. visceral senses

?7. thermoreceptor

?8. encapsulated nerve endings

?9. exteroceptors

10. free nerve endings

11. general senses

12. immediate memory

13. interoceptors

14. joint kinesthetic receptors

15. kinesthesia

16. lemniscus (medial) pathway

17. learning

18. long-term memory

19. mechanoreceptor

20. medial lemniscus

21. memory consolidation

22. muscle spindles

23. nociceptor

24. NREM sleep

25. photoreceptor

26. posterior column

27. proprioception

28. proprioceptors

29. REM sleep

30. alpha motor neurons

31. sensory modality

32. short-term memory

33. somatic senses

34. special senses

35. tendon organs
    

_______ formed by 1st order neurons carrying impulses for touch, pressure, conscious proprioception, and vibration

_______ conduct impulses for conscious proprioception from the limbs, trunk ascend to the cerebral cortex

_______ conducts impulses for pain and temperature from neck, and posterior head ascend to the cerebral cortex

_______ detect tension on tendons; prevent tendon and muscle damage

_______ measure muscle length; prevent excessive stretching of muscle fibers

_______ receptors found in articular capsule; help limit strain on a joint

_______ receptor found in retina; detects light

_______ receptor that monitors the stretching of internal organs

_______ receptor found in the hypothalamus; detects chemicals in the nose

_______ reinforcement of a memory due to frequent recall of information

_______ allows you to remember how to ride a bike even though you haven’t done so in years

_______ type of memory students who cram for five minutes before an exam depend upon

_______ receptors located at body surface; detect changes in external environment

_______ receptors located in viscera, detect changes in internal environment

_______ dendrite enclosed by connective tissue covering; found in lamellated corpuscles

_______ 4 stages; controlled by hypothalamus, medulla oblongata and basal forebrain;

_______ increased levels may be stimulus to sleep

_______ state of wakefulness resulting from activation of cerebral cortex by RAS

_______ include somatic and visceral senses

_______ include vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell

    Define and describe the relationship between sensation and perception. Explain the relationship between smell and taste, and describe how they are sensed and perceived.
    Describe the major events involved in image formation on the retina, and list in the correct order the components of the eye that light passes through on its way to the retina. Describe the specific consequences of any abnormality or malfunctioning of each of these components.
    List the names of the hypothalamic hormones that regulate the secretion of pituitary hormones. Describe how these hypothalamic hormones are delivered to the pituitary gland and describe the effects of these hypothalamic hormones. In addition, describe how the activities of the posterior pituitary gland are regulated by the hypothalamus.