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Speech, First I wish to candidly thank the people of Gulf, Waite Mata and the Auckland

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“First I wish to candidly thank the people of Gulf, Waite Mata and the Auckland council for supporting me with resounding energy. My name is Ed miliband and I am vying for the seat of a city councilor and during this campaign period I have enjoyed walking along the streets of the democratic electorates and meeting with the local residents. The lovely gardens and old homes reminded me of just how unique this place the Bay, Grey Lynn and Ponsonby is. We are extremely lucky to live in this suburb. I would humbly request you to allow me to contest in the race for the seat of a councilor in this ward as I have previously worked with the council as a member of the local council (David, 2011).I have worked in the local government for over 18 years and most of the time as a member of the Auckland Local Council.

I would also like to acknowledge the Bristol northwest labor party for choosing me as their preferred candidate in order to fight for this ward in the up-coming councilor elections. I promise to work tirelessly to ensure the federal government appreciates our inimitable techniques in handling problems facing our people in the ailing economy. I will offer a vivid vision for the bright future of this ward (Stephen, 2011). All these will be achieved by creating more job opportunities to restructure the local economy and health services free to all and extra front-line police officers to ensure our neighborhood is safe.

I will definitely campaign alongside the community together with my labor party associates. As an evolution referring to the new style of political affairs I will engage with all the organizations and all people regardless of their political affiliations .In order to acquire the best deal for this ward. I will be very honored and delighted to be selected to contest in this election. I was motivated by the head of hall city council who attempted to challenge the coalition government (Cheles, 2010). The motivation has influenced me into trying to secure the rights of the labor victor.

If you allow me to work with the council I will ensure it handles the local parks network. Ensure the Auckland port is in the able hands of the public. Redevelop the Wynyard quarter into a marvelous headland park inside the Wynyard point. Opening the Queen Wharf to the members of the public, proclaiming and refurbishing it as the main cruise ship station will be my second priority (Joseph, 2013). Then concentrate on the refurbishing of Auckland rail. The project will involve setting up the groundwork for linking the city with the rail networks and electrifying the rail in Auckland. The move aims at delivering an efficient transport network system.

Then I would like to raise a question concerning the bus route which is a factor affecting access to the park. The biggest concern is about the 294 buses that transport passengers from Harold Hill to Collier Row. The 294 actually takes about an hour from Harold Hill to Collier surprisingly enough it takes just ten minutes when using a personal car. A new housing country estate has been built in the Whitworth and Broxill centers thus taking away the privilege of the people from that region the chance to shop in either HH or Collier Row. Also, the Broxhill road has no single bus route thus denying access to the park. Most people without cars have to walk for a long distance in order to reach the visitor Centre and the Park (Dundas, 2009). There is also another rumor that the Bedford’s Park at the Georgian walled kitchen garden will soon be history due to the rumored community project on food growing. I am not against any industry project but they should not interfere with the recreational facilities at all.

An environmental factor that the council should handle with a lot of seriousness is on how the north island kokako island is being endangered .Unique species of birds almost disappeared overnight due to the unsustainable decreasing population. This definitely unmasked the critical situation of the figures of breeding birds. Through a political initiative I will actively tackle the problem and protect the Kokako solemnly. As an active bird and forest member I am vividly aware of the plight facing kokako. That is why if I am allowed to contest and win the election I will definitely conserve the Hunua Ranges (Stephen, 2011). Charles Fleming once said “The skylines of the natural forest represent the adventure and mystery of the unknown to almost every youngster”.

I addition to the Hunua ranges I will welcome the new suggested ideas of introducing brown kiwis in the range if I am elected. Expanding the kokako management from the current 1050 ha or establishing more secondary zones is also an idea that could be under implementation. The reason for this type of attitude is to ensure capitalization of the investment is done in establishing pest free regions and restoring birds such as kokako (David, 2011). This will attract the public support and imagination support since conservation is supposed to be our biggest ally.

The housing system in Cranham is very impressive but recently a pungent smell has been permeating into our houses and the surrounding environment. The smell is very offensive and perhaps the most worrying issue is that no one seems to know the source of the smell. If I am given a chance I will definitely investigate the problem and report back after tackling the issue. I have been living in Cranham for the last 30 years and I am sure that is not the normal smell of the fertilizers in the fields. I think that an immediate and proper investigation should be carried out to find if toxic fumes that could be hazardous to the human health will be found. On matters of police officers dealing with serious accidents it is weird that none of them wears a head gear for the purpose of differentiating them with security guards and impose a sense of authority. I think the issue should be dealt with a lot of seriousness, the police should definitely proclaim a lot of authority in matters dealing with security and emergencies (Stephen, 2011).

I believe there is no time for kid gloves or even beating around the bush. Mealy mouthed speaking has no exception at all. I will do my duties the same way men fight in battles. If we join hands and try to do it half as well we will win one of the greatest victories ever known. I will advocate for a lasting peace and avoid premature peace (Dundas, 2009). I will stand firm to promote the development and encouragement of the awesome national resources and ensure fairness among all the people irrespective of their different social classes. Thank you for listening”

References

David, P.P. 2011. Inside the Radical Right .Chicago: University of Chicago press.

Stephen, J.M. 2011. Understanding British Party Politics .London: Polity Press

Cheles, R. 2010. Neo-Fascism in Europe. London: Longman press.

Joseph, P. 2013. Race with the Devil: My Journey from Racial Hatred to Rational Love. Charlotte, North Carolina: St. Benedict Press.

Dundas, L. 2009. The Spider and the Bee: The Artistry of Spenser’s “Faerie Queene” .Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

sociology by definition

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Generally speaking I believe sociology by definition is a science that tackles issues affecting an individual’s life and how the issues generate a response. I also strongly support the idea that sociology is a science. This is as a result of using methodological study in learning about the human behavior. Fascinatingly enough its fields of interest seem to be manipulated by common emerging trends in the world. They include popular trends fashions and new ideas (Kuhn, 2010).

After studying the science keenly I realized the human psychology is very delicate where a slight experience can cause insurmountable impact on one’s life. Distortion of family dynamics, personal growth and group behavior can occur due to the sensitivity of the human psychology. Anthony Giddens a renowned sociologist defined sociology as the scientific study of mankind’s social life societies and groups (Comte, 2010).The study however covers a wide scope ranging from the growth of Islamic fundamentalism to the scrutiny of passing encounters.

In my opinion before the discovery of modern science and sociology many people thought that spirits and gods were responsible for natural events such as earthquakes. After the discovery of sociology that dealt with family matters culture religion language and poverty people became more intelligent (Tischler, 2011). I will discuss all this aspects in detail but first we will need to discuss the reason why both you and I need to understand sociology and the benefits resulting from understanding the science.

The main reason why we study sociology is because the science has an impact on our lives daily. If the study is taken earnestly valuable modules and lessons to improve our lives will be generated. The Science is intended to make tomorrow a better place for our children. Remarkably also the study of the mortal human behavior benefits the whole world. After studying sociology certain characteristics have started influencing me (Heywood, 2007). Where of late I have been very keen on appreciating and considering other people’s perceptions .Rather than assuming my own perspective is unquestionable and perfect. Taking other people’s ideas for granted is a thing of the past now.

My reasoning after studying sociology grew astonishingly. I was able to understand other people in a better way. This intelligence could be useful especially in the working environment. Employees who have an idea or have learnt sociology in most occasions have a unique form of bond with their bosses. Production from my point of view is also increased (Newberg, 2011).

To acquire a vibrant understanding of the society certain sociological theories were formulated to assist in the study. The most well-known theories are three namely functionalism, conflict and symbolic internationalism theories. Functionalism focuses on the whole society. Conflict theory focuses on a specific group in the society and finally the Symbol Interactional deals with personalities within the group (Barkan, 2012).

The symbolic interactionism perspective as I believe directs sociologists to contemplate the details and symbols of life. George Mead H an American philosopher introduced the perspective in America. The theory traces its origin from the Max Weber’s contention. The contention insinuates that people make decisions based on their interpretation of what their world revolves around on (Brunner, 2011). Individuals assign different meanings to symbols evidently shown by the verbal conversations. Spoken words act like predominant symbols meaning that words require interpretation and intention. A conversation according to the theory is an intermingling of symbols between constant world interpreters of the world.

A Symbolic interactionism has solemn interests on how people behave .Even before striving to define the means used by people to allocate their own symbols. Symbolic interactionism in my own point of view however disregards the macro level or the big picture in social interpretation. In simple terms the theory may be left out in recognizing mega issues affecting the society by focusing on the minute matters (Murdock, 2008). My second criticism on the approach is its rather weak swaying capabilities on institutions and social forces.

The second theory is known as the functionalist perspective which I believe insinuates that every trait of the society is interdependent. The government offers education to children belonging to a certain family the family in return pays taxes that maintain the state. I keenly observe that the family relies on the school to ensure the children are well educated. This is to ensure respectable jobs are acquired by the children after growing up. Later the children will in return also pay taxes after reaching adult hood and maintain the government (Durkheim, 2011).

The perspective considers consensus to be the pillar of the society. The social consensus is divided into two sections namely the mechanical solidarity and the organic solidarity. The two were established by Emile Durkheim an eminent sociologist. My criticism on the approach is its neglect on undesirable functions such as divorce (Jones, 2009). I strongly disagree with its justification of complacency and the status quo in the society. The theory seems to discourage active involvement in the transformation of the social environment which is intended to be beneficial.

The last theory is known as the conflict theory with its origins dating way back to writings by Karl Marx’s. This approach according to me is rather mind provoking since unlike the rest it concentrates on the negative challenged society. The theory proves its marvelous intention when it agrees to challenge the status quo and encourage social change. The frequently changing nature of the society is due to the conflicting agendas and values among the imbalanced groups (Comte, 2010).

Sociology also deals also with family matters. A family is a lesser social group of individuals who are either related by affection or by ancestry. They may live in the same residence and have an ongoing emotional bondage. When I observed America for instance I noticed their evolution of the traditional family system (Heywood, 2007). Currently the existing one is that of a couple and their kids but in recent years as I learnt in historical books most generations lived together in a common residential area.

Another astonishing discovery that I discovered is that extremists such as Hitler, Osama and Bush were able to manipulate both you and I after establishing the power of sociology. The extremists discovered the supremacy acquired after gathering the strength of public opinion. They later used it to their advantage thus enabling them to manipulate both you and me into doing whatever they wanted us to do (Kuhn, 2010).

Religion is another aspect involved in Sociology. Am sure you are wondering what relationship exists between the two. I will answer your query with the most suitable answer which is that religious faith has almost similar results with sociology on a person. I strongly believe in religion. I am sure defining it as a unified or cohesive system of practices and beliefs that relate to what is presumed to be sacred is the perfect definition (Brunner, 2011). Being a Christian by faith does not mean I do not respect other religions such as Buddhism Hindu and Islam in fact my knowledge on sociology has helped me appreciate them. You will be surprised to learn that most religions share common aspects like rituals.

Language is another aspect in sociology that I believe is very crucial especially in matters involving social relations. I discovered that interactions take up a linguistic form. Language is very vital where matters of organization or distribution are mentioned. I believe by now you have understood how important the language is not only for interaction purposes but also for a course like sociology. Detecting a societal disturbance then becomes an easy task since you can notice a change in dialect or language (Murdock, 2008).

I will conclude by saying that activities such as relationships, lifestyles and technology affect an individual’s behavior. Recently technology has proved to be on top of the list of innovations that has many positive and negative consequences on an individual (Jones, 2009). Sociology nevertheless has shown a marvelous job of trying to help us understand ourselves extensively. In my opinion everyone should be given a chance to study the splendid course.

References

Kuhn. T .2010. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Comte, A. 2001. Sociology 4th ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Tischler, H. L. 2011. Sociological Research Methods. Retrieved from <www.fdbond.com/Sociology>

Heywood, A. 2007 Politics 3rd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

Newberg, A .2011. Religious Experiences Shrink Part of the Brain, retrieved from <http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=religious-experiences-shrink-part-of-brain>

Barkan, S. 2012. Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World, retrieved from http://www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/1.0/sociology-understanding-and-ch/364125

Brunner, Dr. 2011, The Function and Dysfunction of Religion in our Secular State, retrieved from <http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/religion_and_conflict>

Murdock, G. (2008). Social Structure. New York: The MacMillan Company.

Durkheim, E. (2011). The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. New York: The press.

Jones, R. A. (2009, March 19). Durkheim homepage. Retrieved from The Durkheim Pages:

<http:/www.durkheim.uchicago.edu/index.html.org>

Olaudah Equiano Slave Narrative

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Olaudah Equiano Slave Narrative

In the American literature canon, Olaudah Equiano’s narratives were distinctive as they held as they were particularly important and influential in the 18th century (Richards & Sandra,70). The narratives by Olaudah are mostly based on his experience as an enslaved man who was able to buy his freedom. The experiences date to when he was sold to a Royal officer at the age of 11 years from the kingdom of Benin until he rose to be a prominent figure spearheading the campaigns to abolish the slave trade (Equiano).

The most common form of slavery that was known to Americans was the slavery in which an individual was considered as someone’s legal property, the chattel slavery. This form of slavery allowed people to be bought, sold or even owned forever and was supported by many powers in the 18th century. Olaudah’s narrative writings and songs that developed from the period were aimed at opposing the pro-slavery propaganda through the development of his experiences and other horrific treatment that the African slaves were subjected to giving a rather unique perspective into the American chattel slavery methods (Richards & Sandra,70). Most of these narratives were guided and influenced by the thoughts of abolitionists.

The interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano was first published in the 1700s in London represented various styles such as the slavery, travel and spiritual narratives that are considered to be integral and important parts of the African American literature (Richards & Sandra,70). This essay is written to analyses and find patterns that are developed in telling collection of stories and examine the structural elements of the writings that are used in telling the stories. Mentioning Equiano’s narrative, the essays seek to analyze the musical genres such Spiritual, gospel and work songs with highlights of traditions, subversive language, governance and identity that were developed from the Narrative Life of Olaudah Equiano.

Spiritual genre is usually the type of American folk music that was developed by Africans narrating the suffering of slaves as they articulate their longing for freedom and passion of religion during and after the era of slavery (Ammerman & Tatom). The slave narratives helped in the creation of music that developed hope and a sense of belonging. These songs often covered their traditions as they remembered their homeland in instances like the abduction of Equiano from his African home and be sold to a royal solder who owned him and controlled his life hence lacking his identity. The narrative by Equiano develops a spirituality concept in that he often attributes and regard the good things to him as the works of divine providence as shows whereby he acknowledges that his sufferings were great but comparing them with his fellow countrymen, he regarded himself as a favorite of the heavens. The spiritual nature of songs developed from this narrative was well understood in the context of the experiences the African American slaves had experienced. These songs are often adapted by the audience over a period of time as they are understood and collectively composed (Ammerman & Tatom). As the narrative life of Equiano tries to depict the horrors of slave trade is the same as songs that are created from the slave narratives try to articulate the suffering and longing for freedom of the slaves just like Equiano was able to be a freeman finally despite being prosecuted and discriminated because of his color(Equiano). The spiritual songs mostly used subverting languages with double meanings as some surface meaning may be a cry and a longing for a place in heaven that might in the real sense be a cry for freedom and desire to escape slavery that Equiano used as a form of language in his writing.

Gospel genre is a type of music that was created by slaves’ narratives that tend to tell their stories articulating their longing (Will & Lawrence). These kinds of songs developed can be traced to the early 17th century as the content of the songs normally tend to emphasize on messages of God, salvation, the kingdom of God and development of other biblical instances. The songs developed from slaves’ narratives tend to praise the mighty God and acknowledge their privileges to a mighty God. As from the introduction, Equiano introduces self as a pious Christian, whose conversion religious meant some form of freedom that would be referred to the manumission from slavery. This kind of manumission represents a certain form of salvation. Referring to biblical texts shows a front piece in governance through the life story of Equiano. With the tradition of a protestant Christian Equiano in his narratives tells his story as a testimony of Gods actions in his life. In order to be accepted by his American and British audience, Equiano uses religion that develops gospel genre songs to maneuver and be accepted as a credible writer although forces of acculturation take over to dismiss the religious perspective of Equiano (Equiano). Equiano uses religion for his readers to accept their racial identity and also be racially aware and critique the society with religion piety whereby he quotes on the authority of Moses and the Egyptians. The biblical texts help to show governance and develop a sense of identity for the audiences. The African slaves included the biblical contexts in songs to express their anger of bondage (Will & Lawrence).

Work songs around the world are traditional songs developed by labourers for many different occupations such as the agricultural picking of cotton or even industrial building of roads (Nagy &Gregory, 14). These songs helped to keep work moving slowly as their purpose was to increase coordination and reduce boredom at work. These were mostly developed after emancipation whereby most Africans felt that the spirituals should be left behind with slavery. Some of these songs were developed in a creative for in that they showed Africans working in restriction some form of light (Nagy &Gregory, 19). From the narrative by Equiano show that from their abduction the adults were out to work, Work songs would develop from the sails to make the work flow smoothly as Robert King had tasked Equiano to work on the ships so as to enable him to buy his freedom (Equiano). Equally selling tumblers and fruits would help in the generation of the work songs genre. Even after freedom, Equiano continued to work at sea with Dr Charles Irving. Even though he never worked at the plantations several events made him question faith as his friend was kidnapped and taken to work at the plantation where he worked at until his death. He quotes prophet Micah on what makes any event important. The working recorded by Equiano was to develop the economy, social and educational conditions that were poor in Africa (Equiano).

Equiano refers to himself as almost an English man after he was signed to be a freeman and no longer a property of another person, whereby he could make his own decisions without control (Mottolese & William, 160). The poetry developed in this narrative shows how Equiano regard the good things to him as the works of divine providence as shows whereby he acknowledges that his sufferings were great but comparing them with his fellow countrymen, he regarded himself as a favorite of the heavens

Non-fictional prose of the narrative is presented as the literature work of Equiano’s in his book were based on facts and real-life events that happened to him. These events were developed in the narrative as his journey from birth as a free man through which he was sold as a slave to the moment he bought his freedom and started to fight for the abolition of slave trade as an abolitionist. The conclusion of his introduction, Equiano noted that he was not foolish to expect literary reputation but rather he wanted his book to offer satisfaction to his numerous friends under whose request the book was written with the promotion of humanity interests that would be fully attained at the end. The prose in this book developed from the instance where Equiano explains how he was abducted from Africa, giving details of his abduction and its consequences (Equiano).

The genre of prose is developed in the writings of this interesting narrative as the work could be described with the use of neoclassic prose that was developed primarily as the age of reason (Khosa, Maurice & Kalitanyi). It was hard for the author to project and report his experience as a slave to the audience that did not consider him or other slaves as part of their society but rather an alien thus the encompassing of drama and the subversive language to attract the attention of the reader from the period in which he describes his homeland capturing the attention of the whites(Mottolese & William, 160). The age of reason saw his writing and the narrative as an integral part as it played a big role in the abolition of slave trade. With part of the narrative written as an enslaved African giving the horrors of the slave trade first-hand the neoclassical prose was intended to reach and influence most of the abolitionists (Khosa, Maurice & Kalitanyi).

“Accordingly, he signed the manumission that day; so that, before night, I who had been a slave in the morning, trembling at the will of another, became [sic] my own master, and completely free. I thought this was the happiest day I had ever experienced…” (Equiano) this statement meant that the author on purchase of his freedom he was for once a freeman which many other slaves had dreamt of, thus an essential part of the narrative towards self-identity and awareness. This accomplishment saw him govern himself as a man and no longer a property although the consequences of being still subjected to discrimination and persecution as a black man he was able to make decisions and control his life. The narrative depicts the early life of Equiano as an African slave who had no identity but despite all that he perseveres to shape one (Wiley, Michael, 165).

Even though the author identified himself with British culture, religion and manners he is aware of his African roots whereby despite the view of the Britons that African were backwards he argued that they were not any much different as they only lacked information (Equiano). The life of Olaudah Equiano develops all genres of literature with spiritual and gospels and works songs being derived from quotes whereby he referred to God and attribute his life to divine intervention and experiences of the author as a slave and a freeman. The autobiography written by a former slave shows the on matters of governance and how the Africans slaves were regarded as legal property (Wiley &Michael,165). They lacked identity until the purchase of their freedom whereby they are able to make decisions on their own despite discrimination and persecution as black people. At the end of the narrative, the author after showing the horrors and other terrific episodes that befall the African slaves, he made clear that abolition of the slave trade was his intent. Equiano uses subversive language to undermine the normalization of slave trade and ownership of people as property through the use of emotions and his experiences and horrors as a slave to influence the rise of abolitionists undermining slavery and advocating for the abolition of slave trade.

Works Cited

Ammerman, Nancy Tatom. Sacred stories, spiritual tribes: Finding religion in everyday life. Oxford University Press, 2013.Boulukos, George E. “Olaudah Equiano and the Eighteenth-Century Debate on Africa.” Eighteenth-Century Studies (2007): 241-255.

Equiano, Olaudah. The interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano. Broadview Press, 2001.

Equiano, Olaudah. The Life of Olaudah Equiano: Or Gustavus Vassa, the African. I. Knapp, 1837.

Khosa, Risimati Maurice, and Vivence Kalitanyi. “Migration reasons, traits and entrepreneurial motivation of African immigrant entrepreneurs.” Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy (2015).

Mottolese, William. “” Almost an Englishman”: Olaudah Equiano and the colonial gift of language.” Bucknell Review 41.2 (1998): 160.

Nagy, Gregory. “Genre and occasion.” Mètis. Anthropologie des mondes grecs anciens 9.1 (1994): 11-25.

Richards, Sandra L. “Writing the absent potential: Drama, performance, and the canon of African-American literature.” Performativity and performance. Routledge, 2013. 64-88.

Wiley, Michael. “Consuming Africa: Geography and Identity in Olaudah Equiano’s” Interesting Narrative”.” Studies in Romanticism 44.2 (2005): 165-179.

Wills, Lawrence M. The quest of the historical gospel: Mark, John and the origins of the gospel genre. Routledge, 2002.

Video Response

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Video Response

Luciano Pavarotti, Barbara Hannigan and Diana Damrau are some of the greatest opera singers/performers of all time. Pavarotti was an Italian operatic tenor born in 1935 and died in 2007. Hannigan is a Canadian conductor and a soprano born in 1971 and is famous for her modern opera performances. Damrau is a German operatic soprano known for her enactment of Mozart’s musical compositions. In the three videos, Luciano Pavarotti sings “Puccini’s Nessun Dorma,” Barbara Hannigan performs “Legiti’s Mystery of the Macabre,” and Diana Damrau sings Mozart’s “Queen of the Night.” The three performances use varying types of voices and have different features that make the listener have a particular reaction to each of them.

Voices Used

Firstly, the Pavarotti performance was mostly about his voice. His tenor has a particular unpopular timbre that is wonderful. At some point, it sounded like a countertenor. It also seems to overwhelm the melodious orchestral sounds accompanying the singing. Thus, the singer’s unique voice dominates the entire performance.

Additionally, Hannigan uses the soprano voice at its highest. Despite most of her performance being dominated by dramatic acts, she manages to hit the highest pitch as demanded by the composition. However, her vocal range did not get into the C two octaves. As a result, her voice surpassed all other sounds and so her leading role in the performance.

Moreover, Damrau used the spinto soprano characterized by brilliant high notes with dark timbre. Her voice was relatively light in the climaxes. She also managed to “push” it to dramatic highpoints with little strain. Thus, her voice was naturally suited for the enactment of Mozart’s “Queen of the Night.”

My Reaction to the Pieces

To begin with, Luciano Pavarotti made a great job harmonizing his unique timbre with the rests of the orchestral sounds. He managed to rich the climaxes without much struggle. The background singers also produced harmonious echoes that increased the overall quality of the presentation. However, the lead singer tended to lag for some reason. Whether the composition demanded this interval or not, it affected my impression on the opera.

Additionally, Barbara Hannigan performance of “Legiti’s Mystery of the Macabre” was largely unpleasant. She might have done a good job in singing her soprano parts, but the superficial dramatic incorporations failed terribly. The squeaking noises and the seductive moves she made did not impress me. The orchestra too played its fair share to the failure of the performance. In general, the performance was a complete failure according to me.

Lastly, Diana Damrau singing of Mozart’s “Queen of the Night” was wonderful. From her thematic dressing to the unmatched soprano climaxes, the singer impressed me the most. Her dramatic integration of the piece matched her singing and was not characterized by performance awkwardness as seen on Hannigan’s show. Therefore, Damrau presentation was my favorite.

Differences between the three Arias

One of the key differences among the three performances was the voices used. Pavarotti used tenor, which was perceptibly different from that of the female singers. Hannigan and Damrau sang in the soprano voice. However, their vocal range was different. Thus the main dissimilarity among the performances was the voices used.

The three musicians had varying types of voices that affected the quality of the performance. Pavarotti used tenor, which made the performance mostly about the quality of his voice. Hannigan used soprano at its highest pitch. Unlike her female counterpart, Damrau incorporated a different type of soprano known as spinto soprano. All in all, Damrau was my favorite singer among the three performers.

Stages of FAIR Risk Methodology

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DateStages of FAIR Risk Methodology

Fair Risk Methodology has four major stages comprising ten steps. Under the first stage, there is the first step, which involves the identification of the asset at risk. For the estimation of control and value characristics of the risk analysis to be possible, it is important to first identify the object under evaluation. If the analysis is at a multilevel, the analyst will need to evaluate the object at risk and all the meta-objects existing between the threat community and the primary asset (Lajoux, Alexandra, and Charles Elson, 32).The second step involves the identification of the threat community, which is important in the estimation of the Threat Event Frequency and Threat Capability. When evaluating risks associated with malicious actions, the analyst will be required to decide on whether the threat community is malware or human, and external or internal. The second stage in the analysis is the evaluation of loss event frequency. The third step coming under this stage is the threat event frequency, which is the probable frequency in a given time frame that will be acted upon by a threat agent. Contributing factors to this step include probability of action and contact frequency. The fourth step is the threat capability, which is the probable force level that enables the threat agent to apply against an asset. Contributing factors under this step include resources and skill (Lajoux, Alexandra, and Charles Elson, 23).

The next step is the control strength, which is the expected effectiveness of control over some timeframe as it is measured against a baseline force levels. Contributing factors under this step include assurance and strength. The next step under this stage is the vulnerability analysis, which involves analyzing the probability that an asset will not be able to resist actions of the threat agent. The analysis in this step is closely related to the results of analysis in step four and five. The next step, which is step seven, is the analysis of loss event frequency. It involves the analysis of the probable frequency within a certain time frequency, over which a threat agent will cause harm to an asset. The next stage in this methodology is the evaluation of probable loss magnitude. The next step under this stage, which is step eight, is the estimation of estimation of worst-case loss. This involves the estimation of worst-case magnitude using three steps. The first step is the determination of threat action most likely to result in worst case outcome (Lajoux, Alexandra, and Charles Elson, 23). The second step is the estimation of the magnitude for each loss form that is associated with the threat action. The last step in this aspect is “summing” the loss form magnitudes. The next step in this stage is step nine, which involves estimating probable loss. The estimation of probable loss magnitude is done using three steps. The first step involves the identification of the threat community action that is most likely. The next step is the evaluation of probable loss magnitude for every loss form and the last step is “summing” the magnitudes.

The last stage in this methodology is the derivation and articulation of risk and the next step, which is step eight, is also the derivation and articulation of risk. It involves the probable magnitude and frequency of future loss. Properly articulated analysis should give decision makers the opportunity to get at least two important pieces of information:”the estimated loss event frequency” and “the estimated probable loss magnitude”. The information can be displayed through charts, texts, or both. In most cases, it is better to also display the “estimated high-end loss potential” to make the decision maker become aware of the expected worst-case scenario. The strength of the FAIR methodology is that it is able to establish accurate probabilities for the magnitude and frequency of loss events. It also has a consistent framework useful in performing risk analyses (Lajoux, Alexandra R, and Charles Elson, 21). The weakness is that FAIR is not a methodology in dealing with risk management, but it is only used to complement the existing methodologies. Using FAIR to analyze somebody’s risk associated with commercial gain is only possible after getting a license from RMI.

Sources Cited

Lajoux, Alexandra R, and Charles Elson. The Art of M & a Due Diligence: Navigating Critical Steps & Uncovering Crucial Data. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Internet resource.

Major characters in the book Death of Salesman.

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Death of a salesman

1.Major characters in the book Death of Salesman.

These characters include; Willy Loman, Biff Loman, Happy loman, Linda loman, Charley, Benard and Howard Wegner.

Willy Loman: He is a self-deluded, an insecure traveling salesman. Willy believes fully in the American dream of easy success and wealth acquisition. He has not changed or grown.

Biff Loman: He led enchanted life in high school as a footballer star full of scholarship chances, flattering female friends alongside good male friends. He failed in math and later never graduated. He later changed his life after visiting Belly Oliver’s office that made a break from lies and decided to begin his life afresh. He later chose living in reality. He, therefore, shown some changes in the play.

Linda Loman: Even though she occasionally shares Willy’s self-delude hopes for future glory and success, more often than not, she seems more realistic and less fragile than Willy. She has tried to nurture her family amidst Willy’s misleading attempts at success. Her stronger emotional strength made her grow and change in in the play.

Happy Loman: Although he works as assistance to an assistance buyer, he always represents himself as supremely important being. He never grew up because he practiced bad business practices and constantly had sex with girlfriends of his seniors.

2.What is revealed about the characters through dialogue?

Miller while writing his book chosen not rely on spoken images, but rather creates them practically on the stage. Instead of merely leaving a character to tell the story, he decided to show it to readers. Dialogue has been significantly used in this book to show the images of characters. Dialogue has clearly shown to readers Willy’s insanity. Without dialogue, the readers would not have shown clearly how Willy’s broken speech and his constant up and down movement indicating how shattered he is.

3.Verbal irony, dramatic irony, how irony has been conveyed in the book and importance if irony.

Yes, the play includes both verbal and dramatic irony. Verbal irony is depicted on Willy’s last name ‘’Loman’’pronounced Low- Man, suggesting his low place in the society even though he insist the opposite.

Dramatic irony comes out clearly in Linder’s line in the play ‘’we’re free’’. It’s ironical because they think that they are finally free to pay off all the debts and any burden, only to find that Willy is taking his life because of the insurance money.

4. How irony is conveyed

What seems very ironical in this book is that Willy Loman is a loser in life, but he constantly advisesa his children on how to become successful in life. He was advising his sons how to become success as early as they were in school, and he still continues advising then on how to be success when they reached their thirties. This is happening as Willy is getting old and old and has worn out. Willy himself does not know how to succeed in life. In his imaginations, he keeps on asking his brother Ben the secrets of success that give a clear indication that Willy does not know the secrets of success and yet he insists on teaching his sons.

5. What is revealed about characters through their actions?

Willy Loman’s actions reveal that he is a man of big dreams, precisely American Dream. He wants greater things in life and trust that for him to advance great opportunities and move the ladder of success must be liked and known by the big and wealthy people in the society.

Linder’s action has portrayed her as loving and devoted wife. She seems to be an easy going woman. She always go with the flow and always try to calm Willy whenever he is upset.

Charly’s action has proved that he is a true friend. Despite being mocked by Willy and his sons, Charley still goes ahead to hepl them in thir financial problems.

Bliff: despite too much pressure to bring success home, he repents the reflection of true life as what his father wanted to be never come true despite being forced not follow his own dreams in life.

Happy’s characters depict him as a happy man. The fact that Willy does not expect a lot as opposed to his brother Bliff, he lives a free life making have ample time to make friendships both with male and females.

Reference

Miller, A. (1994). Death of a salesman. Oxford: Heinemann.

situation in libya and law of war

Name

Instructor

Task

Date

Law of war

Libya is faced by many challenges and risks. It does not have the consensus strategies necessary required for a constitution giving the government legitimacy to resolve monopoly conflicts of arms dealing. The security situation is unstable and violence is prone in the country, the inability to fairly transmit power is evident as power is competed for by unofficial armed entities who attack the regime frequently. Such situations hinder economic development required to meet the needs of the population. If Libya does not reach on a constitution that gives the regime the legitimacy to enforce law,

The American administration is ready to fight terrorism to the farthest extent without caring of the consequence. This is evident when president bush proclaimed that his government would blast the terrorist from their hide out. There was an organized military operation to fight terrorists from Afghanistan and Iraq without any intentions of negotiations. The organized military operation is well thought-out as an act of war. President Bush administration is ready to move out of the boarders to fight terrorism (Blum & Heymann).These words are considered to influence a language of war, and the administration feels justified to execute the offenders without trial. The rules that govern an administration are usually weak and lose because the government is ready to do anything in the name of war. Many human rights are dishonored as suspects are killed without having proper trial. Every person is entitled to due process even if he is a suspect and fair trial should be conducted to him. The law advocates that an individual is blameless until confirmed guilty, but this does not apply in time of war. This is because suspects are executed and are not given a chance to confirm their innocence (Carothers). Despite the violations of human rights, war laws should be applied to terrorists.

Many terrorist suspects are apprehended without trial, and this is a violation of human rights. The American administration makes the process easy in the justification that they are fighting terrorism. The American government has literalized war; thus there are no clear distinctions between rules that must be applied during peaceful moments and what rules are acceptable during war times. Police and other law enforces are only allowed to use force only when threaten with death or physical injury ( Campbell & Mitchell). It is also stipulated in the international laws that a suspect should be tried after he is caught. This is not the case in the American government because the terrorist suspects are detained without trial. This is a violation of human rights because every individual is entitled to a due process. During the war, the law enforcement law and rules are replaced with international laws. The war rules stipulate that an enemy is to be shot without warning unless he is trying to surrender. An enemy caught in combat is detained until the war ends (Dobriansky).

Bush administration uses armed and lethal force to capture al-Qaida terrorist, which is not human. War on terrorism is considered real war; thus American laws ought to be sufficient in dealing with terrorists (Gaus). War is different based on the circumstances and basis it is undertaken. Using criminal law is a weak weapon in stopping terrorists because war is larger that this criminal activities. The American administration realized this very late after the terrorists had done remarkable damage. It is not rational in treating terrorist as common criminals who commit suicide because they are ready to strike any moment they get (Lieberthal). It is because of this strong measures should be used. Using criminal law is sufficient and advantageous during peaceful moments but it is not sufficient during war times. The criminal law is for punishing and inflicting stigma to domestic criminals. Terrorist are not allowed to go through a due process because they put harm to the national security; hence, they are detained without trial. Criminal law suggests that the terrorist can only be sentenced with evidence from the eyewitness. Circumstantial evidence is not considered, and this can ruin the accessibility to the al-Qaida plans (Masters).

The American states have the strategies of ensuring that countries that produce oil stabilize so that they can access their oil. The USA marines during world war one become second from the fight and this ensured that the United States can have access to oil producing areas in overseas countries. Prior to second war of the world, United States was able to have ownership of oil rich places in Mexico and Caribbean region. Cold war and world war two gave the Americans motivations of maintaining and coming up with an economic strategy that influenced Latin Americans (Fusco, pp 43). Through power and determination USA was able to secure oil areas in Persian even though it was difficult because of the distance. USA took the roles of Britain in the Middle East after the second war of the world as the controllers of western interests.

People from Libya considered oil as the most import element source of power. These two great powers stopped using coal and started using oil as the source of power in the military. In connection to military source power, they came up with innovations such as submarines, and airplanes that used oil as a source of power. Other than the military using oil as their source of power, oil transformed USA into an industrious country in 20th century. After the year 1890 USA economy was greater than that Britain and after the year 1920 USA economy was much stronger than the economy of the six countries that are highly powerful.

Supplies of oil that are cheap and available are essential for the vehicles industry that played a significant role in the economy of USA during the 1920s and 1960s. Oil was adapted as the source of energy for transports in land and air as well as in water. This form of energy challenged coal as many industries and sectors turned to oils as a source of energy. Oil was use in heating and electric generation as well as power for machines. These machines were used to modernize agriculture and were used for production of pesticides. Oil was used for creating a modern life to the America citizens as much machinery used oil as a source of power (Hinnebusch, pp 45). At the time of the second world war America used oil as a source of energy. Most of the machinery and transportation facilities used oil as a source of energy in America.

USA has the highest prosperous and domestic oil corporations known as the seven sisters that dominated the oil sector from the 1920 to the 1970s. These corporations dominated the countries that have high oil production, which are Mexico and Venezuela. By dominating the oil industry America was considered the superpower during this period of time (Fusco, pp 23). In the years 1920s and 1930s American states supported US oil companies’ indulgence in the Middle East. The oil companies from USA are highly involved in oils regions in Netherlands. When world war two ended, USA oil companies produced approximately 40% of oil outside the states and the Soviet Union.

The security situation is unstable and violence is prone in the country, the inability to fairly transmit power is evident as power is competed for by unofficial armed entities that attack the regime frequently. The American administration is ready to fight terrorism to the farthest extent without caring of the consequence. This is evident when president bush proclaimed that his government would blast the terrorist from their hide out. Many terrorist suspects are apprehended without trial, and this is a violation of human rights. The American administration makes the process easy in the justification that they are fighting terrorism. The criminal law is for punishing and inflicting stigma to domestic criminals. Terrorist are not allowed to go through a due process because they put harm to the national security; hence, they are detained without trial. The American administration realized this very late after the terrorists had done remarkable damage. It is not rational in treating terrorist as common criminals who commit suicide because they are ready to strike any moment they get.Works cited

Aljazeera: is us down grade inevitable. 2011. Web april 2013

Available at,

<http://www.aljazeera.com/>

New Zealand

Name

Institution

Introduction

The insight of environmental predicaments and their designation is reliant on the socio-cultural background in which they take place. The evaluation if a crisis or risk subsists, and at what degree it is compelling enough, could vary from society to society and would vary in due course. For instance, Japanese civilization instigates a stronger weight on ecological problems, which warn human health, as opposed to those difficulties that pressure the innate environment. The social, as well as cultural framework of the New Zealand civilization, has designated it is more amenable to nature conservation subjects. Countless New Zealand citizens regard the natural surroundings as distinctive, and in numerous instances it is; the valleys, the outstanding indigenous trees, waterways, lakes as well as exclusive flora and fauna. The country, more so as opposed to other civilizations, employs the natural surroundings to represent the nation, for example, kiwi, koru et cetera. A New Zealand citizen has as much to be associated with the nation’s physical surroundings just like its association with its history as well as culture. Conservation administration in New Zealand comprises of civilizing and societal features and viewpoints as well as environmental values. This paper centers on how cultural viewpoints control the management of the surroundings. This assumption and hypothesis begins with the manner New Zealanders esteem their surroundings, and the way bionetworks and the nation’s green reflection are placed on the global political agenda.

Conservation

Conserving particularly the natural surroundings:

• The conservation and vigilant administration of the surroundings as well as of Natural Resources.

•An occurrence of upgrading by virtue of avoiding failure or injury or additional change.

Conservation signifies the preservation and protection of innate and significant resources for the reason of upholding their inherent values, given their approval and frivolous enjoyment by the public, as well as, safeguarding the alternatives of potential generations. Nature protection denotes the preservation and defense of New Zealand’s innate resources, having consideration to their inherent significances and having regard to native flora and fauna, innate ecologies and landscape.

Environment

Environment comprises of:

a) Ecologies and their essential parts, comprising of people and societies; and

b) The entire innate as well as physical resources; and

c) Amenity Principles; and

d) The societal, economic, aesthetic, and civilizing situations that influence the matters articulated in (a) to (c) of this designation or those influenced by those aspects.

The Past

At the time, Europeans came to New Zealand in the belatedly 1800’s they came with established animals as well as plants. They considered that it would build New Zealand have the experience of being like their home plus they were attempting to perk up the region for themselves (McDonald, 2011). This deed had a key outcome on the innate surroundings in New Zealand, for example, launching rabbits. These animals had a key effect on New Zealand’s native flora, by browsing in the forest floor. They consume seeds, lawns and understory twigs and bushes in the forest. This sequentially, as well had a consequence on New Zealand’s fauna. Moa hatchlings were dependent on seeds and minute animals for the initial few years of their existence. With the setting up of creatures, for example, rabbits and rats (that the Polynesians as well introduced), they turned to being direct opposition for the little moa for provisions (Beattie & Star, 2010). The moa in the nation had no additional living thing in which it was in express rivalry with before this and fought to stay alive. In addition, the Moa was fully over hunted and their eggs were utilized by the Polynesians as being a food source. In due course, it was educational and societal aspects that sent the Moa to extermination in New Zealand (Lovelock, 2005). This instance of societal and enlightening insinuations on the surroundings has been realized from and currently some native geneses in New Zealand are defended, so the identical destinies as the Moa never expand to other geneses presently in New Zealand, for example, the kiwi. Up to the conclusion of World War II, the animal reserves were merely established because the regions were considered as being misused land. Moreover, the reserves were considered to be a revered location of Maori. An example is that the initial National Park was developed in the country in 1894, since the Maori was frightened that the white persons, who had come to New Zealand, would take or assume ownership of their mountain that was tapu. Protection and ecosystem was not truly considered about in the untimely 1900’s. Growing and establishing National parks, as well as, reserves were further for societal and civilizing gain. It was at that time remarkably universal (up to World War II) to watch browsing, hunting and deforestation in National Parks, as well as, reserves (Lynch, 2012).

Cultural and societal viewpoints have since varied in New Zealand and possibly the world over. Presently, ecological and conservation administration is concerned with protection and natural balance. Economics although, still assumes an outsized branch of ecological management. Natural legacy to any nation is a civilizing notion. Natural conservation regions and reserves are perceived as being a pinnacle’ of the nation and are currently respected locals by sightseer, government subdivisions and the societies. Conservation, as well as, Environmental Management, will merely be victorious if it recognizes and reacts to the human, civilizing and societal aspects of a society or a region.

Case study of a Forest and Bird Project – Community involvement

Royal Forest, as well as, Bird Protection Society, is New Zealand’s primary autonomous conservation association. It was engulfed in the societal and political environment of the untimely 1900’s, a time when Forest along with Bird was established. The Local Bird Protection culture, as then known, apprehended its initial communal conference in March 1923 plus was directed by Captain Sanderson (Forest and Bird, 2008). During this era, Captain Sanderson was the motivating force behind inventing the Native Bird Protection Culture. Its unique principle was to reinstate Kapiti Island to its previous splendor. It additional principle was to sustain the flora and fauna reserve position it was provided with in the belatedly 1800’s. In 1923, and in numerous years before, Kapiti Island was teemed with livestock, sheep and goats, which were grazing the plant life and killing surroundings for the indigenous birds, providing no consideration to its flora and fauna reserve position (Forest and Bird, 2008). The Society started to widen its prospects and commenced to concentrate on numerous different aspects. Still nowadays, it has similar purposes as when it initially started, to defend New Zealand’s local surroundings, their environments and the innate attractive values.

Forest and Bird nowadays has developed from potency to strength. It encompasses over 40,000 affiliates in 54 branches all through New Zealand (Cuervo & Restrepo, 2007). Affiliates can be any person who has an adoration and interest for maintenance and the surroundings to be precise. In support of its affiliates, Forest and Bird supporters, lobby and fix capitulations to central and home government on protection and ecological aspects and activities. Supporting Forest and Bird along with their efforts is evidence that it is one of the principal social associations affecting ecological administration in New Zealand. There are several opportunities of protection and environmental administration, which Forest and Bird is engrossed in aid of its constituents, a number of includes:

•Nautical and coastal regions

•High state regions

•Re-establishing the Dawn Chorus – Bird protection

•Biosecurity

•Resource Administration

•Mining

•Fresh and Clean Water maintenance

Present History

The organization was originally established to defend the countries native forests, as well as, birds. Its current role has primarily grown to comprise fortification of all native varieties and untamed regions, on earth and in the nation’s oceans, lakes, as well as, rivers. The organization provides a pro-conservation say for all the endangered species and delicate places – from imperiled Maui’s dolphins to the tussock-lands of the nation. New Zealand’s region envelops a region of ocean lots of times larger than the country’s land mass, as well as, it is residence to lots of itinerant species, for example, seabirds along with marine mammals. The organization works with other ecological organizations, for example, BirdLife International, on protecting ecological issues in the country’s Exclusive Economic region, the extended Pacific, as well as, in Antarctica. The organization is not a government institute and never receives government finances. Nonetheless, it depends on the kindness of its members’ donations, contributions and inheritances to perform its conservation efforts.

How does Forest and Bird manipulate protection management?

The organization has established a system of 38 reserves plus sanctuaries for its resident species that are enthusiastically controlled by its members. It has as well productively campaigned for larger protection for its local animals and assisted to bring lots of species, for example, the kakapo, as well as, black robin, which were on the verge of extermination (Fuller & Rose, 2003). The organization has as well published awareness-raising magazines plus guides, for example, the organization’s periodical magazine, Forest and Bird, along with the organization’s popular customer brochure termed as the Best Fish Guide. Forest and Bird organization has also created numerous awareness-raising occasions, for example, the once a year Bird of the Year survey (Narwade et al, 2011).

The organization has established seven cottages all through the nation, since its members can obtain up-close and private with the resident birds, plants, not forgetting wild places. Since lots of the species set up in New Zealand traversal and comprehensive borders, the organization has a diversity of national and global partners, for example, BirdLife International. Given that Forest & Bird was established, communal parks, as well as, reserves have augmented to where they currently envelop a third of New Zealand, logging of indigenous forests has practically congested, and numerous species have been taken back from the point of extermination. The organization has been at the front position of almost all of the main conservation operations of the previous eight decades, for example, the struggle to protect Lake Manapouri plus the encounter to stop taking down of local trees in the nation’s North Island woodlands along with on the West Coast. Forest and Bird, established to defend New Zealand’s local forests as well as birds, presently encompasses an extensive brief: the conservation of the entire native, locales and wild regions.

How Can Community and Individuals Become Involved?

With this question, one could ask himself what could be the most significant thing in the planet. The answer could probably lie in the people and only them to be precise. This is in the consideration that this question does not embrace that citizens can by no means precipitate or direct over ecological disasters. In history and even lately, they have the capability and do; so frequently, it can be stated, as a consequence of poverty or the fighting. Citizens are not essentially an ecological blight, as implied by researchers. People might be caustic, but once shown the consequences to the ecological outcomes of their deeds, the organization is as well capable of altering people’s behavior, or establishing the conditions essential for change (Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand, 2009). Therefore, the buried supposition in any declarations to the consequence that all which is required to instigate the planet a “better” place in some way.

This in some way is obliged to reduce human inhabitants, are a backdoor, method of articulating that humans are merely and simply beings of nature, without any religious aspect to them, not capable of following any coded track of the act in the long-term, predominantly a guiding principle that might aggravate immediate or transitional material gain (Griesser et al, 2007). However, most people, maybe even an immense majority, will, possibly, intentionally and willingly change their behavior, and to their individual cost, wherever they come to consider that a meticulous strategy is wrong – even if the alteration might be problematic, or tricky, or costly. For civilization, it has to be a significant world and a planet where all responsible persons desire to know. After this realization, people have to take action upon their truthfully-held principles concerning what it is moral to implement, plus cannot be implemented (Munro et al, 2011). Despoiling the innate surroundings, both for this generation and for the entire of those organizations that emerge after it, must certainly be objectionable to any hard-working adult who provides the time to consider the environmental outcomes of clearly negligent deeds.

References

Beattie, J., & Star, P. (2010). Global Influences and Local Environments: Forestry and Forest

Conservation in New Zealand, 1850s-1925. British Scholar Journal, 3(2), 191-218.

Cuervo, A. M., & Restrepo, C. (2007). Assemblage and Population-Level Consequences of

Forest Fragmentation on Bilateral Asymmetry in Tropical Montane Birds. Biological Journal Of The Linnean Society, 92(1), 119-133. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00884.x

Fuller, R. J., & Rose, C. (2003). Bird Life of Woodland and Forest; With Line Ill. By Chris

Rose. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Griesser, M., Nystrand, M., Eggers, S., & Ekman, J. (2007). Impact of Forestry Practices on

Fitness Correlates and Population Productivity in

Lovelock, B. (2005). Tea-sippers or Arsonists? Environmental NGOs and Their Responses to

Protected Area Tourism: A Study of the Royal Forest

Lynch, J. (2012). New Zealand Case Studies. Environmental Education, 10041.

McDonald, P. (2011). Foot-Tracks in New Zealand: Origins, Access Issues and Recent

Developments. Dunedin, N.Z.: P. McDonald.

Munro, N. T., Fischer, J., Barrett, G., Wood, J., Leavesley, A., & Lindenmayer, D. B. (2011).

Bird’s Response to Revegetation of Different

Narwade, S., Kalra, M., Jagdish, R., Varier, D., Satpute, S., Khan, N., & … Sood, R. (2011).

Literature based species occurrence data of birds of northeast India. Zookeys, 150407-417. doi:10.3897/zookeys.150.2002

Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand. (2009). Wild Encounters: A Forest &

Bird Guide To Discovering New Zealand’s Unique Wildlife. Auckland, N.Z: Penguin.

Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand, (2008). Available at:

http://www.forestandbird.org.nz/index.asp

Literary Analysis of Young Goodman BrownB

Name

Institution

Professor

Course

Date of Submission

Literary Analysis of Young Goodman Brown

“Young Goodman Brown” a story by Nathaniel Hawthorn which commonly talks about the power of social expectations, the transformation of people’s way of living as well as the grip of the past. It is a precise and well-elaborated story on how the community is corrupt and how hypocrisy hides the real image of the society. It is about Goodman Brown on how he used to figure out the politicians, spiritual leaders, the community members and his wife Faith as the epitome of moral ethics in the society. However, all this trust and believe ended changing him to an independent person who cannot trust on anyone in the community even his wife after knowing that they were all involved in the evil ceremony that usually happened during the night on the sacred forests. Hawthorn appropriately applies literary devices to bring out the plot of the story as well as its clear interpretation. Characterization has been well put off in the story where the main characters are Goodman Brown, Faith, and the Old Man. In this paper, the literary critical analysis of the “Young Goodman Brown” in regards of the themes, symbolism, historical content, motifs, themes, settings, the dark romantics and fall of man as well as the plot as brought up in the story are elaborated into an in-depth extent.

The settings of the story reflect the historical context of the community as well as the cultural beliefs and erosion of ethics in the society. Considering its environmental settings is in a rural area at Salem village where the evil people were associated with dark things used to attend the evil ceremony at night. The witch and people who were believed to be going the religion rules were the ones associated with such ceremonies (Hawthorne, page 13). Even though the author does not put clear whether it was the reality or a dream, it shows that during the nineteenth-century people were corrupt in superstition and other cultural beliefs that put a boundary between them and Christianity. Women were associated with purity and were regarded as vital pillars of the family in the matters regarding religion in the community. Good Brown believed that his wife was pure and the one to lead him towards the kingdom of heaven and attended the ceremony saying that it would be the last time and he follows Faith’s footsteps. However, it was against his expectations and surprising to meet her on the evil’s ceremony during the night. The case was not different with the deacons, and other community leaders who were regarded as the mirror of the society and Young Goodman Brown could not trust them anymore.

Dark romantics are also part of the story which author uses to express the cultural beliefs of many others writers in the early nineteenth-century deed. The gothic story composes a description of gloomy events followed with the psychological nuisance. The author uses his wife to illustrate the act of evil in the society and hypocrisy ending up never to trust anyone and living according to his principles and religious beliefs. It is traumatizing that Goodman Brown has kept hope for his wife as the one to transform and lead him towards the Christianity ways, but later realized she was also involved in the evil ceremony. The religious leaders and politicians are respectable heads of the community who tricks people about their love of God and public, but they are hypocrites who get involved in witchcraft and all other sorts of evils (Takeuchi, page 21). The “Young Goodman Brown” acts as a metaphor for the fall of man in the society regarding the author’s illustration of what he sees as hypocrisy and integral imperfection in the nation’s religion. It symbolically reflects the story in the bible on how the serpent enticed Eve to take the forbidden fruit which also put Adam in the same action and finally they were exiled from the garden of Aden and subjected to the pain of evils they deed. Goodman Brown was enticed by the Oldman to attend the dark ceremony where afterward realized the hypocrisy and moral degradation in the society and ended up trusting no one even his beloved wife.

The author accurately uses themes to bring out the conflict and other critical devices as well as development of the story’s plot. The themes that are mainly reflected in the story include the weakness of public morality, fear of wilderness and the inevitable loss of innocence. The mentioned above themes are the ones that the author applies bringing out the conflict and enhancing readers understandability. The theme of the weakness of public morality is reflected in the story where all the people in the community beginning with politicians to religious leaders and civilians are involved in unethical deeds. It illustrated in a conflict of the story before Goodman Brown attending the evil ceremony and at the climax where he decided never to trust anybody in the community and live his own moral life. The theme of fear of wilderness also significantly enhances plot development. Goodman Brown was in high terror as he gets into the lonely forest and meets with the Oldman (Melville, page 17). The wilderness represented evil as he was afraid and ashamed of being seen by other community members in the forest such as the woman whom they met on their way to the evil ceremony. The theme of inevitable loss of innocence creates the climax of the story. After realizing that all the community members are evil and eroded with hypocrisy, Goodman Brown decided to live independently and seek his interventions towards religion and the kingdom of heaven.

According to the discussion above, hawthorn’s “Young Goodman Brown” is a reflection of the today’s society where people have to live on their means and they are responsible for the evil deeds that one commits. The story is educative not only to the present but also the future generations as it shows how hypocrisy has corrupted the society in all the sectors both social-economically and political basis.

References

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. Booklassic, 2015.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. Simon and Schuster, 2012.

Melville, Herman. “Hawthorne and his Mosses.” Literary World 17 (2015): 17.

Takeuchi, Kisaki. “An Analysis of Hawthorne and Akutagawa.” (2016).

The Black Panther Party’s Ten Point Plan

Name

Instructor

Class

Date

The Black Panther Party’s Ten Point Plan

The speakers of the 10-point program or plan are Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. Both of these men were the founders of the Black Panther Party. The party was founded for the sake of providing self-defense to the Black community and especially with focus on armed self-defense, nationalism and socialism of the Black community at a time when racism was at its peak. Its formation was in October of 1966. The establishment of the Black community’s destiny was at the forefront of the direction of the party and the motivating factor amidst the ongoing racial issues.

The speakers are trying to communicate the need and importance of freedom and access to rights for the Black community as a way of bringing equality for them in a similar manner as the White community enjoys it. They are trying to convince those in power that they are just as entitled to all these rights as everyone else who gets to enjoy them freely. While communicating this, the speakers are also trying to bring to light the line that exists between the Black and White communities, identifying how racism remains pronounced for the Black community and how this has made it difficult for them to live at ease and in peace (Calloway).

This topic is of great concern to the speakers since they have been the victims of racism before and they are, therefore, creating a platform for all members of the Black community where their needs and difficulties can be heard. It is a matter that they have had enough of and they are hoping that the mobilization of the Black folk would mean that the creation of this platform would increase the volume for the change that they need and want as a way of creating equality across the United States. The topic is also of a great concern since it affects the livelihood of the Black community members and how they get around their lives on a daily basis. Airing this concern and having adjustments made as a result would mean more freedom for the community on their day to day lives and being placed on the same pedestal as the White community. This would eventually lead to communities that work together for the good of themselves and the country at large.

The speakers of the Ten Point Program are addressing the White racist government of America, which has been continuously victimizing the Black community within the United States of America. The demands that the speakers make within the plan are all those that the government is required to meet for its people without bias. However, these needs are only being met for the White community while leaving out the Black community to fend for its self while enabling the White community to remain racist in all views. The government is supposed to help out its people by ensuring that there is freedom for all, employment is provided to all, provide compensation for those who have suffered in the hands of the government, provision of decent housing and provision of education. On top of this, the government is required to end brutality by the police, to try all men fairly and provide the basics of life to all. The speakers want to be heard by the government that has been biased against their community while making it clear that color ought not to be the reason for divide or treating others differently (Courtright).

The mode or medium of communication that has been applied by the speakers is the written version. The speakers took to an approach that would be easy for the people from the black community and others to subscribe to. At the same time, this written option would easily have access by the public given the fact that it was published within the party’s newsletter, accessible by many, if not all, of the members. This greatly relates to their purpose of being heard and seeking freedom while putting across the message of equality to the government. Having the written work published would mean that both the members of the Black community and the public at large would catch a glimpse of the writing so that the government would know that it is in the limelight and it would not get to deny facts put across.

The three types of appeal are evident in the ten point program. Logos is used in the case of the demand for the forty acres and two mules, the speakers are trying to bring sense to the table by sharing the fate that the Black community suffered, comparing this to the case of the Jews who suffered an ill fate and were compensated. It would then only make sense if so many Americans suffered a fate that the government was liable to, thus demanding an overdue debt for their troubles. Ethos has been used in the case of the plea of exempting the Black men from military service for defense with the White men already exempted, for the sake of killing other people of color. This is morally wrong since the government is using victimized Black people to kill others who have been victimized too, while excluding the Whites in the process. The speakers use pathos to show the audience the pitiful sight that the Black community has to go through. In the process, the appeals have been used to the pain and trials that the Black community goes through and identify why these struggles have to come to an end given that they are inhumane.

References

Calloway, Carolyn R. “Group Cohesiveness in the Black Panther Party.” Journal of Black Studies 8.1 (1977): 55-74.

Courtright, John A. “Rhetoric of the gun: An analysis of the rhetorical modifications of the Black Panther Party.” Journal of Black Studies 4.3 (1974): 249-267.