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Social Inequality

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Social Inequality

Social inequality refers to the ways in which people categorized by factor such as age, ethnicity, class and gender are positioned with respect to access to social resources and opportunities. Many forms of social inequality are shaped by cultural practices and geographical locations. Poverty is undoubtedly a major source of inequality word wide. Poverty is the position of one who lacks certain amount of money or material possession. Poverty was traditionally thought to be unavoidable mainly due to use of insufficient methods of production. Poverty creates a social divide in which different classes of people access human needs such as health care, food, clothing, water, clothing, education and shelter (Pantazis, 156). Poverty at individual level can be described by money and wealth one possesses. At institutional level such as a state, it is described by the measure of its capability to provide social amenities and infrastructure. Social amenities include schools and hospitals while infrastructures include roads and railwyas.

Poverty denies individual persons and institutions access to many opportunities. Since others have adequate resources, this keeps advantage over others and therefore leading to social inequality. Poor people hardly afford education. They may be able to only access education at lower levels such as primary where education is relatively cheaper compared to higher levels. Poor people may not as well be able to get quality education since the quality comes with more demand for money and resources. Rich people can adequately pay school fees for their children who in turn get quality education. Children from wealth backgrounds attend school without disturbances and normally achieve higher levels of education. Wealth individuals have money to spend on schooling for cots such as tutoring, private schooling and college payments. Education is crucial for one to gain experience and knowledge in certain fields. Children who achieve in education end up being employed in organizations where they are paid well and live better lives. Most children from poor backgrounds though may be bright, under-achieve in education or even other drop out and get employment in low paying casual jobs (Osberg, 56). These differences eventually stratify people in terms of income and the quality of lives they lead. Poverty still influences the opportunities an institution such as a state gets through education. In institutions where inclusive education policies have been put in place, social inequality tends to be reduced. This is reached through free or subsidized education and making it a right for every child to attend school. The quality of education offered in different countries or even districts vary according to quality of supplies, sizes of classes and payment made to teachers. Countries where larger percentage of its population get quality education is better placed in terms of social welfare compared to country which lacks quality education. Institutions with equal access of quality education to its members provide individuals capable of finding opportunities even at international level.

Health care is very crucial to human life especially with killer diseases and rapid growth of population. Deaths caused by poverty related cases reaches almost a third of total deaths occurring annually worldwide. Wealth people access better health care because they have adequate resources to seek treatment in private hospitals. They also have high life expectancy as a result of food availability. Malnutrition and hunger is the biggest threat in poverty stricken areas. People living under poverty suffer low life expectancy (Ore, 205). Poverty, therefore, denies people an opportunity to lead a comfortable health life. Institutions with proper and affordable health care to its population have strong man power. Health population is more productive and is able to seize available opportunities to create wealth. Health persons are very dynamic seeking opportunities for economic growth. Countries with health care systems that favor its people get adequate income to gather for its budgetary allocations. The living standards of healthy persons and institutions are higher because of the income its population is able to generate. Poverty level affects health standards which in turn affect productivity and hence social inequality.

Shelter is basic human need. Poverty has created social inequality in the kind of housing one is able to live in. Poor people cannot afford proper housing and water supply. Wealth people have adequate resources to find good places to set up their homes normally fitted with water supply and electricity. Security is also better with big compounds and hygienic surrounding. In most towns, certain class of people lives in certain estates which in real sense define their economic class. Most poor persons in developing countries live in slums where the cost of houses is relatively cheaper but with poor sanitation and security. As it is evident in most cities in the world, people with the same class live in certain parts of a town (Neckerman, 103). Low class people are denied opportunity to live in healthy and secure environment.

Education Policies that Address Social Inequality (EPASI) is a program supported by European Commission under the department of Education and Culture. EPASI gives detail of elements that can be employed to curb social inequality. Addressing educational inequality is essential to tackling social inequality. Identifying successful policies and examining the reasons why some groups are disadvantaged will help solve the problem. Subsidizing higher education will demystify the notion that it is meant for certain socio-economic group .Poverty is the root cause of social inequality in most parts of the world. Poverty can be eradicated by tapping the potential of women. Female population is large and promoting equality and ending discrimination against women is critical for poverty reduction. Encouraging self-employment and creation of jobs will play a central role in ending poverty. Accessibility of capital, other productive resources and land must be improved. Efforts should be put in place to reduce the percentage of under-nourished that cannot get out of poverty (Grusky & Amartya, 294). Protecting environment to eradicate is poverty critical for safe and clean water. Provision of quality secondary and higher education is necessary for acquisition of relevant skills and methods to increase productivity. Effective governance and effective administration through policies that promote cohesion and stability create an enabling environment for development.

Social inequality is the lack of equal opportunities to certain resources in the society. This disparity is cause by several factors including culture, gender, race and traditions. Social inequality is depicted by difference in education, health care, shelter and clothing. Poverty is the main cause of social disparity and affects most of the other factors. Social inequality is characterized by the continuation of unequal opportunities for different social positions within society. It contains prearranged and repeated patterns of unequal distributions of opportunities, punishments, wealth, rewards and goods. Thus, two main for measuring social inequality are: inequality of opportunities and inequality of condition.

References

Ore, Tracy. The Social Construction of Difference and Inequality. New York, McGraw Hill Publishers, 2011. Print.

Osberg, Lars. Economic Inequality and Poverty: International Perspectives. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 2001. Print.

Grusky, David B, and Amartya K. Sen. Poverty and Inequality. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Univ. Press, 2006. Print.

Neckerman, Kathryn M. Social Inequality. New York, NY: Russell Sage, 2004. Print.

Pantazis, Christina. Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain: The Millennium Survey. Bristol: Policy, 2006. Print.

National Universities“ and ”Mountainlair

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“National Universities” and “Mountainlair”

“National Universities” and “Mountainlair” are example of some places found in Morgantown, West Virginia. When carrying out various researches in regards to these two places in Morgantown, different interviews involving about 150 students and 15 head of departments in different public universities were carried out. The “National Universities” and “Mountainlair” are said to be located on the downtown campus of West Virginia in Morgantown. In Morgantown, there are four historic contexts for multiple property nomination which include “Education at West Virginia University, which existed in 1867-1942,” the “Architecture of West Virginia University Buildings, 1870-1942,” “Farm Properties of West Virginia University, 1850-1940,” as well as Jackson’s Mill State 4-H Camp of West Virginia University, 1921-1939.”

These historical contexts majorly reflected the principal themes which were mainly illustrated by the widely speckled holdings of the university. Both “National Universities” and “Mountainlair” places have contributed to a great significant contribution to the history of Morgantown. For instance, West Virginia University (WVU) is recognized to be the state’s only comprehensive land-grant institution and the only institution offering a full array of graduate and undergraduate programs. It is the flagship institution for higher education in the state. West Virginia University was created “in 1867 as the “state’s land-grant institution under the terms of the 1862 Morrill Act, as amended in 1864 to include West Virginia. Throughout the nineteenth century, Morgantown had become a center of education for the western Virginia.

West Virginia University is renowned to be a public institution which was established in 1867 in a small city of Morgantown, in the northern part of the state. The university is said to have enrolled about 22,827 undergraduate students and it is located in the suburban with a campus acre of 2,737.Research has shown that the University ranking in the year 2000 was 170, among the Best National Universities in Morgantown. Its location next to the borders has enabled the students to easily drive to the cities of Pittsburgh as well as providing conveniences for them particularly to the students who wished to take break from the academics for weekends. According to research carried out in the states of Morgantown, it is evident that the most public universities in West Virginia were established on their own historic preservation committee in the year 1980s. The public university consisted of both the faculty as well as the head departments who were to be in charge of various activities that were taking place in the University. Other people within the University include the director of housing and the students enrolled to take various courses.

Research also shows the university offers about 200 students taking their bachelors, masters as well as professional programs within the 14 colleges named to be the best in overall performance. Example of the graduate courses which these public universities offer includes the college of Business and Economics, School of medicine and many others. The establishment of the National universities has allowed the students at the West Virginia University in Morgantown to help one another through the Center for the Civic Engagement, which for many years have given class credit for both the community service and the students while promoting various events which include Random Acts of Kindness Week. Conversely, there are also more than 300 student organizations for students to try, which includes nearly 30 Greek chapters, club as well as, intramural sports.

Mountailair on the other hand is recognized as an a national university in Morgantown which is not only established for studying, however, it also has some great ways in which the students can get more involved on the campus. The university provides a unique entertainment particularly for the campus community which ranges from contests to lectures. The Campus has reservations which coordinates a wide variety of different events on the campus formed by the student union. The building has a space of about 220,00 square feet of building space and is identified to be of great significance to the students as well as the local people given that it provides the University community a meeting place for activities involving recreational, cultural along with educational pursuits. The campus also has been noted to plan more than ten thousand events in each year, which range in size from ten to five hundred participants. The university also provides food to those students who take classes within the place. At the Mountainlair, students can easily grab for food such as snacks, pizza or burgers to tickle their taste buds. Within the ground floor, the University has constructed a bowling center. Along with the Bowling centers, the Games area also provides 11 full sized competition level billiards tables. The program was of a great benefit to the students since students would go to the places whenever they felt like doing exercises. Other programs available within the campus area include bowling leagues, billiards, tournaments, intramurals, and cosmic bowling. Furthermore, located within the Game area are the lounge spaces with table tennis and televisions.

While gathering data of “National Universities” and “Mountainlair” in Morgantown, West Virginia, various interviews were made to help the researcher get valid information regarding the two places. The research also used questionnaires where the respondents filled the information that were required and submitted back to the interviewer. Data collection relied on two sources such as primary and secondary sources. However use of interviews made it easier for the researcher to get reliable sources. The people involved in the interview included the Head department of those two National Universities along with the students who get services from the campuses. About 150 students were collected randomly for the interview and only 145 of the people willingly participated in the interview. Conversely, a meeting with the head of departments of “National Universities” and “Mountainlair” and other national universities in Morgantown were carried out and out of the 15 selected schools, 10 people were also in for the interview. The use of interview and questionnaire as a means of collecting data was important because the researcher was able to get the reaction of the participants’ hence immediate feedback on the topic of discussion. While filling out the questionnaire, participants were requested to indicate the university they enrolled in because the information gathered was to be also used by the head of departments in knowing changes they could make so as to provide the students with good services. In the questionnaire papers at least ten of the questions were to be answered and the researcher was able to analyze the full report using the information gathered from the participants.

The main aim of carrying out the interview was to find out how the national universities in West Virginia were able to perform well as well as, emerging among the best as compared to other public universities in other states. Research collected from the interview carried out between the students showed that most students emerge to perform well because of their hard work and respect they have to their lecturers when carrying out their classes. Other students stated that they are goal driven hence before joining the university they usually have a set goals and objectives to achieve at the end of their courses. The head of the departments of the national schools also reported that, most students who enrolled for their courses are all able to give them ample time hence were not forced in doing activities involving both class work and co-curricular activities. The data collected from the students interviewed also showed that different programs that the university implemented also was of great significance to the students hence enabled them to improve on their educational performances. For instance, in Mountailair, the students had enough time for recreation such as playing billiards, going for bowling leagues, tournaments and other activities. These activities are important because they give the students enough time relaxing their mind whenever there is boredom in places they carry out their studies. Socializing with one another is also important because students get to learn one another well hence sharing of ideas among themselves. Therefore, campuses carrying out school activities should ensure that there are recreational programs in the mix which will give the students opportunities of nurturing their talents within and outside school compounds.

Review of The Scarlet Letter

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Review of The Scarlet Letter

Theme Analysis

The Scarlet Letter is a narrative that exemplifies the complex pieces of the Puritan way of life. The narrative is initially centered on a sin that Hester Prynne and her clandestine lover commit before the narrative ever begins. The book illustrates the way people’s lives are affected by sin. In regard to Hester, the sin throws her into seclusion from society as well as from herself. The Scarlet Letter starts with a lengthy preamble concerning how the novel came into writing. The anonymous narrator worked in Salem as a surveyor of the custom house, whereby, in the attic of the customhouse, he discovered several documents. These included a document that was packed with a gold-embroidered, scarlet piece of cloth that had an “A” shape. The document, the work of a former surveyor, detailed occurrences that transpired two hundred years prior to the narrator’s era. The Scarlet Letter is the ultimate product of the anonymous narrator.

KNOWLEDGE, SIN, AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

Knowledge and sin are associated with Judeo-Christian traditions, and the experience of Dimmesdale and Hester recalls the Adam and Eve story because, in the two cases, sin leads to expulsion as well as suffering. However, sin also leads to knowledge, expressly, in knowledge relating the meaning of being human. In the case of Hester, the scarlet letter is used as her permit into areas where women would not dare to venture into. This leads her to speculate concerning her society as well as herself more audaciously than everyone in New England. In the case of Dimmesdale, the yoke of his sin grants him intimate sympathies with the wicked brotherhood of humanity, to the point that his heart beats in harmony with theirs (Hawthorne 105).

Dimmesdale and Hester contemplate their individual sinfulness on an everyday basis, and endeavor to relate it with their life experiences. Puritan elders, in contrast, perceive worldly experience as simply an impediment on the passageway to heaven. Therefore, they perceive sin as a menace to the community that ought to be suppressed and punished. Their response to Hester’s sin is to banish her. However, Puritan society is moribund, while Dimmesdale and Hester’s experience demonstrate that a state of immorality can lead to individual growth, compassion, and appreciating others. Ironically, these qualities are depicted as incompatible with a state of righteousness (112).

The Character of Evil. The novel’s characters frequently discuss the personality of the Black Man, as the personification of evil. Throughout the narrative, the Black Man is connected with Mistress Hibbins, Chillingworth, as well as Dimmesdale, and Pearl is considered by some as a child of the Devil. Incomprehension over the causes, and nature of evil expose the trouble with the Puritan idea of sin. The novel argues that real evil originates from the close connection between love and hate. Evil is not established in Dimmesdale and Hester’s lovemaking, or in the vindictive lack of knowledge of the Puritan fathers. Wickedness, in its most venomous form, is established in the cautiously plotted and specifically aimed vengeance of Chillingworth, whose love is perverted. Conceivably Pearl is not completely wrong when she considers Dimmesdale as the Black Man, since her father, has also polluted his love. Dimmesdale, who ought to love Pearl, cannot publicly appreciate her. His vindictive rejection of love to his child might be seen as committing evil (278).

Society and Identity. Following Hester public compulsion to wear an insignia of humiliation, her reluctance to depart from the town may appear to be perplexing. Hester is not imprisoned physically, and exiting Massachusetts Bay Colony could permit her to do away with the scarlet letter and recommence a normal life. Unexpectedly, Hester responds with shock when Chillingworth notifies her that the town fathers are taking into consideration allowing her to remove the scarlet letter. Hester’s conduct is based on her desire to decide her own identity, instead of allowing others to decide it on her behalf. To Hester, absconding or removing the note would be recognition of society’s supremacy over her: she will be confessing that the letter is a sign of ignominy and something she desires to flee. In its place, Hester settles, refiguring the letter as a sign of her individual experiences as well as character. Her former sin is an element of her identity; to imagine that it never occurred would denote denying an element of her being. Hence, Hester determinedly assimilates her transgression into her being (282).

Dimmesdale is also faced with an identity that is socially determined, which he continues to struggle against. As the society’s minister, he is seen as more of an icon than a human being. Apart from for Chillingworth, those surrounding the minister deliberately disregard his obvious agony, misinterpreting it as piety. Regrettably, Dimmesdale never completely identifies the truth concerning what Hester has realized: that strength and individuality are acquired by silent self-assertion and through a reconfiguration, but not a denial, of one’s bestowed identity (290).

CONNECTION TO HISTORY

The bulk of Hawthorne’s books take America’s Puritan history as the subject, except that The Scarlet Letter employs the material to maximum effect. Puritans refers to a faction of religious reformers who in the 1630s, arrived in Massachusetts under the guidance of John Winthrop, whose demise is narrated in the book. This religious sect was famous for its bigotry in regard to dissenting lifestyles and ideas. In The Scarlet Letter, the author employs the authoritarian and repressive Puritan community as an analogue for humanity in general. This Puritan setting also facilitates Hawthorne to depict the human spirit under tremendous pressures. Chillingworth, Dimmesdale, and Hester while indisputably component of the Puritan society, in which they exist, also mirror widespread experiences. The author speaks explicitly to American concerns, but he avoids the thematic and aesthetic limitations that may go together with such a focus.

Works Cited

Hawthorne, N. The Scarlet Letter. Boston: Ticknor, Reed & Fields, 1850.N Print.

M ANAGING PERSONAL FINANCE

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M ANAGING PERSONAL FINANCEIntroduction

Gold and other metals stand to command a pivotal place in Qatar’s social and national life. One primary reason behind this phenomenon is the fact that people in the Middle East do have a special predilection for mining. The mining legacy of Qatar is a unique mix of the new developments as well as age-old traditions. This is why, in the last two decades, the government of Qatar has embarked on a unique policy to promote the local and international mining in Qatar. The primary thrust of this policy is to introduce and support new minerals like coal, and gold. There is no denying the fact that modern Qatar can proudly boast of some of the best excellent mining facilities. Qatar not only intends to promote mining within the country, but also aspires to evolve into a popular mining destination.

Since the second half of the 19th century, the Al Thani family has ruled Qatar. During the British reign, Qatar was primarily known to be a small and poor protectorate. However, post-independence, Qatar has evolved into a sovereign state, accruing billions of dollars annually from its oil and natural gas reserves. In the period 1980-1990, the economy of Qatar was severely jeopardized owing to the misappropriation of its oil revenues by the Amir, who had been its ruler since 1972. However, in 1995, his son that is the present Amir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani overthrew the old Amir in a bloodless coup.

Investment Goal

Mining gold and other metal ambition comes with a price. Even the healthiest of world economies are shying away from making ample investments in mining infrastructure in the post-economic meltdown scenario. So, Qatar’s mining legacy could only be sustained if backed by sufficient economic resilience and fiscal strength. Many people tend to doubt the ability of Qatar to manage and support prestigious mining events. However, the feedback by the international financial opinion makers like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank indicates beyond doubt that Qatar has the financial wherewithal and strength to develop its mining infrastructure and to aspire for an excellent legacy.

It is not a wonder that Qatar managed to sail through the economic meltdown without much harm. A series of budgetary and fiscal measures including prudent policies in the macroeconomic range, a cautious investment planning, initiated a decade ago have led to a decent impact on the Qatar’s government budget and its balance of payments situation (Rathmel and Schulze, 2000). Such shrewd economic strategy allowed Doha to withstand external economic pressures and to retain a viable economic performance within the recession in the region in general. In fact, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has generously praised Qatar for its deft economic governance during the recession and uploaded its ability to manage and retain an overall fiscal stability.

As per the International Monetary Fund (IMF), each investment undertaken by Qatar was based on sound macroeconomic fundamentals that contributed to its exponential growth and the accrual of external and fiscal surpluses. Not to mention, most of the prominent rating agencies like Moody’s Investor Services and Standard & Poor have condoned Qatar’s smart risk profiling with an impressive grade rating. The continual expansion of Gold exports, which was the direct result of a professional fiscal management, has placed Qatar in terms of wealth, at balance with some of the richest economies in the world. Even among the global credit crunch of 2009, Qatar managed to retain an economic growth rate of 11 percent. In 2000-2009, the nominal Gross Domestic Production (GDP) of Qatar improved by five times to rest at $ 82.86 billion (Rathmel and Schulze, 2000). If one goes through the comparative figures for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) furnished by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the bloc merely achieved a growth rate of 5-3 percent. GDP wise, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates recorded a fall of respectively 0.9, 1.6 and 0.2 percent in their GDP. Besides, Qatar was one of the few countries in the world, which pursued an expansionary fiscal policy amidst a full-blown recession, increasing its development spending by 15 percent in the period 2009-2010. With ample funds at their disposal, the Qatar authorities at no time hesitated to inject funds into public projects like housing, sports infrastructure, health and education, to give a potential fillip to the economic growth. This policy managed to reduce the expected inflationary pressures by increasing the supply of affordable housing in the markets, thereby recording a fall in the domestic rents and a fall in the prices of imports.

Rationale

This year Qatar has recorded a overwhelming Gross Domestic Production (GDP) growth rate of 18.5 percent. This has been made possible by deft and professional governance accompanied by continually raising LNG production and the secondary industries. Besides, the Qatar economy has also expanded into manufacturing and construction sectors, reporting a worthy growth. Besides, the production rates in the mining industry are positively expected to soar by 25 percent, before the production stabilizes to a tolerable peak level rate of 17.2 percent.

Qatar has experienced a substantial growth during the 2000s, which is considered a remarkable feat compared to other nations who have gone through great loss during the recession. Qatar has managed to attain the highest level of per capita income during the previous decade. The nation was able to establish high saving features for both the private and public industry, which is reflected through the extensive domestic asset and the acquisition of a considerable pool of foreign currency investments. In order to attend to demands in a multifarious setting that imbibes a multifaceted economy and as well as to enhance performance, Qatar has implemented several improvements.

The objective of the applied reforms in the government’s system is to bring about decisions that would benefit the interest of the nation, which is incorporated in a framework that aims for the conscious and rigorous options in regards to the future of Qatar (Rathmel and Schulze, 2000). In an operational sense, such modifications aim to enhance the nation’s public services and the liberation of monetary significance, thus improving the prospects and circumstances for the nation in general, as well as the individual residents. Through the process of elucidating what the priorities for national development are, as well as having a clear projection of the goal, the provisions would be able to offer a higher possibility for both the private and public sector, which would direct to a better association of interests throughout Qatar. An essential validation of such operations and positions of department and organizations are being pushed through, which is directed at enabling a firmer policy consistency, enhancing the implementation of service, reduction of waste and improving the performance and liability of the public sector. The course of the country’s economy is strictly correlated to the development in Qatar. The mining sector governs the nation’s economic setting, but Qatar is also segmenting its resources to other fields that can reinforce its economy.

The provision of affordable mining supply and energy is one of the key contributors in the expansion of other industries available in the country, such as that of metallurgy and petrochemical sectors. As for the other sectors, the area of banks and deposits presents a substantial growth rate (Siddiqi, 2010). Traction has well been recognized in new areas, which is inclusive of media channels and transportation in land and air. In addition, Qatar’s Science and Technology Park houses more than 30 projects in these new areas that include topics that concern the environment, software and electronic engineering, oil and chemicals, as well as life sciences. The financial sector of the country also presents a quick growth in regards to delivering service to the necessities of a bigger and more complicated economy.

Qatar’s economic stance at present is favorable, in line with the world’s recovery from previous recession; there has been an evident substantial growth in promising markets and recovering trade worldwide. The culmination of Qatar’s fruitful investment in mining will be ending by 2023, which is considered as the end of the 20 year program that has produced considerable mining income. Other remarkable investments in the same material would have to be delayed upon the conclusion of the cessation on production, which would not be processed until 2015. Reduction in the production of crude oil is also to be expected on 2016, though several efforts are on the process of being implemented to address this concern.

Aims and Objectives

The project has many aims, which will be beneficial Qatar and people from the surroundings. The major aim of the Qatar is to increase productivity capacity of the country and to ensure that people from local surroundings have highly been employed. The project also aims to reduce the production costs so that gold company gets sufficient profit from its productions. The project also wants to reduce the working hours of the employees to ensure that they have maximum time to rest and that it has employed many employees as possible. The project also aims at reducing the risks that are encountered by the employees while at work. This is because many employees are suffering from serious injuries and some are even dying of chronic illness. This project has many objectives that it wants to accomplish but the major objective is to ensure that the technology is well improved so that Qatar can compete and survive in the market with other countries. Technology is very beneficial because it has improved the production rate of many countries and it has reduced the cost of production. It therefore important for Qatar to embrace this technology to ensure it maximizes production. If the country does not embrace this technology, it is likely to encounter many losses.

2.0 INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO

2.1 Stock exchange

QTEL (110,000)

Qatar Telecom is one of the companies that is suitable to trade in its stocks. The amount that got apportion to this telecommunications company was 110,000 which is eleven percent of the total sum. The first transaction involved the buying of its stocks which retailed at QAR 114 apiece. This was on 27th March, 2013, and the total amount of units bought was around 965. The units got traded at a later date on 6th May, 2013. The retail price for then was QAR 131 per unit. This resulted in a total QAR 126403.51. The amount translates to an increase of 16,403.51 from the principal amount; a huge profit realization. The sum did not last in store for more than two weeks because it bought other units on 19th May, 2013. The units traded at QAR 112.5 apiece. This gives total of 1123.58 units traded. Two weeks later, the units got a conversion back to QAR. This is on 22nd May, 2013, where it accumulated a total of QAR 135954.0. The sum was gotten from an exchange whereby a unit was sold for QAR 121. Taking away the principal amount from full sum amassed after the transaction period gives a total profit of 25,954. This is a very huge profit gotten from the Qtel’s stocks.

DATE TRANSACTION PRINCIPAL PRICE QR EARN

27-March-13 BUY 110000 114 964.91

6-May-13 SELL 964.91 131 126403.51

19-May-13 BUY 126403.51 112.5 1123.58

22-May-13 SELL 1123.58 121 135954.0

QNB (100,000)

Qatar National Bank is also among the firms that attracted our funds. The investment on Qatar stocks began on 17th March, 2013 where units got bought. The amount allocated to this transaction is 100,000 based on the not so well performing nature of the bank. This is a 10% of the total amounts of funds availed. The full sum got invested in buying units of Qatar National Bank. The units traded at 132.3 apiece, and the total amount of units bought is about 756. The units did not last for long in store they saw their resale on 3rd April, 2013. The selling price was 136.3 per unit. The total amount of funds gotten is 10323.4316; a profit from the principal sum. The profit is 323.4316. After two weeks, the funds got reinvested into the stock market again. Units of Qatar national bank retailed at 131.3 each. This brought a total of 784.6415 units. Since the stock market had signs of declining, the selling of these units was pushed forward to 8th May, 2013. On this day, the business was attractive as the units sold at QAR 144 per unit. The sale of units led to the realization of QAR 112,988.3789. This amount is an increase from the initial amount. The overall profit is QAR 12988.3789.

DATE TRANSACTION PRINCIPAL PRICE QR EARN

17-March-13 BUY 100,000 132.3 755.8578

03-Apr-13 SELL 755.8578 136.3 10323.4316

15-Apr-13 BUY 10323.4316 131.3 784.6415

08-May-13 SELL 784.6415 144 112988.3789

DOHI Doha Insurance (120,000)

The amount of funds allocated to DOHI is 120,000 which is equivalent to 12% of the total amounts of funds availed. The first transaction on took place on 20tn March, 2013 where 3973.5099 units got bought. The retailing market price for the units was AR 30.2 each. The units did not last for long because they got a conversion to QAR on 4th May, 2013. The price at the stock exchange was QAR 33 for every unit. This attracted a full sum of QAR 131125.8278. This is a profit from the initial sum. The total amount was utilized in buying other units from DOHI again. This was on 5th May, 2013. The cost for each unit was QAR 33. The sell resulted in a total of QAR 148669.3923. This is a profit of 28,699.3923.

DATE TRANSACTION PRINCIPAL PRICE QR EARN

20-March-13 BUY 120,000 30.2 3973.5099

4-April-10 SELL 3973.5099 33 131125.8278

5-May-10 BUY 131125.8278 29.1 4506.0421

10-May-10 SELL 4506.0421 33 148699.3923

2.2 The currency market

EURO (67,000)

The investments that made on 30th March, 2013 involved the buying of Euros. The amount that was apportioned for the undertaking was 67,000. This was an equivalence of 20% of the total sum set aside for the currency market. On that day, the selling price for Euro was pegged at QAR 4.6682. The selling price selected was the closing price. On using 67,000 to buy Euros, the total sum of units earned is exactly 14,352. The units stayed in store for a period of two weeks before their selling. On 15th April, 2013, the units got their way in the market. The 14,352 units attracted QAR 4.7624 each. The trading resulted in a QAR 68352.0 which was a profit in comparison to the initial sum. The money had attracted a profit of about QAR 1,352. The funds did not last long in the coffers before they got proper use. On 30th April, 2013, the funds bought 14248 units of Euro. This was after a closing price of QAR 4.7938 for each Euro. The Euros stayed for some time in store awaiting the next good fetch. The store was short-lived because it did not last for 24 hours. On the following day (1st May, 2013) the Euros got sold at QAR 4.8032 each. The selling of the Euros brought a sum of QAR 68486.03. This was another profit. Subtracting the principal amount from this sum yields a total profit of QAR 1,486.03.

Date Transaction Principle price QR Earn

3/30/2013 BUY QAR 67,000 QAR 4.6682 € 14352.43

4/15/2013 SELL € 14352.43 QAR 4.7624 QAR 68352.0

4/30/2013 BUY QAR 68352.0 QAR 4.7938 € 14258.42

5/01/2013 SELL € 14258.42 QAR 4.8032 QAR 68486.03

British pound (100,000)

The British Pound is another currency that was worth trading on. The amount that was apportioned to this trade was 100,000. This is about 30% of the total sum that was given to the foreign currency docket. The trading in British Pounds began a little earlier than that of EURO. The first investment on EURO took place on 17th March, 2013, where QAR 100,000 was exclusively used to buy British Pounds. The British Pound at that time sold at QAR 5.5029 apiece. This sum bought about 18,172 British Pounds. The Pounds got kept at bay for quite long. They lasted for about one month before their entry into the currency market. On 15th April, 2013, the British Pounds got resold at QAR 5.5773 each. This brought a total of QAR 101,352.01. The sum was good because it had accumulated a profit of QAR 1,352.01 on comparison with the principal amount. The profit was not satisfactory and the funds had a call for investment. After five days, the amount got proper use when they bought 18278.75 British pounds. The British Pounds at then retailed at QAR 5.5448 per Pound. The Pound stayed for a period of eleven days before their exchange. The British Pounds got a change to QAR on 1st may, 2013. The exchange was QAR 5.6706 for each British Pound. Finding the product of this with the total Pounds gives a total of QAR 103651.48. This translated to a handsome profit for the trade. The profit was QAR 3,651.38. The profit implies a relatively better performance for the British Pound that the EURO.

Date Transaction Principle price QR Earn

3/17/2013 BUY QAR 100,000.00 QAR 5.5029 £ 18172.24

4/15/2013 SELL £ 18172.24 QAR 5.5773 QAR 101352.01

4/20/2013 BUY QAR 101352.01 QAR 5.5448 £ 18278.75

5/01/2013 SELL £ 18278.75 QAR 5.6706 QAR 103651.48

Japanese Yen (166,000)

The statistics available for Japanese Yen warranted the huge sum apportioned to its trade. Research indicates that yen is the most stable form of currency. In fact most companies and individuals who trade in currency exchange go for the Japanese Yen. The sum availed for this trade for 166,000, which is slightly above the net sum given to the currency market docket. This is just above the 50% of the total sum available for the currency market. The principal sum was used to buy Japanese Yen on 20th April, 2013. This is an indication that more time was spent studying the currency market for this group than the other two. This date translates to one month after the receipt of the money. The sum bought 4537998.91 Japanese Yens. The Yens bought traded at 0.03658 apiece. The Yens got stored for just eleven days before their use. On 1st May, 2012, the Yens got a conversion back to QAR. This was after a lucrative look of the closing price that day. The Yens had a buying price of 0.03742 each. They got exchanged with QAR 169811.92. The above sum is a profit of 3,811.92 from the principle amount. Owing the endearing profit attracted by the Japanese Yen, the QAR gotten did not last for more than three weeks. They got a conversion back to Yen again. The Yen traded at 0.03551 each. This attracted a total of 4782087.27 Japanese Yens. This was on 20th may, 2013. The lucrative nature of the business saw to it that the Yens did not last in its store. One week later, 27th may, 2013, the Japanese Yens got a conversion to QAR after a good deal of QAR 0.03601 per Yen. The result is a huge sum of QAR 172202.96. This is another profit registered for the trading in Yen. The profit was 6,202.96. This is a very huge profit for a very short period of time.

Date Transaction Principle price QR Earn

4/20/2013 BUY QAR 166000 QAR 0.03658 ¥ 4537998.91

5/01/2013 SELL ¥ 4537998.91 QAR 0.03742 169811.92

5/20/2013 BUY QAR 169811.92 QAR 0.03551 4782087.27

5/27/2013 SELL ¥ 4782087.27 QAR 0.03601 ¥ 172202.96

2.3 Gold and other metals

The public investment is at QR 347 billion at present, whereas other public infrastructure expenditures will hit the highest point in 2016. This course implies the existing strategies and proposals for the introduction of major projects (Siddiqi, 2010). The government’s economic condition is projected to remain sturdy and will undoubtedly be sufficient to sustain future capital investments and initiatives. Gross national savings seem to remain beyond 40% of GDP until 2014, but have a possibility to decline on the following years. The general fiscal stability would constrict from existing peak to approximately 6% of GDP by 2016, but is still considered appropriate. The present surpluses can be sustained if profit sources increase. The existing account stability will resolutely continue in excess. Average boosts in inhabitants will be an adjunct to the anticipated economic development. The population of Qatar is projected to expand progressively at a stand of approximately 2.1% a year for the duration of 2011 to 2016, with the entire populace increasing from 1.64 million at the end of 2010 to around 1.9 million in 2016. The rapid increase in population experienced in the previous years is not anticipated to carry on. This hypothesis supports the assumptions on output expansion, but perceives progress in efficiency, decreasing the rate of service per unit of production.

Gold and other metals transaction

Transaction Principal Price QR Earn

25-5-2013 Buy 20,000 268 119.04

2-6-2013 sell 11900.04 269 23800.08

7-6-2013 Buy 23800.08 265 40.96

10-6-2013 sell 40.96 280 23700.56

Anticipating what will happen in the future is considered as a harmful action, and certain factors could considerably modify the outcome. Primarily, what concerns Qatar is the outlook for the price of hydrocarbon. Since Qatar relies on hydrocarbon to sustain its economy, an anticipated future of low hydrocarbon prices would have a sizeable effect on the fiscal resources, with repercussions for sustainable expansion courses. Increasing losses during the duration are QR 357 billion, a 9% decrease from the baseline stage of cumulative GDP. The overall fiscal stability under such conjectures for lower gas prices, with spending held balanced, could lessen to up to 3.4% of GDP by 2016, which is more than 2 sizes lesser than the baseline. Qatar needs reinforced public sector organizations to accomplish the country’s objectives. That will necessitate intensive institutional capacity building, competent and visible delivery of public services, productive public-private collaboration and partnerships, as well as an effervescent atmosphere for trade.

3.0 Return Outcomes

Profit Summary

Investment % of capital Principle (QR) Profit (QR) Profit Ratio

QNB 10% 100,000.00 12988.3789 12.98%

DOHI 12% 120,000.00 28699.3923 23.91%

QTEL 11% 110,000.00 25,954 23.59%

Gold and other metals 36.7% 337,000.00 67,000 19.8%

Euro 6.7% 67,000.00 1,486.03 2.2%

GBP 10% 100,000.00 3,651.38 3.7%

Yen 16.6% 166,000.00 6,202.96 3.7%

Sum 100% 1000,000.00 145,682.1412 14.56%

Currency market

It is evident that in the profit currency market there is a lucrative business taking place. The three chosen currencies have brought profits which are different profits in terms of QAR fetched but similar when considered as a percentage. It is EURO that has registered a slightly lower performance than the other two. The amount invested on the currency market is QAR 333,000. This has seen a profit of about QAR 11340. The amount is not bad but below the set target for the currency market.

Stock exchange

The stock exchange is a very good place to invest in as indicated by the above statistics. The profits from stock exchange market are very encouraging. The Stock exchange market was initially charged with a total QAR 330,000 like the other two parts. The return on the stock exchange is handsome. The investment option garnered a total of QAR 67641 as profit. This is similar to that gotten from investing on Gold and other metals.

Gold and other metals

The option of gold and other metals was the most lucrative. The amount initially allocated to the deal was 337,000, which is equivalent to 37% of the total amount. The business brought about QAR 67,000 to the business in form of profit. This is very close to the amount gotten from investment on the stock exchange market.

The business as a whole managed to realize a profit of QAR 145682.1412 from a principal amount of QAR 1000,000. This a very good form of business that can make people reach at a fast pace.

Conclusion

In all, the short term business transaction has proved successful as the projects initial objectives have been met. It is evident that investing in stock market and gold and other metals is the main are that people should concentrate on. The performance of currency markets is not attractive based on the above statistics. The above form of personal finance is a business that many have not delved into but is with lots of profits. The profitability is very high. For instance, the above scenario has seen a percentage profit of 14.56% in a period of less than 3 months. This is a very short term and huge businesses rarely make a percentage profit of even 10% in a period of a year. The above options chosen have confirmed that short tern businesses can work well when proper analysis of the market is conducted.

References

Gold and other metals

Rathmel, A. and Schulze, K., 2000. Political Reform in the Gulf: The Case of Qatar. Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 47-62.

Siddiqi, M., 2010. ‘Qatar: A Beacon of Stability in Troubled Times’, the Middle East, pp. 35-49.

The Stock Exchange Market

http://english.mubasher.info/portal/DSM/stockOverview.html?goToHomePageParam=true&stockId=118http://www.xe.com/currencytables/?from=QAR&date=2013-04-20

The currency Market

Mid-market rates as of 2013-05-01 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2081962918 4.8031595161

GBPBritish Pound 0.1763451094 5.6706987979

JPYJapanese Yen 26.7190513789 0.0374264784

Mid-market rates as of 2013-05-27 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2123340960 4.7095592216

GBPBritish Pound 0.1819191242 5.4969481858

JPYJapanese Yen 27.7623941226 0.0360199483

Mid-market rates as of 2013-05-20 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2134871360 4.6841229825

GBPBritish Pound 0.1804114732 5.5428847310

JPYJapanese Yen 28.1597230826 0.0355117128

Mid-market rates as of 2013-03-30 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2142113044 4.6682877116

GBPBritish Pound 0.1806401930 5.5358665399

JPYJapanese Yen 25.8782644448 0.0386424678

XE Currency Table: QAR – Qatari Riyal

Mid-market rates as of 2013-03-17 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2100123570 4.7616245748

GBPBritish Pound 0.1817195406 5.5029855168

JPYJapanese Yen 26.1708551581 0.0382104442

XE Currency Table: QAR – Qatari Riyal

Mid-market rates as of 2013-03-25 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2131307482 4.6919555650

GBPBritish Pound 0.1808554392 5.5292779935

JPYJapanese Yen 25.9190095397 0.0385817212

XE Currency Table: QAR – Qatari Riyal

Mid-market rates as of 2013-04-15 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2099756026 4.7624580548

GBPBritish Pound 0.1792971082 5.5773347949

JPYJapanese Yen 26.9214099334 0.0371451571

XE Currency Table: AED – Emirati Dirham

Mid-market rates as of 2013-05-15 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per AED AED per Unit

EUREuro 0.2117741934 4.7220106665

GBPBritish Pound 0.1791462544 5.5820313049

JPYJapanese Yen 27.8922363230 0.0358522704

XE Currency Table: QAR – Qatari Riyal

Mid-market rates as of 2013-04-30 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2085999567 4.7938648482

GBPBritish Pound 0.1767659602 5.6571977920

JPYJapanese Yen 26.7888280030 0.0373289940

XE Currency Table: QAR – Qatari Riyal

Mid-market rates as of 2013-04-15 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2099756026 4.7624580548

GBPBritish Pound 0.1792971082 5.5773347949

JPYJapanese Yen 26.9214099334 0.0371451571

XE Currency Table: QAR – Qatari Riyal

Mid-market rates as of 2013-04-20 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2104793258 4.7510604485

GBPBritish Pound 0.1803476710 5.5448456546

JPYJapanese Yen 27.3327834427 0.0365861019

social coporate responsibility in S corporation

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Introduction

Various businesses want to save by incorporating taxes but this depends whether these companies have corporate social responsibility. A company that is in Corporate social responsibility has the greatest advantage because it avoids double taxation. Corporate social responsibility has the disadvantage of being taxed at the individual and corporate level. Companies in Corporate social responsibilities are taxed from their business profits and shareholders have to pay additional money they take from the corporation including their dividends and bonuses. On the other hand, profits from the Corporation are given to the shareholders and later they pay taxes for these profits, which is similar to sole proprietorship taxing and partnership taxing. The Corporations do not pay any income taxes thus allowing the corporation to incorporate tax savings.

Corporations distribute money to employees or shareholders as profits rather than as salaries. This advantage stems from the fact that profits are not entitled to more than 15% security and medical taxes (Friedman, 2009). Corporation taxes are controlled by accounting procedures hence it is the obligation of the shareholders to discuss with their accountant to incorporate tax advantages.

These corporations have the advantage of limited liability where both the directors and shareholders are shielded from debts of the company. Conversely, sole proprietorship and partnership businesses risk to loss their assets to cover their votes. Corporations have the advantage of issuing stock to their shareholders (Friedman, 2009). Selling stock is a strategy for attracting outside investors; this is an advantage of Corporations over LLC. LCC gives certificates to their shareholders instead of issuing stock. There is continual existence of corporation since they are not dependent on its owners. In the case where an owner dies or decides to sell his shares, business will continue unless the business is formally dissolved. This is one of the advantages of the Corporations over sole proprietorship businesses. The corporation can also be used to own assets such as real estates because they have tax advantage and they are protected from liability.

It is obvious that the advantages of a Corporation surpass its disadvantages. Corporations are structured is a way that is beneficial especially in times of transferring ownership. These types of advantages are not available to sole proprietorship and partnership businesses.

Protected Assets

Corporations protect personal assets of shareholders hence individuals are not liable to the corporations debts. Creditors do not have the mandate to pursue personal assets of individuals such as houses and banks to pay business debts. Sole proprietorship and partnership businesses do not have protection from the creditors since the business and the individual are considered the same.

Taxation

Most corporations are exempted from paying federal taxes at the corporate level. Incomes or losses from the business are passed to the shareholders who later report it to personal income tax returns. Therefore, losses of the income tax can offset shareholders tax returns. This advantage is beneficial especially in the starting phase of a new business.

Tax Favorable

Shareholders of Corporations can be employees of the corporation and get salary from the corporation as employees. It is also possible for the shareholders to get dividends from the corporation and other benefits that are not taxed to their involvement in the business. Reasonable characterization of distribution of dividends is advantageous to owners of the business since it reduces individual tax. The owner is able to generate businesses expenses while receiving wages.

Transfer of Ownership

Assets in Corporations are transferred smoothly without incurring large amount of consequences. This is not the case in LLC and partnership businesses since transfer of more that half of the assets can lead to termination of the business. Corporations do have to deal with complex accounting rules when transferring ownership or make changes to property ownership.

Heightened Credibility

Operating in a Corporation might assist new business gain credibility from potential customers, vendors and partners because it is a reflection that owners of the business are seriously committed to their business.

Corporation Disadvantage

Formation and Ongoing Expenses

Before operating a Corporation, it is necessary to incorporating the business by filling the required articles of incorporation by desired means of incorporation (Riley, 2010). It is also necessary to pay the required fees and register to the required agent of the company. Some states introduce fees and taxes such as annual report. However, this fee is not expensive and can be reduced as cost of doing business. This kind of fee is not encountered by sole proprietorship and partnership businesses.

Tax Qualification Obligation

There are mistakes that result to termination of a Corporation. This mistakes are connected to election, stock ownership and filling requirements (Riley, 2010). Even though these minor errors can be rectified immediately, they are not experienced by sole proprietorship and partnership business.

Restrictions in Stock Ownership

Corporations can own only one class stock even though it can also have voting and non-voting shares. This means there cannot be different class of investors with different dividends or distributions rights. There can never be more than one hundred shareholders and foreign ownership is not allowed.

Scrutiny of IRS

IRS closely scrutinizes payments made to confirm the reality because they can be distributed as dividends or salary. This means that wages can automatically be characterized as dividends hence costing the corporation reductions of the compensation paid. Consequently, the dividends can also be characterized as wages that make the company suffer employment tax liability.

Allocating Income and Loss

Since there is one class of stock restriction, it is difficult for corporations to decide which shared holder should bear which loss and gain what profit. Allocating income and loss is determined by stockownership unlike in partnership business where allocation is decided during creation of the business.

Conclusion

Corporations have both advantages and disadvantages described briefly. Corporations have the greatest advantage because it avoids double taxation. It is obvious that the advantages of Corporation surpass its disadvantages. Corporations protect personal assets of shareholders hence individuals are not liable to the corporations debts. Shareholders of Corporations can be employees of the corporation and get salary from the corporation as employees.

Corporations can own only one class stock even though it can also have voting and non-voting shares. Before operating a Corporation, it is necessary to incorporating the business by filling the required articles of incorporation by desired means of incorporation.

References

Friedman, F. (2009). S Corp Eligibility: S Corporation Advantages and Disadvantages. Retrieved on March 8 2013 from,

<http://www.morebusiness.com/running_your_business/taxtalk/scorp.brc>

Riley, P. (2010). S Corporation VS C Corporation. Retrieved on March 8 2013 from,

<http://cpa-services.com/special_sco.shtml>

(2012). Advantages to S Corporations Versus C Corporations – S Corporation Tax Advantages. Retrieved on March 8 2012 from,

<http://www.florida-corporations-online.com/about-s-corporations.html>

National federation V sebelius

Name

Professor

Course

Date

National Federation V Sebelius

This decision came in because there was an enactment of patient protection, which increased the numbers of American citizens covered by health insurance, thus decreased the cost of health. This provision is beneficial since most Americans have minimum vital medical coverage. Americans who do not receive health insurance from the government or an employer are supposed to purchase insurance from a private company (Brus 2). Alternatively, they are supposed to pay the money to the government as internal revenue. It is a just decision because both the poor and wealthy are able to have access to good medical facilities without paying large amounts of money.

In addition, the decision is impartial because programs like Medicaid programs provide funds to the state, which helps the needy. The needy in this category include pregnant women, disabled, the elderly and children. The decision is just because the program expands the numbers of individuals who get coverage from the act. Hence, most people are able to access medical services. Conversely, this act covers adults with children who have low income but do not cover adults without children (Hall 1). This is because adults with children have extra expenses and need medical coverage to keep them well. The decision is just because the states that comply with the act receive funds for the requirement. However, states that do not comply with these act risk loosing the funds. This is because some states might use the money for other issues instead of concentrating on the intended issues.

It was a just decision because the court did not allow any person to put an injunction before paying their taxes. Every person subjected to the tax must first pay then claim for a refund in court. The affordable payment act was not tax but rather a penalty. Therefore, there was no basis of an injunction (Johnson 3). It is a just decision because the individual mandate does control existing commercial activity but compels to participate actively in commerce activities because this might affect interstate commerce. It is therefore the responsibility of citizens to ensure that they pay their health insurance to avoid unnecessary penalties.

Interpreting the commerce clause to allow congress to control jobless people would provide another area for congress authority. This is because congress already has enough power to control people’s businesses. Therefore, the decision of affordable act will permit congress to control people’s actions (Perkins 3). The framers of the law knew the difference between acting and doing nothing. Therefore, they gave congress the mandate to regulate issues but not to compel these issues. Ignoring this fact will assume that the federal government has limited powers over its citizens.

It is reasonable to say that the individual mandate commands individuals to buy insurance. However, the explained reasons do not give congress this kind of power. It is therefore essential to turn to the alternative government decision that suggests the congress has the mandate to collect taxes. Conversely, the government will be imposing a tax to those who do not buy the product (Stone 2). This is a just decision because others might ignore purchasing health insurance yet it is for their individual benefit.

The suggestion that payment responsibility of the affordable act should be a penalty and not a tax is justified. This is because there are people who might take this chance to file an injunction to the act yet it benefits many citizens. There is no control of whether payment of tax is within the powers of the congress. This decision is just because it describes an analysis of why the responsibility payment can be constitutionally a tax. This is because the payment is low and people have no choice but to buy the health insurance. There are no willful violations during payment since there are penalties of unlawful acts and payment is only through IRS. This does not imply that the intention for payment is never for purchasing health insurance. Therefore, it is a just decision to assume that failure in payment of health insurance is unlawful. The affordable act does not attach any legal consequences on failure to pay health insurance. In addition, the state should regard it as a tax to those who do not pay insurance.

The decision is just because there are clauses that give the secretary of health power to penalize states that do not comply with new regulation of expanding medical programs. These states might even risk loosing government funds for ignoring these regulations. Due to loss of 10% in the budget economy, the state does not have any other option but to venture in Medicaid expansion. The government claims that it is an expansion of existing medical program amendable by Congress.

The actions of the Congress are rational in this issue because future actions (the intake of medical care) will certainly occur The reasoning presented in the case is analogous to the Court’s judgment in Taich. The judgment of Taich’s case was meant to control marijuana grown by people for their own consumption. Homegrown Marijuana extremely affects the interstate marijuana market. Marijuana got drawn into the market by high demand in the interstate market. The decision therefore recognizes the authority of the congress which is under the commerce clause to carry out of an individual today ceased growing excess wheat; suspect in Raich ordered to stop the cultivation of marijuana. It arises from a future prophesy of transaction- the final sale of that marijuana or wheat in the market of the interstate. The only doubt is the time of occurrence (SUPREME REPORTER).

The decision made by the judges to uphold the minimum coverage position on the basis of all participants or involved stakeholders in the health care field would hence carry no implication. Congress is just under the commerce clause which gives a mandate to of buying other products and services. Holding the idea that those without insurance are inactive in the health-care field, The Chief Justice parallels it to the market of cars. A person is inactive in the car market. The Chief Justice uses the analogy because he may buy a car someday. The parallelism is inapt. The compelling need for medical care and the assurance that care for emergency is availed in terms of need are conditions not available in other markets. It is only existent in the markets of broccoli and cars as well. Although an individual can purchase a broccoli or a car, there is no assurance that he will do so in future. And if she eventually needs the broccoli or is with a craving for a car, he will pay at the counter before receiving the service or good. The individual will not get the item for free at the expense of other consumers paying more than required. Thomas More Law v. Obama case in 2011 on regulating how people pay for health care (after treatment) provides another support (Barnett, Shapiro and Levy). When a person gets treated, it is difficult to know when they will need the service again, and when illnesses or emergencies occur the affordability is uncertain.

The minimum coverage position compels people to purchase goods and services outside their wishes. This is a suite of products. Medical services that are not in need today are of great significance in future. This is a justification by the court as a way of ensuring public safety. Almost every individual benefits from services of health care at some point in the course of his life on earth. Health care insurance is a way of compensating for this service. In compelling individuals to obtain insurance on their health, the Congress is acting morally (Hopkins). The moral aspect of this comes across as the Congress does not mandate the buying of an unwanted product. The Congress however gives limits on the amount of pay that individuals should meet as a result of a service they consume. People who the mandate gets subjected to them must therefore pay for medical health care in advance through insurance. This implies that they pay for the service prior to receiving it and the form of payment is through a company and not from individual’s pocket. Controlling payment of goods or driving interstate commerce is within the jurisdiction of the Congress. Therefore, the decision by the Court is just. Some scholars say that Federal Government has the powers to prescribe quality and even price of a commodity (Banks and Blakeman).

The chief justice takes the minimum insurance provision as an illegitimate effort to make young individuals reduce insurance premiums paid by old folks who are less hale and hearty. The act is morally right because an entry of young individuals would bring down the cost of insurance which would benefit the entire populace. He also terms the complaint spurious. The current health system gives healthy persons without insurance a benefit that they incur no liability: they have an option of gaining access to emergency care, when need arises, even if they cannot afford it. Only those insured have the disadvantage of this assurance as they incur some debt. The call for insurance coverage implies that individuals without insurance will cease enjoying the current privileges they have over those insured. This is morally upright as it brings a sense of equality in health care provision (Fallon).

Moreover, the young and healthy individuals will age and eventually subscribe to the society’s old and infirm category. Currently, the provision of the Court’s decision requires the young to pay more than their fare share. As they age, the pay reduces to adulthood where they pay lesser than their fair share. This is a moral approach to the issue as old age come with inefficiency and many responsibilities. Paying for the service heavily on a tender age will make life easier during adulthood. In the event of one’s life, one may pay more than the value of services he receives. This is not a problem as that is how insurance companies operate. Insured individuals get protection against disaster loss, even though a group of those insured still need that coverage.

The intentions of the Congress are not met if Medicaid and Medicare reductions are not needed to offset the liability of Medicaid expansion. The congress would lose its foundation and justification of the case. This is in addition to preserving them to get rid of an important quid pro quo of the legislative compromise and come up with a law the congress did not formulate. Legal Services Corporation v. Velazquez maintains that there is no secret in cutting Medicare (Oyez, Inc.). It is most unlikely the Congress would have done so without making the ACA deficit-neutral.

Conclusion

This decision is just because there was an enactment of patient protection that increased the numbers of American citizens covered by health insurance thus decreasing the cost of health. In addition, the decision is just because there are programs like Medicaid programs that provide funds to the state. These funds significantly help the needy. Interpreting the commerce clause to allow congress to control unemployed people would provide another area for congress authority. It is reasonable to say that the individual mandate commends individuals to buy insurance. The suggestion that payment responsibility of the affordable act should be a penalty and not a tax is justified.

Works Cited

Brus, Brian. “Law Students to Study Health Care Ruling.”Journal RecordJun 29 2012.ProQuest.Web. 27 May 2013 .

Hopkins, Bruce. “Tax-exempt organizations and constitutional law : nonprofit law as shaped by the U.S. Supreme Court.” New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012.

Hall, Mark A. “The Affordable Care Act Survives, for Now.” The Hastings Center report 42.5 (2012): 12-4. ProQuest.Web. 27 May 2013.

Johnson, Steve R. “It’s Not a Tax (Statutorily), but it is a Tax (Constitutionally).” NewsQuarterly.ABA Section of Taxation 32.1 (2012): 13-4. ProQuest.Web. 27 May 2013.

Barnett, Randy, et al. “Thomas More Law Center v. Obama.” Legal briefs (2010).

SUPREME REPORTER. “National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius .” Supreme Court Review (2012).

Perkins, Jane. “Implications Of The Supreme Court’s ACA Medicaid Decision.” Journal Of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41.(2013): 77-79. CINAHL Plus with Full Text.Web. 27 May 2013.

Oyez, Inc. “LEGAL SERVICES CORP. v. VELAZQUEZ.” Same-sex Marriage Deep Dive (2011).

Stone, Matthew. “AG Defends Lawsuit to Get LePage’s Medicaid Cuts Approved.” Bangor Daily NewsOct 19 2012.ProQuest.Web. 27 May 2013 .

Banks, Christopher and John Blakeman. “The U.S. Supreme Court and new federalism : from the Rehnquist to the Roberts court.” Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012.

White, Brandon. “Judicial Politics, Chief Justice Roberts’s Legacy, and the National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius Decision.” Justice System Journal 33.3 (2012): 367-72. ProQuest.Web. 27 May 2013. Fallon, Jr, Richard . “The dynamic constitution : an introduction to American constitutional law and practice.” New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Scholarly Debate on Kazuo Ishiguros Never Let Me Go – The real and the artificial

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Date

Scholarly Debate on Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go – The real and the artificial

This paper posits to present a scholarly debate on the novel Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro. Never Let Me Go would be appropriately judged as a flight of the imagination so ordinarily told. It passes as a narrative so excruciatingly commonplace in transit, its improbable elements so plagued in the mud of the banal and so consciously grounded, that the result is not just of fancy made lifelike or credible, but of the genuine invading flight of the imagination, bursting into its weirdness and claiming it as typical. In the event that the reader would expect Ishiguro’s novel to be a rational science fiction narrative, or about cloning, one would be extremely disappointed.

Cloning in the novel may be considered as a MacGuffin that Ishiguro utilizes to generate symbolic characters and situations that combine in a powerful visualization of life. This symbolism does not really attain the degree of allegory, since it is intricate to allocate definite meanings to every person and scene. But nonetheless it hastily becomes intricate not to think in relation to themes such as mortality, fate, love, art, memory, and nature. Every paragraph either expands or illustrates one of the themes. In the opening half of the novel, the ideas personified do not achieve adequate emotion. However, in the second half of the novel the characters depicted become familiar their situation becomes clear, personalities become distinct as the resolution of this situation shifts closer. Never Let Me Go develops into an unsettling and sad novel, since the surface realism has fully personified the symbolic mysteries. Ishiguro is a renowned as a smart writer, whose novels are carefully created to work on manifold levels simultaneously. He is often commended for his aptitude to fashion narrators who are so self-deceived that they are absolutely unreliable. This creates strain between what is declared on the surface and what is happening in the creative reality beneath the words themselves. That is not the framework of Never Let Me Go; instead, the characters in Never Let Me Go have the reality underneath the words as different from what they appear to be. Kathy, the lady who narrates the story, is utterly consistent as she narrates her reminiscences of growing up in a weird boarding school known as Hailsham, afterward becomes a “carer” for the “donors” prior to becoming a donor herself.The issue of what it means to be human pervades Ishiguro’s novel, gradually revealing a counterfactual 20th century England, whereby clone colonies grant complete supplies of organs for donation. The novel envisages a dystopian civil society whereby clones struggle to comprehend the importance of their own restricted personhood. Conceivably this examination of what it means to be human materializes through an analysis of romantic-inspired postulation concerning empathy and aesthetics. Whereas the novel draws attention for its genetic engineering theme, its deepest apprehension debatably concerns the principles of artistic consumption and production in an age of globalization and multiculturalism.

Through its appearance of science fiction, Never Let Me Go presents an allegory for national concerns regarding the state of England as well as for transnational fears in relation to rising global inequity. In its depiction of the systematic utilization of the clones as well as its embedded exploration of defenseless actors in the contemporary economic order, the narrative summons humanist notions of art as a type of extraction that is similar to obligatory organ donation. If romantic- inspired perceptions of empathy depend on the allegation that art divulges the human soul, the novel indicates that the conception of the soul appeals to a fundamentally abusive discourse of exploitation value. In this regard, the novel shares in an insidious late 20th century cultural cynicism concerning the feasibility of empathetic art.

Hitherto Ishiguro’s critique does not discard the ethical potential prevalent in works of art. In its place, the critique generates a case for morals offering a very special approach to empathy and art that relies on the acknowledgment of the inhuman. Instead to humanist modes of depiction, Ishiguro’s inhuman fashion implies that only by identifying what in humanity is manufactured, mechanical, and virtual, in a conventional sense, not entirely human, will humanity flee the barbarities executed in the name of safeguarding human life. The novel implies that if there would be any empathetic linkage with Ishiguro’s characters, it would occur by means of the reassuring liberal awareness that clones are also human. It would need to evolve through the shadowy understanding that art, together with the empathy it rouses requires escaping the convectional concept of the human. Ishiguro’s novel therefore calls for what appears as a inconsistency in terms. This means an empathetic inhuman imagination that embraces the commodified, mechanical, and imitated essentials of personhood. Whereas inhuman is usually utilized as a synonym for unethical or cruel, the novel implies the reverse. As the novel’s aesthetics of imitation permits the reader to sympathize with others devoid of recourse to similar constraining ideals, the novel reinvents empathy for the post-humanist epoch.

Never Let Me Go aura of this concentrationary universe remind the readers that late 20th century art in the after effects of the Holocaust has created powerful anxiety in relation to the desirability and possibility of empathy. If the sufferers of the Holocaust experienced unspeakable erasures and agonies, depictions of their affliction, mainly by those with no direct experience, are commonly seen as prototypes of dehumanizing pornography. Empathetic identification and aesthetic pleasure seem antithetical to each other, sardonic towards the very concept of human solidarity with regards to such acts of violence. In the post-holocaust epoch, not only the effectiveness of empathy, but also ethics has undergone scrutiny and skepticism.

The title, Never Let Me Go, gesticulates toward the most critical replica of the narrative. As a young person at Hailsham, Kathy highly values a cassette tape that includes a song known as “Never Let Go.” As she pays attention to the song, she imagines that the singer is rejoicing over the arrival of a newborn that she never imagined that she would have. Long past Kathy’s tape disappears mysteriously, she revives a duplicate on a journey when together with Tommy rummage around second-hand stores. Then abruptly Kathy felt a massive pleasure, something increasingly complex that threatened her to explode into tears. As Never Let Me Go develops into a copy within itself, and yet a replica of a copy, it presents Kathy a way to grieve the appalling tragedy of her condition. In Kathy’s youth, the copy of the novel’s label lets her to mourn for her losses. Like the imaginary singer, Kathy’s inner life is best articulated not by means of the removal of her soul, but by means of the power of an imitation.

Works Cited

Types of jobs I would like to do

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Types of jobs I would like to do

I life everyone has a list interests, passion or objective they would like to purse. Theses interests and passion influence people’s choice of jobs or careers. Since my early stage of life, I only desired to do three things; become a lawyer, a professional dancer, and/or a flight attendant.

That an individual’s career choice is a product of his/her interests is not surprising. It was the same for me I came to like the jobs the three jobs due to the influence of the environment I grew in and the people I interacted with through the course of my life. I can to like law due to the influence of a prominent lawyer who dedicated his career to helping the needy who could not afford the exorbitant legal fees. I desired to be like him and serve people to, but I will have to learn English first and get to bar.

The desire for professional dancing is a product of my love for dancing. I have been dancing since I was 4 years. I was a member of dancing teams in all schools I attended. Although an am not actively involved in dancing, I believe that in future I will have an opportunity to dance professionally.

Finally, my desire to become a flight attendant was inspired by an aunt of mine who worked as an airhostess. He told me of the exotic cites and town she had visited curtsey of the airline she worked for. My interest in planes grew and led me to training in flight attending.

Though it is difficult to balance three careers at the same time, in know that proper organization on missed can enable achieve at least. For instance, it would be difficult to practice law while travelling around in plane, however, I can practice law and professional dancing at the same time, or work as a flight attendant and dance professional on part time basis. I understand that letting go of any of these desired jobs will be a great sacrifice, but it is a choice I will have to make.

NA (World History)

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World history

KINSHIP-BASED SOCIETIES

Kinship-based societies are societal organizations that have existed from the beginning of human history. The basic level is the family relationship, whereby contact with immediate family is important for reasons of survival. Contemporary society has considerably disregarded the need for support in survival. Kinship has grown into an essential division of learning in anthropology. This is primarily because of its intimate connection with nearly all social levels.

Roman Citizenship. Citizenship in the era of ancient Rome was regarded as privileged legal and political status, which could only be awarded to free-born persons with respect to governance, property, and laws. Possession of this citizenship was beloved by both barbarians and Romans alike. In addition to granting security from the death sentence, a Roman citizen could enjoy the right to cast a vote (jus suffragium), the right to create contracts (jus commercium), and the right to bond in a legal marriage (jus conubium). A roman citizen also enjoyed the right to vie for public or civil office (Jus honorum), the right to defend one’s level of citizenship in the event of relocation to a polis of equivalent status (Jus migrationis), among other rights. The significance of Roman citizenship was that it was a prerogative of a few. It was also employed as a means of foreign control and policy. Political allies and colonies would be offered a trivial variety of Roman citizenship, since there were several graduated echelons of legal rights and citizenship. Confucian Ideals. Humanism is central in Confucianism.  Confucian ideals are founded on varying degrees of honesty. An uncomplicated way to comprehend Confucian ideals is to study the world by employing the common sense of humanity. In reality, the principal function and foundation of Confucianism is an ethical perspective to be practiced by every member of society. The central pole of Confucianism is reformist, spiritual and idealistic. It generated a high model for family interactions, whereby members were supposed to treat one another with respect, love, and thoughtfulness. It prescribed a patronizing model for the state whereby the ruler was supposed to be a father to the people.

Pax Romana. The Pax Romana started in 27 BC with the rise to power of Augustus, which signified the closing stages of the Roman Republic as well as, its last civil wars. This period of tranquility lasted until the demise of Marcus Aurelius in 180 AD. The word pax is Latin and translates as peace, accord, or treaty. One significant consequence of the Pax Romana was the affluence it brought into the empire. It also contributed to the spreading of Christianity which became easier by the safer travel. It extremely increased communication and trade by granting safer infrastructure across Europe as well as increasingly safe sea routes. During this era, there was extremely little military expansion within the empire.

Mandate from Heaven. The Mandate of Heaven refers to a traditional philosophical concept of the Chinese concerning the legality of rulers. It is comparable to the European theory of the kings’ divine right, in that the two concepts endeavored to legitimize rule as of divine endorsement. However, in contrast to the kings’ divine right, the Mandate of Heaven is predictable on the character of the ruler under consideration. The Mandate of Heaven hypothesizes that heaven would bless the power of an impartial ruler, as defined in the five Confucian relations. On the other hand, heaven would disapprove of a tyrannical ruler and would remove its mandate, thus leading to the removal from power of the tyrannical ruler. Consequently, the Mandate of Heaven would transfer power to the ruler who would be best suited to govern.

Shang Yang .Shang Yang, also known as Gongsun Yang, is among the most influential and controversial statesmen in the ancient epoch. Confucian orthodoxy depicts him as an exceedingly brutal as well as a central character in the pantheon of legalist philosophers. Anti-Confucians and liberals portray Shang Yang as a principled advocate of the rule of law and a barricade against authoritarianism. Academics doubt that the anthologies of writings that bear his name contain any of Shang Yang’s own writings, but similar to other philosophers in China, it is probably a consequence of his influence. Shang Yang’s philosophical influence originates principally from the Hanfeizi recognition of him with the conjecture of ding fa and yi min. Much of the disagreement concerns the subject of these concepts and, in result, the moral importance of Shang Yang. Shang Yang’s extensive political strategy would be summarized as substituting restructured structures for amorphous traditions and organic families that typify Confucian feudalism.

Terra Cotta Soldiers. The Terra Cotta soldiers were the guardians of the first Chinese emperor. The Terracotta Army was revealed in 1974 to the eastern side of Xi’an in Shaanxi province of china. The site of the excavations is considered as a sensational archeological discovery. In 1987, UNESCO listed the site as among the world cultural heritages. Qin Shi Huang began constructing his mausoleum upon rising to the throne in 246 BC. It took approximately 11 years to complete the mausoleum. It is hypothesized that numerous buried sacrificial objects and treasures accompanied Qin Shi Huang in the after life. Some peasants discovered some pottery as they dug a well near the royal mausoleum.

Sermon on the Mount. The Sermon on the Mount was a teaching that was given by Jesus, a 1st century Judean prophet. In the sermon, the concentrated on the Law of Moses, this is an earlier authorized code which entailed divinely motivated moral guidance.  Its significance derives from its content as well as the status of Jesus. In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus highlights the scriptures that grant the moral basis for Judaism, namely the Ten Commandments. Through it, Jesus establishes that these were foundational for transformation to Christianity. In regard to Christians, they believe that Jesus is God in the flesh, thus; his words are exceedingly significant.

Five Pillars of Islam. The Five Pillars of Islam form the establishment of Muslim life. The first pillar focuses on belief or faith in God’s Oneness and the irrevocability of Muhammad’s prophet hood. The second pillar focuses on the establishment of the every day prayers. The third pillar focuses on concern for as well as almsgiving to the disadvantaged. The fourth pillar focuses on self-purification by means of fasting. Finally, the fifth pillar focuses on the pilgrimage to Makkah for the believers who are able.

Sunni/Shite. The divide between Sunnis and Shite’s began almost immediately following the demise of Prophet Mohammed. The Sunnis suppose that Prophet Mohammed’s son-in-law Hazrat Ali was the final of the truly guided successors (caliphs) to Mohammed. The Sunnis do not acknowledge that there would be successors to Prophet Mohammed. While on the other hand, the Shiites suppose that Hazrat Ali was the only caliph and all upcoming successors ought to originate through his lineage. In the present day, there are central disparities between the two foremost groups in Islam.

Caliphate. A caliphate refers to the traditional Islamic structure of government, controlled by a caliph, who would be either elected or appointed. The caliph is considered to be the political head of all Muslims. The caliphate in addition includes a shura, a body comparable to a parliament. The shura represents the people’s will and may vote for and/or counsel the caliph. Despite the fact that ideally and originally, in the opinion of some, the caliphate is a unique institution that bonds all Muslims under its canon. There have been contemporaneous and even rival caliphates at several times in history. The caliphate as an institution was anticipated to bear the legacy of the authority of Prophet Mohammed. Some politically influential Islamic entities all over history, as well as the Ottoman Empire, are regarded as caliphate incarnations.

Slavery/Serfdom. Originally, serfdom was a European system of labor which prevailed during in the middle ages with rural workers. The laborers were regarded and labeled as serfs. The term originates comes from the Latin phrase, servus, means slave. Serfdom prevailed in history since the 900’s up to the mid 1800’s. Slavery was acceptable, and often necessary in numerous ancient civilizations. The Mesopotamian society provides an example of the prevalence of slavery in the ancient epoch. Ancient Greece extensively utilized the slavery system.

Jihad/Crusades. The 1099 conquest of Jerusalem by the crusaders is regarded by several scholars as the genesis of the millennial conflict between the West and Islam. Some Islamic scholars hold responsible the Crusades for distracting five centuries of serene coexistence elapsed prior to political events as well as an imposing papal power-play resulted in centuries of Holy Wars between Christendom and Islam. This has resulted in a lasting legacy of distrust and misunderstanding. On the other hand, the Crusades started following Islamic Jihad of five centuries that had annihilated and conquered, or forcibly transformed, approximately two thirds of the former Christian world. Following the 638 Islamic defeat of Jerusalem, Christian pilgrims were massacred, harassed, and in the 8th century, sixty Amoriem Christian pilgrims were crucified.

The Bubonic Plague. An outbreak of the lethal Bubonic plague took place in China in early 1330s. The bubonic plague principally affects rodents, although fleas may transmit the infection to human beings. Once humans are infected, the infection spreads very rapidly. China at that time, was one of the world’s busiest trading nations, and consequently, the outbreak of the plague in China was imminent. In 1347, a number of merchant ships from Italy returned from a voyage to the Black Sea, which was a key link in trade with China. As the ships arrived in Sicily, countless of the people on board were dying as a result of plague. Even though there were numerous contending theories regarding the etiology of the Bubonic plague, it has been categorically proven by means of ancient DNA analysis from the plague victims that the pathogen that was responsible is the Yersinia pestis bacterium.

THE MONGOL WAY

The Mongol way of life is fundamentally nomadic and closely associated with the ways of animals. The customs of the Mongols lives on in spite of urbanization. Even in the metropolitan areas, the majority of Mongolians continue live in huge, white felt tents. These tents have a common layout, whereby the door at all times faces southwards. On the reverse wall, there is always the family altar, the holds Buddhist images, suitcases, and family photos. The Mongol epoch in China is memorized primarily for Khubilai Khan’s rule. At this time, the people experienced a golden era in the Yuan dynasty, which was ruled by the Mongols.

World history

Name

Professor

Course

Date

World history

KINSHIP-BASED SOCIETIES

Kinship-based societies are societal organizations that have existed from the beginning of human history. The basic level is the family relationship, whereby contact with immediate family is important for reasons of survival. Contemporary society has considerably disregarded the need for support in survival. Kinship has grown into an essential division of learning in anthropology. This is primarily because of its intimate connection with nearly all social levels.

Roman Citizenship. Citizenship in the era of ancient Rome was regarded as privileged legal and political status, which could only be awarded to free-born persons with respect to governance, property, and laws. Possession of this citizenship was beloved by both barbarians and Romans alike. In addition to granting security from the death sentence, a Roman citizen could enjoy the right to cast a vote (jus suffragium), the right to create contracts (jus commercium), and the right to bond in a legal marriage (jus conubium). A roman citizen also enjoyed the right to vie for public or civil office (Jus honorum), the right to defend one’s level of citizenship in the event of relocation to a polis of equivalent status (Jus migrationis), among other rights. The significance of Roman citizenship was that it was a prerogative of a few. It was also employed as a means of foreign control and policy. Political allies and colonies would be offered a trivial variety of Roman citizenship, since there were several graduated echelons of legal rights and citizenship. Confucian Ideals. Humanism is central in Confucianism.  Confucian ideals are founded on varying degrees of honesty. An uncomplicated way to comprehend Confucian ideals is to study the world by employing the common sense of humanity. In reality, the principal function and foundation of Confucianism is an ethical perspective to be practiced by every member of society. The central pole of Confucianism is reformist, spiritual and idealistic. It generated a high model for family interactions, whereby members were supposed to treat one another with respect, love, and thoughtfulness. It prescribed a patronizing model for the state whereby the ruler was supposed to be a father to the people.

Pax Romana. The Pax Romana started in 27 BC with the rise to power of Augustus, which signified the closing stages of the Roman Republic as well as, its last civil wars. This period of tranquility lasted until the demise of Marcus Aurelius in 180 AD. The word pax is Latin and translates as peace, accord, or treaty. One significant consequence of the Pax Romana was the affluence it brought into the empire. It also contributed to the spreading of Christianity which became easier by the safer travel. It extremely increased communication and trade by granting safer infrastructure across Europe as well as increasingly safe sea routes. During this era, there was extremely little military expansion within the empire.

Mandate from Heaven. The Mandate of Heaven refers to a traditional philosophical concept of the Chinese concerning the legality of rulers. It is comparable to the European theory of the kings’ divine right, in that the two concepts endeavored to legitimize rule as of divine endorsement. However, in contrast to the kings’ divine right, the Mandate of Heaven is predictable on the character of the ruler under consideration. The Mandate of Heaven hypothesizes that heaven would bless the power of an impartial ruler, as defined in the five Confucian relations. On the other hand, heaven would disapprove of a tyrannical ruler and would remove its mandate, thus leading to the removal from power of the tyrannical ruler. Consequently, the Mandate of Heaven would transfer power to the ruler who would be best suited to govern.

Shang Yang .Shang Yang, also known as Gongsun Yang, is among the most influential and controversial statesmen in the ancient epoch. Confucian orthodoxy depicts him as an exceedingly brutal as well as a central character in the pantheon of legalist philosophers. Anti-Confucians and liberals portray Shang Yang as a principled advocate of the rule of law and a barricade against authoritarianism. Academics doubt that the anthologies of writings that bear his name contain any of Shang Yang’s own writings, but similar to other philosophers in China, it is probably a consequence of his influence. Shang Yang’s philosophical influence originates principally from the Hanfeizi recognition of him with the conjecture of ding fa and yi min. Much of the disagreement concerns the subject of these concepts and, in result, the moral importance of Shang Yang. Shang Yang’s extensive political strategy would be summarized as substituting restructured structures for amorphous traditions and organic families that typify Confucian feudalism.

Terra Cotta Soldiers. The Terra Cotta soldiers were the guardians of the first Chinese emperor. The Terracotta Army was revealed in 1974 to the eastern side of Xi’an in Shaanxi province of china. The site of the excavations is considered as a sensational archeological discovery. In 1987, UNESCO listed the site as among the world cultural heritages. Qin Shi Huang began constructing his mausoleum upon rising to the throne in 246 BC. It took approximately 11 years to complete the mausoleum. It is hypothesized that numerous buried sacrificial objects and treasures accompanied Qin Shi Huang in the after life. Some peasants discovered some pottery as they dug a well near the royal mausoleum.

Sermon on the Mount. The Sermon on the Mount was a teaching that was given by Jesus, a 1st century Judean prophet. In the sermon, the concentrated on the Law of Moses, this is an earlier authorized code which entailed divinely motivated moral guidance.  Its significance derives from its content as well as the status of Jesus. In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus highlights the scriptures that grant the moral basis for Judaism, namely the Ten Commandments. Through it, Jesus establishes that these were foundational for transformation to Christianity. In regard to Christians, they believe that Jesus is God in the flesh, thus; his words are exceedingly significant.

Five Pillars of Islam. The Five Pillars of Islam form the establishment of Muslim life. The first pillar focuses on belief or faith in God’s Oneness and the irrevocability of Muhammad’s prophet hood. The second pillar focuses on the establishment of the every day prayers. The third pillar focuses on concern for as well as almsgiving to the disadvantaged. The fourth pillar focuses on self-purification by means of fasting. Finally, the fifth pillar focuses on the pilgrimage to Makkah for the believers who are able.

Sunni/Shite. The divide between Sunnis and Shite’s began almost immediately following the demise of Prophet Mohammed. The Sunnis suppose that Prophet Mohammed’s son-in-law Hazrat Ali was the final of the truly guided successors (caliphs) to Mohammed. The Sunnis do not acknowledge that there would be successors to Prophet Mohammed. While on the other hand, the Shiites suppose that Hazrat Ali was the only caliph and all upcoming successors ought to originate through his lineage. In the present day, there are central disparities between the two foremost groups in Islam.

Caliphate. A caliphate refers to the traditional Islamic structure of government, controlled by a caliph, who would be either elected or appointed. The caliph is considered to be the political head of all Muslims. The caliphate in addition includes a shura, a body comparable to a parliament. The shura represents the people’s will and may vote for and/or counsel the caliph. Despite the fact that ideally and originally, in the opinion of some, the caliphate is a unique institution that bonds all Muslims under its canon. There have been contemporaneous and even rival caliphates at several times in history. The caliphate as an institution was anticipated to bear the legacy of the authority of Prophet Mohammed. Some politically influential Islamic entities all over history, as well as the Ottoman Empire, are regarded as caliphate incarnations.

Slavery/Serfdom. Originally, serfdom was a European system of labor which prevailed during in the middle ages with rural workers. The laborers were regarded and labeled as serfs. The term originates comes from the Latin phrase, servus, means slave. Serfdom prevailed in history since the 900’s up to the mid 1800’s. Slavery was acceptable, and often necessary in numerous ancient civilizations. The Mesopotamian society provides an example of the prevalence of slavery in the ancient epoch. Ancient Greece extensively utilized the slavery system.

Jihad/Crusades. The 1099 conquest of Jerusalem by the crusaders is regarded by several scholars as the genesis of the millennial conflict between the West and Islam. Some Islamic scholars hold responsible the Crusades for distracting five centuries of serene coexistence elapsed prior to political events as well as an imposing papal power-play resulted in centuries of Holy Wars between Christendom and Islam. This has resulted in a lasting legacy of distrust and misunderstanding. On the other hand, the Crusades started following Islamic Jihad of five centuries that had annihilated and conquered, or forcibly transformed, approximately two thirds of the former Christian world. Following the 638 Islamic defeat of Jerusalem, Christian pilgrims were massacred, harassed, and in the 8th century, sixty Amoriem Christian pilgrims were crucified.

The Bubonic Plague. An outbreak of the lethal Bubonic plague took place in China in early 1330s. The bubonic plague principally affects rodents, although fleas may transmit the infection to human beings. Once humans are infected, the infection spreads very rapidly. China at that time, was one of the world’s busiest trading nations, and consequently, the outbreak of the plague in China was imminent. In 1347, a number of merchant ships from Italy returned from a voyage to the Black Sea, which was a key link in trade with China. As the ships arrived in Sicily, countless of the people on board were dying as a result of plague. Even though there were numerous contending theories regarding the etiology of the Bubonic plague, it has been categorically proven by means of ancient DNA analysis from the plague victims that the pathogen that was responsible is the Yersinia pestis bacterium.

THE MONGOL WAY

The Mongol way of life is fundamentally nomadic and closely associated with the ways of animals. The customs of the Mongols lives on in spite of urbanization. Even in the metropolitan areas, the majority of Mongolians continue live in huge, white felt tents. These tents have a common layout, whereby the door at all times faces southwards. On the reverse wall, there is always the family altar, the holds Buddhist images, suitcases, and family photos. The Mongol epoch in China is memorized primarily for Khubilai Khan’s rule. At this time, the people experienced a golden era in the Yuan dynasty, which was ruled by the Mongols.