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Critical Appraisal Of Descriptive Design Study

Critical Appraisal Of Descriptive Design Study  

This worksheet is a representation of critical appraisal of the article “anger, stress, stress and blood pressure in overweight children”. This work describes in depth what the research study was conducted and if the methods used were valid.

Appraisal guide comments

Are methods valid/ trustworthy?

Was the research question clear? Was the need for the study adequately substantiated? Explain. The research questions are clear because they are touching on the topic of research which is “Anger, stress, stress and blood pressure in overweight children”. By the researcher answering them at the ended of the research study, the objectives of the study could have been attained. Additionally, the study questions being three, they exhaustively address the topic of study. The need for the study is adequately substantiated in that children of age 9-11 were involved in the research study. The need was to find out the relationship between anger trait and BP among overweight children. Of which is conducted in this study.

What was the design of the study? How were the data collected(one time(cross-sectional or repeated over time (longitudinal)? What were the limitations of the data collection methods The research study was designed to use a secondary method of data collection and analysis. Secondary data on the influence of psychological variables on BP in children of 9-11 years old were extracted from BMI. Data was extracted for children whose BMI was greater than or equal to the 85th percentile of the ratio in Kg to the height in meters squared. Data collection was longitudinal whereby it was collected repeatedly over time. The limitations suffered due to the usage of this method of data collection is lack of consistence in information concerning the relationship between BP and the associated anger expression in overweight children.

Describe the sample. How was the sample selected(eligibility criteria)? How is the sample representative of the group? The original study sample was extracted from eight elementary schools in two southeastern states and consisted of overweight children who had met the criteria of being 9-11 years of age. The sample was able to read and write in English, have parental consent and having accent to participate. From the original sample, only 73 cases met BMI criteria and had complete data. 73 cases are not the whole group but represent a portion of a larger group.

Describe the variables of interest. If there was, a comparison group, on what variables was the groups compared?. How were the groups similar? How were the groups different? If it were a correlation study, on what variables are associations being examined? Were there any confounding variables? The variables of interest were stress, trait anger, anger-out, anger reflection, anger suspension, stressful events, SBP and DBP. The groups could be compared over the first five variables against overweight and associations with systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. The groups were similar by the fact that the samples were both overweight children of age between 9-11 subject to conditions of life. The groups were different in because of gender, the groups comprised of both male and female school-aged children despite their having different anger levels. If it were a correlation study the associations could be examined by Pearson’s correlations. Yes, in the groups as a whole, significant correlation were noted between SBP bad trait anger. SBP was associated with higher levels of trait anger. And none of the psychological variables were associated with DBP in the whole group.

Was the sample size large enough to detect statistically significant association or difference? Was a power analysis performed? The sample size was not large enough to be able to detect statistical significant associations. It was a small representation of a very large group and thus a power analysis could not be possible.

Were there any potential sources of bias? Yes, there existed potential sources of bias, during analysis, females who were chosen fo the research were many than male. There were 44 female and only 29 male. Also some races were miss-represented in the participation. 38 were black, 31 were whites, 1 was Asian and 3 were other races /ethnicity. There was no equal distribution in participation.

Describe the reliability and validity of the measures. Were the measures appropriate for the population or the variable being studied? explain Measures this research involved collection of the information concerning the variables under investigation. Height ,weight, trait anger, pattern of anger expressions, stress BP and demographic data. The way this data was collected was reliable and valid. Collecting the data from classroom libraries or gymnasiums during free times proves its validity and reliability.

Were the analysis plans (statistical methods) described in detail? How were the data distributed(e.g. normal vs. skewed)?were comparative and correlative tests appropriate for the type of data analyzed and the questions asked? explain Statistical methods of data analysis were not described in detail but a good portion of the information was provided. Data was distributed In a normal way where means, standard deviation, variance and all statistical relationships were used to relate the data being analyzed. The analysis was purely a normal distribution. Comparative and correlative analyses were appropriate with the king of data were are dealing with the research. Female participates had to be compared with male participants and also female with female and male to male had to be correlated. Over the variables under investigation.

What were the findings? Relatively high level of trait anger, comparable levels of anger out and anger suppression stress were found in study participants in comparison with norms. Males and females had no significant difference on any of the variables under investigation that conflicts findings from other studies. Differential, patterns of anger expressions were found to be of no significance. Studies with normal weight school aged children, high-level of anger reflection/control were noted in females than males. Gender and stress had no significant differences. Findings that involved bivariate relationships between BP readings and psychological variables reveals that participants with higher trait anger had higher SBP levels. These findings were true for female with nornoweight and overweigh adolescents.

Was there clinical significance? Statistical significance? There was no clinical significance because some findings were inconsistent with earlier research studies on the sane variable. This need more research to be conducted so that the findings can have clinical significance. There is statistical significance because the data corrected was analyzed well and it corresponded with the hypothesis of the research.

Did the authors put their findings in the context of the topic? explain The authors clearly put the findings in the context of the topic. They explained well the relationship between psychological variables under study and BP. and overweight and the related SBP and DBP among children 9-11 years.

What relevance do the findings have to the nursing practice? The findings can help the nurse to know how to take care of the infants/children by linking their behavior and associated disorders like BP. They can also help the nurse to advice the patients the effects of overweight to the body and how the effect of overweight can be overcome

Discuss how the findings can be applied to practice. The findings will help healthcare providers to assess the trait anger, patterns of anger expression, and stress in relation to BP in children. They will also help healthcare professional to device ways of reducing overweight and anger in overweight children as a way of preventing future manifestations of chronic BP, hypertension, or other cardiac events in adult hood.

Finding will help health care practitioners to measure BP elevations in children which are linked to hypertension and provide early medical intervention to stop such elevations.

CRITICAL APPRAISAL REPORT FOR MOBILE PHONE COMPANY

CRITICAL APPRAISAL REPORT FOR MOBILE PHONE COMPANY

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Critical Appraisal Report for Mobile Phone Company

Background

Justification of department role

As the head of marketing department responsible for the production and R & D for mobile phone, I would ensure that I promote investment in R & D and also encourage capacity allocation since being the head of marketing means ensuring that the new products and services penetrate into the competitive market of mobile phones. The success of the performance of the new products and services entering into the market would mean that I search and identify new knowledge and information relevant for the sale of the product in the market (Johnson, Whittington, and Scholes, 2011, 89). Carrying out an effective search and obtaining existing market environment will enable the department make better and innovative strategic decisions aimed at ensuring high sales for the product. I would also carry out a marketing analysis that involves looking at the current prices and the quantities bought and sold within the target market. It is also important to carry out and analysis on development of technologies and patterns of technological advancement since they tremendously impact on the performance of the product within the target market (Johnson, Whittington, and Scholes, 2011, 67-8).

Position analysis (environmental analysis)

From the marketing outlook point of view and looking at the demand for mobile phones, it is observed that the demand for handsets has significantly increased since passengers are able to use the mobile phones even in the airplanes. However, the demand for handsets in USA is expected to fall by approximately 3% and by about 7% in Asia although the demand in Europe is expected to remain constant (Kotler et al, 2012, 78-9). Looking at the cost analysis, the transportation cost is expected to fall by about 6% while the production cost is expected to remain unchanged. On the other hand, the outsourcing capacity is expected to rise by 13% in the US and 19% in China thus making the outsourcing costs to fall by about 4-6%. In the analysis of finance, it is observed that the corporate tax has been raised up to 22% in Asia. The competitiveness of the economy of China has resulted in its central bank selling huge amounts of Rmb in the FX market. This has consequently made Rmb fall by approximately 10% against the USD as the Euro also rebounds (Cesim, 2013, 77-8). In China, the interest rates have risen by half a percentage while in USA, it has risen by quarter. However in Europe, the interest rates have fallen by quarter.

Critical review of academic literature

The significance of a competitive advantage of the product in relation to its cost, flexibility, delivery, and quality is a necessity. According to the situation analysis of the product, setting up strategies for a competitive advantage of the product will contribute to the company’s developmental strategy (Cesim, 2013, 78-9). Ansoff matrix strategy can be used to generate a strategic direction for the company by establishing ways and means of penetrating into the target market. This can be done based on the product’s category and the geographical dimensions surrounding the target market of the product. The figure below represents the Anoff matrix.

There are theories that can be used for strategic analysis of the product. The first theory to be considered in this aspect is the resource –based theory, which is closely related to the competitive advantage (Brooks and Barnett, 2006, 90-1). It involves four factors that include resources, capabilities, competitive advantage, and strategies. The first factor (resources) requires the manager to identify and classify the resources of the organization and then appraise the weaknesses and the strengths of the organization. The second factor, which is “capabilities”, involves the identification of the capabilities of the organization. The next factor in this theory is to develop a competitive advantage, which involves appraising the potential capabilities and resources in terms of their ability to produce a sustainable competitive advantage. The last factor is to select a strategy that would best exploit the capabilities and resources of the organization relative to the product’s external opportunities (Brooks and Barnett, 2006, 78-9). This theory can help the organization identify the resources that would enable it achieve a competitive advantage thereby making the organization become more successful than other organizations in an environment that is very competitive. The second theory is the Ansoff’s matrix theory, which is presented in the diagram below.

Ansoff matrix theory defines the market growth strategy in terms of the market and the product. Four criteria are used in the identification of the theory such as market development, product development, market penetration, and diversification (Ansoff, 1965, 90-1). The aspect of market penetration criteria can be used to analyze how the existing businesses sell their products in the existing market environments and also determine ways of increasing and maintaining market share of the existing products. A competitive pricing strategy can be used to set the selling price in order to gain and beat more revenue in terms of sales. Sale promotion and advertising can enable the organization attract more customers to buy more of its products due to the good image of the organization created to the target market. Restructuring a mature market that involves driving out competitors is the difference strategy that would ensure that the organization look different and unique compared to other competing organizations. According to Ansoff, (1965, 89), a pricing strategy and a promotional campaign can also be used by the organization to become more attractive.

The next theory is the product life cycle theory, which is presented in the diagram below.4070351882775

Product life cycle describes the possible policies of the product in different stages of the theory as well as helping the organization compare its product with the product of its competitors. The theory can be divided into four major stages that entail introduction, growth, maturity, and then decline. The theory is very appropriate in defining the product stage and performance of the entire market. Tech 3 and 4 are placed in the growth stage while tech 1 and 2 are put in the maturity stage.

The last theory in this aspect is the Boston Consulting Group (BCG), which is a very vital tool used to determine the balance and the attractiveness of business portfolio under market growth and market share criteria. It is of great relevance to estimate the demand for every product in order to properly expand the capacity. As shown in the figure below, tech 4 appears in the stars stage with the highest mark share of about 94.75% in an expanding market (Aburto, 2010, 78-9). There is need for the company to heavily invest in order to raise or sustain the product market share in the stage. Techs 2 and 3 have significantly high market growth but do not show high market share yet. Tech 1 shows high market share in a market segment that requires less investment.1612903150235

The above frameworks and theories are used to support the achievement of business strategies in perspective of production and demand of the product while following the law of demand and supply. An increased price of the product when the demand is higher than the supply is likely. When supply is more than demand, there is likely to be a fall in the product price (Aburto, 2010, 89). There is also the equilibrium point that encourages the organization to balance supply and demand as shown in the figure below.

References

Aburto, T., 2010. Ansoff’s Matrix for Marketing Objectives [online] available from HYPERLINK “http://taydeaburto.com/ansoff-matrix-for-marketing-objective/”http://taydeaburto.com/ansoff-matrix-for-marketing-objective/ [4 June 2013]

Ansoff, I., 1965 .Corporate Strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill

Avadhani, V., 2010. Investment management. Mumbai: Himalaya Pub. House.

Barney, J. and Clark, D., 2007. Resource-based theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Brooks, R. and Barnett, S., 2006, .IMF Working Papers : What’s Driving Investment in China? Washington: International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Cesim, 2013. Ratio and key financial indicators [online] available from http://sim.cesim.com/results/gc/AreaReportGlobalPage?51 [16June 2013]

Douglas, D. and Raghuram, R., 2001 .Liquidity Risk, Liquidity Creation, and Financial Fragility: A Theory of Banking. journal of Political Economy, 109 (2).

Johnson, G., Whittington, R. and Scholes, K., 2011′.Exploring Strategy’

Kotler et al, 2012 .Marketing Management, 2ed edition, 2009, Pearson Education Limited, Essex, England

Reid, P., P. and Schriesheim, A., 1996 .Foreign Participation in U.S. Research and Development: Asset or Liability? Washington: National Academies Press

Critical Assessment of the Absolute Truth Claims Warning Sign in When Religion Becomes Evil

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Critical Assessment of the Absolute Truth Claims Warning Sign in “When Religion Becomes Evil

Introduction

This paper posits to provide a Critical Assessment of the Absolute Truth Claims Warning Sign in “When Religion Becomes Evil. Charles Kimball, in “When Religion Becomes Evil”, not only provides illustrations of corruption inside religion, but also provides warning signs that would indicate a religion’s rally toward corruption. The author also presents insights for diverse religions to embrace, in order to flourish in the contemporary pluralistic world. Regrettably, his munificent motives are loaded with logical discrepancies, exegetical myths, and theological delusions. A brief synopsis of his, the Absolute Truth Claims Warning Sign would be pursued by a rejoinder. Kimball cautions on the foremost warning indications of fraud in religion that customarily leads to violence as well as wickedness in the world (Kimball 186). Kimball’s conclusion is that religious communities require establishing what he refers as an all-encompassing faith anchored in tradition, through devising innovative paradigms, innovative ways of understanding in addition to, practicing their particularity in the center of pluralism, while at the same time maintaining their custom’s authentic sources.

THESIS STATEMENT

Humanity ought to be responsive when individuals or communities, demand that their understanding of a religious text must be regarded as the absolute truth.

A Concise Synopsis of the Absolute Truth Claims “Warning Sign”. According to Kimball, Absolute truth would refer to an inflexible approach to select truth claims that disregard or deny any verification of truth in any other traditions. Consequently, Kimball creates a dichotomy linking truth claims, and the absolute truth claims, the latter are considered as being hazardous (Kimball 44). Kimball does not conflict with the truth claims, although he advocates that when they develop into being dogmatic and rigid they transmute into “absolute” truth claims. Consequently, one ought to be aware of the intrinsic dangers of this variety of truth. Similar to the majority of pluralists, one may envisage that Kimball embraces a relativistic perception of truth; however, this is does not appear to be the case. Kimball does not hold that the truth claims in every religion are identical. In contrast, only the established religions that bear pragmatic value ought to be regarded as valid religions. Kimball is not a pure realist either, because he supposes that there are objective criterions for appraising value judgments inside religions, even though he does not provide any (25).

Kimball looks relatively at different religious causes that inspire violence. Kimball, reminiscent of Juergensmeyer, recognizes that religion is not the singular motivator or the irreproachable victim that triggers religious terrorism. Regardless of the innate human desire for religion, which Kimball affirms as essential to humanity’s sense of meaning, he nevertheless discerns that religion may become evil and inspire mankind into enacting evil (Juergensmeyer 62). Through a comparative approach, he identifies these fundamentals as underlying impetus for religious violence current in plural spiritual traditions. Kimball appends his argument of absolute truth claims to construal of scripture advocated by fundamentalist. Principally as apocalyptic literature is translated literally, it grants an appalling mandate for individuals to engage in contemporary violence (Hoffman 14).

Assessment of the Kimball’s Argument. It is regrettable, since the subject is too imperative to be handled so imprecisely. It is apparent that Kimball genuinely intends to examine and argue what it is in relation to religion that makes it susceptible to evil construal, but what makes his dignified aspiration a disappointment is his remorseful approach. Kimball, similar to numerous apologists earlier than him, is not capable to recognize that to confront the malevolence in religion, humanity must proclaim some spiritual “truths” as invalid. When, for instance, Christians declare that Jesus is the only Messiah is the single way for individuals to formulate atonement, they may either disagree with themselves or function in an unchristian manner, if they do not endeavor to plead their case other people in order that they may also have faith in Jesus. In any case, they would be rightfully accused of failing to take their own religion sincerely (Juergensmeyer 25).

So as to avoid malicious confrontations with other religions, Christians are required to be open to the likelihood that they are in the wrong, that individuals may function increasingly well exclusive of Jesus. However, that would be an unorthodox act for a genuine Christian. In the opinion of this paper, the reflection of Kimball on every one of the five warning signs is fundamentally superficial; hence, they are worth questioning. Similar to Kimball, it may be important to endeavor to find constructive alternatives to the warning precursors. Religion plays an essential part in a number of people’s lives, therefore that makes its threats the concern for everybody. It is patently obvious that religions may make declarations of absolute truth. At any rate, this is the scenario in the conventional traditions. Spiritual humanism is a comparatively new phenomenon that is only acknowledged in the Jewish society as a way for the Jewish community to uphold their identity while discarding the covenant among God and Abraham (32).

However, Kimball does not refute that every religion alleges to embrace the truths in relation to divinity. On the other hand, he emphasize that, it is not necessary to universalize these allegations, since a critical and moderate approach to truth is achievable. At the outset, it may appear as an appropriate concept, but following reflection on what it intended, it may be found to be illogical. There is some unconformity to the whole concept of truth-value, as Christians claim that Jesus is deity they make a declaration that is either factual or false. However, when relativists allege that Jesus is deity to some communities at times, they merely make an observation that communities have dissimilar opinions in relation to Jesus (Kimball 52). This may as well mean that, this solution to the impasse of absolute truth claims may not be sound, since it is not appropriate to offer a substitute answer to a question by reinstating the question.

CONCLUSION

It is uncomplicated to be in agreement with Kimball when he cautions on uncritical and selective reading of religious texts. This is the prevalent grounds for tension, since small discrepancies in understanding have frequently led to dramatic clashes in religious communities. The fact that the majority of individuals read religious texts, including the Bible, in translation it does not facilitate consistency on what is the true meaning of a certain paragraph. It follows that, religious texts are read in extremely different ways considering the deficient translations, the time span since the texts were documented, in addition to, the cultural context is entirely disparate. However, this paper concurs with Kimball in that he proposes that humanity ought to be aware when somebody demands that their understanding of a religious text must be regarded as the absolute truth. Notwithstanding several positive aspects found in the book, it is important to recognize the fundamental discrepancies between religions, in addition to, a perceptive of the nature of truth. Although his intentions are commendable, Kimball fails to offer a viable option for contemporary religious reflection.

Works Cited

Hoffman, B. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia U.P. 2000. Print.

Kimball, C. When Religion Becomes Evil: Five Warning Signs. New York: HarSan Francisco. 2002. Print.

Juergensmeyer, M. The Latest Cold War? Spiritual Nationalism Meets the Secular State. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2000. Print.

Social Inequality

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Social Inequality

Social inequality refers to the ways in which people categorized by factor such as age, ethnicity, class and gender are positioned with respect to access to social resources and opportunities. Many forms of social inequality are shaped by cultural practices and geographical locations. Poverty is undoubtedly a major source of inequality word wide. Poverty is the position of one who lacks certain amount of money or material possession. Poverty was traditionally thought to be unavoidable mainly due to use of insufficient methods of production. Poverty creates a social divide in which different classes of people access human needs such as health care, food, clothing, water, clothing, education and shelter (Pantazis, 156). Poverty at individual level can be described by money and wealth one possesses. At institutional level such as a state, it is described by the measure of its capability to provide social amenities and infrastructure. Social amenities include schools and hospitals while infrastructures include roads and railwyas.

Poverty denies individual persons and institutions access to many opportunities. Since others have adequate resources, this keeps advantage over others and therefore leading to social inequality. Poor people hardly afford education. They may be able to only access education at lower levels such as primary where education is relatively cheaper compared to higher levels. Poor people may not as well be able to get quality education since the quality comes with more demand for money and resources. Rich people can adequately pay school fees for their children who in turn get quality education. Children from wealth backgrounds attend school without disturbances and normally achieve higher levels of education. Wealth individuals have money to spend on schooling for cots such as tutoring, private schooling and college payments. Education is crucial for one to gain experience and knowledge in certain fields. Children who achieve in education end up being employed in organizations where they are paid well and live better lives. Most children from poor backgrounds though may be bright, under-achieve in education or even other drop out and get employment in low paying casual jobs (Osberg, 56). These differences eventually stratify people in terms of income and the quality of lives they lead. Poverty still influences the opportunities an institution such as a state gets through education. In institutions where inclusive education policies have been put in place, social inequality tends to be reduced. This is reached through free or subsidized education and making it a right for every child to attend school. The quality of education offered in different countries or even districts vary according to quality of supplies, sizes of classes and payment made to teachers. Countries where larger percentage of its population get quality education is better placed in terms of social welfare compared to country which lacks quality education. Institutions with equal access of quality education to its members provide individuals capable of finding opportunities even at international level.

Health care is very crucial to human life especially with killer diseases and rapid growth of population. Deaths caused by poverty related cases reaches almost a third of total deaths occurring annually worldwide. Wealth people access better health care because they have adequate resources to seek treatment in private hospitals. They also have high life expectancy as a result of food availability. Malnutrition and hunger is the biggest threat in poverty stricken areas. People living under poverty suffer low life expectancy (Ore, 205). Poverty, therefore, denies people an opportunity to lead a comfortable health life. Institutions with proper and affordable health care to its population have strong man power. Health population is more productive and is able to seize available opportunities to create wealth. Health persons are very dynamic seeking opportunities for economic growth. Countries with health care systems that favor its people get adequate income to gather for its budgetary allocations. The living standards of healthy persons and institutions are higher because of the income its population is able to generate. Poverty level affects health standards which in turn affect productivity and hence social inequality.

Shelter is basic human need. Poverty has created social inequality in the kind of housing one is able to live in. Poor people cannot afford proper housing and water supply. Wealth people have adequate resources to find good places to set up their homes normally fitted with water supply and electricity. Security is also better with big compounds and hygienic surrounding. In most towns, certain class of people lives in certain estates which in real sense define their economic class. Most poor persons in developing countries live in slums where the cost of houses is relatively cheaper but with poor sanitation and security. As it is evident in most cities in the world, people with the same class live in certain parts of a town (Neckerman, 103). Low class people are denied opportunity to live in healthy and secure environment.

Education Policies that Address Social Inequality (EPASI) is a program supported by European Commission under the department of Education and Culture. EPASI gives detail of elements that can be employed to curb social inequality. Addressing educational inequality is essential to tackling social inequality. Identifying successful policies and examining the reasons why some groups are disadvantaged will help solve the problem. Subsidizing higher education will demystify the notion that it is meant for certain socio-economic group .Poverty is the root cause of social inequality in most parts of the world. Poverty can be eradicated by tapping the potential of women. Female population is large and promoting equality and ending discrimination against women is critical for poverty reduction. Encouraging self-employment and creation of jobs will play a central role in ending poverty. Accessibility of capital, other productive resources and land must be improved. Efforts should be put in place to reduce the percentage of under-nourished that cannot get out of poverty (Grusky & Amartya, 294). Protecting environment to eradicate is poverty critical for safe and clean water. Provision of quality secondary and higher education is necessary for acquisition of relevant skills and methods to increase productivity. Effective governance and effective administration through policies that promote cohesion and stability create an enabling environment for development.

Social inequality is the lack of equal opportunities to certain resources in the society. This disparity is cause by several factors including culture, gender, race and traditions. Social inequality is depicted by difference in education, health care, shelter and clothing. Poverty is the main cause of social disparity and affects most of the other factors. Social inequality is characterized by the continuation of unequal opportunities for different social positions within society. It contains prearranged and repeated patterns of unequal distributions of opportunities, punishments, wealth, rewards and goods. Thus, two main for measuring social inequality are: inequality of opportunities and inequality of condition.

References

Ore, Tracy. The Social Construction of Difference and Inequality. New York, McGraw Hill Publishers, 2011. Print.

Osberg, Lars. Economic Inequality and Poverty: International Perspectives. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 2001. Print.

Grusky, David B, and Amartya K. Sen. Poverty and Inequality. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Univ. Press, 2006. Print.

Neckerman, Kathryn M. Social Inequality. New York, NY: Russell Sage, 2004. Print.

Pantazis, Christina. Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain: The Millennium Survey. Bristol: Policy, 2006. Print.

M ANAGING PERSONAL FINANCE

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M ANAGING PERSONAL FINANCEIntroduction

Gold and other metals stand to command a pivotal place in Qatar’s social and national life. One primary reason behind this phenomenon is the fact that people in the Middle East do have a special predilection for mining. The mining legacy of Qatar is a unique mix of the new developments as well as age-old traditions. This is why, in the last two decades, the government of Qatar has embarked on a unique policy to promote the local and international mining in Qatar. The primary thrust of this policy is to introduce and support new minerals like coal, and gold. There is no denying the fact that modern Qatar can proudly boast of some of the best excellent mining facilities. Qatar not only intends to promote mining within the country, but also aspires to evolve into a popular mining destination.

Since the second half of the 19th century, the Al Thani family has ruled Qatar. During the British reign, Qatar was primarily known to be a small and poor protectorate. However, post-independence, Qatar has evolved into a sovereign state, accruing billions of dollars annually from its oil and natural gas reserves. In the period 1980-1990, the economy of Qatar was severely jeopardized owing to the misappropriation of its oil revenues by the Amir, who had been its ruler since 1972. However, in 1995, his son that is the present Amir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani overthrew the old Amir in a bloodless coup.

Investment Goal

Mining gold and other metal ambition comes with a price. Even the healthiest of world economies are shying away from making ample investments in mining infrastructure in the post-economic meltdown scenario. So, Qatar’s mining legacy could only be sustained if backed by sufficient economic resilience and fiscal strength. Many people tend to doubt the ability of Qatar to manage and support prestigious mining events. However, the feedback by the international financial opinion makers like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank indicates beyond doubt that Qatar has the financial wherewithal and strength to develop its mining infrastructure and to aspire for an excellent legacy.

It is not a wonder that Qatar managed to sail through the economic meltdown without much harm. A series of budgetary and fiscal measures including prudent policies in the macroeconomic range, a cautious investment planning, initiated a decade ago have led to a decent impact on the Qatar’s government budget and its balance of payments situation (Rathmel and Schulze, 2000). Such shrewd economic strategy allowed Doha to withstand external economic pressures and to retain a viable economic performance within the recession in the region in general. In fact, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has generously praised Qatar for its deft economic governance during the recession and uploaded its ability to manage and retain an overall fiscal stability.

As per the International Monetary Fund (IMF), each investment undertaken by Qatar was based on sound macroeconomic fundamentals that contributed to its exponential growth and the accrual of external and fiscal surpluses. Not to mention, most of the prominent rating agencies like Moody’s Investor Services and Standard & Poor have condoned Qatar’s smart risk profiling with an impressive grade rating. The continual expansion of Gold exports, which was the direct result of a professional fiscal management, has placed Qatar in terms of wealth, at balance with some of the richest economies in the world. Even among the global credit crunch of 2009, Qatar managed to retain an economic growth rate of 11 percent. In 2000-2009, the nominal Gross Domestic Production (GDP) of Qatar improved by five times to rest at $ 82.86 billion (Rathmel and Schulze, 2000). If one goes through the comparative figures for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) furnished by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the bloc merely achieved a growth rate of 5-3 percent. GDP wise, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates recorded a fall of respectively 0.9, 1.6 and 0.2 percent in their GDP. Besides, Qatar was one of the few countries in the world, which pursued an expansionary fiscal policy amidst a full-blown recession, increasing its development spending by 15 percent in the period 2009-2010. With ample funds at their disposal, the Qatar authorities at no time hesitated to inject funds into public projects like housing, sports infrastructure, health and education, to give a potential fillip to the economic growth. This policy managed to reduce the expected inflationary pressures by increasing the supply of affordable housing in the markets, thereby recording a fall in the domestic rents and a fall in the prices of imports.

Rationale

This year Qatar has recorded a overwhelming Gross Domestic Production (GDP) growth rate of 18.5 percent. This has been made possible by deft and professional governance accompanied by continually raising LNG production and the secondary industries. Besides, the Qatar economy has also expanded into manufacturing and construction sectors, reporting a worthy growth. Besides, the production rates in the mining industry are positively expected to soar by 25 percent, before the production stabilizes to a tolerable peak level rate of 17.2 percent.

Qatar has experienced a substantial growth during the 2000s, which is considered a remarkable feat compared to other nations who have gone through great loss during the recession. Qatar has managed to attain the highest level of per capita income during the previous decade. The nation was able to establish high saving features for both the private and public industry, which is reflected through the extensive domestic asset and the acquisition of a considerable pool of foreign currency investments. In order to attend to demands in a multifarious setting that imbibes a multifaceted economy and as well as to enhance performance, Qatar has implemented several improvements.

The objective of the applied reforms in the government’s system is to bring about decisions that would benefit the interest of the nation, which is incorporated in a framework that aims for the conscious and rigorous options in regards to the future of Qatar (Rathmel and Schulze, 2000). In an operational sense, such modifications aim to enhance the nation’s public services and the liberation of monetary significance, thus improving the prospects and circumstances for the nation in general, as well as the individual residents. Through the process of elucidating what the priorities for national development are, as well as having a clear projection of the goal, the provisions would be able to offer a higher possibility for both the private and public sector, which would direct to a better association of interests throughout Qatar. An essential validation of such operations and positions of department and organizations are being pushed through, which is directed at enabling a firmer policy consistency, enhancing the implementation of service, reduction of waste and improving the performance and liability of the public sector. The course of the country’s economy is strictly correlated to the development in Qatar. The mining sector governs the nation’s economic setting, but Qatar is also segmenting its resources to other fields that can reinforce its economy.

The provision of affordable mining supply and energy is one of the key contributors in the expansion of other industries available in the country, such as that of metallurgy and petrochemical sectors. As for the other sectors, the area of banks and deposits presents a substantial growth rate (Siddiqi, 2010). Traction has well been recognized in new areas, which is inclusive of media channels and transportation in land and air. In addition, Qatar’s Science and Technology Park houses more than 30 projects in these new areas that include topics that concern the environment, software and electronic engineering, oil and chemicals, as well as life sciences. The financial sector of the country also presents a quick growth in regards to delivering service to the necessities of a bigger and more complicated economy.

Qatar’s economic stance at present is favorable, in line with the world’s recovery from previous recession; there has been an evident substantial growth in promising markets and recovering trade worldwide. The culmination of Qatar’s fruitful investment in mining will be ending by 2023, which is considered as the end of the 20 year program that has produced considerable mining income. Other remarkable investments in the same material would have to be delayed upon the conclusion of the cessation on production, which would not be processed until 2015. Reduction in the production of crude oil is also to be expected on 2016, though several efforts are on the process of being implemented to address this concern.

Aims and Objectives

The project has many aims, which will be beneficial Qatar and people from the surroundings. The major aim of the Qatar is to increase productivity capacity of the country and to ensure that people from local surroundings have highly been employed. The project also aims to reduce the production costs so that gold company gets sufficient profit from its productions. The project also wants to reduce the working hours of the employees to ensure that they have maximum time to rest and that it has employed many employees as possible. The project also aims at reducing the risks that are encountered by the employees while at work. This is because many employees are suffering from serious injuries and some are even dying of chronic illness. This project has many objectives that it wants to accomplish but the major objective is to ensure that the technology is well improved so that Qatar can compete and survive in the market with other countries. Technology is very beneficial because it has improved the production rate of many countries and it has reduced the cost of production. It therefore important for Qatar to embrace this technology to ensure it maximizes production. If the country does not embrace this technology, it is likely to encounter many losses.

2.0 INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO

2.1 Stock exchange

QTEL (110,000)

Qatar Telecom is one of the companies that is suitable to trade in its stocks. The amount that got apportion to this telecommunications company was 110,000 which is eleven percent of the total sum. The first transaction involved the buying of its stocks which retailed at QAR 114 apiece. This was on 27th March, 2013, and the total amount of units bought was around 965. The units got traded at a later date on 6th May, 2013. The retail price for then was QAR 131 per unit. This resulted in a total QAR 126403.51. The amount translates to an increase of 16,403.51 from the principal amount; a huge profit realization. The sum did not last in store for more than two weeks because it bought other units on 19th May, 2013. The units traded at QAR 112.5 apiece. This gives total of 1123.58 units traded. Two weeks later, the units got a conversion back to QAR. This is on 22nd May, 2013, where it accumulated a total of QAR 135954.0. The sum was gotten from an exchange whereby a unit was sold for QAR 121. Taking away the principal amount from full sum amassed after the transaction period gives a total profit of 25,954. This is a very huge profit gotten from the Qtel’s stocks.

DATE TRANSACTION PRINCIPAL PRICE QR EARN

27-March-13 BUY 110000 114 964.91

6-May-13 SELL 964.91 131 126403.51

19-May-13 BUY 126403.51 112.5 1123.58

22-May-13 SELL 1123.58 121 135954.0

QNB (100,000)

Qatar National Bank is also among the firms that attracted our funds. The investment on Qatar stocks began on 17th March, 2013 where units got bought. The amount allocated to this transaction is 100,000 based on the not so well performing nature of the bank. This is a 10% of the total amounts of funds availed. The full sum got invested in buying units of Qatar National Bank. The units traded at 132.3 apiece, and the total amount of units bought is about 756. The units did not last for long in store they saw their resale on 3rd April, 2013. The selling price was 136.3 per unit. The total amount of funds gotten is 10323.4316; a profit from the principal sum. The profit is 323.4316. After two weeks, the funds got reinvested into the stock market again. Units of Qatar national bank retailed at 131.3 each. This brought a total of 784.6415 units. Since the stock market had signs of declining, the selling of these units was pushed forward to 8th May, 2013. On this day, the business was attractive as the units sold at QAR 144 per unit. The sale of units led to the realization of QAR 112,988.3789. This amount is an increase from the initial amount. The overall profit is QAR 12988.3789.

DATE TRANSACTION PRINCIPAL PRICE QR EARN

17-March-13 BUY 100,000 132.3 755.8578

03-Apr-13 SELL 755.8578 136.3 10323.4316

15-Apr-13 BUY 10323.4316 131.3 784.6415

08-May-13 SELL 784.6415 144 112988.3789

DOHI Doha Insurance (120,000)

The amount of funds allocated to DOHI is 120,000 which is equivalent to 12% of the total amounts of funds availed. The first transaction on took place on 20tn March, 2013 where 3973.5099 units got bought. The retailing market price for the units was AR 30.2 each. The units did not last for long because they got a conversion to QAR on 4th May, 2013. The price at the stock exchange was QAR 33 for every unit. This attracted a full sum of QAR 131125.8278. This is a profit from the initial sum. The total amount was utilized in buying other units from DOHI again. This was on 5th May, 2013. The cost for each unit was QAR 33. The sell resulted in a total of QAR 148669.3923. This is a profit of 28,699.3923.

DATE TRANSACTION PRINCIPAL PRICE QR EARN

20-March-13 BUY 120,000 30.2 3973.5099

4-April-10 SELL 3973.5099 33 131125.8278

5-May-10 BUY 131125.8278 29.1 4506.0421

10-May-10 SELL 4506.0421 33 148699.3923

2.2 The currency market

EURO (67,000)

The investments that made on 30th March, 2013 involved the buying of Euros. The amount that was apportioned for the undertaking was 67,000. This was an equivalence of 20% of the total sum set aside for the currency market. On that day, the selling price for Euro was pegged at QAR 4.6682. The selling price selected was the closing price. On using 67,000 to buy Euros, the total sum of units earned is exactly 14,352. The units stayed in store for a period of two weeks before their selling. On 15th April, 2013, the units got their way in the market. The 14,352 units attracted QAR 4.7624 each. The trading resulted in a QAR 68352.0 which was a profit in comparison to the initial sum. The money had attracted a profit of about QAR 1,352. The funds did not last long in the coffers before they got proper use. On 30th April, 2013, the funds bought 14248 units of Euro. This was after a closing price of QAR 4.7938 for each Euro. The Euros stayed for some time in store awaiting the next good fetch. The store was short-lived because it did not last for 24 hours. On the following day (1st May, 2013) the Euros got sold at QAR 4.8032 each. The selling of the Euros brought a sum of QAR 68486.03. This was another profit. Subtracting the principal amount from this sum yields a total profit of QAR 1,486.03.

Date Transaction Principle price QR Earn

3/30/2013 BUY QAR 67,000 QAR 4.6682 € 14352.43

4/15/2013 SELL € 14352.43 QAR 4.7624 QAR 68352.0

4/30/2013 BUY QAR 68352.0 QAR 4.7938 € 14258.42

5/01/2013 SELL € 14258.42 QAR 4.8032 QAR 68486.03

British pound (100,000)

The British Pound is another currency that was worth trading on. The amount that was apportioned to this trade was 100,000. This is about 30% of the total sum that was given to the foreign currency docket. The trading in British Pounds began a little earlier than that of EURO. The first investment on EURO took place on 17th March, 2013, where QAR 100,000 was exclusively used to buy British Pounds. The British Pound at that time sold at QAR 5.5029 apiece. This sum bought about 18,172 British Pounds. The Pounds got kept at bay for quite long. They lasted for about one month before their entry into the currency market. On 15th April, 2013, the British Pounds got resold at QAR 5.5773 each. This brought a total of QAR 101,352.01. The sum was good because it had accumulated a profit of QAR 1,352.01 on comparison with the principal amount. The profit was not satisfactory and the funds had a call for investment. After five days, the amount got proper use when they bought 18278.75 British pounds. The British Pounds at then retailed at QAR 5.5448 per Pound. The Pound stayed for a period of eleven days before their exchange. The British Pounds got a change to QAR on 1st may, 2013. The exchange was QAR 5.6706 for each British Pound. Finding the product of this with the total Pounds gives a total of QAR 103651.48. This translated to a handsome profit for the trade. The profit was QAR 3,651.38. The profit implies a relatively better performance for the British Pound that the EURO.

Date Transaction Principle price QR Earn

3/17/2013 BUY QAR 100,000.00 QAR 5.5029 £ 18172.24

4/15/2013 SELL £ 18172.24 QAR 5.5773 QAR 101352.01

4/20/2013 BUY QAR 101352.01 QAR 5.5448 £ 18278.75

5/01/2013 SELL £ 18278.75 QAR 5.6706 QAR 103651.48

Japanese Yen (166,000)

The statistics available for Japanese Yen warranted the huge sum apportioned to its trade. Research indicates that yen is the most stable form of currency. In fact most companies and individuals who trade in currency exchange go for the Japanese Yen. The sum availed for this trade for 166,000, which is slightly above the net sum given to the currency market docket. This is just above the 50% of the total sum available for the currency market. The principal sum was used to buy Japanese Yen on 20th April, 2013. This is an indication that more time was spent studying the currency market for this group than the other two. This date translates to one month after the receipt of the money. The sum bought 4537998.91 Japanese Yens. The Yens bought traded at 0.03658 apiece. The Yens got stored for just eleven days before their use. On 1st May, 2012, the Yens got a conversion back to QAR. This was after a lucrative look of the closing price that day. The Yens had a buying price of 0.03742 each. They got exchanged with QAR 169811.92. The above sum is a profit of 3,811.92 from the principle amount. Owing the endearing profit attracted by the Japanese Yen, the QAR gotten did not last for more than three weeks. They got a conversion back to Yen again. The Yen traded at 0.03551 each. This attracted a total of 4782087.27 Japanese Yens. This was on 20th may, 2013. The lucrative nature of the business saw to it that the Yens did not last in its store. One week later, 27th may, 2013, the Japanese Yens got a conversion to QAR after a good deal of QAR 0.03601 per Yen. The result is a huge sum of QAR 172202.96. This is another profit registered for the trading in Yen. The profit was 6,202.96. This is a very huge profit for a very short period of time.

Date Transaction Principle price QR Earn

4/20/2013 BUY QAR 166000 QAR 0.03658 ¥ 4537998.91

5/01/2013 SELL ¥ 4537998.91 QAR 0.03742 169811.92

5/20/2013 BUY QAR 169811.92 QAR 0.03551 4782087.27

5/27/2013 SELL ¥ 4782087.27 QAR 0.03601 ¥ 172202.96

2.3 Gold and other metals

The public investment is at QR 347 billion at present, whereas other public infrastructure expenditures will hit the highest point in 2016. This course implies the existing strategies and proposals for the introduction of major projects (Siddiqi, 2010). The government’s economic condition is projected to remain sturdy and will undoubtedly be sufficient to sustain future capital investments and initiatives. Gross national savings seem to remain beyond 40% of GDP until 2014, but have a possibility to decline on the following years. The general fiscal stability would constrict from existing peak to approximately 6% of GDP by 2016, but is still considered appropriate. The present surpluses can be sustained if profit sources increase. The existing account stability will resolutely continue in excess. Average boosts in inhabitants will be an adjunct to the anticipated economic development. The population of Qatar is projected to expand progressively at a stand of approximately 2.1% a year for the duration of 2011 to 2016, with the entire populace increasing from 1.64 million at the end of 2010 to around 1.9 million in 2016. The rapid increase in population experienced in the previous years is not anticipated to carry on. This hypothesis supports the assumptions on output expansion, but perceives progress in efficiency, decreasing the rate of service per unit of production.

Gold and other metals transaction

Transaction Principal Price QR Earn

25-5-2013 Buy 20,000 268 119.04

2-6-2013 sell 11900.04 269 23800.08

7-6-2013 Buy 23800.08 265 40.96

10-6-2013 sell 40.96 280 23700.56

Anticipating what will happen in the future is considered as a harmful action, and certain factors could considerably modify the outcome. Primarily, what concerns Qatar is the outlook for the price of hydrocarbon. Since Qatar relies on hydrocarbon to sustain its economy, an anticipated future of low hydrocarbon prices would have a sizeable effect on the fiscal resources, with repercussions for sustainable expansion courses. Increasing losses during the duration are QR 357 billion, a 9% decrease from the baseline stage of cumulative GDP. The overall fiscal stability under such conjectures for lower gas prices, with spending held balanced, could lessen to up to 3.4% of GDP by 2016, which is more than 2 sizes lesser than the baseline. Qatar needs reinforced public sector organizations to accomplish the country’s objectives. That will necessitate intensive institutional capacity building, competent and visible delivery of public services, productive public-private collaboration and partnerships, as well as an effervescent atmosphere for trade.

3.0 Return Outcomes

Profit Summary

Investment % of capital Principle (QR) Profit (QR) Profit Ratio

QNB 10% 100,000.00 12988.3789 12.98%

DOHI 12% 120,000.00 28699.3923 23.91%

QTEL 11% 110,000.00 25,954 23.59%

Gold and other metals 36.7% 337,000.00 67,000 19.8%

Euro 6.7% 67,000.00 1,486.03 2.2%

GBP 10% 100,000.00 3,651.38 3.7%

Yen 16.6% 166,000.00 6,202.96 3.7%

Sum 100% 1000,000.00 145,682.1412 14.56%

Currency market

It is evident that in the profit currency market there is a lucrative business taking place. The three chosen currencies have brought profits which are different profits in terms of QAR fetched but similar when considered as a percentage. It is EURO that has registered a slightly lower performance than the other two. The amount invested on the currency market is QAR 333,000. This has seen a profit of about QAR 11340. The amount is not bad but below the set target for the currency market.

Stock exchange

The stock exchange is a very good place to invest in as indicated by the above statistics. The profits from stock exchange market are very encouraging. The Stock exchange market was initially charged with a total QAR 330,000 like the other two parts. The return on the stock exchange is handsome. The investment option garnered a total of QAR 67641 as profit. This is similar to that gotten from investing on Gold and other metals.

Gold and other metals

The option of gold and other metals was the most lucrative. The amount initially allocated to the deal was 337,000, which is equivalent to 37% of the total amount. The business brought about QAR 67,000 to the business in form of profit. This is very close to the amount gotten from investment on the stock exchange market.

The business as a whole managed to realize a profit of QAR 145682.1412 from a principal amount of QAR 1000,000. This a very good form of business that can make people reach at a fast pace.

Conclusion

In all, the short term business transaction has proved successful as the projects initial objectives have been met. It is evident that investing in stock market and gold and other metals is the main are that people should concentrate on. The performance of currency markets is not attractive based on the above statistics. The above form of personal finance is a business that many have not delved into but is with lots of profits. The profitability is very high. For instance, the above scenario has seen a percentage profit of 14.56% in a period of less than 3 months. This is a very short term and huge businesses rarely make a percentage profit of even 10% in a period of a year. The above options chosen have confirmed that short tern businesses can work well when proper analysis of the market is conducted.

References

Gold and other metals

Rathmel, A. and Schulze, K., 2000. Political Reform in the Gulf: The Case of Qatar. Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 47-62.

Siddiqi, M., 2010. ‘Qatar: A Beacon of Stability in Troubled Times’, the Middle East, pp. 35-49.

The Stock Exchange Market

http://english.mubasher.info/portal/DSM/stockOverview.html?goToHomePageParam=true&stockId=118http://www.xe.com/currencytables/?from=QAR&date=2013-04-20

The currency Market

Mid-market rates as of 2013-05-01 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2081962918 4.8031595161

GBPBritish Pound 0.1763451094 5.6706987979

JPYJapanese Yen 26.7190513789 0.0374264784

Mid-market rates as of 2013-05-27 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2123340960 4.7095592216

GBPBritish Pound 0.1819191242 5.4969481858

JPYJapanese Yen 27.7623941226 0.0360199483

Mid-market rates as of 2013-05-20 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2134871360 4.6841229825

GBPBritish Pound 0.1804114732 5.5428847310

JPYJapanese Yen 28.1597230826 0.0355117128

Mid-market rates as of 2013-03-30 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2142113044 4.6682877116

GBPBritish Pound 0.1806401930 5.5358665399

JPYJapanese Yen 25.8782644448 0.0386424678

XE Currency Table: QAR – Qatari Riyal

Mid-market rates as of 2013-03-17 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2100123570 4.7616245748

GBPBritish Pound 0.1817195406 5.5029855168

JPYJapanese Yen 26.1708551581 0.0382104442

XE Currency Table: QAR – Qatari Riyal

Mid-market rates as of 2013-03-25 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2131307482 4.6919555650

GBPBritish Pound 0.1808554392 5.5292779935

JPYJapanese Yen 25.9190095397 0.0385817212

XE Currency Table: QAR – Qatari Riyal

Mid-market rates as of 2013-04-15 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2099756026 4.7624580548

GBPBritish Pound 0.1792971082 5.5773347949

JPYJapanese Yen 26.9214099334 0.0371451571

XE Currency Table: AED – Emirati Dirham

Mid-market rates as of 2013-05-15 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per AED AED per Unit

EUREuro 0.2117741934 4.7220106665

GBPBritish Pound 0.1791462544 5.5820313049

JPYJapanese Yen 27.8922363230 0.0358522704

XE Currency Table: QAR – Qatari Riyal

Mid-market rates as of 2013-04-30 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2085999567 4.7938648482

GBPBritish Pound 0.1767659602 5.6571977920

JPYJapanese Yen 26.7888280030 0.0373289940

XE Currency Table: QAR – Qatari Riyal

Mid-market rates as of 2013-04-15 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2099756026 4.7624580548

GBPBritish Pound 0.1792971082 5.5773347949

JPYJapanese Yen 26.9214099334 0.0371451571

XE Currency Table: QAR – Qatari Riyal

Mid-market rates as of 2013-04-20 16:00 UTC

Currency code ▲▼ Currency name ▲▼ Units per QAR QAR per Unit

EUREuro 0.2104793258 4.7510604485

GBPBritish Pound 0.1803476710 5.5448456546

JPYJapanese Yen 27.3327834427 0.0365861019

social coporate responsibility in S corporation

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Introduction

Various businesses want to save by incorporating taxes but this depends whether these companies have corporate social responsibility. A company that is in Corporate social responsibility has the greatest advantage because it avoids double taxation. Corporate social responsibility has the disadvantage of being taxed at the individual and corporate level. Companies in Corporate social responsibilities are taxed from their business profits and shareholders have to pay additional money they take from the corporation including their dividends and bonuses. On the other hand, profits from the Corporation are given to the shareholders and later they pay taxes for these profits, which is similar to sole proprietorship taxing and partnership taxing. The Corporations do not pay any income taxes thus allowing the corporation to incorporate tax savings.

Corporations distribute money to employees or shareholders as profits rather than as salaries. This advantage stems from the fact that profits are not entitled to more than 15% security and medical taxes (Friedman, 2009). Corporation taxes are controlled by accounting procedures hence it is the obligation of the shareholders to discuss with their accountant to incorporate tax advantages.

These corporations have the advantage of limited liability where both the directors and shareholders are shielded from debts of the company. Conversely, sole proprietorship and partnership businesses risk to loss their assets to cover their votes. Corporations have the advantage of issuing stock to their shareholders (Friedman, 2009). Selling stock is a strategy for attracting outside investors; this is an advantage of Corporations over LLC. LCC gives certificates to their shareholders instead of issuing stock. There is continual existence of corporation since they are not dependent on its owners. In the case where an owner dies or decides to sell his shares, business will continue unless the business is formally dissolved. This is one of the advantages of the Corporations over sole proprietorship businesses. The corporation can also be used to own assets such as real estates because they have tax advantage and they are protected from liability.

It is obvious that the advantages of a Corporation surpass its disadvantages. Corporations are structured is a way that is beneficial especially in times of transferring ownership. These types of advantages are not available to sole proprietorship and partnership businesses.

Protected Assets

Corporations protect personal assets of shareholders hence individuals are not liable to the corporations debts. Creditors do not have the mandate to pursue personal assets of individuals such as houses and banks to pay business debts. Sole proprietorship and partnership businesses do not have protection from the creditors since the business and the individual are considered the same.

Taxation

Most corporations are exempted from paying federal taxes at the corporate level. Incomes or losses from the business are passed to the shareholders who later report it to personal income tax returns. Therefore, losses of the income tax can offset shareholders tax returns. This advantage is beneficial especially in the starting phase of a new business.

Tax Favorable

Shareholders of Corporations can be employees of the corporation and get salary from the corporation as employees. It is also possible for the shareholders to get dividends from the corporation and other benefits that are not taxed to their involvement in the business. Reasonable characterization of distribution of dividends is advantageous to owners of the business since it reduces individual tax. The owner is able to generate businesses expenses while receiving wages.

Transfer of Ownership

Assets in Corporations are transferred smoothly without incurring large amount of consequences. This is not the case in LLC and partnership businesses since transfer of more that half of the assets can lead to termination of the business. Corporations do have to deal with complex accounting rules when transferring ownership or make changes to property ownership.

Heightened Credibility

Operating in a Corporation might assist new business gain credibility from potential customers, vendors and partners because it is a reflection that owners of the business are seriously committed to their business.

Corporation Disadvantage

Formation and Ongoing Expenses

Before operating a Corporation, it is necessary to incorporating the business by filling the required articles of incorporation by desired means of incorporation (Riley, 2010). It is also necessary to pay the required fees and register to the required agent of the company. Some states introduce fees and taxes such as annual report. However, this fee is not expensive and can be reduced as cost of doing business. This kind of fee is not encountered by sole proprietorship and partnership businesses.

Tax Qualification Obligation

There are mistakes that result to termination of a Corporation. This mistakes are connected to election, stock ownership and filling requirements (Riley, 2010). Even though these minor errors can be rectified immediately, they are not experienced by sole proprietorship and partnership business.

Restrictions in Stock Ownership

Corporations can own only one class stock even though it can also have voting and non-voting shares. This means there cannot be different class of investors with different dividends or distributions rights. There can never be more than one hundred shareholders and foreign ownership is not allowed.

Scrutiny of IRS

IRS closely scrutinizes payments made to confirm the reality because they can be distributed as dividends or salary. This means that wages can automatically be characterized as dividends hence costing the corporation reductions of the compensation paid. Consequently, the dividends can also be characterized as wages that make the company suffer employment tax liability.

Allocating Income and Loss

Since there is one class of stock restriction, it is difficult for corporations to decide which shared holder should bear which loss and gain what profit. Allocating income and loss is determined by stockownership unlike in partnership business where allocation is decided during creation of the business.

Conclusion

Corporations have both advantages and disadvantages described briefly. Corporations have the greatest advantage because it avoids double taxation. It is obvious that the advantages of Corporation surpass its disadvantages. Corporations protect personal assets of shareholders hence individuals are not liable to the corporations debts. Shareholders of Corporations can be employees of the corporation and get salary from the corporation as employees.

Corporations can own only one class stock even though it can also have voting and non-voting shares. Before operating a Corporation, it is necessary to incorporating the business by filling the required articles of incorporation by desired means of incorporation.

References

Friedman, F. (2009). S Corp Eligibility: S Corporation Advantages and Disadvantages. Retrieved on March 8 2013 from,

<http://www.morebusiness.com/running_your_business/taxtalk/scorp.brc>

Riley, P. (2010). S Corporation VS C Corporation. Retrieved on March 8 2013 from,

<http://cpa-services.com/special_sco.shtml>

(2012). Advantages to S Corporations Versus C Corporations – S Corporation Tax Advantages. Retrieved on March 8 2012 from,

<http://www.florida-corporations-online.com/about-s-corporations.html>

National federation V sebelius

Name

Professor

Course

Date

National Federation V Sebelius

This decision came in because there was an enactment of patient protection, which increased the numbers of American citizens covered by health insurance, thus decreased the cost of health. This provision is beneficial since most Americans have minimum vital medical coverage. Americans who do not receive health insurance from the government or an employer are supposed to purchase insurance from a private company (Brus 2). Alternatively, they are supposed to pay the money to the government as internal revenue. It is a just decision because both the poor and wealthy are able to have access to good medical facilities without paying large amounts of money.

In addition, the decision is impartial because programs like Medicaid programs provide funds to the state, which helps the needy. The needy in this category include pregnant women, disabled, the elderly and children. The decision is just because the program expands the numbers of individuals who get coverage from the act. Hence, most people are able to access medical services. Conversely, this act covers adults with children who have low income but do not cover adults without children (Hall 1). This is because adults with children have extra expenses and need medical coverage to keep them well. The decision is just because the states that comply with the act receive funds for the requirement. However, states that do not comply with these act risk loosing the funds. This is because some states might use the money for other issues instead of concentrating on the intended issues.

It was a just decision because the court did not allow any person to put an injunction before paying their taxes. Every person subjected to the tax must first pay then claim for a refund in court. The affordable payment act was not tax but rather a penalty. Therefore, there was no basis of an injunction (Johnson 3). It is a just decision because the individual mandate does control existing commercial activity but compels to participate actively in commerce activities because this might affect interstate commerce. It is therefore the responsibility of citizens to ensure that they pay their health insurance to avoid unnecessary penalties.

Interpreting the commerce clause to allow congress to control jobless people would provide another area for congress authority. This is because congress already has enough power to control people’s businesses. Therefore, the decision of affordable act will permit congress to control people’s actions (Perkins 3). The framers of the law knew the difference between acting and doing nothing. Therefore, they gave congress the mandate to regulate issues but not to compel these issues. Ignoring this fact will assume that the federal government has limited powers over its citizens.

It is reasonable to say that the individual mandate commands individuals to buy insurance. However, the explained reasons do not give congress this kind of power. It is therefore essential to turn to the alternative government decision that suggests the congress has the mandate to collect taxes. Conversely, the government will be imposing a tax to those who do not buy the product (Stone 2). This is a just decision because others might ignore purchasing health insurance yet it is for their individual benefit.

The suggestion that payment responsibility of the affordable act should be a penalty and not a tax is justified. This is because there are people who might take this chance to file an injunction to the act yet it benefits many citizens. There is no control of whether payment of tax is within the powers of the congress. This decision is just because it describes an analysis of why the responsibility payment can be constitutionally a tax. This is because the payment is low and people have no choice but to buy the health insurance. There are no willful violations during payment since there are penalties of unlawful acts and payment is only through IRS. This does not imply that the intention for payment is never for purchasing health insurance. Therefore, it is a just decision to assume that failure in payment of health insurance is unlawful. The affordable act does not attach any legal consequences on failure to pay health insurance. In addition, the state should regard it as a tax to those who do not pay insurance.

The decision is just because there are clauses that give the secretary of health power to penalize states that do not comply with new regulation of expanding medical programs. These states might even risk loosing government funds for ignoring these regulations. Due to loss of 10% in the budget economy, the state does not have any other option but to venture in Medicaid expansion. The government claims that it is an expansion of existing medical program amendable by Congress.

The actions of the Congress are rational in this issue because future actions (the intake of medical care) will certainly occur The reasoning presented in the case is analogous to the Court’s judgment in Taich. The judgment of Taich’s case was meant to control marijuana grown by people for their own consumption. Homegrown Marijuana extremely affects the interstate marijuana market. Marijuana got drawn into the market by high demand in the interstate market. The decision therefore recognizes the authority of the congress which is under the commerce clause to carry out of an individual today ceased growing excess wheat; suspect in Raich ordered to stop the cultivation of marijuana. It arises from a future prophesy of transaction- the final sale of that marijuana or wheat in the market of the interstate. The only doubt is the time of occurrence (SUPREME REPORTER).

The decision made by the judges to uphold the minimum coverage position on the basis of all participants or involved stakeholders in the health care field would hence carry no implication. Congress is just under the commerce clause which gives a mandate to of buying other products and services. Holding the idea that those without insurance are inactive in the health-care field, The Chief Justice parallels it to the market of cars. A person is inactive in the car market. The Chief Justice uses the analogy because he may buy a car someday. The parallelism is inapt. The compelling need for medical care and the assurance that care for emergency is availed in terms of need are conditions not available in other markets. It is only existent in the markets of broccoli and cars as well. Although an individual can purchase a broccoli or a car, there is no assurance that he will do so in future. And if she eventually needs the broccoli or is with a craving for a car, he will pay at the counter before receiving the service or good. The individual will not get the item for free at the expense of other consumers paying more than required. Thomas More Law v. Obama case in 2011 on regulating how people pay for health care (after treatment) provides another support (Barnett, Shapiro and Levy). When a person gets treated, it is difficult to know when they will need the service again, and when illnesses or emergencies occur the affordability is uncertain.

The minimum coverage position compels people to purchase goods and services outside their wishes. This is a suite of products. Medical services that are not in need today are of great significance in future. This is a justification by the court as a way of ensuring public safety. Almost every individual benefits from services of health care at some point in the course of his life on earth. Health care insurance is a way of compensating for this service. In compelling individuals to obtain insurance on their health, the Congress is acting morally (Hopkins). The moral aspect of this comes across as the Congress does not mandate the buying of an unwanted product. The Congress however gives limits on the amount of pay that individuals should meet as a result of a service they consume. People who the mandate gets subjected to them must therefore pay for medical health care in advance through insurance. This implies that they pay for the service prior to receiving it and the form of payment is through a company and not from individual’s pocket. Controlling payment of goods or driving interstate commerce is within the jurisdiction of the Congress. Therefore, the decision by the Court is just. Some scholars say that Federal Government has the powers to prescribe quality and even price of a commodity (Banks and Blakeman).

The chief justice takes the minimum insurance provision as an illegitimate effort to make young individuals reduce insurance premiums paid by old folks who are less hale and hearty. The act is morally right because an entry of young individuals would bring down the cost of insurance which would benefit the entire populace. He also terms the complaint spurious. The current health system gives healthy persons without insurance a benefit that they incur no liability: they have an option of gaining access to emergency care, when need arises, even if they cannot afford it. Only those insured have the disadvantage of this assurance as they incur some debt. The call for insurance coverage implies that individuals without insurance will cease enjoying the current privileges they have over those insured. This is morally upright as it brings a sense of equality in health care provision (Fallon).

Moreover, the young and healthy individuals will age and eventually subscribe to the society’s old and infirm category. Currently, the provision of the Court’s decision requires the young to pay more than their fare share. As they age, the pay reduces to adulthood where they pay lesser than their fair share. This is a moral approach to the issue as old age come with inefficiency and many responsibilities. Paying for the service heavily on a tender age will make life easier during adulthood. In the event of one’s life, one may pay more than the value of services he receives. This is not a problem as that is how insurance companies operate. Insured individuals get protection against disaster loss, even though a group of those insured still need that coverage.

The intentions of the Congress are not met if Medicaid and Medicare reductions are not needed to offset the liability of Medicaid expansion. The congress would lose its foundation and justification of the case. This is in addition to preserving them to get rid of an important quid pro quo of the legislative compromise and come up with a law the congress did not formulate. Legal Services Corporation v. Velazquez maintains that there is no secret in cutting Medicare (Oyez, Inc.). It is most unlikely the Congress would have done so without making the ACA deficit-neutral.

Conclusion

This decision is just because there was an enactment of patient protection that increased the numbers of American citizens covered by health insurance thus decreasing the cost of health. In addition, the decision is just because there are programs like Medicaid programs that provide funds to the state. These funds significantly help the needy. Interpreting the commerce clause to allow congress to control unemployed people would provide another area for congress authority. It is reasonable to say that the individual mandate commends individuals to buy insurance. The suggestion that payment responsibility of the affordable act should be a penalty and not a tax is justified.

Works Cited

Brus, Brian. “Law Students to Study Health Care Ruling.”Journal RecordJun 29 2012.ProQuest.Web. 27 May 2013 .

Hopkins, Bruce. “Tax-exempt organizations and constitutional law : nonprofit law as shaped by the U.S. Supreme Court.” New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012.

Hall, Mark A. “The Affordable Care Act Survives, for Now.” The Hastings Center report 42.5 (2012): 12-4. ProQuest.Web. 27 May 2013.

Johnson, Steve R. “It’s Not a Tax (Statutorily), but it is a Tax (Constitutionally).” NewsQuarterly.ABA Section of Taxation 32.1 (2012): 13-4. ProQuest.Web. 27 May 2013.

Barnett, Randy, et al. “Thomas More Law Center v. Obama.” Legal briefs (2010).

SUPREME REPORTER. “National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius .” Supreme Court Review (2012).

Perkins, Jane. “Implications Of The Supreme Court’s ACA Medicaid Decision.” Journal Of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41.(2013): 77-79. CINAHL Plus with Full Text.Web. 27 May 2013.

Oyez, Inc. “LEGAL SERVICES CORP. v. VELAZQUEZ.” Same-sex Marriage Deep Dive (2011).

Stone, Matthew. “AG Defends Lawsuit to Get LePage’s Medicaid Cuts Approved.” Bangor Daily NewsOct 19 2012.ProQuest.Web. 27 May 2013 .

Banks, Christopher and John Blakeman. “The U.S. Supreme Court and new federalism : from the Rehnquist to the Roberts court.” Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012.

White, Brandon. “Judicial Politics, Chief Justice Roberts’s Legacy, and the National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius Decision.” Justice System Journal 33.3 (2012): 367-72. ProQuest.Web. 27 May 2013. Fallon, Jr, Richard . “The dynamic constitution : an introduction to American constitutional law and practice.” New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Scholarly Debate on Kazuo Ishiguros Never Let Me Go – The real and the artificial

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Scholarly Debate on Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go – The real and the artificial

This paper posits to present a scholarly debate on the novel Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro. Never Let Me Go would be appropriately judged as a flight of the imagination so ordinarily told. It passes as a narrative so excruciatingly commonplace in transit, its improbable elements so plagued in the mud of the banal and so consciously grounded, that the result is not just of fancy made lifelike or credible, but of the genuine invading flight of the imagination, bursting into its weirdness and claiming it as typical. In the event that the reader would expect Ishiguro’s novel to be a rational science fiction narrative, or about cloning, one would be extremely disappointed.

Cloning in the novel may be considered as a MacGuffin that Ishiguro utilizes to generate symbolic characters and situations that combine in a powerful visualization of life. This symbolism does not really attain the degree of allegory, since it is intricate to allocate definite meanings to every person and scene. But nonetheless it hastily becomes intricate not to think in relation to themes such as mortality, fate, love, art, memory, and nature. Every paragraph either expands or illustrates one of the themes. In the opening half of the novel, the ideas personified do not achieve adequate emotion. However, in the second half of the novel the characters depicted become familiar their situation becomes clear, personalities become distinct as the resolution of this situation shifts closer. Never Let Me Go develops into an unsettling and sad novel, since the surface realism has fully personified the symbolic mysteries. Ishiguro is a renowned as a smart writer, whose novels are carefully created to work on manifold levels simultaneously. He is often commended for his aptitude to fashion narrators who are so self-deceived that they are absolutely unreliable. This creates strain between what is declared on the surface and what is happening in the creative reality beneath the words themselves. That is not the framework of Never Let Me Go; instead, the characters in Never Let Me Go have the reality underneath the words as different from what they appear to be. Kathy, the lady who narrates the story, is utterly consistent as she narrates her reminiscences of growing up in a weird boarding school known as Hailsham, afterward becomes a “carer” for the “donors” prior to becoming a donor herself.The issue of what it means to be human pervades Ishiguro’s novel, gradually revealing a counterfactual 20th century England, whereby clone colonies grant complete supplies of organs for donation. The novel envisages a dystopian civil society whereby clones struggle to comprehend the importance of their own restricted personhood. Conceivably this examination of what it means to be human materializes through an analysis of romantic-inspired postulation concerning empathy and aesthetics. Whereas the novel draws attention for its genetic engineering theme, its deepest apprehension debatably concerns the principles of artistic consumption and production in an age of globalization and multiculturalism.

Through its appearance of science fiction, Never Let Me Go presents an allegory for national concerns regarding the state of England as well as for transnational fears in relation to rising global inequity. In its depiction of the systematic utilization of the clones as well as its embedded exploration of defenseless actors in the contemporary economic order, the narrative summons humanist notions of art as a type of extraction that is similar to obligatory organ donation. If romantic- inspired perceptions of empathy depend on the allegation that art divulges the human soul, the novel indicates that the conception of the soul appeals to a fundamentally abusive discourse of exploitation value. In this regard, the novel shares in an insidious late 20th century cultural cynicism concerning the feasibility of empathetic art.

Hitherto Ishiguro’s critique does not discard the ethical potential prevalent in works of art. In its place, the critique generates a case for morals offering a very special approach to empathy and art that relies on the acknowledgment of the inhuman. Instead to humanist modes of depiction, Ishiguro’s inhuman fashion implies that only by identifying what in humanity is manufactured, mechanical, and virtual, in a conventional sense, not entirely human, will humanity flee the barbarities executed in the name of safeguarding human life. The novel implies that if there would be any empathetic linkage with Ishiguro’s characters, it would occur by means of the reassuring liberal awareness that clones are also human. It would need to evolve through the shadowy understanding that art, together with the empathy it rouses requires escaping the convectional concept of the human. Ishiguro’s novel therefore calls for what appears as a inconsistency in terms. This means an empathetic inhuman imagination that embraces the commodified, mechanical, and imitated essentials of personhood. Whereas inhuman is usually utilized as a synonym for unethical or cruel, the novel implies the reverse. As the novel’s aesthetics of imitation permits the reader to sympathize with others devoid of recourse to similar constraining ideals, the novel reinvents empathy for the post-humanist epoch.

Never Let Me Go aura of this concentrationary universe remind the readers that late 20th century art in the after effects of the Holocaust has created powerful anxiety in relation to the desirability and possibility of empathy. If the sufferers of the Holocaust experienced unspeakable erasures and agonies, depictions of their affliction, mainly by those with no direct experience, are commonly seen as prototypes of dehumanizing pornography. Empathetic identification and aesthetic pleasure seem antithetical to each other, sardonic towards the very concept of human solidarity with regards to such acts of violence. In the post-holocaust epoch, not only the effectiveness of empathy, but also ethics has undergone scrutiny and skepticism.

The title, Never Let Me Go, gesticulates toward the most critical replica of the narrative. As a young person at Hailsham, Kathy highly values a cassette tape that includes a song known as “Never Let Go.” As she pays attention to the song, she imagines that the singer is rejoicing over the arrival of a newborn that she never imagined that she would have. Long past Kathy’s tape disappears mysteriously, she revives a duplicate on a journey when together with Tommy rummage around second-hand stores. Then abruptly Kathy felt a massive pleasure, something increasingly complex that threatened her to explode into tears. As Never Let Me Go develops into a copy within itself, and yet a replica of a copy, it presents Kathy a way to grieve the appalling tragedy of her condition. In Kathy’s youth, the copy of the novel’s label lets her to mourn for her losses. Like the imaginary singer, Kathy’s inner life is best articulated not by means of the removal of her soul, but by means of the power of an imitation.

Works Cited

Theory as Liberatory Practice

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Theory as Liberatory Practice

Thesis

Theory is not intrinsically healing, revolutionary, or liberatory. Theory performs this purpose only when tempted to do so, and articulate hypothesizing towards this end. Theory takes discipline and focus, because it is, easy to hypothesize for the sake of it. Hooks endeavors to express the fact that, it is likely to practice theorizing without ever knowing or possessing the phrase. This is comparable to the way one may act and live in feminist resistance devoid of ever using the term feminism.

Ironically, it is often the persons who utilize such phrases the least that take action the most, and vice versa. Therefore, it is easy to consider a theory as not entirely functional, self-indulgent, a type of narcissistic, politically non-progressive practice. The Theory as Liberatory Practice chapter endeavors to depict theory counterproductive, given that theory is so frequently used to generate a gap between conjecture and practice in order to achieve class elitism. Hooks hypothesizes that, to discard theory altogether is to underpin the severance of conjecture and action. The author wrote those expressions in the specific perspective of feminist political effort, but the point is broader.

POINTS OF FACT

There are several arguments that support Hooks position. These points of fact are illustrated below.

Hooks confirms the power of theory by an illustration paradigm whereby a number of elite academics who create theories in regard to ‘blackness’ in a manner that make it a crucial terrain which just the chosen few are able to enter. This fact has some common attributes with the people in society among us who act in response to those academics by advancing anti-intellectualism by proclaiming all theory as valueless. Both deny the authority of liberatory education for decisive consciousness, in so doing perpetuating environments that reinforce the collective repression and exploitation (Hooks 60).

The influence to engage the body, spirit, and mind is the potential of conjecture and the guarantee of truthfully liberatory education. If every human experience is entirely understood, possibly there would be no need to hypothesize further.

In the chapter, the author challenges the apparent dichotomy linking practice and theory or existing experience. The author attributes the gratuitous disinterest in feminist theory and feminism by women to this perceived dichotomy. According to the author, feminist conjecture presented as disconnected and/or mysterious in regard to real experiences in life as well as issues outside the classroom batters women’s fragile psyches in struggling to discard patriarchy’s tyrannical yoke (65).

This kind of theory edifies the academic departments, but, on the other hand, it undermines the liberatory movements. Theorizing ought to be linked to critical reflection, practice, action, and/ or real life experiences. This is what makes the feminist transformation achievable. Personal experience, personal testimony is merely fertile ground for the creation of liberatory feminist theory since it typically structures the base of Hooks theory (70).

Points of Discussion. Firstly, it is essential to note that, for individuals who may be interested in intellectual work as well as political change, the link between practice and theory can from time to time emerge as vague. However, Hooks is of the opinion that this needs not be the case, when she describes a theory as a place for healing (59). She remembers her childhood as an interlude of painful separation. How she constantly questioned authority and rules that estranged her from her family unit, for whom the effort to survive took precedence. For the author, finding theory that echoed her individual experiences of tyranny was a profoundly liberating experience. However, this should not designate that Hooks is completely unperturbed by the feminist theory, which often disregarded the issues and silenced the right to be heard of people of color.

Secondly, Hooks discusses a different type of silencing. When theory is put in writing in gratuitously complicated lingo, it can create a type of class elitism. It is essential to note that whichever theory that is not shared in daily conversation cannot be employed in educating the public. Therefore, movements that endeavor to change the lives of people, require finding approaches to express complex ideas in easy language. Political activists are likewise implicated in bridging the gap between praxis and theory. Activists would limit their efficiency in the event that they decline to engage with conjecture. Theory ought to call for action, and therefore, activists ought to be willing to investigate how theory would make their work increasingly effective (63).

REFLECTION

This paper agrees entirely with Hooks’ concerns regarding difficult language. Even though, this paper appreciates the writers who communicate in complicated, meaty lingo, it generally finds that their thoughts are much simpler to engage with if expressed via the voice of a different critic. It appears that thinkers that are able to come up with intricate theories ought to be able to express them plainly. Hook’s writing, provides an exceptional paradigm of the manner in which this is doable. This is clearly evident in the following quotation from the text:

“When our lived experience of theorizing is fundamentally linked to processes of self-recovery, of collective liberation, no gap exists between theory and practice” (61).

Hooks proposes that conjecture as healing may be transformed into action, and this paper suggests that one opportunity for action is to distribute and share theory with the people who are experiencing anguish, in order that, they would be empowered by acquiring the necessary resources to comprehend their affliction. Hooks also transforms her conjecture into deed when she alleges that antagonism toward theory undermines the feminist struggle in opposition to oppression, signifying that rather than complaining, feminists ought to work in promoting the significance of theory in relation to feminist movements. In order to move past the critical part, feminists should be actively all-encompassing and progressive by endeavoring to maintain positive mind-sets when confronted with struggle, seeking an opportunity to make matters work or to transform things rather than giving up and complaining. Upon examination of analyses of Hooks’ theory, this paper is of the opinion that a variety of translations of theory into deed may exist at the same time. Translations indirectly or directly created by theorists, translations generated by individuals while studying theory, as well as translations generated by groups subsequent to studying theory are all paradigms of theory translation into activism.While reflecting and writing this paper, the numerous features of feminist activism, come to the surface. The author endeavors to encourage readers to confront their fears, whenever they engage in feminist activities or discussions, which relate to theory.

According to the text, it is apparent that theory and activism are facets of identity since they are fundamental to feminism. They are distinctive yet they interact, which demonstrates the spaciousness, and intricacy of feminism.

Works Cited

Bell Hooks. Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom, London, Routledge. 1994. Print

Types of jobs I would like to do

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Types of jobs I would like to do

I life everyone has a list interests, passion or objective they would like to purse. Theses interests and passion influence people’s choice of jobs or careers. Since my early stage of life, I only desired to do three things; become a lawyer, a professional dancer, and/or a flight attendant.

That an individual’s career choice is a product of his/her interests is not surprising. It was the same for me I came to like the jobs the three jobs due to the influence of the environment I grew in and the people I interacted with through the course of my life. I can to like law due to the influence of a prominent lawyer who dedicated his career to helping the needy who could not afford the exorbitant legal fees. I desired to be like him and serve people to, but I will have to learn English first and get to bar.

The desire for professional dancing is a product of my love for dancing. I have been dancing since I was 4 years. I was a member of dancing teams in all schools I attended. Although an am not actively involved in dancing, I believe that in future I will have an opportunity to dance professionally.

Finally, my desire to become a flight attendant was inspired by an aunt of mine who worked as an airhostess. He told me of the exotic cites and town she had visited curtsey of the airline she worked for. My interest in planes grew and led me to training in flight attending.

Though it is difficult to balance three careers at the same time, in know that proper organization on missed can enable achieve at least. For instance, it would be difficult to practice law while travelling around in plane, however, I can practice law and professional dancing at the same time, or work as a flight attendant and dance professional on part time basis. I understand that letting go of any of these desired jobs will be a great sacrifice, but it is a choice I will have to make.