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Long Walk

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Long Walk To Freedom-Nelson Mandela

Historical Context

Long Walk To Freedom (1994) is Nelson Mandela’s autobiography detailing his life journey from his childhood as a young boy from his rural village in South Africa to the day he was inaugurated as the first elected president of South Africa. The book details Nelson Mandela’s experiences as an anti-apartheid activist to be jailed as a terrorist in Robben Island to being a leader of the African National Congress (ANC) party and being a renowned cultural icon. The book is the only memoir published during the icon’s life and is a testament to how great South Africa’s first black president was. Worth noting, the book was first ghostwritten by Richard Stengel and published by Little Brown and Co in 1994. The book details his early life, education, coming of age and 27 years of imprisonment. Mandela was deemed a terrorist in the wake of apartheid, and this is what made him be jailed. At the time, the African National Congress had been outlawed, and Mandela’s involvement as its leader contributed to him being jailed. The autobiography shows an understanding of Mandela’s life and the accurately describes apartheid years in South Africa. Mandela’s autobiography justifies the kind of choices he made and why he resulted to the use of violence to fight apartheid. In 1961, alongside other members of the ANC, he planned a paramilitary group known as Umkhoto we Sizwe (MK) which resulted to bombing public buildings to destabilize the current government. This is what led Mandela to be deemed a terrorist. Additionally, a similar occurrence took place in 1976 for the Soweto uprising which was led by a new generation of individuals who did not have contact with the previous generation of ANC leaders who were rather old. Worth noting, the Soweto uprising was critical in bringing a new political climate to the country which led to the politicization of numerous young South Africans.

Nelson Mandela’s Life and Experiences

Nelson Mandela was born on July 18th, 1918, in a small village called Mvezo, located along the banks of River Mbashe in Transkei in South Africa. Rolihlahla Mandela was his birth name which means pulling a tree branch in the Xhosa language. Mandela became the first black president to be democratically elected in South Africa and is celebrated for having won the Nobel Peace Prize for his philanthropic work in 1993. He was a politician and social rights activist. Having joined the ANC in 1942, Mandela led a peaceful and non-violent campaign against racist policies and the South African government for 20 years. For many years, Mandela father played the role of counsellor to the tribal chiefs, but he lost his fortune alongside his title following a dispute with the colonial magistrate. Mandela was the only child at the time his father lost his title. His mother was left with no choice but to move the family to an even smaller village called Qunu. This village was nestled in narrow grassy valleys. The village did not have roads but only small footpaths linking grazing pastures to one other. Mandela’s family lived in a hut and survived on beans, maize, pumpkin, and sorghum as it was all the family could afford. Water came from streams, springs and cooking took place indoors. Mandela enjoyed playing games for young boys and acted male-right-of-passage scenarios with clay and tee branches.

Mandela was the first person to attend school in his family and the name Nelson was given to him by his teacher as was the custom for the British educational system within South Africa. At the age of 12, Mandela’s father succumbed to lung disease and his life-changing his life drastically. Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo adopted Mandela forcing him to leave the life he knew in Qunu behind. He moved to the provincial capital of Thembuland and started staying at the chief’s royal residence. Here he was given the same responsibilities and status as the chief’s other two children. Mandela started taking up classes in a room next to the palace where he studied history, English, Xhosa, and Geography. It was at this point that Mandela developed an interest in African history. He came to learn how African people coexisted together in peace until white people discovered Africa and started colonizing them. White people shattered the fellowship of black men who once lived as brothers sharing air, water, and land with white people who eventually ended up keeping these things for their own benefit (Bonner, 1013). Mandela later joined Wesleyan Mission School, Wesleyan College and Clarkebury Boarding Institute, where he attained academic success through hard work. Initially, he was mocked for being a country boy by his classmates at Wesleyan but eventually, he made various friends. In 1939, Mandela joined the University of Fort Hare, which was the only higher learning institution that accepted black people at the time. It was Africa’s equivalent of Harvard. In his first year, Mandela’s focus was on Roman-Dutch law and in the year that followed, he was appointed to serve in the Student Representative Council. The position came with backlash causing him to resign from the position and causing him to be expelled from the institution. He returned home to find Regent Jongintaba had arranged for planned marriage for him. Feeling trapped, he eloped and started his life in Johannesburg, where he took up several jobs, including clerk and guard while still studying for his bachelor’s degree. Eventually, Mandela joined the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg where he studied law.

Mandela became an active member of the anti-apartheid movement in 1942 when he joined ANC. The movement’s goal was to transform the party into a mass movement gathering support of millions of working people and rural peasants who felt they did not have a voice in the current regime. In 1949, ANC took up other methods, including civil disobedience, strikes, boycotts, non-cooperation, redistribution of land, compulsory education, trade eights and policies of full citizenship. In 1956, alongside 150 others Mandela was arrested on charges of treason for political advocacy. They were eventually acquitted. Mandela married three times and had six children. He wed, Evelyn Ntoko. His first wife in 1944 with whom he had four children. In 1958, Mandela married Winnie Madikilela, with whom he had two daughters, before marrying Zindziswa, the then-South African ambassador to Denmark (Ocholla, 41). Mandela was later arrested in 1962 for using guerilla tactics to put an end to apartheid. He served a 27-year sentence after which President Frederik announced his release. Alongside President de clerk, Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace award for his role in eliminating apartheid in South Africa. He was elected South Africa’s president in 1994 after the country held its first democratic elections. He served the position for four years before retiring at the age of 85. He later died in 2013 at 95 years after years of suffering lung infection and cancer. The reason behind the writing of the book Long Walk to Freedom was to show the desire for freedom that Mandela has for his people and how he transformed his life from a frightened young boy to the bold man people know him to be.

The Impact of the book Long Walk to Freedom.

Nelson Mandela’s Long Walk to Freedom has a ton of lessons for the audience. From the text, the audience gained insight into the struggles and fight for righteousness. The audience experience first-hand how Mandela helped push many black South Africans into joining the fight for freedom. It is obvious that Mandela did not advocate for violence, all he wanted was to [ut an end to racism and to push for a government that prioritized the needs of its people instead of colluding with white settlers. The audience learned that at times one must result to uncouth ways to get things done. Although Nelson Mandela condoled violence and despised the use of weapons, he had to result to forming and using military groups to fight apartheid. Mandela’s approach and speeches got better as the ANC party became popular over the years. The heat among Africans was evident. The issue eventually escalated into armed conflict. Additionally, the audience encounters Mandela as a principled and proud man, as depicted by how he refused an offer that would guarantee his freedom after he was arrested. In 1985, the then-government offered to free him from prison if he agreed to publicly renounce his methods and ideas. Mandela turned down the offer terming it as immoral. This speaks to the kind of leader he was. The text in this book gives the audience an opportunity to view Mandela as a real and principled leader. Mandela once said that he had not achieved anything yet. He said that the work was far from over, and it was upon future generations to continue with his work. Mandela’s ultimate goal was to liberate oppressed people from their oppressor’s. After achieving all these things, Mandela was happy and believed his country was headed in the right direction. Additionally, the text boosts the audience confidence in the rule of law. This is demonstrated in the ruling made against Mandela after he was arrested and charged with treason in the 1950s. Secret police in South Africa claimed that Mandela was taking part in communist activities leading to the arrest of 155 ANC party leaders, with Mandela included. Eventually, after a series of rulings, the court found Mandela and his colleagues not guilty. The lesson here is that the justice system works and that people should have faith in it.

Works Cited

Bonner, Philip. “The Headman, the Regent and the ‘Long Walk to Freedom’.” Journal of Southern African Studies 45.6 (2019): 1013-1031.

Ocholla, Dennis Ngong. “Information and knowledge access for social justice: Perspectives from Mandela’s Long Walk to Freedom.” NELSON MANDELA (2021): 41.

Cuba HIV Report Introduction

Cuba HIV Report

Introduction

HIV as a global pandemic continues to ravage and cause harm to the community especially in poor countries in Africa and Asia. Over the years, the HIV pandemic has contributed to millions of deaths and left many children as orphans across the world. To add on this, the economic and social impact caused by HIV goes beyond what many can fathom. Governments across the world are facing huge impact on trying to deal with the pandemic that has triggered intense suffering and left many children as orphans. One of the core issues to be addressed in trying to curb and solve the issue relates to the ongoing recklessness among the youth who are the key transmitters of the disease. To add on this, the pandemic has caused immense suffering that come in many forms that even governments are finding themselves cornered. One of the most affected areas is the poor nations like in Africa and parts of Asia. Increased cases of HIV triggered by recklessness among the young people is worrying and projected to worsen over the coming years. Studies have shown that the world is yet to flatten the curve on HIV with more cases being reported mainly in the developing nations. Some beliefs, myths, and cultural practices are the core problem that is facilitating the spread of HIV mainly in poor nations. Cuba as a developing country with a limited budget spending has been able to put up a fight against HIV and produced remarkable results. The government has been able to keep the infection rates low as well as the number of deaths. Moreover, Cuba increased its spending on the research and sensitization campaigns against HIV that has helped keep the numbers low.

Background

Cuba as a developing country has made strides in the fight against AIDS through the government efforts in promoting good public health. Over the years, the Cuban government has poured billions of dollars into the public health system in a bid to increase the country’s capacity to handle pandemics. To add on this, the government created one of the best public health systems that are derived from years of research that aligns with the core needs of the country. In fact, Cuba ranks high in the WHO health quality ranking that has been attributed to the country’s increased efforts and commitment in funds meant for improving health care delivery (Spear, 2016). Through these efforts, Cuba has been able to handle major illnesses including emerging pandemics like HIV. One of the key ways the country is dealing with an upsurge in Aids cases is through sensitization campaigns and inclusive efforts that are in line with the core needs of the country health needs.

People have totally kept a blind eye on the problems brought by HIV and thus triggering a mass spread of the disease. Even with the ongoing campaign against the disease, some people and leaders are still adamant or lazy to say the least in the approach they are taking against HIV spread (Angulo-Arreola et al., 2017). Billions of dollars contributed by the UN and other global agencies and charities are doing some considerable work in addressing the illness. One of the main ways to look at the issue of HIV is to compare data and figures taken over the years. The figures can help in creating a pattern for easy analysis of the movement of the illness that mainly helps in laying plans and finances in countering its spread. The worrying trend is that poor countries mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa are still struggling with the HIV pandemic thus demanding a more enhanced support form the global community (Castro, 2016). The millions of dollars spent monthly mainly on ARVs and other preventive measures and campaigns are yet to fully curb the intensity and spread of HIV in these regions.

More children are being orphaned that is slowly triggering another social issue mainly in poor regions. The data from the WHO has shown that 2 out of ten orphans in Africa are as a result of the HIV pandemic or related issue (Spear, 2016). Parents who die out of the HIV pandemic leave orphans behind adding more pressure to an already existing social problem. It is also worrying that some of these children end up contracting HIV from their parents before they die thus leaving them vulnerable and in intense suffering. More of these cases are thereby being triggered by an increased issue of pandemic among the ravaged societies(Clémençon et al., 2015) . Cuba through its strategic health goals managed to keep the rate of infection of HIV low that was attributed the its efforts between the public and private health sectors.

In particular, the government was able to pull enough resources together in the fight against the spread of HIV that helped increase awareness through campaigns about the serious needs of HIV. The efforts that were direct mainly among the young people and couples was the right move that ensured that people took the right precautionary measures in trying to stop the spread of HIV. In addition, Cuba worked closely with the WHO mainly in the period between 1990-2000 that was seen in extensive research and increased finding of the various health groups trying to fight HIV. In line with this, the government increased its capacity within the health ministry through added budget that assisted in the creation of the right programs for sensitization and training of the personnel manded in the fight against HIV (Mastroberardino et al., 2015). To add on this, the government was also able to broaden its reach to the rural areas where the pandemic was thought to silently creep into the villages thus able to

Methods

This report adopts a journal review approach to gather data and information about Cuban health specifically the HIV pandemic. The data being analyzed will be gathered from existing government records and other online sources relating the Cuban heath system. One of the reasons for using this type of information is that it is easy to retrieve, accurate, and provides a broad coverage of the topic. To add on this, the data provided in this form covers the specific area of study and thus the analysis and deductions can easily be made. The report will therefore gather data from existing journals, reports on HIV pandemic in Cuba, as well as published online materials. Additionally, the report will combine various data that is presented in tabular form to compile a credible analysis of the HIV status of Cuba between 1986 and 2000. Although some of the data may have been distorted and inaccurate, the report will endeavor to provide the most accurate and reliable data. The use of peer reviewed journals and previous reports will help gather accurate and reliable data for this report (Spear, 2016). These sources of data are reliable and provide the right data outlook that also points to the level of accuracy even when doing analysis and making deductions. More information will be derived from existing reports that will supplement that gathered from journals thus make the whole report comprehensive and detailed.

Results

Cuba as communist nation has faced some of the most serous cases of HIV infections and deaths within the period dating 1986 to 2000. Over time, the rates of infections and deaths in Cuba gained a national and global attention with the problem mainly affecting the young people. To better understand the Cuban HIV issue, it is good to look at how the figures pain the picture about the pandemic within this period. HIV transmission and number of deaths in Cuba has been studied for many years showing a common pattern like other countries (Mastroberardino et al., 2015). To better map out this trend, the Cuban health ministry and the voluntary agencies in the health docket have provided a series of figures that project and show how the HIV pandemic has ravaged the country. The table shows that Cuba was one of the least affected countries in South America by HIV. The country recorded a total of 99 HIV cases in the year 1986 and 545 in the year 2000. One of the key pointers to the slow increase in the number of cases in Cuba between 1986 and 2000 is the government’s strict laws on social and entertainment business.

To say the least, Cuba was able to keep its HIV infection numbers low that was attributed to the massive spending on awareness campaigns among the youth. The UN records that Cuba was among the first nations to launch a HIV pandemic awareness campaigns and millions of dollars pent in the program. Estimated HIV prevalence among 15- to 49-year-olds was 8.1 per 10,000 (4913/6065000; 95%CI: 7.9 per 10,000 – 8.3 per 10,000). Most (77%) of the HIV-positive adults were men, most (85.1%) of the detected HIV-positive men were reported to come from the rural areas of the country. Though the government’s intervention and sensitization campaigns, Cuba was able to curb the spread of HIV to a considerable amount. The same table shows that Cuba recorded a total of 5 AIDS cases in the year 1986 and 251 in 2000. These figures show a slow rise in number of AIDS cases that was attributed to huge efforts and campaigns to create awareness abut the pandemic (Clémençon et al., 2015). The deaths from AIDS were also low compared to other countries that was attributed to the positive efforts to sensitize people about the pandemic. Cuba recorded a total of 2 deaths in the year 1986 and 142 in the year 2000. Such figures are low compared to other countries that shows a great aspect of care and efforts from the government.

Discussion

The HIV models and data from various studies and government record as well as the WHO puts across a very important case. Over the years, the data on HIV both in the rate of infection, deaths, and spread has shown that the world is far from victory form this pandemic (Angulo-Arreola et al., 2017). One of the underlying issues in the spread of HIV among the young people is the lack of awareness. The awareness campaigns have yet to address the issue with many people ignoring the sensitivity of the disease. Another outlook is the adverse rates at which the HIV is increasing mainly among the youths. One of the key pointers to the increasing cases of HIV infections and deaths. The WHO has pointed out that the rate of HIV infections has remained flat but the number of deaths has steadily increased. One of the key data sources shows that over the past ten years, the rate of HIV infections in the developing countries mainly in Africa has risen by at least 2.2% annually on average. The same data shows that the number of deaths per 10000 infections has remained at 655 within the first five years of contracting HIV (Spear, 2016). These figures suggest a common pattern that insinuates a worrying trend that needs urgent attention.

The increase in the number of HIV infections mainly among the young people pronounces an issue with sensitization campaigns that needs to be stepped up. The data shows that the infections cycle appears to stand and remains a key focus when analyzing the HIV infections and death rates. To better understand the nature and aspect of HIV rates and trends, it is good to look at how and where the problem is headed. To add on this, the rates of infections versus the number of deaths pattern can also help point to how and where the problem of HIV is likely to head. Still, the fight against HIV in Cuba that is centered on sensitization campaigns and preventive measures. For example, Cuba has increased bits HIV spending by 55% in the past ten years(Mastroberardino et al., 2015). These funds have been directed to improving the country’s fight against AIDS mainly in the purchase of ARVs and other vital apparatus in the fight against the disease. The trends in the data also points to a scenario where Cuba has been able to increase its health delivery capacity over the years.

While other countries were recording a double-digit percentage increase in the HIV cases since 1986, Cuba was able to keep its rates low. The trend shows that Cuba was not only able to control the rate of infection but also the deaths that is a great step to solving the problem (Angulo-Arreola et al., 2017). One of the key ways the country is dealing with an upsurge in Aids cases is through sensitization campaigns and inclusive efforts that are in line with the core needs of the country health needs. People have totally kept a blind eye on the problems brought by HIV and thus triggering a mass spread of the disease. Even with the ongoing campaign against the disease, some people and leaders are still adamant or lazy to say the least in the approach they are taking against HIV spread. Billions of dollars contributed by the UN and other global agencies and charities are doing some considerable work in addressing the illness. Moreover, Cuba stands among the countries the invest heavily in the health sector thus able to counter arising illnesses. It is for this reason that Cuba was able to control the spread of AIDS mainly in the years leading to the new millennium. Further, the Cuban government laid down strategies to fighting HIV that were in line with the WHO guidelines thus able to counter the spread of the illness (Spear, 2016). For example, Cuba committed a total of 205 million dollars between the year 1995-1998 in scientific research on HIV that was hailed by the international community in stepping up the fight against the pandemic.

Still, Cuba maintained a steady commitment of funds to the research and awareness campaigns on HIV that helped keep the rates of infections under close check. More of these funds were directed to the poor regions of the country that saw many youths register and join the sensitization programs all across the country (Mastroberardino et al., 2015). For example, a total of $650 Million was spent in the sensitization campaigns between 1997-2000 that helped spread the message about the ways to take safety from the deadly HIV virus. In line with the efforts out by Cuban government, the UN and the WHO were also a pivotal pillar for the country’s fight against HIV where billions have been spent in tying tor help create awareness. Millions of youths in Cuba were registered into programs that aimed at sensitizing them on precautionary measures (Clémençon et al., 2015). Voluntary groups and charities also joined hands contributing both manpower and millions of dollars in the fight against HIV in Cuba.

The WHO through its global health fund diverted a total of 706 million dollars in Cuba between 1995-2000 that was a major milestone in assisting the government combat the spread of the illness (Angulo-Arreola et al., 2017). In addition, national funds in the heath sector has been increased to enhance the capacity of the health officers in fighting HIV. Cuba through its strategic health goals has maintained a strong public health policy that guides in the funds distribution. One of the positive things to note is that a large portion of these fuds goes into the HIV prevention and safety campaigns across the country thus increasing the fighting capacity. More young people right at family level have received education on the HIV pandemic, preventive measures, and more importantly the avenues to stay safe (Spear, 2016). Through these efforts, Cuba was able to keep its intentions rates low that is attributed to the country’s increased focus on public health and sensitization about the pandemics and infectious diseases.

One of the greatest focus for the government in Cuba has been the increased derived effects that have been directed to creating a stable health care system. More on this is the specific goals that align with the WHO guidelines aimed at curbing the spread of HIV among the youths (Clémençon et al., 2015). The Cuban government has noted that within its scope, it can handle and mitigate the spread of HIV thus increasing its capacity by joining hands with charity groups and the WHO. More efforts have been directed to creating a reliable health system that is based on service delivery as well as goal-oriented health care delivery within the core areas like in addressing infectious diseases. For example, Cuba is said to have spent 23% of its budget in health care and more specifically in the infectious disease. 45% of this money went into research and education as well as training of medical professionals who have been key in the fight against HIV (Mastroberardino et al., 2015) . More medical training institutions set up in the country have been the backbone to the country’s fight against key illnesses like HIV. More of these efforts have also gone into creating the right platform for education, enlightment, and the training of the young doctors and health officials who are in the frontline in the fight against HIV.

References

Mastroberardino, A., Cheng, Y., Abdelrazec, A., & Liu, H. (2015). Mathematical modeling of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Cuba. International Journal of Biomathematics, 8(04), 1550047.

Clémençon, S., De Arazoza, H., Rossi, F., & Tran, V. C. (2015). A statistical network analysis of the HIV/AIDS epidemics in Cuba. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 5(1), 58.

Spear, M. (2016). HIV/AIDS in the Cuban Sanatorium: The Tension between Public Health and Human Rights.

Castro, A. (2016). Towards an HIV-free generation in Cuba. Bull World Health Organ, 94, 866-867.

Angulo-Arreola, I. A., Bastos, F. I., & Strathdee, S. A. (2017). Substance abuse and HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean: Current challenges and the ongoing response. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC), 16(1), 56-74.

Chinchilla-Rodríguez, Z., Arencibia-Jorge, R., de Moya-Anegón, F., & Corera-Álvarez, E. (2015). Somes patterns of Cuban scientific publication in Scopus: the current situation and challenges. Scientometrics, 103(3), 779-794.

Lego Company Issue

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Lego Company Issue and Possible Resolution

Introduction

Over the last few decades, stakeholders have become increasingly invested in corporate social responsibility and sustainability. Sustainability has to do with businesses striking a balance between the production of goods and services with governance, impact on the environment and social and human capital. Without a doubt, cultural intelligence has a way of interfering with auditing and accounting in general. Sustainable accounting is becoming an issue for accounts as it presents a challenge in assessing how corporate activities create value and enhance the organization over time. This essay narrates Lego’s accounting and auditing issue in relation to sustainability and possible solutions for the problem.

Sustainability Issue Description at Lego Company

Lego is one of the most renowned toy making company. Following its pledge to help diminish its carbon impact, it has been recognized as the World Wildlife Fund Climate Savers Partner. As a renowned company across the world, Lego seeks not only to assist children to grow through creative play but also to contribute to a healthy planet. Lego is committed to sustainability and the commitment extends to its partners including stakeholders. By 2030, the toymaker company hopes only to employ environmentally friendly materials to produce all its core products and packaging. They have already taken the necessary steps in the right direction to attain the goal. Between 2013 and 2014, the company shrunk the box sizes by 14% hence saving about 7,000 tons of cardboard. Four years later, Lego introduced 150 botanical toys made from sugarcane that has been sourced sustainably. The sugarcane option is sustainable because it gives a break from the regular toys made from petroleum-based plastics used to produce the organization’s signature blocks. Additionally, Lego Company has recently shown its commitment to getting rid of all plastic packaging that can only be used once by 2025. Among other initiatives, Lego plans on investing 164 million dollars to the Sustainable Materials Center for researchers to conduct experiments on bio-based materials to be incorporated with the production process (Roos, and Bart, 327). Through the initiatives, Lego is in the process of handling pressing environmental issues in furtherance of its mission to assist people in building a more sustainable future. All these initiatives that have to do with achieving sustainability affect auditing and accounting in regard with accountability and transparency.

Possible Resolutions to the Accounting and Auditing Issues as a Result of Sustainability

One of the solutions that can be explored to boost accountability at Lego is performing on-the-ground measuring and monitoring. Accountants can do this by helping them keep track of the process to ensure that the toys are made from sustainable sources. The company can attain this by arranging for site visits with the organization’s stakeholders from time to time. This way, they can visit the factory and witness as sugarcane and other environmentally friendly materials are converted into non-petroleum based toys. This way, it becomes easy when it comes to explaining the high funds pumped into the project. Even in the signing of checks, the stakeholders will be approving activity cheques from an informed point of view. Another viable solution is assigning costs to all aspects that impact society and environment negatively. In this way, accountants will be helping the company evaluate the actual costs of corporate activities.

Conclusion

In closing, Lego remains in the frontline in ensuring they build a sustainable future by using environmentally friendly materials to produce and package the toys. The company does achieve sustainability by making toy prices from sustainably sourced sugarcane. To bring transparency, the accountants should consider assigning costs to all aspects that negatively affect the environment and society and bring stakeholders for site visits to show them that the toys are being manufactured and packaged using environmentally sustainable materials.

Works Cited

Roos, Johan, and Bart Victor. “How it all began: the origins of LEGO® serious Play®.” International Journal of Management and Applied Research 5.4 (2018): 326-343.

Cuba Missile Crisis

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Cuba Missile Crisis

The Cuban missile crisis and it effect was most grave outcome of the Soviet Union and United States confrontations during the Cold War. Despite the fact that the crisis was short lived it was extremely intense and consumed all the attention it could get for the American president of the time, President Kennedy and his advisers. The crisis lasted only sixteen days on October 1962 and only came to close following the agreement between Kennedy and his Soviet counterpart, Khrushchev, popularly known as the Kennedy-Khrushchev Agreement of 1962, signed on 28th October of the same year. This importance of this document can not be overstated and as a result many scholars have put it to scrutiny and wrote several books about it. The agreement may have ended what would have resulted in a third world war, a war that would have been devastating more than all those that had been fourth before given the nuclear weapon that both the countries US and USSR had in their arsenal stock piles.

The Cuba missile crisis was simply a product of the rivalry between the United State and the Soviet Union that hand built up during the cold war, a war the developed from the class of communist ideas and capitalist ideas.

The Soviet Union lead by Nikita Khrushchev believed that installing intermediate-range nuclear missiles in the United State rebellious neighbor Cuba would counter the growing lead of the United State in manufacturing and deploying strategic missiles arsenals. Khrushchev also devised a plan on how to provide protection to Cubans defense against any U. S. orchestrate invasion similar the failed Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961. The Soviets obtained permission from Cuba’s Fidel Castrol and immediately embarked on developing missile installation in the country. The developments went on for a while without the knowledge of the United States which on the other hand was so engrossed in plans on how to deal with the Fidel Castrol menace.

By July 1962 there was overwhelming indication of increased support to the Cubans by the Soviets Military. The missile installation was very noticeable for instance there was confirmed present of air defense missiles, IL-28 medium-range bombers, medium range ballistic missiles, high altitude air surveillance, and increased strategic air command.

Numerous photographs of the soviet installations, some complete and some under construction were taken and show to president Kennedy and his advisers. This was an awakening call to the U.S on the seriousness of the situation and in the preceding week, president Kennedy and his military and civilian advisors embarked on exploring various options available to the U.S. Strong debates ensued in the U.S. administration ranks as Soviet diplomats strongly denied any installation of Soviet offensive missiles in Cuba.

Following the discovery, President Kennedy addressed his nation in a televised announcement on the 22nd of October 1962. His announcement informed the American citizens of the discovery of Soviet installations in Cuba and stated that any nuclear missile attack originating from Cuba would be considered a Soviet Union attack and the American authorities would respond accordingly. President Kennedy also impose a naval burn on Cuba to curtail further shipment of Soviet offensive military artilleries into Cuba. The restrictions affected military equipments that were under shipment to Cuba as well as raised the level or surveillance on Cuba. The use also reinforced its base at Guantanamo and explores various diplomatic channels such as sanctioning quarantine by the Organization of American States. Once the sanction was in effect, Kennedy issue Proclamation 3504 which established the quarantine was in effect from the 24 of October. He then directed the Defense secretary to take appropriate measures to ensure the quarantine is not violated.

Several steps had already been taken to activate military force for emergency situation since the discovery of the military installations in Cuba. Security was beefed and naval as well as air force activities in the Arabian were increased although the defense of the southeastern coast of the united states had started earlier in the year. It was not clear what course the Soviet Union would take, and following the increase rumors of the increased military operation, the United States left nothing to chance. All its entire defense system was on alert. The US was ready to counter any nuclear attack from the soviet.

The America strategic air command started dispatching bombers as well as placed all military planes on alert, equipped and ready to take off within fifteen minutes of a take off signal. The B-52 heavy bomber were placed of extensive airborne alert from the 25 of October to engage in flights for 24 hours a day, each time one landed another one took of. In addition, the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) crews enacted a similar alert status. Submarines were assigned various stations and also stay on alert as the American nuclear firepower was deployed to dissuade any careless confrontation. In Sum All the subdivision is the American armed and defense forces, navy, air force, etc were on high alert and ready to engage. These included North America Defense Command (NORAD), Continental Army Comand, (CONARC), Tactical Air Command (TAC), Army Forces Atlantic (ARLANT), and Air Forces Atlantic (AFLANT) and many other divisions.

The operation to oversee the quarantine was also allocated another command created under a special task force to ensure that the quarantine was not violated. Amy, navy and air force resources were committee to ensure that nothing was shipped into Cuba. A carrier was locate near Cuba with provide support to the military operation in the area and support the Guantanamo US base. The surveillance in the area was beefed to monitor about 2000 ships that operate in the Sothern Atlantic area and searches were conducted frequently by navy aircrafts and SAC bombers. The speed of the movement of military personnel, ships, and aircrafts was amazing

The continued stream of photographic intelligence information that continued to flow from Cuba indicated a rapid build up of offensive weapons. There was continuous construction of intermediate-rage ballistic missiles permanent sites and additional strategic positioning of mobile medium-range ballistic missiles. With all these development in Cuba, the positioning of American forces, it was only a matter of time before a confrontation would develop. Ironically, the potentially devastating exchanges that arise from quarantines similar to that that had been place upon Cuba failed to arise. The first Cuba bound soviet ship was intercepted on 25th of October, however the ship was allowed to proceed to proceed to Cuba after it was ascertained that it was carrying oil and not any dangerous materials. Cuban ships that had suspicious material change course and returned to the home coasts. Tension rose on 27 when U-2 aircraft was destroyed and the Soviet Union called to duty 14, 000 air force reservists, after activating 24 troop carrier squadrons and their supportive units.

During the crises, there was constant communication between the two sides. Communication mostly involved letter, however there was both formal communication and secrete channel communication. The Soviet President sent formal letter to his American counterpart explaining the deterrent nature of its Cuba missile mission, stating the Soviet Union had peaceful intentions. Khrushchev also sent a letter informing Kennedy the if America promised to invade Cuba, or participate in any invasion of Cuba, the Soviet missile installations would be dismantled and the personnel returned to USSR. Next, Khrushchev sent a letter on October 27 demanding demolition of U.S missile installations in turkey in exchange for demolition of its installation in Cuba. The American decided to ignore the second set of demand and honor the first one.

A break through in the crisis was attained on October 28 after the Soviet Union consented to demolition of offensive weapons from Cuba and subjected to United Nations verification. The US promised not to invade Cuba and all the surveillance and quarantine that had been placed upon Cuba were removed. However some Arial surveillance continued to ensure that all missile installation were removed from Cuba.

However, a second crisis emerged concerning removal of Soviet IL-28 bombers for Cuba. The US considered the bomber offensive. Diplomatic talks we held and these bombers were also shipped away under supervision like the previous weapons. The quarantine ended on November 20. The inter America quarantine force was dismantled. An agreement was later struck by the two presidents and America would never invade Cuba again.

Annotated bibliography

Khrushchev, Nikita. Letter. “American Experience.” 23 Oct. 1962

This is a letter written in response to a previous latter by Kennedy which confirm the reception of the letter and also states USSR demands for removal of offensive military installations Cuba.

May, Earnest R. and Philip D. Zelikow. The Kennedy Tapes. President and Fellows of Harvard College. 1997.

This text is important for understanding the Cuban Missile crises. It contains all communications within the white house during the crisis. It is thus important for understanding what ensued in the white house during the crisis.

Medland, William J. “The Cuban Missile Crisis: Evolving Historical Perspectives.” History Teacher, v23 n4 p433-47 1990

This text provides an extensive exploration of the views of various scholars on the Cuban Missile crises and the active surrounding it.

Nathan, James, A. Anatomy of the Cuban Missile Crisis: (Greenwood Press Guides to Historic Events of the Twentieth Century). Greenwood Press. 2000.

These books explore how the Cuba missile crisis almost plunged the world into a devastating nuclear based third world war. It explore how the conflict developed and its consequences

Presidential Library and Museum. “Cuban Missile Crisis.” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. The US Government, 2011. Web. 20 Jan. 2011. HYPERLINK “http://www.jfklibrary.org/‌JFK/‌JFK-in-History/‌Cuban-Missile-Crisis.aspx” http://www.jfklibrary.org/‌JFK/‌JFK-in-History/‌Cuban-Missile-Crisis.aspx

This is a secondary source. He website highlights and discuses all the measure taken by the American president Kennedy to handle to missile crisis issue. It state all effort of Kennedy to stop the crisis

Walser, Ray. “Cuban Communism.” Global Museum on Communism. Global Museum on Communism, 2009. Web. 27 Jan. 2011. <http://cuba.globalmuseumoncommunism.org/‌cuba/‌history>.

This article published by Dr Walser explores issues of communism, in Cuba and its relation to the Cuban missile crisis.

Work Cited

Khrushchev, Nikita. Letter. American Experience. 23 Oct. 1962

May, Earnest R. and Philip D. Zelikow. The Kennedy Tapes. President and Fellows of Harvard College. 1997.

Medland, William J. “The Cuban Missile Crisis: Evolving Historical Perspectives.” History Teacher, v23 n4 p433-47 1990

Nathan, James, A. Anatomy of the Cuban Missile Crisis: (Greenwood Press Guides to Historic Events of the Twentieth Century). Greenwood Press. 2000.

Presidential Library and Museum. “Cuban Missile Crisis.” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. The US Government, 2011. Web. 20 Jan. 2011. http://www.jfklibrary.org/‌JFK/‌JFK-in-History/‌Cuban-Missile-Crisis.aspx

Walser, Ray. “Cuban Communism.” Global Museum on Communism. Global Museum on Communism, 2009. Web. 27 Jan. 2011. <http://cuba.globalmuseumoncommunism.org/‌cuba/‌history>.

U.S Immigration Policy

Name

Professor

Course

Date

U.S Immigration Policy

Introduction

American immigration policy is supported by a number of laws, which some of them date back as far as 1798. Laws range in all manner of presentation. Top in the list is security, employment and the quota system. It should be noted that American immigration policy is centered on brain gain benefit which is seconded by a friendly philanthropic commitment to spread job opportunities to economically challenged countries. This research will prove that the American immigration policy is responsive to local and global issues, but it needs some improvement in the way it is oriented. The research is defragmented into two main sections; firstly, the background section of the immigration section; seconded, by the discussion. The discussion part will analyze the issues, and provide possible policy changes

Background

Summary

Immigration in United States can be referred to demographic changes resulted to the influx of foreigners to the local community. Immigration to the U.S is primarily responsible for the development of controversial social, economic and political aspect. These developments are liable for altering settlement patterns, significant social mobility, voting patterns and increased crime levels. Previously, immigration in the U.S was largely a white-man affair seconded by people from South East Asia; however, recently, leading immigrations are from South American, South Asia, Middle East and Africa. Quit a significant number of immigrants are illegal; nonetheless, the illegal immigrants can through the immigration policy be naturalized into the nation. More than half of immigrants are in America through family reunification, seconded by employment factors and thirdly, humanitarian reasons. There has been a subsequent calling for the improvement of the immigration policy. Issues are social, economic or political. This study will provide a recommendation on possible improvement points of the policy.

Nature (Literature)

Based on the background, one will notice that there are three imperative factors in relation to immigration policy. These are media, politics, and public policy. The three collectively interrelate with each other to provide direction in relation to immigration policy. However, as this study will unveil, the current immigration policy, seconded by a plethora of states and federal laws fail to meet a desirable threshold of quality.

Security

The Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act (EBSVER) of 2002, seconded by the Real ID act of 2005, are vital laws that alter to a greater extent the immigration policy. The EBSVER law enhances the development of Border Patrol agents, stipulate foreigners, and nationals to carry a Biometric technology I.D card. In addition, the above named school report to foreign students attending classes. On the other hand, the Real ID act aggrandizes on the provision of certain security standards; which relate to the entrance of crucial state buildings, plane tickets, and bank accounts.

It is good clarify on the nature of established national standards in relation to state driver licenses which cleared the way for the building of border controls. Ideally, these two laws enhanced many protocols affecting visa insurance. It was now official that embassies and consulates are required to buffer up a terrorist lookout committee to locate suspected terrorist within any given jurisdiction. The information is further distributed to security bodies’ national wide.

Now based on these two laws, exchanges in information would become a common practice in attempting to prevent visa fraud for immigrants entering U.S. The question melts down that whether the quality of laws being implemented was responsive as an important policy question. On top, the two laws are instrumental in enhancing portability of clearance changes of status. The laws would further improve the training on consular officers to receive regards to Visa Mantis and Mandates that the secretary of state would improve in regard of Technology Alert List.

Employment

The federal government decisively supports the immigration policy for its general contribution to the economy. Employment laws in relation to this policy date way back to 1898, when the federal government processed the Chinese immigrants to enter U.S legally. The law is based from the Immigration Reform and Control act of 1986. The law denied American employers from hiring illegal immigrants. Secondly, the law provided amnesty for illegal immigrants who are already in the US. Thirdly, the law enhanced increased border enforcement. This law was imperative since it responded to different immigration problems based on the thesis of legality and equality. The law inhibited discrimination on the basis of national origins and further led to the increased border patrols by 50 percent. It should be recalled that it is this law that pioneered the establishment of the Green Card lottery program for 5,000 visas for countries that were economically challenged (Farnam, 56).

As a result of the increased number of immigrants, the federal government pioneered the development of the Illegal immigration act (1996), which required the increased border enforcement for immigrants coming to U.S for employment opportunities. Additionally, the law required phone verification for all foreign workers to determine their validity. Lastly, the law sought to reinstate the welfare benefits of more difficult legal aliens. This law was speculative that the number of illegal immigrants living in United States was estimated to 20 million by 1996. Most of these immigrants were coming from economically challenged countries and did not stand a better position to qualify for genuine Visa enrollment. LeMay (19) cites that small business did take advantage of illegal workers, and in US it is estimated that around 6-8 million jobs are done in the underground market, and around 5 million workers are paid off the books yet they constitute of a stealth workforce.

Later in June 2000, the congress processed the Immigration and Naturalization Service Data Management Improvement Act (PL. 206-215). The act further amended section 110 of the illegal immigration act of 1996. The 2000 improvement act charged the Immigration and Naturalization Service to develop an automated system to track all entry and exit of non-citizens and nonimmigrant and immigrants. The system was expected to operate in all seaports, land borders and airports. The INS was to become effect on December 31, 2003, but due to logistical factors, fifty land and border ports were selected by the attorney general for having the highest number of departures and arrivals.

Based on this, there has been a subsequent desire to ensure that there is the American labor market is fully supplied with labor and that desires look on the ability to increase the number of international players optimally. In U.S, the number of job vacancies exceeds the number of eligible applicants. The potential of domestic pool of workers has significantly shrunk, while the percentage of Native American pursuing higher education has increased. Thus, there is a paradox of thrift when it comes to labor supply.

On the other hand, the recent debate in relation to off-shoring foreign jobs seconded by a motion whether Americans will be willing to do the same jobs if they are paid handsomely has gained significant clout. Bush (14) argues that the efforts to further restrict immigration by low-skilled workers to lure more educated people to unskilled labor by raising wages might be successful, but this will only increase the aggregate expenditure of companies. Thus, the government is left with limited option not to pursue a desirable immigration policy since requesting Americans to do unskilled work would naturally harm the economy.

Quota System

In relation to immigration policy, the quota policy has been an egalitarian thrust from several civil rights movements. The debate was centered on the role of congressional approach to abolish the national origins quota system which was enacted in 1965. Jacob (107) establishes that there are considerate dangers of the quota system and has significantly led to the uncontrolled immigration. The quota system seems to limit appropriate evidence that seeks to apprehend immigration reformers in increasing reformers. Reformers have constantly agitated that the quota system has been discriminatory and should be established, and subsequently, there should be the establishment of national origins of a quota system that is largely fair and responsive to challenges affecting individuals at a time.

Now based on the belligerent nature of the quota system, the American Immigration and Citizenship Council (AICC) led the immigration policy based on equality purposes. The AICC visible organization were based on ethnic groups; for instance, Hellenic Education Program Association of the Sons of Italy, and the Japanese American Citizens League. Although most of these groups were considerably small, they did have an impetus on the development of immigration policy. To a greater extent the groups led to the establishment of civil rights groups; for instance, American Civil Liberties Union. The groups were under the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The objective was to end apartheid created by the quota system based on the ethnic representation.

It is through this driving force that the immigration reform consolidated the driving force against racial and ethnic quotas. Jacob (9) further states that as far as racial quotas were concerned, economic interest and foreign policy was considered heavily. Thus, the American government had limited options of attempting to limit minor children and citizens to immigrate outside the quota allowances. Relatives were given significant preference within the quota system. The quota reserve for unmarried parents, spouses, and children was extended in emphasis of family reunification. At this point, humanitarian concerns exceeded any interest of the country. As a result, the quota legislation adopted by the federal government made it clear that discriminative was a central element of U.S immigration policy.

Issues with this kind of commitment

After a close revelation of the above assessment, one will notice the asylum factor and how it affects different policy development. U.S attempts to extend a benevolent hand to individuals from different countries for immigrants are willing to live and work in U.S. However, in assessment, there are significant inexplicable disparities in asylum approval rates that tend to urge administrative reforms. In fact, there have been subsequent political, religious, and ethnic indifferences between immigrants and natives. To a larger extent, immigrants do feel that the are not treat fairly like native Americans, obviously on the basis of human being factors. Hence, agitators from Middle East, South Asia, and Northern Africa facilitate terrorist activities in U.S as a responsive measure.

Secondly, the wage levels have increased mixed signals on the role of immigrants in U.S. Since immigrants are willing to accept lower or even minimal wage, then the nature of immigration policy could cause a decline of native workers wages. This not only causes individual problems, but to a greater extent, causes institutional factors will strong trade unions. Indeed, trade unions in America are the most vehement when it comes to agitating for equal treatment especially in relation to wage level. Thus, immigration not only causes a higher rate of unemployment in U.S but to also, belligerence between the government and civil rights institutions.

Subsequently, the nature of American economy means that the economy will naturally operate on closed doors. Immigrants will increase the price of factors of production and this leads to complementary decrease in the price of supplies of factors of production. In economics, the impact of immigrant to the native economy depends on production factors like capital and labor. In other words, these are the degree of substitutability between natives versus immigrants with supplies; for instance, technology being considered constant.

Finally, an increase in the employment of skilled people will naturally increase the aggregate demand for complementary factors – capital lance. However, the immigration of unskilled workers will lower the wages of unskilled workers; thus, capital and skilled workers will end up being redundant since the economy will prefer the utilization of unskilled workers who are relatively cheaper. Hence, the influx of such immigrants shifts the labor supply and makes it more elastic.

Policy Recommendation

It is imminent that there is security and economic problem in U.S. The policy problem in American is responsible for the development of divergent policies; primarily, those which are not productive. The influx of immigrants into the country means the federal government has to step- a step forward to create decisive policy goals. According to Workpermit (2014), the Diversity Immigrant Visa Program commonly known as the lottery program will be abolished. However, in light with this research, such an abolishment may not effective enough. Hence, it would sound better if the federal government endeavored to process a more liberalized policy; for instance, Labor Exchange Program. This would allow subsequent exchange of expatriates between different countries.

Secondly, in relation to the issue of security, U.S administration should endeavor to spread a helping hand to counter terrorism breeding points internationally. In addition, security perimeters of immigrants should be spread to ensure that it operates without hitches. Most terrorist will immigrate to U.S posing as investors or students, and not commonly as job seekers. Thus, more policy measures should be reinstated in relation to this approach.

Work Cited

Bush, Jeb, Thomas F. McLarty, and Edward H. Alden. U.s. Immigration Policy. New York:

Council on Foreign Relations, 2009. Print.

Jacob, Dickson”Chapter 12: Fighting the Immigration Quota System; Supporting a Code of

Ethics and the Right of Blacks to Vote.” Center for Migration Studies special issues 31.2 (2008): 101-110. Print

Farnam, Julie. Us Immigration Laws Under the Threat of Terrorism. New York: Algora Publ,

2005. Print.

“Green card lottery will be abolished by US immigration reform bill.” Green card lottery will be

abolished by US immigration reform bill. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2014. <http://www.workpermit.com/news/2013-04-23/green-card-lottery-will-be-abolished-by-us-immigration-reform-bill>.

LeMay, Michael C. Illegal Immigration: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.:

ABC-CLIO, 2007. Print.

University of Chicago application letter

University of Chicago aplication letter

University of Chicago

Question One

I am currently as student in the Shoreline community college taking Business as my major. Shoreline Community College has played a significant part in my educational life. It has provided me with the principle learning factors in terms of the course I intend to pursue. Shoreline has improved my perspective of business as my course. I therefore cannot complain about the services the school has offered to me up to this point in my life. Despite this, I intend to take my studies to the next level through a recognized university. The University of Chicago provides that opportunity in that it offers the programs that will enhance my career. One of the ways the University of Chicago satisfies my desire for my future education is their quality of education. The school places emphasis on high performance and discipline making it ideal for shaping me to a responsible businessperson. Another factor that sets the school apart from the rest is their principle on the observance of extracurricular activities. These principles not only focus on the educational aspect of the learning but also ensures that students graduate from school when they are all round making them more marketable in the employment world.

Question Two

As mentioned earlier, the Shoreline University has catered for my educational needs from the time I transferred from Indonesia. This has been ideal for my growth in the new country due to the slower pace of learning. The school has managed to bridge the gap between my previous education skills and my current situation. I have chosen to leave the school so that I can enroll in a more established school in terms of business studies. The transfer is thus one of the steps that I am taking to achieve my overall objective of running my parents company back in Indonesia.

Question five

As a student in college, writing is an essential skill to my performance in school. Writing is a skill that comes naturally or acquired through practice. It does not matter whether it is a natural talent or skill. What matters is the amount of passion the writer has when writing on a particular issue. Good writing is reflective of the way one views a particular notion or argument. The way a person expresses themselves is reflective of their upbringing, values and cultural norms. My writing skills places emphasis on topics that are personal to me and the values I relay. My transfer to the University of Chicago is indented to improve my chances of receiving better opportunities in the future. My main objective is to complete a bachelor’s degree in business so that I can contribute to the growth and sustainability of my country. Apart from my love for business, I also take pride in the Arts. A degree in Art will broaden my prospects and make me a viable candidate in any company that I attempt to join. The reason I made this choice is that most of my reasoning arises from my quality as a social critic.

Society is a significant part of my life in that most of my activities are geared towards the improvement of the community. I come from a country that has experienced a considerable amount of social economic issues over the years. Most of these issues arise from the lack of proper governance. All countries are at one time involves cases of unfair treatment by people in high positions. This creates a gap between the rich and the poor with the poor making a large percentage of the population. It is difficult to change the dynamics of most of the governments due to the inability to speak out. One of the ways that an individual can however influence the rest of the population positively is through writing. Speaking on the social ills that communities experience is critical to the eradication of inequality. Equal treatment and distribution of opportunities is ideal for the proper sustainability of any society. Being a social critic has been dubbed as a radical stance by some governments making people shy away from speaking out. If people fail to air their grievances, they run the risk of being stripped off their rights and privileges.

Criticizing the behavior of authoritative figures and companies can be done in a more decent way. People now have a chance to use technology so as to communicate with their peers and counterparts. This can be done using the blogs, social networks or traditional methods such as books. One of the factors to observe when carrying out these activities is the respect of all parties involved. Most countries have a long way to in terms of achieving a fair society. One of the ways that this can be enhanced is through the acquiring of an education. My choice to join the University of Chicago is not only business oriented. It is one of the steps I have taken to empower myself so that I can empower people around me. This will as a result improve the living conditions of not only my family but the environment as a whole

Cross Cultural Challenges for Business Practices

Introduction

The effective application of cross-cultural teams leads to the provision of innovative thinking and experience to an organization competitive position. However, the differences associated with culture can lead to the interference of successful achievement of plans in today’s multicultural global business society. To achieve the developments set, managers should ensure that they be culturally sensitive, and promote motivation and creativity by using flexible leadership, as a way of helping alienate from cultural misunderstanding (Harris, Moran, & Moran, 2004). This essay is determined to explain various multicultural differences experienced in various countries and ways to avoid them.

Thereby are theories, which are applied to avoid multicultural differences. These theories contemplate relations between motivational orientation, people, definition of others and self, risk orientation, attitude towards the environment, and attitude towards time. Managers today in the vast and extensive multicultural global business society face cultural differences, which can interfere with the conclusion of various developments. There are various dimensions that show the main problem that any society must cope up with, but for which the resolutions differ. Some of these dimensions include relations between different people. This entails individualism and collectivism. The other aspect is motivational orientation, where societies choose the various ways they will cope with the uncertainty of living (Minkov, & Hofstede, 2011).

A. Discuss three major cross-cultural differences that would need to be taken into consideration if your company were to expand into this market based on your selected country.

There are various challenges or cultural differences experienced by those wishing to expand in other countries. These challenges have serious implication to the expansion of a business. One country where such differences are includes China. China is one of the countries that are booming. This is a story that many of those eyeing china will claim. Indeed, china is placed as the second biggest world economy, with an annual economic growth amounting to 10 % over the past three decades. This is an aspect that makes those willing to expand their businesses salivate on how to expand in this market. Due to the various cross-cultural differences, managers need to have a clear and concise idea of these differences and how to face them (Harris, Moran, & Moran, 2004).

There are various cultural differences that those people wanting to expand in china will have to face. These may include red tape. In china, many bureaucratic and administrative tasks that are modified in the west may be time consuming. Everything from account opening, company registration, and product approval can amount to a month. A strong law rule and a consistent regulations application mean that such processes are easier to achieve and this is a convenient aspect for the company. In addition, many actions in the west that are handled electronically require a lot of paperwork that needs to be stamped by hands after filling them. The time needed for the completion of these tasks requires may amount to be unexpectedly lengthy. Those employing their staffs to act as sales and marketing staffs in china are faced with more administrative tasks thus their efforts bear no fruits. In China, administrative teams should be put in place to ensure that the company is successful. This gives the staffs a chance to concisely look unto marketing and sales matters (Minkov, & Hofstede, 2011).

The other difference that those willing to expand in China will have to face is communications. This amounts to one of the main challenges that are faced by foreign companies in china. In spite of some of Chinese people having an understanding in Chinese and English, it is very difficult to find a Chinese who concisely understands the subtleties of this language and holds a strong understanding of English and Chinese to help steer delicate business discussions (Harris, Moran, & Moran, 2004).

The other difference that is common is human resources. For as long time, companies related to western companies rate china as the biggest challenge in doing business as a result of their human resource. Western employees are said to delegate responsibility and possesses flexible authority lines, Chinese workers are used to a more ranked structures where each person possesses a role that is clearly defined. Such differences may lead to pressures between western managers accustomed to employees who undertake their own initiative, and the Chinese staffs taught to follow instructions (Minkov, & Hofstede, 2011)..

B. Compare U.S. business practices to practices in your proposed country for each of the following: 1. Product

China is one of the countries that are booming. This is a story that many of those eyeing china will claim. Indeed, china is placed as the second biggest world economy, with an annual economic growth amounting to 10 % over the past three decades. This is an aspect that makes those willing to expand their businesses salivate on how to expand in this market. This is, however, an aspect that has not yielded a good relationship between US and china. There are various business practices that make it different for US and china to cope. The aspect of products in the marketing mix is an aspect that is not quite regarded by Chinese companies as compared to US. US regards their products to be very unique, thus Chinese companies use the aspect of taking into consideration one aspect of the marketing plan mix. This is an aspect deemed to an engineer job in china (Harris, Moran, & Moran, 2004).

2. Price

Regarding price, US companies tend to have a considerate aspect of meeting with their advisers with a motive of having the same price, and which will not affect their product and customers. This is also an aspect that is also the same in china despite the fact that they tend to use one aspect of the marketing mix. The implementation of price is regarded a sales force job in china (Minkov, & Hofstede, 2011).3. Promotion

The aspect of promotion is the aspect that Chinese organizations clearly put in mind. This is the piece of marketing mix that they put into consideration. This is an aspect that is well implemented by Chinese organizations as they say it helps in a business success. Promotion in US is highly put into consideration and a team is setup to ensure they look unto this issue (Minkov, & Hofstede, 2011).

4. Place

Just like product and price, the issue of place is an aspect that is not highly regarded by Chinese organizations. This is an aspect that is said to be the senior management job. This is an aspect that is widely regarded by US companies as they have to clearly identify the correct place for the product they want to deliver (Harris, Moran, & Moran, 2004).

C. Discuss two distinct ethical issues that you will need to understand and respect as your business expands into your selected country.

There are various ethical issues that those willing to expand their business in china. With the aspect of china being a superpower, western countries need to realize that they have to put up with the various ethical issues associated with china. Western experts should not state that they understand china well as there are ethical issues they need to understand. They include understanding different cultures values, you are ought to find out a common point. The other ethical issue is that reliability and honesty is very necessary in china. This is an aspect that the Chinese people adore. Respect is also another ethical issue that Chinese people need to understand, thus western experts should put this into mind. These are among the vast issues that western experts need to clearly understand as they wish to expand to china (Harris, Moran, & Moran, 2004).

Conclusion

The clear understanding of multicultural differences is very good when it comes to business expansion overseas. The effective application of cross-cultural teams leads to the provision of innovative thinking and experience to an organization competitive position. However, the differences associated with culture can lead to the interference of successful achievement of plans in today’s multicultural global business society. Managers should realize that they understand the country of choice well so that the cultural differences can be surpassed by their projects plan.

References

Harris, P. R., Moran, R. T., & Moran, S. V. (2004). Managing cultural differences. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann.

Minkov, M., & Hofstede, G. H. (2011). Cultural differences in a globalizing world. Bingley, UK: Emerald.

What Make Urban Environments Unique

Name

Professor

Course

Date

What Make Urban Environments Unique

Urban centers are some of the most densely populated and diversified places in the world people from varied cultural backgrounds converge. As rational beings, humans are embracing such behaviors due to particular reasons that could entail the search for better social amenities, jobs and infrastructure (Abdul-Azeez and Opoola 140). Accordingly, cities accommodate unrelated persons with particular interests. Thus, urban environments exhibit unique attributes that promotes more freedom and have significant influence in human cultures and relations.

About four specific aspects make urban centers distinct from other environments. First, residents of cities are strangers with weak ties because they originate from varied backgrounds. Secondly, “weak norms, relativism and instrumentalism” shapes the urban centers. Consequently, urban environment promotes individualism as every resident is focused on personal interests rather than communal benefits. Moreover, urban centers rely primarily on formal institutions to attain and maintain order since there is no dominant culture that could otherwise rule the dwellers. As densely populated areas, urban environments comprise numerous people from varied cultural backgrounds who interact primarily on formal and economic occasions and when seeking government-sponsored amenities such as water and electricity. Hence, cities accommodate persons who are not interested in controlling or gaining deep social understandings of their neighbors but rather working on personal interests.

Conversely, the distinctive attributes of cities have adversely impacted on human relations and cultures. Since persons from different cultural backgrounds converge at urban centers, there is no specific or orderly culture in cities. Besides, urban centers tend to be ‘messy’ due to the relative freedom that allows each resident to defy their cultural norms because none of their community members are available to observe and control them. Unfortunately, there exist weak relationships between residents of cities as no one cares about their neighbor. Subsequently, dewelles of urban centers could encounter significant degree of anonymity, isolation and lack of social support (Desmond 1315). Thus, undesired instances such as “personal disorganization, mental breakdown, suicide, delinquency, crime, corruption, and disorder” could be more rampant in cities. Moreover, urban populations could exhibit immoral behaviors due to the relative absence of cultural norms and rules that could govern and shape conducts of people. That is, the capitalist and self-interest behaviors that shape urban centers attract perception whereby none of the residents would bother correcting or advising their neighbor, thus resulting in lots of existential problems, isolation and conflicts (Murtaza 583). Hence, the poor human relations and cultural erosion in cities attract detrimental impacts.

However, urban areas are more prone to freedom compared with other environments because of their profound innovation and adequate room for deviation from the otherwise restrictive rules and regulations that cultures attract. Residents of urban centers would strive to determine and develop more suitable social, economic, political and other strategies by exploring their skills, experiences and knowledge without limitations from cultural rules that entail imposition of taboos on particular activities. Besides, residents of cities would determine and embrace their most preferred and suitable cultural practices while defy the undesired ones. Also, urban residents would adopt new practices that could otherwise be forbidden by their original culture.

In conclusion, individualism, weak ties, weak social norms and the reliance on formal institutions to attain and maintain order serve as specific aspects that make urban environments distinct from other environments. Besides, cities are more prone to freedom due to the presence of adequate space for innovation and deviation of cultural regulations. Urban residents enjoy the freedom of determining and embracing their most desired cultural practices while discarding others. Unfortunately, undesired instances such as isolation, depression, incarceration, corruption and suicides are rampant in urban centers due to poor human relations and defiance of the otherwise beneficial cultural norms. Therefore, the unique urban environment attracts both beneficial and destructive consequences.

Works Cited

Abdul-Azeez, Ibraheem Adegoke, and Nurain A. Opoola. “An appraisal of the factors influencing rural-urban migration in some selected local government areas of Lagos State Nigeria.” Journal of sustainable Development 4.3 (2011): 136.

Desmond, Matthew. “Disposable ties and the urban poor.” American Journal of Sociology 117.5 (2012): 1295-1335.

Murtaza, Niaz. “Pursuing self-interest or self-actualization? From capitalism to a steady-state, wisdom economy.” Ecological Economics 70.4 (2011): 577-584.

Cross examination of opposing team position

Speaker 2

Cross examination of opposing team positionThree points our opposing team has kept and pointing the weakness of their argument. The points can be crossed easily though. The positive side of globalization in United Arab Emirates and arguments for the discussion are as follows-

New risk- With expanding the business there is no risk involved as there is a high degree of diversification in the market and increasing amount of competition in the UAE market. Large markets bring certain amount of positive points like quality improvement in the business and business process. The profit is likely seen to have fluctuating rates bringing stability and predictability in businesses in United Arab Emirates.

Arguments for it- Globalization is about new opportunities increasing leverage and easy credit as the money flow is across the boundaries irrespective of local and national in United Arab Emirates. Globalization boosts the aggregate demand, increasing the income cycle and growth in financial condition of the firm. With huge amount of risk, a little risk can be adjusted.

Job creation- With expansion of business there will be creation of jobs in United Arab Emirates. The company would expand in United Arab Emirates, as more opportunities will be available in these areas (Rugman and Brewer, 2001). There will be more opportunity for United Arab Emirates as these companies willing to expand will prefer the developed countries.

Arguments for it- Expanding the business brings positive note for the company and the country. There is an increase in the wealth of the organization. The United Arab Emirates is already developed with the aspect of job and income groups of their population the new company cannot make a difference in the country like this. There is opportunity for the organization as well as the home country the company belongs too. Thus, the efficiency of the employees and the people associated with the organization increases.

Offer work good remunerations and other benefits- In the UAE, globalization will offer the change to works. They will be trained about the changes in management caused by globalization. In addition they will be better remunerated.

Arguments for it- With expansion and globalization the company gains a lot benefits and even the benefits are shared with UAE and its economy where the organization plans to expand. Globalization brings new advancement in the economy of the developing country and changes the shape of operations. Availability of cheap labor or workers is a benefit for the organization. United Arab Emirates has made laws to protect its people and look into the matter that they do not get exploit.

An example can be taken to support my team argument- A company dealing with fashion products wants to expand in the UAE market. As a developing country, it offers huge benefit to the organization as well as to the UAE economy. The organization gets opportunity to explore new market with new customers and a scope to increase its revenue. The UAE economy benefits by getting a new brand and new offers in the market in social point, gets new jobs opportunities in the market. The United Arab Emirates has laws, which are in favor of its people and to verify the exploitation of its people.

Themes in Caged Bird-Maya

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Themes in Caged Bird-Maya Angelou

Introduction

Thesis statement: This text highlights the main themes that are depicted in Caged Bird by Maya Angelou, including oppression, freedom, and resilience.

Body

Main point 1: Oppression

Examples

The caged bird is frustrated with the situation but cannot see through the bars of rage

The oppressive circumstances limit the bird’s ability to take flights

While the bird is not free to fly, its soul points to the freedom that it years for.

Main point 2: Freedom

the free bird’s unlimited access to the sky, sun, and wind

The caged bird laments because of the confinement, and it is clear that he longs to be set free

Angelou juxtaposes the perspectives of the two birds to show that the caged bird appreciates the true value of freedom while the free bird feel entitled to its freedom

Main point 3: Resilience

The speaker describes the song of freedom sang by the caged animal as a paradox

The speaker realizes the song being snag by the bird is a freedom song in a different form.

Angelou lays emphasis on the beauty of the resilience displayed by the caged bird despite the confinement

Conclusion

In closing, the dominant themes exhibited in Maya Angelou’s Caged Bird include resilience, freedom, and oppression.

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Themes in Caged Bird-Maya

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