Author: admin

Specific purpose to draw the attention of my audience to the reality of existence of Dementia Pugulistica.

DEMENTIA PUGULISTICA

Topic: Dementia Pugulistica

General purpose: To inform

Specific purpose: to draw the attention of my audience to the reality of existence of Dementia Pugulistica.

Thesis: even though it is not easily diagnosable, Dementia Pugulistica exists and is a

serious mental disorder.

Introduction:

Boxers –also called Boxers Dementia or ‘Punch Drunk Syndrome’ (Gould & Pineda, 2010). It is a generative head disorder resulting from repetitive head trauma. Symptoms are described after cessation of exposure to chronic to brain injury. It commonly affects boxers. It is in other words a disease of boxers.

Reason to listen: many boxers have suffered the disease either during or after they have retired from their career. Terry Norris, who was a lightweight boxer with knock out power and fast hands, is a victim (Pitt, 2010).

Thesis: although it is not easily diagnosable, Dementia pugilistica exists and is a serious mental disorder.

Credibility statement: I have consulted widely from different sources in my endeavor to unravel the truth about Dementia Pugulistica.

Preview of main points:

First, I will discuss Dementia Pugulistica itself.

Second, I will discuss the neurophysiology related to sports injury

Thirdly, I will discuss the DSM-IV criteria.

Finally, I will discuss views about Dementia Pugulistica.

II. Even though it is not easily diagnosable, Dementia Pugulistica exists and is a serious mental

disorder.

Dementia Pugulistica is the most prevalent mental disorder among boxers.

Dementia pugilistica also referred to as Boxers Dementia manifests in boxers after they have retired from their career. It is also referred to in the short form as DP. According to Gould and Pineda (2010), DP can be caused by other factors provided they produce stimuli that causes repetitive head trauma. Repetitive head trauma is described as, one occurring even before recovery from an existing head trauma.

DP is characterized with progressive neurological deterioration of the victim. Other symptoms of DP include:

Gait ataxia-imbalanced gait

Slurred speech

Impaired hearing-difficulty hearing

Tremors

Disequilibrium of the whole body

Neurobehavioral disturbances

Progressive cognitive decline.

According to David Cifu (2012) in his article ‘Repetitive Head Injury Syndrome’, repetitive damage to the brain can lead to neuro generative disease and cognitive impairment in later life.

Cifu (2012) also outlines the factors that lead to DP’s complications as: delayed diagnosis, subtlety of symptoms, overlapping of clinical signs, lack of knowledge on the specifics of diagnosis and paying attention only to the more concomitant injuries.

Transition: now that I have elaborated Dementia Pugulistica, I will discuss about its evidential

existence and its devastating, undesirable effects.

Dementia Pugulistica has been found to affect many renowned athletes and boxers: According to Pitt (2010), in his article ‘Fistic Medicine Dementia Pugulistica and MMA’, Terry Norris, a lightweight boxer is a victim of Dementia Pugulistica. Pitt (2010) further observes that not only boxers and athletes are victims to DP: Rugby players, football players, and wrestlers like Chris Benoit have been diagnosed with the condition. Due to this, Pitt (2010) refutes the name Boxer’s Dementia and prefers Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE).

The DSM-IV criteria for Dementia. DSM-IV is a criterion for diagnosing mental illnesses. It was developed by the American psychological Association. Here I am going to discuss the DSM-IV criteria in relation to Dementia.

The development of many cognitive defects characterized by both:

Impaired ability to recall learned information or to learn new information.

One or more of these cognitive disturbances:

Language disturbances referred to as aphasia.

Struggling with carrying out motor activity despite intact motor functioning referred to as apraxia.

Inability to recognize and identify objects despite good sensory function referred to as agnosia.

Executive functioning disturbances, for example, in planning, being organized and in sequencing.

The cognitive defects in criteria 1a and 1b lead to impairment in occupational and social functioning and they represent a massive deterioration in from a pre-existing level of functioning.

Existence of focal neurological symptoms and signs, for example, extensor planter responses, exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, gait disturbances, pseudo bulbar palsy, and weaknesses in extremities plus others whose etiology can be judged to be related to the condition.

These defects noted not to occur exclusively in the course of delirium.

McKee, et. Al (2009). Outlines the specific signs of Dementia as behavioral and personality changes, memory disturbances, Parkinsonism, speech and gait abnormalities. It is observed that atrophy of components of the brain occurs inclusively of the thalami, temporal lobe, mamillary bodies and the brainstem.

Transition: now that we have discussed the DSM-IV classification of dementia, it is important we look at the views of various people about dementia pugilistica.

Those people who agree that Dementia Pugulistica exists and is a serious mental disorder, and it requires serious attention. Also in focus, the people who agree that dementia is not a disease of boxers and athletes alone.

According to Pitt (2010), Dementia Pugulistca has been diagnosed in other categories of patients apart from boxers. Pitt laments that Dementia Pugulistica, should no longer be referred to as the disease of boxers. According to his observation, Dementia Pugulistica has been diagnosed and confirmed in footballers, rugby players as well as athletes. He gives an example of Chris Benoit as a footballer who has been diagnosed with DP to emphasize his point. Pitt further claims that Dementia is irreversible and that neuro motor dysfunction will most likely result to psychological decline.

McKee et al. (2009), observes that Dementia Pugulistica is distinguished from other mental disorders in that superficial mental cortices are the most affected by the condition. They further connote that progressive brain degeneration is prevalent during the prognosis of the condition. They agree that Dementia Pugulistica most often occurs due to repetitive brain injury. The authors conclude that the deposition of diffuse plaques is noticeable in the presence of Dementia Pugulistica.

Barnes et al. (1999) relates Dementia Pugulistica with brain concussion, Second Impact Syndrome and Post-Concussion Syndrome. Of all the researchers, this article the decision of victims of Dementia Pugulistica to return to play. They argue that Dementia pugulistica exists as a continuum, and thus, the victim is highly likely to go back to play. The authors emphasize the need for a comprehensive neurophysiologic assessment in the diagnosis and management of Dementia Pugulistica. Importance of treating minor head injuries is also emphasized.

III. Conclusion.

Review of main points

Today, I first discussed Dementia Pugulistica itself.

Second, I discussed the neurophysiology related to sport injury.

Third, I discussed the DSM-IV criteria for vascular dementia.

Finally, I discussed the views of some researchers on Dementia Pugulistica.

Restate Thesis: Even though it is not easily diagnosable, Dementia pugulistica exists and is a serious mental disorder.

Closure: Dementia Pugilistica is a serious mental disorder that mostly affects boxers. It results from repetitive brain injury. Treatment of minor brain injuries and continuous reassessments are essential in prevention and management.

References

American Psychological Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders, (4th ed). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.

Cifu, D. (2012). Repetitive head injury syndrome. Medspace. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/92189Barnes, R., Erlanger, D.M., Kutner, K.C., & Barth, J.T. (1999). Neuropsychology of sports-related head injury: Dementia pugilistica to post -concussion syndrome. The Clinical Neurophysiologist, 13(2), 193-209.

Gould, J.D. & Pineda, P. (2010). The neuroanatomical relationship of dementia pugulistica and Alzheimer’s disease. Retrieved from http://www.neuroanatomy.org/2010/005_007.pdfMcKee, A.C., Cantu, R.C., Nowinski, C.J., Hedley, Whyte, E.T., Gavett, B.E…….Stern, R.A. (2009). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: Progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 68(7), 709-35.

Pitt, M. (2013). Fistic medicine dementia pugulistica and MMA. Crave Online Media. Retrieved from http://www.sherdog.com

Main Analysis

died from age 17-30. 22% of drivers killed in road accidents in 2009 were drunk and, most were age 17-30. Women were less prone to accidents than men (John, Hopkin, Groom & Skes, 2010).

Discussion

The research done is to access accidents caused by drunken college student in Great Britain. The method used was the qualitative analysis to know how many people die of drinking and driving at the same time how group according to age. This will help to find a solution to reduce alcohol intake among the most affected group which happens to be the age group of 17-24. The Respondents selected were to fill quotas based on reported recent drinking and driving behavior, gender and age.

Main Analysis 

Driving after drinking behavior Achieved sample

Stopped and tested over the limit in the last 3 months

14 men 6 women

13 were below 30 and 7 were above

Driven after drinking at least once within the past 6 weeks thinking they might be over the limit

10 men and 8women

8 were below 30 and 10 were above

Driven after drinking at least once within the past 6weeks thinking they were under the limit on any such occasion.

6 men and 6 women

6 were below 30 and 6 were above

The table below shows the summary of the achieved sample in terms of the main selection variables

Latino Population in the United

Differential Treatment of the Latino Population in the United States

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Introduction

The term “Latino” or “Hispanic” is used to refer to a population sharing a common heritage, including a language. The words should not be used to refer to people of a common race or ancestry. Latinos account for the biggest growing minority group found in the United States. Many researchers have classified them as a group of people having a single ethnic group, but in reality, Latinos can be described as heterogeneous from the socio-economic, genetic, and cultural point of view. Worth noting, A newly released survey by the Pew Research Centre about racism in America, more than half (52%) of the Hispanics population in the United States admit to have encountered differential treatment whereby they treated unfairly as a result of their ethnicity or race (Janusz, & Lajevardi, 2016). The concepts of race and identity are varied and complex for Latinos. In the United States, one in every four Hispanics is Afro-Latino, while a quarter is of indigenous descent. Additionally, more than two-thirds of the Latino population agree that having a Hispanic background forms an integral part of these individuals’ racial identity. This essay aims to describe the differential experiences of the Latino people and the impact of these experiences. Additionally, the text provides a historical and socio demographical background of the Latino people. Moreover, the essay provides an understanding of personal and professional ethics and values that should be observed in relation to the Latino population.

The History and Socio Demographical Data about the Latino Population.

Hispanic population comprises the biggest minority groups across the United States. In 2019, the Latino population in the United States hit 60.6 million. This data represents about 18.5% of the total population according to data released by the Census Bureau. The figure has been growing constantly compared to 16% recorded in 2010. They hold the title for the second largest ethnical or racial group. They fall close behind the whites identifying a non-Latino who stand at 60.1% of the total U.S. population. Latinos hold bigger numbers than Black, Asians, and American Indians Native that account for 13.4%, 5.9%, and 1.3% respectively of the total population (Janusz, & Lajevardi, 2016). According to the Pew Research Sector, the growth rate for U.S. Latinos has been slowing down despite the fact that their population has been rising. In 1995, Latinos’ growth rate was 4.8% compared to 3.8% and 3.4% recorded in the year 2000 and 2005 (Abascal, 2015). In 2010 the Latinos had grown by 2.1%, while 2019 recorded a growth rate of 1.9%. This shows a declining population growth rate among Hispanics. Immigration from Mexico and annual birth rates have declined too. In terms of age, statistics show that the young population is getting old. The median age in 2010 was 27.3, while in 2019, it went up to 29.8. Worth noting, as the Latino population in the U.S. grows older, they remain to be overall younger than their non Latino, Black, and Asian counterparts, whose median age stood at 44, 35, and 38 years respectively (Ríos-Salas, & Larson, 2015). In 2019, Los Angeles County recorded the highest population of Latino Population (4.9 million). Other counties, including California, Harris County, Texas, Florida, Cook County, Riverside, and Illinois had a population exceeding 1 million. Apart from differential treatment, the Latino population also grapples with problems to do with social support, access to healthy food, housing, and transit, childhood trauma, pollution, and mental health.

Differential Experiences of the Latinos

Across the many United States, there is a significant discrimination rates metted against the Latino population. The fact reams that in most scenarios, men fall victim to differential treatment compared to their female counterparts. To begin with, Latinos often find themselves as a target of stigmatization and prejudice that has to do with immigration as well as in the labor market. For some reason, people are inclined to think that Latinos are runaways who are irregular as immigrants. Employers also tend to favor white people compared to white people. The United States has long-standing issues with immigration, and the fact that Latino immigrants are fond of the U. S. destination only exacerbates the situation. In 2017, Latinos recorded a participation rate of 65.8%. This percentage barely depicts the actual gap that exists between Latino men and women. Amongst all racial groups, Latinos have a 20% gap in employment between men and women. Further, Latinos found in the U.S. recorded the lowest educationally attainment at both university education and secondary school diploma. Additionally, Latinos are more concentrated in clue collar jobs and are more likely to work in maintenance and construction domains, such as construction laborers and agricultural workers. On the other hand, Latino women in the U.S. predominantly work in service sectors such cleaning, maids, and food preparation.

Impact of Differential experience on the Latino Population

Various impacts can result from discrimination meted against the Latinos living across various states in the United States. Since Latinos are faced with the challenge of accessing quality education, they lack the necessary skills required for entry-level and subsequent employment. Worth noting, women mores so remain to be the most affected by the problem of unemployment. Education is the easiest way to transition into employment and to change the economic situation for an individual. If people are denied education, they are denied a voice. The fact that there is prejudice is a result of the perception that society has about Latinos. Common stereotypes have branded Latinos in America as lazy, poor, uneducated, gangsters, and of illegal status. These stereotypes only serve one purpose; that Latinos are not competent and capable, less American, and more threatening. It is no secret that people that speak with an accent are deemed les competent than other people. This negatively impacts their life and economic status because they end up being denied jobs despite being qualified because of their accent. While some of these stereotypes also apply to other minority groups such as African Americans, Latinos are stereotyped more heavily in regard to their intelligence, criminal nature, perseverance, and ethics. Furthermore, Latinos also face an additional penalty of being stereotyped as aliens. There has been legislation designed that seeks to jeopardize their stay. This negative perception that Latinos are criminals is further reinforced by media attention and laws targeting undocumented migrants.

Professional and Personal Ethics and Values to Observe while Working with Latinos.

Even as the Latino population continues to grow extensively across various states, there is a need to familiarize themselves with the Latino Culture. To foster a healthy working relationship with Latinos, one has to respect their ethics at the workplace. For many years’ stereotypes have been pushing the stereotypes backward. The truth is that Latinos have held on to their cultural values and traditions for generations, although the third and second generations have become more assimilated in the American culture. Latinos hold the aspect of family in high regard. Latinos are socialized with a close relationship with the family. Family includes both immediate and extended family members. Further, a person who has been a friend for a long time is considered a family. In their culture, the longer the time a person is known to you, the more they become part of the family. Latinos respect and recognize the ideology of collectivism that emphasizes the aspect of interdependence. For Latinos achieving collective goals is more important than personal goals. Following the collective nature, community members find it hard to make decisions for individual gains and always put their relationships before their personal needs. As a future social work practitioner, individuals should employ the three-pronged technique as a strategy to maintain professionalism. The strategy entails developing, engaging, and reaching out to the Hispanic workforce. This can be done through training, coaching, mentoring, and leadership programs. Engaging is paramount because they value relationships, and they want to feel a sense of family. So many things can go wrong when employees impose personal values on a client. They are likely to rub the client the wrong way, probably because they are not culturally sensitive. The client may even end up being worked up by a comment that seems out of line with staff members. This can result in unnecessary conflicts.

Conclusion

Latinos are people that share a common heritage, such as a language. They do not have to necessarily have the same ancestors. However, Latinos are heterogeneous from a socio-economic perspective. More than half of the Latino population in the U. S. admits to having been subjected to differential treatment because of their racial identity. People and society at large have stereotypes regarding Latinos. They are viewed negatively as immigrants who are poor and uneducated. This limits their chance of employment in entering the labor market. Latinos hold daily relationships in high regard. As such, social workers must familiarize themselves with the Latino culture to become more sensitive when talking to them.

References

Abascal, M. (2015). Us and them: Black-White relations in the wake of Hispanic population growth. American Sociological Review, 80(4), 789-813.

Janusz, A., & Lajevardi, N. (2016). The political marginalization of Latinos: Evidence from three field experiments. Available at SSRN 2799043.

Molina, K. M., Little, T. V., & Rosal, M. C. (2016). Everyday discrimination, family context, and psychological distress among Latino adults in the United States. Journal of Community Psychology, 44(2), 145-165.

Ríos-Salas, V., & Larson, A. (2015). Perceived discrimination, socio-economic status, and mental health among Latino adolescents in U.S. immigrant families. Children and Youth Services Review, 56, 116-125.

It is evident that the minority groups in the LGBTQ community do not have much visibility in the media.

Discussion 3

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Question 1

It is evident that the minority groups in the LGBTQ community do not have much visibility in the media. Because LGBTQ individuals of color are affiliates of two groups who have generally faced discrimination, the impact of invisibility is doubled. One of the LGBTQ people of color in the media I will choose is Laverne Cox. She is an American actress and also an LGBTQ advocate. Laverne Cox and her transgender life were both first identified to me when I started watching the original Netflix series. She captured my attention immediately since she was a strong and intelligent actress. She is one of the people of color in the media committed to activism for those individuals with and without a voice. Cox rose to fame with her role as Sophia Burset on the Netflix series ‘Orange Is the New Black’ whereby she became the first openly transgender individual to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. She won a Daytime award Emmy award in 2015, making her the first openly transgender woman to win an award.

Laverne Cox was the first transgender individual to play a role in the transgender series on broadcast TV as Cameron. She spoke continuously about her experience as a transgender lady. She has never failed to answer tough inquiries concerning her life, particularly if the motive was to benefit other individuals in the LGBTQ group (Ambrose, 2017). Her strength and persistence have inspired so many LGBTQ people to embrace further who they are. I have never had a bad feeling or thought about her. She has really tried her best in advocating for the LGBTQ people and representing them well. Her depiction is helpful to the LGBTQ community since she impacts and influences most individuals who copy and desire to be like her. Laverne Cox plays a great part in the LGBTQ community. She is always ready to speak up and advocate for the rights of the LGBTQ community.

Question 2

Individuals who identify themselves as LGBTQ are usually targeted for violence, discrimination, and hate crimes all over the world. The information on discrimination impacted me the most. The information on discrimination impacted me the most because individuals are usually pressured to fit in with society’s conventional notions of being female or male. Those who do not fit into the classification may be subjected to intimidation, ridicule, and even physical abuse. All these come as a result of discrimination. Six in ten LGBTQ individuals assert that they have been personally discriminated against because they are LGBTQ. Most of them try to avoid places or situations that they might be discriminated against. A lot of persons are much guilty of discrimination against LGBTQ people, whether consciously or unconsciously. LGBTQ persons go through daily discrimination from family members, peer groups, and society at large. Some of them even go through discrimination in school by administrators and teachers. They not only lack guidance and support, but they are also much affected in several ways by discrimination.

There is a higher rate of discrimination among LGBTQ youths compared to straight youths. Most parents all over the world prefer their children to be straight other than being in the LGBTQ category. Most school administrators also prefer their students to be straight. This preference is among the contributing aspect of discrimination against LGBTQ individuals (Casey et al., 2019). Several research papers reveal that there has been an increasing number of individuals discriminated and social exclusion occurrences amongst Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender groups. This group risks being unfairly treated in all sectors of their lives, whether in employment, access to health care, housing, employment, or education. It is tough, and in several instances, impossible for LGBTI individuals to dwell their lives freely and search for justice for mistreatments when the rules are not on their side. Discrimination is one of the disturbing issues that affect most LGBTQ people.

Reference

Ambrose, K. (2017). Laverne Cox and the Fight for LGBT+ Rights.

https://scholarworks.arcadia.edu/undergrad_works/48

Casey, L. S., Reisner, S. L., Findling, M. G., Blendon, R. J., Benson, J. M., Sayde, J. M., & Miller, C. (2019). Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Americans. Health services research, 54, 1454-1466.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13229

Social workers work in different roles in society; these roles vary from organisation and community to community

Discussion 4

Social workers work in different roles in society; these roles vary from organisation and community to community. They can be in the interpretation of system theories, empowerment of communities or role theory formulation. System theory is the interdisciplinary analysis of organization of phenomenon (biological, technological, social or material) with an aim of explaining values applicable to such phenomenon. Empowerment is the process where individuals, organisation or societies feel they have the capacity to find solutions to problems facing them, control those means and when they have authority to make free decision without coercion (Rubin & Rubin, 2000). As social workers in society, we are also involved with the explanation of the roles of different individuals and organization in society. How the roles come into play in the benefit of the society as a whole clearly set out by the social workers.

The components of the field of action that we would so much need to work with are among them the policy formulation team, the community and the local leaders. These will be the major components of our involvement with the society and they will greatly have a bearing on what we will do as a team of the Central Church Family and the Low Building management. The community need to be involved in the whole process by giving their ideas on a proper way of realizing the tenant houses. Participatory processes in the realization of objectives in the community asset-based community building are most appropriate. There will be attempts to include local administration in the process to ensure that the projects do not interfere with laws of the land. These will form part of the action plan and will assist in the implementation of the project undertaken (Hardcastle, Powers, & Wenocur, 2011).

Client system refers to the relationship that exists between a social worker and the environment in which they are working. How the environment influences the decision made by the client in solving the problem is what a client system is. The Central Church Family and tenants are the clients who need to be involved in the whole process and whose actions and decisions will affect the realization of the asset- building project.

Potential target system is the neighbouring tenants from the poor neighbourhood. There is need to expand the circle of participation by encouraging more members to come into the group. The good internal relationships with initial members will be the stepping-stone to external connections (Hardcastle, Powers, & Wenocur, 2011). At this level, asset mapping, coalition and networking skills come to play. Members bring their friends and neighbours to important action system events and meetings. It is good to state here that members must feel appreciated and involved in the actions of the action system.

Task environment is that particular external environment that directly affects the operations of the organisation. It is the interface environment experienced by an organisation from its course of running its business and therefore there is need for an organization to ensure that they take into consideration factors as they have a direct impact on their returns. The task environment is composed of the strategic partners; these are the companies and organisation that work together for the benefit of both parties. Competitors, they are those organizations that either is using the same raw materials or offer the same service hence compete for resources. Third, is a customer who are also an element in the task environment, suppliers are also part of the task environment and they are involved with the provision of the organization’s needs (Rubin & Rubin, 2000). Government agencies also form party of this environment and are involved with the regulation and provision of guidelines on the best way to run this asset-building community projects.

There is need for a proper and fair exchange programme between the task environment members and the Low Building society for both will benefit from a good customer relationship. The government agencies should come up with regulation that will promote the activities of the Low Building. Suppliers should supply the products and raw materials as prescribed and in time. Low building supply quality products to consumers and they should pay fairly for goods (Hardcastle, Powers, & Wenocur, 2011). There is need of consideration in the transactions. These power sharing will affect the strategies employed because there will be need to consider outside players as opposed to when the sole power remained with the client.

Obstacles encountered in the formulation of onsite social services include a rise of a conflict. There will be resistance from the key players in the whole industry; the change brought about by new strategies resisted. This is due to conflict theory where there are always the conservative parties.

Self-efficacy will come into play in these setting, there is every reason to transact and hold client ideas as valid arguments and give them a good reasoning. There is no need to view ourselves as the only people with best ideas but allow others to make their contributions (Rubin & Rubin, 2000).

Political ideologies play a role in the realization and coordination of the project. Political goodwill and support is the key in realizing the project.

The unorganized tenants’ position of high rents is only looking on the short run. They need to see the need to have a good environment and setting. There is every reason to believe in the Central Church Family Service Centre.

Political consciousness has risen because political ideologies and believes are key to the realization of good projects in society.

References

Hardcastle, D.A., Powers, P.A., & Wenocur, S. (2011). Community practice: Theories and skills for social workers, (3rd ed.). New York: OxfordUniversity.Rubin, H. J. & Rubin, I. S. (2000).Community organizing and development, (3rd ed.). Boston: Imprint/Allyn and Bacon.

victimization_theories.edited

Discussion board posting

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Discussion board posting

Select and discuss two victimization theories, and compare and contrast how they address the various behaviors that lead to individuals becoming victims

Theoretically, criminology attempts to explain theories of how and why crime occurs through examining different facts that are in one way or another related to crime and criminal behavior. Currently, there have been a number of theories which attempt to give an explanation of some of the causes of victimization. Some of the leading four different types of victimization theories include; deviant place theory, lifestyle theory, victim precipitation theory and routine activities theory. There are also other theories such as Mendelsohn’s theory of victimization, Stephen Schafer’s functional responsibility, Von Hentig’s theory of victimization, Karmen’s theory of victimization, Wolfgang’s study of homicide among others. This paper will, however, discuss two victimization theories: lifestyle theory and routine activity theory through comparing and contrasting how both address the various behaviors which lead to people becoming victims.

To start with, lifestyle theory purports that people are targeted depending on their lifestyles choices which expose them to become victims of crime. Criminologist believes that Individuals lifestyle increases their exposure to crime. The risk of victimization is increased with such lifestyle like going to public places at night, relating with younger men, living in crime prone parts such as urban areas, excessive use of alcohol, taking drugs among other behaviors. Victimization according to lifestyle theory is not random but a part of individuals lifestyle which the victims pursue (Siegel, 2017). On the other hand, routine activity theory usually explains victimization rate through a set of three different variables which reflects the routine of people’s behavior. The three variables include; (1) the availability of appropriate target such as leaving home for vacation, (2) the lack of capable guardianship such as neighbours, homeowners, lack of police protection, lack of alarms and different security devices, and (3) the availability of motivated offenders such as teenage boys, unemployed people, known felons, addicts and others LaineHarper (2014). According to this theory, the availability of one or more of the above factors usually creates an increased risk of victimization.

How are the theories different in their victim assessments? Explain.

These two theories differ in their victim assessment through how both theories view the behavior which usually put individuals at risk of being victimized. Lifestyle theory usually conceives this risks in probabilistic means where specific behavior increases an individual’s odds of being an offenders target to crime. On the other hand, routine activity theory usually describes the event of victimization itself. For instance, if the three variables converge (lack of capable guardian, the presence of suitable target and availability of motivated offenders) victimization is said to happen. However, if one of the variables is missing, routine activity theory is said to be avoided (Pratt & Turanovic, 2015).

How are the theories similar in the victim assessments? Explain.

Both lifestyle theory and routine activity theories have some similarities in the victim assessment. To start with, both theories usually assume that the victim’s living arrangement can affect his/her risk and that those individuals who live in unguarded areas have greater risks of being victims of crime. Both theories rely on the four concepts; exposure time to criminals, criminals proximity, guardianship and target attractiveness. Additionally, both theories have five predictions in common how people increase their risk to victimization; (1) going out late at night, (2) carrying valuables items, (3) living in high-crime areas, (4) engaging in risky behaviours such as taking drugs and alcohol and (5) being without guardians to help or watch. In conclusion, routine activity theory and lifestyle theory both see victimization through the convergence lens of an attractive victim/target, a motivated offender as well as the absenteeism of a capable guardianship. These theories give out the fact that activities and lifestyle of different individuals put them in situations or environment where they are less or more prone to possible offenders and at risk of victimization.

Reference

LaineHarper (2014). The Four theories of victimization. Retrieved from

https://soapboxie.com/government/The-Four-Theories-of-Victimization

Pratt, T.C., & Turanovic, J.J. (2015). Lifestyle and routine activity theories revisited: The importance of “risk” to the study of victimization. Victims & Offenders. 11(3): 335–354. Retrieved from

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15564886.2015.1057351?src=recsys&journalCode=uvao20

Siegel, L. J. (2017). Criminology: the core. 6th ed., [International ed.]. Boston, MA: United States: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from

https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=VZZ4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=victimization+theories,+and+compare+and+contrast&source=bl&ots=juPafm3d8u&sig=s26wboWqJj9yLm-6MbK5cRZ1rIs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjS18vzyuvRAhVqAsAKHTodCIUQ6AEIQjAH#v=onepage&q=victimization%20theories%2C%20and%20compare%20and%20contrast&f=false

Response to the Discussion Post

Discussion Post

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Response to the Discussion Post

Question 1

When a baby is born with an intersex condition, it signifies a condition where there is a discrepancy between the internal genitals and the external genitals. It is a condition in which a newborn’s external genitals do not seem to be clearly either female or male. The infant might have characteristics of both sexes or the genitals may be incompletely developed. The model of social diagnosis identifies two principles: 1) myriad social actors, as well as clinicians, donate to diagnostic processes and labels; and 2) extra-therapeutic social structures frame diagnosis (Danon, 2018). Intersex medical interventions also referred to as intersex genital mutilations which are hormonal, surgical, and other medical interventions should be done to modify ambiguous or atypical sex characteristics and genitalia, mainly for the aim of making an individual’s appearance more distinctive and to lessen the possibility of future complications. Interventions on intersex infants and children are gradually identified as human rights matters.

Question 2

After watching the film on intersexuality, I believe that we should create a new sex category for intersex individuals. It is a condition that exists and an individual cannot be considered as either male or female. There are many additional, incommensurate, and, contested lenses through which intersex individuals are perceived. It shows diverse beliefs and values about the same individuals, including meaning, demands, treatment, and concerns (Hegarty et al., 2020). Law progressively perceives intersex persons as members of third sex. It gives a reason why we should create a new sex category for them. On the other hand, historical research indicates that intersex persons usually exist and have been accommodated. Medical lenses perceive intersex characters as conditions of sex development and individuals with these individualities are regarded as male or female and focusses on treatment. Gender, anthropology, and queer studies have regarded intersex as a depiction of misconceptions that underpin particular cultural norms for gender and sex.

Reference

Danon, L. M. (2018). Time matters for intersex bodies: Between socio-medical time and somatic time. Social Science & Medicine, 208, 89-97.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.05.019

Hegarty, P., Donnelly, L., Dutton, P. F., Gillingham, S., Vecchietti, V., & Williams, K. (2020). Understanding of intersex: The meanings of umbrella terms and opinions about medical and social responses among laypeople in the United States and United Kingdom. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity.

https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/sgd0000413

One argument I found extremely interesting in many of my experiences with the educational system

Discussion Question

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

One argument I found extremely interesting in many of my experiences with the educational system is that the United States high schools must become more like communities of learning and less like factories. I am sure a number of individuals would argue with that statement; however, I have realized that principals of schools and their teams of leadership have always struggled with a number of aspects of the changes needed for several years. With the current reforms initiatives in education calling students to strive for higher educational scores, the needs for schools to show some kind of progress in attaining goals is increasingly progressing.

The recent emphasis, nationally, on the utilization of data in making decisions has emphasized and solidified the needs for American schools to undergo changes. In the last ten years or so, one of the recommendations of the Study Accountability Study Group in 1998, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, was that the quest of accountability in schools needs better systems for utilization of data for enhancing and improving schools that were low- achieving, and for encouraging schools that were high performance. This recommendation has been voiced periodically and supported by numerous professionals in education, as it argues that better utilization of data can be crucial for improving the quality and success of learning in schools. Other individuals have argued that the utilization of data as a lever for the development of schools that are more effective for students is indispensable.

There are many uses of data in schools and I have observed a number of them. For one, data can be used as a measure of equity and it offers unlimited opportunities to schools and districts working to develop their capacity to provide education to students equitably. There are also numerous benefits and advantages of data that one can experience in schools. For example, data emphasizes the essentiality of mobilizing the involvement of a wide variety of stakeholders and making individuals excited; benefits that can be generally summarized to focusing passion, people and proof on strategically placing school elements around a central goal of maximizing the success of students. The point here is that by analyzing and examining what works and what does not work to improve learning in schools, scarce and valuable resources can be assigned to certain strategies and goals that influence achievement the most. It is here when one must realize that time is the most essential resource. Time invested in the collection of and working with data can result to net savings if it is used to guide a school towards making decisions that pay dividends towards the achievement of students.

Data, therefore, is essential as it can uncover challenges that were invisible, it can convince people of the need or requirement of change and it can be used to discredit or confirm assumptions about school practices and students. Data can find underlying problems and find solutions for them, and it can help schools evaluate the effectiveness of programs and emphasize on the learning results of students. There are, however, a number of factors that can impede the proper use of data in schools. For example, resistance of culture mainly because of the cultural shift data requires students and schools to make. Another factor can be fatalism and fear because most schools and administrators think that data will be used against them or their teaching practices. The complexity and difficulties of assessing data are other factors that might limit data utilization in schools, and so are lack of experience and skills and lack of access to data that is disaggregated and meaningful.

Reference

Lachat, M. A. (2001). Data driven high school reforms. The breaking ranks model. Brown University.

Main elements of Enlightenment thought

Discussion QuestionsQn. 1.Main elements of Enlightenment thoughtThe main elements of enlightenment thought were education, reason, human experience, truth religion and the government. The traditions were challenged by authority and the right to rule. People believed that authority dominated experience. Those in authority were thought to be wiser than those who had the human experience. The enlightened rejected the concept of the divine right to rule and they justified that their position was based on their usefulness to the state.(European History/Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment 2013).

Qn.2.What things did Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine II of Russia accomplishes during their reigns that justify the title “the Great”?Frederick II of Prussia was justified as “the Great” after he declared himself a servant of state, extended education to all, and established a professional bureaucracy. He created a uniform judicial system and abolished torture. It is during his reign that Prussia innovated agriculture by using potatoes and turnips to replenish the soil. Also, Frederick established religious freedom in Prussia. 

Catherine II accomplished the title “the Great” after her reforms which were restrictions on torture, religious toleration, education for girls and the 1767 Legislative Commission, which reported to her on the state of the Russian people.(European History/Scientific Revolution and

Enlightenment 2013)

Qn.3. Discuss three events of the French revolution from 1789 to 1794 that did the most to end the old political way of doing things in France Which event had the greatest influence on France’s future?

The Explosive Summer of 1789 was the first event

France faced a financial crisis, caused by military expenditures and aristocracy, which resisted any cuts in its returns from the treasury and any taxes on its wealth in 1789. The result of this lapse of leadership was a political near-breakdown, followed by a sudden explosion of popular unrest and agitation.

The second event was the First Phase of Middle-Class Revolution

This was shortly after the march on Versailles, the Assembly achieved some political stability by declaring martial law, to be enforced by the National Guard. The most dramatic action of the Assembly occurred on the night of August 4, 1789.

The third event was the Drift towards Radicalism

This was after June 1791, when the king and his family attempted to flee the country, the Revolution drifted steadily towards radicalism.

The Jacobin republic event had the most effect on France with the growth of patriotism

(History-world 2013)

What did Napoleon accomplish in France, and what brought about his fall?

Accomplishment of Napoleon ranged from military victory, reforms in education and the judicial system with establishment of the Code Napoleon (Miss Lavelle 2013)

The fall of Napoleon was as a result of despising the people as incapable with disinterested conduct, conceited, and obsessed by the notion of equality. Further his colossal egoism, his habitual disregard of others, his jealous passion for power, his impatience, his vain untruthful boasting, his unbridled self-sufficiency and lack of moderation led to the end of his rule (France History – First French Empire 2013)

Qn.4.What was the effect on society as Europe changed from a traditional economy to an industrial economy? Were the changes positive or negative? 

How did British society address some of the changes in peoples’ lives that were brought on by industrialization?

The effect on the industrial revolution on European society was an effect of change from traditional methods of farming to modern agriculture labor-intensive economy based on farming and handicrafts to a more capital-intensive economy based on manufacturing by machines, specialized labor, and industrial factories. The changes were more positive with increase in employment, more capital accumulation, labor specialization, surplus food among others.

The British society started the formation of new social classes; there was growth of cities, population grew up and slums started developing with less housing in the cities. Hospitals and other educational institutes were seen on the rise. There were also trade unions to fight for the working conditions of the workers. (The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society 2013)

Qn. 5.There were four problems; restoring the balance of power, the containment of France, the restoration of legitimate rulers and rewarding and punishing those involved in the Napoleonic

Wars, depending on which side they had fought on. The containment of France was done by strengthening the states and territories surrounding France, especially those which had been previously over-run by the Grand Armeé. The restoration of the legitimate rulers was resolved by restoration of Bourbon dynasty of Spain, an ally to the Great Powers against Napoleon, only seemed natural. Rewarding and punishing of those involved in the Napoleonic Wars, depending on which side they had fought on were rewarded through division of territories (Kristian Ola 2013).

Qn. 6.The type of conflict that Europeans expected after world-war 1 was a military conflict between nations. The kind of war that really took place was a war of power and to gain popularity. The reason is most European countries had experienced industrial revolution and they had surplus resources to use on military expenditure.

Qn. 7 Factors that made possible Hitler’s diplomatic and military successes between 1933 and 1941 were,European states and public opinion were still haunted by 1914-1918 war.

Hitler’s diplomacy was seen as reasonable by most diplomats except for the French.

Hitler’s military war overwhelmed Europe. (asu.edu 2013)

Qn. 8

How the ideas of glasnost and perestroika helped to bring about the end of the Soviet Union.

Glasnost and perestroika introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985, and helped bring about the end of the Soviet Union by 1991.

Glasnost ended the strict censorship of the 1960s and 1970s, and encouraged political dissidents and others who openly criticized the one-party rule of the Communists.

Perestroika upset the centralized planning of the economy, which had put more emphasis on developing industry, science, and agriculture than on meeting the demands of consumers, who turned instead to the black market. (asu.edu 2013)

Conclusion

The questions were all answered.

The Work Adjustment Theory

Discussion: The Work Adjustment Theory

Students Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Name and Code

Professors Name

Date

The Work Adjustment Theory

The Work Adjustment (TWA) theory involves a person’s relationship with his or her working environment whereby, the working environment should be satisfactory to the person in order to get results from him or her (Jermier, 2019). When an employee has job satisfaction he or she is likely to be more productive to a department or an organization. The hypothesis is especially useful for individuals who want to choose a profession or are having issues adjusting to their jobs. Assessing a client’s skills, values, and personality is the first stage. The demands and circumstances of various vocations are then compared to these features (Jermier, 2019). Finally, values and rein forcers are used to match the talents.

The variety of difficulties that people may have when transitioning to a new job can be conceptualized using the work adjustment hypothesis. Examples include when an individual’s skills aren’t sufficiently matured for the task or aren’t able to fully develop them, their values and needs aren’t met at work, they don’t comprehend the trends of reinforcement used in the work, or they may be dealing with issues at home that have an impact on their ability to perform well at work (Jermier, 2019). Counselors evaluate the customer’s work character and workplace. Additionally, they evaluate differences between a person’s values and skills and the skill and reinforcement patterns required for the work. Finally, they adjust the work itself by making changes to the reinforcing routines. The theory can also be used when dealing with a client who has retired from employment. It is human nature to take time to adjust to a new environment so a counselor should help the client where necessary (Jermier, 2019). As for retirement attempting to find employment in a non-work setting that has the same skills and demands as their former career.

References

Jermier, J. M. (2019). “When the sleeper wakes”: A short story extending themes in radical organization theory. In Postmodern Management Theory (pp. 21-34). Routledge. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Jermier/publication/331774297_When_the_Sleeper_Wakes_A_Short_Story_Extending_Themes_in_Radical_Organization_Theory/links/5f71ddef458515b7cf5442e5/When-the-Sleeper-Wakes-A-Short-Story-Extending-Themes-in-Radical-Organization-Theory.pdf