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Knowledge of the environment is very important for all

Introduction:

Knowledge of the environment is very important for all. the course allows me to understand the different aspects of the science fundamentals related to environment , the different biomes and the diversity and how water management can help to preserve the diverse features of land water mass. Energy is a very important source of life and a discussion on the different kinds of energy allows one to understand why they have to be preserved and the reason why man has to look at alternate sources of energy .a discussion of different units helps us to understand environmental science better.

Energy Matter and Cycles: The energy sources are said to have been split into three ways: that is the fossil fuels, the renewable sources, and the nuclear sources. The fossil fuels thus include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. The renewable energy sources are the solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, and geothermal power. There are many ways where the abundance of energy can be stored, converted, and amplified for the benefit. The key energy sources play an important role in the future. The main reason where the energy needs to be cycled is by the living things which we generally put matter through requiring energy. It takes energy to turn a sugar into protein. The reason life is able to exist on Earth is that we have a constant input of energy from the Sun. Photosynthetic life is being formed to harvest the Sun’s energy, and thus the other organisms could basically steal their energy by eating them.

Science fundamentals are termed to be simple processes at surfaces and the complex materials and systems, the youngest planets and the oldest galaxies. Our aim is to discover the fundamental laws of nature and their creativity to the problems of industry, health and the hydrogen economy. Some of the University has a centuries-old record with the research in mathematics, the physical sciences and astronomy. Fundamentals of Science provide the basic knowledge for a whole range of practical uses and applications which can be used to address issues faced by mankind in treating scientific expositions especially regarding the origin and life and universe .

Biomes are climatically and geographically defined as similar climatic conditions on the Earth, such as communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms, and are often referred to as ecosystems. There are certain parts which exhibit the same kinds of biotic characteristics and are hence called as biomes . Biomes are known very particularly by the flora such as structures of plants, structure types , types of leaves and also by the way the plants are paced like savannah, woodlands ,shrubs etc. biomes are neither genetically the same not do they exhibit taxonomic similarities .Biomes are very important in studying the ergonomical habitat of the flora and of other natural landscapes such as . ponds, trees, streams, creeks, and burrows in the sand or soil.

Biodiversity is the term given to the variety of life on Earth and the natural patterns where it forms. The biodiversity is shaped by natural processes and, by the influence of humans. It forms the web of life in an integral part. This diversity is often understood in terms of the wide variety of plants, animals and microorganisms. There are huge base of nearly 1.75 million creatures that inhabit the earth. Scientists take the actual count at about 13 million species. The very important aspect of biodiversity rests on the truth that despite having so many different species there is a natural collection of all of them in some kind existing together. The sequencing and chronological order of the arrangement of every specie within it sub species has allowed for a wide interaction and arrangement of the two . There has been examples of bio diversity between crops and livestock .the life building blocks of the DNA and the chromosomes have identified and taken care of the different natural specie characteristic and trait . Biodiversity is seen widely in many different kinds of natural habitat where the biotic and the abiotic environment interact with each other ot form a community whre mankind has found himself to flourish.

Water Management generally offers products, services and water solutions that increase the efficiency of water that create water savings for customers worldwide.  It usually takes to develop and deliver location specific water solutions. Water Management has been involved in water projects by way of utilizing the best efficient technologies and thus supports companies in many market sectors. Using our knowledge and understanding of water efficiency to develop a full-circle strategy actively reduces the usage. Water Management can thus help in managing water for the indoor use to outdoor uses.

Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods. It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions. Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes such as oceanic circulation, biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, “climate change” is often used to describe human-specific impacts. Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulates, or biological materials that cause discomfort, disease, or death to humans, damage other living organisms such as food crops, or damage the natural environment or built environment. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is said as essential to support life on planet Earth. The emissions from different kinds of machinery and other activities used to make man’s life easier and the other technological innovation have led to ozone depletion and led to global warming which has been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth’s ecosystems.

Conventional energy sources include oil, gas and coal. These conventional sources are usually fossil fuels. Their use leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental damage. Conventional energy sources cannot be renewed and hence have to be preserved . The conventional sources of energy are generally non-renewable sources of energy, which are being used since a long time. These sources of energy are being used extensively in such a way that their known reserves have been depleted to a great extent. At the same time it is becoming increasingly difficult to discover and exploit their new deposits. As per records and the availability of gas, the reserves of oil will be depleted in a few decades and coal reserves too. Alternate sources of energy will have to found out as coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity are conventional sources of energy.

Alternative energy is said to be one of an energy source that is said to be an alternative to fossil fuel.  These alternatives are said to be intended to address about fossil fuels. What constitutes the nature of an alternative energy source has changed considerably over time, as have controversies regarding energy use. Because of the variety of energy choices and differing goals of their advocates, defining some energy types as “alternative” is highly controversial. In a general sense, alternative energy as it is currently conceived is that which is produced or manufactured without using any fossil fuel. Alternate sources of energy refer to all those naturally used sources which do not have carbon emissions contributing to global warming . 

Conclusion:

An understanding of the different kinds of energy that the nature has in store is slowly being depleted and hence careful conservation of the same is needed and the environment needs to be studied and preserved very carefully.

References:

aeckersberg.weebly.com/uploads/5/8/3/9/…/sp7_-_chapter_2.pdf

www.cbd.int/2010/biodiversity/www.environment.tn.nic.in/SoE/images/WasteManagement.pdf retrieved from home.utah.edu/~ptt25660/tran.html‎

www.environmentalleader.com/category/conventional-energy/‎

www.epa.gov/climatechange/‎ www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/airpollution.html‎

www.watermgt.com/‎

www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome

Types of Ecosystem

Introduction:

National science foundation (NSF) in 1980 established The Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network to conduct research ecological issues that can last decades and span huge geographical areas.

The Network brings together a multi-disciplinary group of more than 2000 scientists and graduate students. The 26 LTER sites encompass diverse ecosystems in the continental United States, Alaska, Antarctica and islands in the Caribbean and the Pacific.

LTER is an international best organized and most successful groups conducting research in ecology. The aim of the LTER is to pursue a long-term research on based on long-term data and information which is necessary for truly understanding environmental phenomena.

27717756096026 Sites of LTER:

Andrews Forest LTER (AND)

Arctic LTER (ARC)

Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES)

Bonanza Creek LTER (BNZ)

California Current Ecosystem LTER (CCE)

Cedar Creek LTER (CDR)

Central Arizona – Phoenix LTER (CAP)

Coweeta LTER (CWT)

Florida Coastal Everglades LTER (FCE)

Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER (GCE)

Harvard Forest LTER (HFR)

Hubbard Brook LTER (HBR)

Jornada Basin LTER (JRN)

Kellogg Biological Station LTER (KBS)

Konza Prairie LTER (KNZ)

LTER Network Office (LNO)

Luquillo LTER (LUQ)

McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER (MCM)

Moorea Coral Reef LTER (MCR)

Niwot Ridge LTER (NWT)

North Temperate Lakes LTER (NTL)

Palmer Antarctica LTER (PAL)

Plum Island Ecosystems LTER (PIE)

Santa Barbara Coastal LTER (SBC)

Sevilleta LTER (SEV)

Shortgrass Steppe (SGS)

Virginia Coast Reserve LTER (VCR)

Among 26 LTER sites The California Current Ecosystem (CCE) would be described here.

3714750258445California Current Ecosystem (CCE):

Location:

CCE LTERs is located off the southern coast of California, extending from San Diego north to San Luis Obispo and westward over 500 km. 

Geographical location is

Latitude: 32.90

Longitude: 102.30

Types of Ecosystem:

California Current system is a coastal upwelling biome and it is coastal pelagic ecosystem.CCE includes eastern current (California current) of North pacific gyre. This currents circulate water around the North Pacific Ocean. In this current, wind acts on sea surface and it facilitates the upward movement of nutrient rich deepwater so that surface dwellers can take this nutrient. This process is known as coastal upwelling. Upwelling ecosystems are most productive ecosystems. The CCE sustains active fisheries for a variety of marine invertebrates ,finfish and aquatic animals, modulates hydrologic cycle ,weather patterns of most of the west coast of United States, and plays a vital role in the economy of myriad coastal communities.

Area of interest: why this site has chosen

It is an ideal location of LTER because it has 5 decades of climate context provided by the calCOFI (California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations). The location of this site is in a bigeographic boundary where climate change is very rapid. Within this small geographic area there is a pronounced spatial gradient and its anoxic basins provide a unique connection to paleoceanographic studies; and the extant 4-D physical ocean circulation model of the region will permit rapid advances in the development of coupled bio-physical models of ecosystem transitions. LTER network can compare the coastal pelagic upwelling ecosystem with other biomes in respect to primary production pattern and control, of inorganic inputs and movements of nutrients patterns, Spatial and temporal distribution of populations selected to represent trophic structures, , and disturbances frequency and pattern.

Types of researches have been done and going on:

California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) has studied the CCE LTER site over 60 years. Scientists have observed changes in the CCE that happen over a variety of time scales. The changes include the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and El Niños which results in long term ocean warming trend that has been documented over the past 6 decades. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation includes a series of warming and cooling periods that occur in 20-30-year cycles.  El Ninos is a periodic change of ocean atmosphere which includes increased ocean temperatures and decreased upwelling in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.

 The main purpose of this site is to built up a bio-physical model for understanding and forecasting the consequences of El Niño and low-frequency climate forcing on pelagic ecosystems of the California Current and similar biomes.

Research Focus

Study of four mechanisms that may lead to rapid shifts in the California Current Ecosystem:

Observation of changes in the food web in response to changes in ocean stratification and the supply of nutrients

Transport of several organisms along the coast from the northern to the southern part of the California Current system (and vice versa).

Transport of organisms from the coast to regions located far offshore. Currents transport coastal species offshore away from their preferred habitat and this result in destruction of marine ecosystem.

Changes in predation.

The researches in the CCE- LTER site are based on following processes:

Experimental Process Studies:

This study focuses on the stratification of the water column and its effect on the food web. Stratification prevents the movement of nutrient reach water to the sea surface where the nutrients are needed for the growth of microscopic algae called phytoplankton. Amount of stratification varies across time and space. Researchers focus on the change of stratification across space. Divergences in the amount of nutrients of phytoplankton at different depths and in different places may cause species variation. Cyanobacteria which are the producer of the ocean’s food web are inhabited in the boundary between nutrient rich deep water and nutrient poor surface water. CCE LTER scientists are conducting studies to know the effect of ocean stratification on the Cyanobacteria and other organisms.

Time Series Studies:

 Time series is a group of repeated, scientific measurements performed in the same place but at different times. CCE LTER usually takes 4 types of time series.

First type: measurements made at sea four times a year , and examine oceanic microbes organic matter dissolved in sea water concentration of several metal like iron, which is essential nutrient for marine plants and algae.

Second type: use satellite observation to measure pigments produced by phytoplankton and sea surface temperature.

Third type: uses more frequent measurements of phytoplankton and ocean temperature made at near shore sites including the Scripps pier, other locations along the coast in a network called the Southern California Coastal Ocean Observing Systems (SCCOOS), and the Ocean Institute at Dana Point.

Fourth type: robotic ocean gliders are used to make continuous measurements across the CCE region.

Modeling studies:

Computer models are used to interpret and understand the observation which is made during experiments. Information system contains the data from the various components of the CCE-LTER and allows researchers to access and combine all of those data. An Ocean Informatics electronic hub at the Integrative Oceanography Division (IOD) at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography control all the documentation and data associated with the CCE-LTER projects

Researchers involved:

Mark D. Ohman (SIO), Peter franks (SIO), Steven Bogard (PFEL), James E. Conners (SIO), Peter Davison (SIO) and many others.

Conclusion:

There are many categories of stressors affecting the overall condition of the California Current ecosystem. This range includes traditional activities such as coastal development, fishing and emerging industries (shipping, renewable energy, desalination), the proliferation of land-based pollutants, and accelerating climate change. This stressor vigorously effects the marine population and marine ecosystem. Increase surface Temperature influences rates of metabolism and affects the range limits of many marine organisms. Scientists and researchers have shown that over the course of the past 60 years concentrations of dissolved oxygen have varied substantially. Periods of lower oxygen (hypoxia) reduce the vertical extent of habitable ocean for a variety of invertebrates and marine fishes and, while the habitable volume expands during intervals of higher dissolved oxygen (McClatchie et al. 2010). For the past 25 years gradual decline of dissolved oxygen has raised concerns about loss and compression of habitat for some commercially important rockfish such as the cowcod (Bograd et al. 2008).one study has shown that over past 60 years a group of marine zooplankton known as salps has been declined (Lavaniegos and Ohman 2007).Salps are very small celled suspension feeder and efficient grazer of phytoplankton and are important vectors that help repackage organic carbon and other compounds into a form that sediments quickly to the deep sea floor. Thus long-term carbon sequestration in the deep sea odd California may be altered by the decline in salps population. Another study has shown that the transparency of the California Current System has decreased slowly, but progressively over the past 6 decades (Aksnes and Ohman 2009). Seawater transparency plays a major role in controlling “encounter distance” at which visually-hunting predators like seabirds, fish, and some marine mammals can detect prey. The sustainability of some consumers that occupy the middle and upper levels of ocean food webs may be affected by deciline in encounter distance due to decrease in transparency of sea water.

Now scientist are not only trying to protect the California Current but also working to restore vitality and resilience in such a dynamic and changing system.

Reference:

http://cce.lternet.eduhttp://www.packard.org

Introduction (5)

Introduction

“The most important thing is not life, but the good life” is a statement that says life is not the most important thing, instead it is living your life with meaning and purpose. Perhaps living a life that is just in society would make my life worth living, but if we do not have a purpose to our lives then we will just be mere physical bodies, having no soul and therefore no meaning. In Greek mythology, Socrates was pointed out as having a good life, and his death was because of how important he thought the most important thing in life was (Corlett, 2018). This essay will investigate and find out what made Socrates’ good life so special. It will also explore why this statement is true. If you live your life with meaning and purpose, then your life is worth living because it gives you a reason to keep be alive.

Argument supporting the thesis

Thesis statement: If you live your life with meaning and purpose, then your life is worth living because it gives you a reason to keep be alive. Socrates refused to make decisions himself, however he would rather ask somebody else who could make a better decision than him. It is because of this, that one day Socrates would shortly question what it is that makes life so special anyway? “The most important thing is not life, but the good life”. Socrates believed that if you lead your life with purpose and meaning then you were living the good life. He had the ‘Golden Mean’ theory. This theory is one where a person chooses to be morally and ethically good rather than being bad (Corlett, 2018). Socrates believed that this was the best way to do things because it was considered a golden mean where there is no excess or deficiency in good morals. This is always going to be right because it has no excess or deficiency of virtues, therefore it can never end up being wrong in any situation.

Assessment of objections

There are many objections that can be raised against this argument. One is that if we all lived the good life we would have no progression in society. This is because everyone would be too busy doing good to do anything else, therefore nothing would be done. If everybody did what was right and proper then it would not result in any harm because there will be no excess or deficiency of virtues, therefore nothing will ever go wrong. However, it could lead to a breakdown of society because people just do not want to do what is morally good anymore and always want more things.

Conclusion

Socrates believed that the most important thing in life is knowledge, which means that there are a lot more things in life that are of consequence than just one’s physical health. Knowledge is a matter of inquiry, which means it has to be investigated by way of searching. It is of utmost importance to one’s good life (Vallor, 2018). In order to properly understand Socrates’ theory, one must first comprehend what he means by “good”. He is saying that if a person knows what they are doing, and they do it as a service to others or themselves as a result of doing what they want, then they are achieving the good life.

Reference

Corlett, J. A. (2018). Legal Obligation in Plato’s Crito. In Interpreting Plato Socratically (pp. 133-168). Springer, Cham.

Vallor, S. (2018). An introduction to data ethics. Course module.) Santa Clara, CA: Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.

International Political Economy

International Political Economy

Q. 1.

The trade and production structure is a set of relationships amongst international organizations, states, NGOs, and international businesses. Together, these entities influence and control international norms and rules relating to production, where production takes place, who produces, who is the market, and lastly at what price. Economics of trade and its politics are inseparable. International trade has enlarged in value as well as in volume partially, as a manifestation of production internationalization. Progress in communication technology has precipitated a disintegration of production, with organizations outsourcing segments of the production process to diverse parts of the world. As a result of the mobility of capital, foreign direct investment demonstrates growth although much of it is concentrated in the developed economies. Trade encourages political, economic, and social interdependence among trading partners (Salvatore, 2009).

Q. 2.

In regard to comparative advantage, while one country may be less efficient than another country in the production of two commodities, there would still a foundation for mutually advantageous trade. The first country should focus in the production and export of the commodities in which it has comparative advantage, and import the commodities in which it has a greater absolute disadvantage. Comparative advantage is established by contrasting relative prices or the opportunity costs across nations.

Nations would always specialize depending on their comparative advantage. Competitive forces direct nations towards specialization depending on comparative advantage. International resources are utilized more efficiently, as total global output rises with specialization depending on comparative advantage. With trade and specialization, the consumption value increases in each country. Comparative advantage is an easier way of illustrating the trade patterns. Prices of commodities in foreign as well as domestic markets as well as the exchange rate assume secondary significance when it is implicit that comparative advantage provides a more fundamental illustration of trade (Salvatore, 2009).

Q. 3

Economic Liberals

The liberal ideas in regard to trade are influenced by David Ricardo formalization of the theory of comparative advantage. According Ricardo, trade is not based on who can produce the most of any given good (absolute advantage) since limitations of scarce resources mean that no nation can produce as much as it wants of all goods and services. Opportunity cost should as a result be considered. The theory of comparative advantage holds that a nation should produce those the same goods produced in other countries. Finally, a nation should import goods if the price of the import (terms of trade) is less than the opportunity cost of home production (Salvatore, 2009).

Mercantilists

Although trade itself makes all nations better off, changes in the terms of trade can make one nation better off and another worse off. Also, mercantilists view the theory of comparative advantage as incomplete because it does not take into account other factors that affect trade and national welfare.

Structuralists

In the perspective of structuralists, trade helped mother countries dominate and subjugate undeveloped colonial territories. Contemporary structuralists emphasize the extent to which international trade reflects the exploitative relationship that exists amongst core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral nations. Several structuralists point out that while trade has generated economic growth; the benefits in developing countries have been distributed very unevenly, promoting greater inequality (Salvatore, 2009).

Q. 4.

The approach of the Mercantilists best accounts for the relationship of the Northern industrialized nations to the Southern developing nations when it comes to trade. The approach perceives that states can intentionally create and can also easily gain comparative advantage by adopting strategic trade policies and having new technology, skills and other resources like cheap labor. Another political reality is that, in democratic nations, it is the state’s duty to protect society and its businesses from the negative effects of trade. Trade protection is also associated with a fear of becoming too dependent on other nations for certain goods. Then some neo-mercantilists are concerned that the protectionist trade policies of a regional trade alliance like NAFTA, EU are designed to help local industries, might either intentionally or unintentionally disrupt another country. Often this disruption is followed by an assortment of defensive or retaliatory neo-mercantilist policies like tariffs, import & export quotas, export subsidies, currency devaluation, non-tariff barriers, dumping, etc. that counter the original measures with the other state (Salvatore, 2009).

Q. 5.

In the 1980s trade accounted for an increasingly higher percentage of GDP in the industrialized states, generating demand for new protectionist policies. This led to the Uruguay Round of GATT multilateral trade talks in 1986. Strategic trade policies grew in importance, especially in the 1980s and 1990s. The Uruguay GATT Round (1986-1993) attempted to deal with a number of newer trade issues including services and intellectual property rights (IPRs). Domestic support for agriculture and LDCs was also issues dealt with in the Uruguay Round, but that had not been dealt with effectively (or at all) in previous GATT Rounds. Agriculture remained an especially sticky issue throughout the negotiations and held up the talks several times. Agreement was finally reached on agriculture, opening the door to agreements on services, IPRs, and other issues. While the Uruguay Round did make progress on these and other issues, many of them remain for the WTO to either deal with or solve.

The Doha Round

Both the EU and United States face tremendous domestic political pressure to leave agricultural protections in place to safeguard local farmers, in spite of the incentive these policies create for overproduction and dumping, which depress global prices for agricultural commodities. No subsequent proposal has been agreeable to all sides, and once again agriculture is poised to derail the Doha Round. One possibility is a “Doha lite” agreement that would not require nations to give up so much. There is great fear that failure to reach some agreement will damage the credibility of the WTO as an institution. In the meantime, many states are putting new energy into bilateral and regional trade agreements to advance the objective of trade promotion.

Q.6.

Three different international monetary and finance systems

The Bretton Woods System

The Float or Flexible Exchange-Rate System.

The Classic Gold Standard system.

The Bretton Woods System

The Bretton Woods System was created following World War II with the objective of promoting the cooperation required to rebuild Europe. It was seen as imperative to create a currency regime that would prevent the competitive currency devaluations that had precipitated tit-for-tat retaliation during the Great Depression. John Maynard Keynes proposed the “Keynesian compromise” which gave nations the ability to regulate their own domestic economies, but permit the IMF to collectively manage global financial policies to avoid another Great Depression. The IMF would provide temporary assistance to debtor nations in paying back wartime debts. This system restored confidence since all currencies were theoretically convertible into gold. The system subsisted on the basis of a bargain between the United States and Western Europe where the United States consciously accepted its hegemonic role of providing collective goods (like the dollar as a reserve currency, and security), in exchange for military and diplomatic support from Europe (Salvatore, 2009).

The Float or Flexible Exchange-Rate System.

Following the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the major powers authorized the IMF to widen the trading bands so that changes in currency values could more easily reflect the supply and demand of currencies. The oil shocks of the 1970s helped preserve the dollar’s status as top currency, as OPEC demanded ever-greater quantities of dollars to purchase OPEC oil. OPEC nations placed many of these “petrodollars” in Western banks. Petrodollars were loaned out to developing countries, which substantially increased their debt. Stagflation (concurrent inflation and slow economic growth) during the 1980s prompted the U.S. to raise interest rates to combat domestic inflation, which contributed to global recession. Concerns about the growth of communism in Latin and South America, the IMF and World Bank under U.S. pressure provided opportunities for developing countries to reschedule their debts.

Q.7.

The new global security structure can be perceived as a three-tiered structural arrangement made up of a relatively small number of great or major powers at the top, a bigger number of minor powers in the middle of the framework, and a large number of weak powers or poor states on the bottom layer. On the top layer states are preoccupied primarily with realist concerns of national defense and war when it comes to security. IOs are important to the extent that they serve the interests of their creators, nation-states. And NGOs have relatively little influence at this level. Third-tier states represent the great majority of poorer countries that lack both hard and soft power capabilities. They wrestle not only with territorial issues but also with a wide diversity of security concerns such as immigrants, refugees, minorities, human rights abuses, epidemic diseases, and environmental issues. UN peacekeeping forces and NGOs are quite active and play major roles at this level. Actors such as the United States tend to be involved in security issues in all tiers given its interests, capabilities, and global influence. Actors at all levels are connected by formal treaties, conventions, and other arrangements (Salvatore, 2009).

The Top Layer: Power Politics and the State-System Order

The focus of defense officials in these states is on preparation to fight wars or the protection of national borders. Realism usually prevails as the outlook that shapes official views about security. The basic principles of realism are summarized. The major powers and hegemons have global interests, one of which has been the balance of power. Three schools of thought about polar configurations of power are identified and discussed (Salvatore, 2009).

The Second Layer: The Changing Role of IOS

Minor powers usually focus on protection of the homeland, but because of their limited hard power capabilities are more likely to seek assistance from IOs when it comes to security. NATO has been and is still looked to by many minor powers for protection. Many of these states are strong supporters of a new International Criminal Court (ICC) to, in part; hold accountable those who commit war crimes.

The Third Layer: The Coming Anarchy?

Third-layer states are relatively weak states, and not as capable as the other two layers of states in dealing with security issues. They exhibit a good deal of domestic violence and conflict related to lack of economic development and persistent poverty. These states are quite dependent on IOs such as UN peacekeeping forces and NGOs like the Red Cross and Red Crescent to help them solve many of their security issues.

Q.8.

The relationship of security to development in poor nations is a hotly debated topic. For economic liberal development experts, security issues prevent or help delay economic development by wasting resources. Security issues in these nations are linked to heavy debt to international banks and finance institutions, overpopulation, poor infrastructure, and environmentally threatening issues. Some poor states adopt measures to grow their economy that may violate a group’s human rights. Support for terrorists can often be in failed states, while urban violence is linked to slum areas around large cities. Many developed nations ship arms to the poorer states in consideration of major power security but also economic interests. Many poorer states must look to IOs and NGOs for assistance when it comes to security issues (Salvatore, 2009).

Q. 9

IPRs are lawful tools to control access to innovation. IPRs therefore are an issue in the interaction of markets and nations in the IPE. IPR are the rights to control use of intellectual property – an invention or a creative work such as a novel or poem. Patents are issued by government and bestow exclusive rights to create, utilize or trade in an invention for a time usually ranging from 15-20 years. The trademarks are symbols registered by manufacturers or merchants to identify services and goods. Protection is generally granted for a decade and is also renewable. The copyrights protection is granted for inventive works of authorship such as artistic, literary, and scientific works. It is also issued for software and databases. Protection last for the author’s lifetime, plus fifty years (Salvatore, 2009).

Three Perspectives of Intellectual Property Rights

Liberals perceive IPRs as necessary to generate a mutually advantageous market for intellectual property.

Mercantilists perceive IPRs as an approach to acquire an advantage for local firms over foreign competitors. It may also be a way to control the increase of military technology that may be significant to national defense.

Structuralists perceive IPRs as another approach of exploitation. They view enforced IPRs as producers of dependency and underdevelopment (Salvatore, 2009).

Q. 10.

Three significant trends are;

Power and wealth increasingly rely on technology and knowledge.

The rate of technological transformation has increased.

The level of technological transmission has increased.

Q. 11.

Mercantilists perceive IPRs as an approach to acquire an advantage for local firms over foreign competitors. It may also be a way to control the increase of military technology that may be significant to national defense.

Liberals perceive IPRs as necessary to generate a mutually advantageous market for intellectual property.

Structuralists perceive IPRs as another approach of exploitation. They view enforced IPRs as producers of dependency and underdevelopment.

Q.12.

The Product Life Cycle (PLC) phenomenon is the markets response to a product. It largely judges when one phase in the life cycle will diminish and the next phase set in. The product life cycle exemplify how innovations happen, multiply, and ultimately are transferred in foreign countries. The production structure is influenced strongly by the changing trade. High-tech (knowledge) industries are termed “Schumpeterian” to indicate that only firms with monopoly power have the incentive and ability to invest in risky, costly, and long-standing research and development projects (Salvatore, 2009).

References

Salvatore, B. (2009). Theory & Problems of Global Economics. N.Y: McGraw-Hill.

International Psychology

International Psychology

Student’s name

Institution

Course

Tutor

Date

International Psychology refers to the psychology of the individual that occurs within a cultural context. The field is consistently growing and evolving. From the perspective of those with an interest in psychology, we view this as a positive thing because it allows us to learn more about how people think and behave worldwide.

There are many reasons why someone would want to attend International Psychology at Arizona State University, but I will give you three examples of what I found attractive: 1) The close-knit student community 2) The opportunity to study abroad and explore other cultures 3) Interdisciplinary approach which allows students to broaden their perspectives by learning different academic theories or methods of research.

I think that the psychology field is more interesting when you consider how variables such as culture and language (and many other factors) can influence who a person is and how they think and live. To me, studying International Psychology at ASU will allow me to develop a diverse perspective which I can apply to my own personal interests.

As an international student experiencing myself first-hand the difficulties of studying an undergraduate degree in English, I see a program like this one as an opportunity to gain the tools I need to succeed in the field of Psychology. I would like to begin my career as a clinical psychologist with a global outlook, and I think that ASU’s International Psychology program could help me achieve that goal.

I personally want to be in the position of aiding people in a way that understands their needs and consider cultural context. By understanding the psychology of culture, I believe you can provide better support and care for people. Those who wish to work with children will particularly benefit from international psychology at Arizona State University because it will give them the skills they need to understand how their client’s culture may influence their behavior in different contexts.

My future career interests can be traced back to my desire to work with children. I want to work with children who are at risk, whether it be because of poor home conditions or other challenges they are facing. For example, I want to work with families that have suffered the pain and loss of a child and how they cope as a family. This is something I think I can only achieve if I understand the impact culture has on behavior.

ASU’s International Psychology program provides many unique features which could help me develop into a competent psychologist. First of all, ASU has the Intercultural Center which allows students to learn about different cultures (including the U.S.) through interactive and immersive experiences such as conference trips, internships in hospitals and clinics and more.

I believe that these sorts of experiences will help me become a more culturally aware psychologist. I also believe that the interdisciplinary nature of ASU’s psychology program will allow me to study and find inspiration in other areas, including economics, law and other related fields.

The department itself is more focused on research than many other institutions, and this is important to me because I not only want to learn how to be a good practitioner but also how to apply my knowledge in the way of research. The faculty from International Psychology are experienced teachers and researchers, and the program is led by professors who have done work in this field. One of my favorite professors, even has a new book which is about cross-cultural psychology. He has always been available to talk with me about anything that I am interested in, and I find his research fascinating.

Finally, there are opportunities for students to study abroad which can be particularly beneficial if you want to work in an international setting later on. There are a large number of places where one can study abroad including Bolivia, New Zealand, Costa Rica and Tuvalu (just to name a few). I think studying in another country will help me understand better the cultural differences between people.

International Strategy and Organization (2)

International Strategy and Organization

Name:

Number:

Course:

Lecturer:

Organizational structures

There are different types of organizational decision making structures. The major types of these structures include the independent, decentralized, centralized decision making structures. The advantage of independent decision making structures is that it has low communication requirements. The disadvantage of independent structure is that they can neither take the advantage of economies of scale nor pool resources in a simpler manner. In addition, the independent structures are characterized by relatively uninformed decisions as they do not know what takes place elsewhere due to failure to learn from people’s experience in different places (Malone & Team, 2013).

The advantage of centralized structures is that individuals can regularly make excellent decisions when more information is used. The managers can also share finest practices between stores, be able to recognize the best suppliers as well as capturing the economies of scale. In other circumstances, fresh technologies makes it is likely for the personalized, home-grown decisions to be carried out at national level. The disadvantage of this structure is that it has considerably higher requirements for communication hence costly. Another problem is that the stores for the individuals tend to vary greatly in terms of colors and sizes that are sold. Decentralized structures also have the advantage in that decisions can be made based on vast amount of remote information that exist via networks or electronic media. They at times cooperate with one another in addition to competing some other times thus resulting to quality results (Malone & Team, 2013).

The role played by a firm’s strategy in determining organizational structure

In this case, the firm’s strategy of fresh technology implementation which transforms the structure of the management process as well as enhancing the capacity to center on customer service. This implementation of fresh technology comes with relatively low cost and personal computers having sophisticated software and operating systems that are graphically based. This reduces the danger or risk of the change process for the firm (Yetton, Johnston & Craig, 2012).

Meaning of horizontal differentiation and its possible implications to how managers design the company structure

Horizontal differentiation is a situation where by the equilibrium prices goes up whenever the disparity of population goes down. This can help the managers to enhance the effectiveness of the design structure in addition to affecting the design of the hierarchy of the organizational structure (Gabszewicz & Wauthy, 2012).

References

Malone, T. W., & Team, L. Y. (2013). Is empowerment just a fad? Control, decision making, and IT. Sloan management review, 38(2).

Yetton, P. W., Johnston, K. D., & Craig, J. F. (2012). Computer-aided architects: a case study of IT and strategic change. Image.

Gabszewicz, J. J., & Wauthy, X. Y. (2012). Nesting horizontal and vertical differentiation. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42(6), 998-1002.

International Strategy and Organization

International Strategy and Organization

Name:

Number:

Course:

Lecturer:

Organizational structures

There are different types of organizational decision making structures. The major types of these structures include the independent, decentralized, centralized decision making structures. The advantage of independent decision making structures is that it has low communication requirements. The disadvantage of independent structure is that they can neither take the advantage of economies of scale nor pool resources in a simpler manner. In addition, the independent structures are characterized by relatively uninformed decisions as they do not know what takes place elsewhere due to failure to learn from people’s experience in different places (Malone & Team, 2013).

The advantage of centralized structures is that individuals can regularly make excellent decisions when more information is used. The managers can also share finest practices between stores, be able to recognize the best suppliers as well as capturing the economies of scale. In other circumstances, fresh technologies makes it is likely for the personalized, home-grown decisions to be carried out at national level. The disadvantage of this structure is that it has considerably higher requirements for communication hence costly. Another problem is that the stores for the individuals tend to vary greatly in terms of colors and sizes that are sold. Decentralized structures also have the advantage in that decisions can be made based on vast amount of remote information that exist via networks or electronic media. They at times cooperate with one another in addition to competing some other times thus resulting to quality results (Malone & Team, 2013).

The role played by a firm’s strategy in determining organizational structure

In this case, the firm’s strategy of fresh technology implementation which transforms the structure of the management process as well as enhancing the capacity to center on customer service. This implementation of fresh technology comes with relatively low cost and personal computers having sophisticated software and operating systems that are graphically based. This reduces the danger or risk of the change process for the firm (Yetton, Johnston & Craig, 2012).

Meaning of horizontal differentiation and its possible implications to how managers design the company structure

Horizontal differentiation is a situation where by the equilibrium prices goes up whenever the disparity of population goes down. This can help the managers to enhance the effectiveness of the design structure in addition to affecting the design of the hierarchy of the organizational structure (Gabszewicz & Wauthy, 2012).

References

Malone, T. W., & Team, L. Y. (2013). Is empowerment just a fad? Control, decision making, and IT. Sloan management review, 38(2).

Yetton, P. W., Johnston, K. D., & Craig, J. F. (2012). Computer-aided architects: a case study of IT and strategic change. Image.

Gabszewicz, J. J., & Wauthy, X. Y. (2012). Nesting horizontal and vertical differentiation. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42(6), 998-1002.

Literature Review Reid Interrogation Technique

Interrogation techniques and their consequences:

Understanding aspects of the Reid Technique and its effectiveness in modern criminal justice

Felix Garcia Ortega

Florida International University

Literature Review: Reid Interrogation Technique

Interrogation is a key step in maintaining law and order. When suspects are arrested, it is important for law enforcers to ensure they have the correct suspects in custody and for the suspects to disclose information that may be useful in a court of law. There have often been concerns on the interrogation methods employed by law enforcers to get information from suspects or from witnesses. One commonly used mode of interrogation is the Reid Technique. According to Timothy Moore and Lindsay Fitzsimmons (2011), in their paper on justice impaired they look at the holes that exist in the Reid technique and how highly it is to lead on a suspect into admitting something they did not do. Moore points out that Redid Technique uses a line of questioning that tends to make a suspect believing that there is evidence that points into them.

Confessions are key evidence presented in a court of law as these are statements against one’s own interest. Criminal justice system regard confessions as reliable and at times just mere confessions can change the whole dynamic of a case. Reid technique is often the to go to technique for most officers as it is the easiest in squeezing out information from suspects while they are in the confession room (Kassin, 2010). Just as we see in the movies the tropes are familiar characterized by claustrophobic room, repeated accusation that one is guilty of the offence that they have committed, presentation of evidence that links the suspect to the crime or to the scene which may be real piece of evidence or may be invented and finally a buildup of pressure that makes the suspect feel that admitting to the crime is the easiest way home.

According to Moore and Fitzsimmons (2011), Reid technique has resulted in high number of false convictions. Last year the docu-series When They See Us caused a stir among people as it told a story of five young boys referred to as Central Park Five. Central Park Five were boys who were found guilty of assaulting and raping Trisha Meli a jogger who was a white woman. Boys who were around the neighborhood were rounded up and five were charged for this case. One characteristic thing about the case is the interrogation that was used as all these boys confessed into committing the crime. In the documentary they state that during the interrogation, there was pressure to confess to the crimes and were even convinced that if they did confess they would go home. These boys confessed because the confession seemed as the easiest thing to do but it is this confession that led to their conviction. There are a dozens of cases that suspects later state that they did not intend to confess but rather there was pressure from the interrogation officer to confess however, it is their statement that bites them as prosecuting officers will use these confessions to argue their case.

Eli Hager in an article titled “Seismic Change in Police Interrogation” highlights how most police officers are abandoning this old technique because it has become outdated. The techniques were developed in the 1940s and 5os by John Reid whose intention was to replace the traditional error of interrogation including beatings that police officers would use to get confessions (Hager, 2017). It is for a fact that technology in the criminal justice world was not as advanced as now thus getting confessions was important in ensuring one has sufficient evidence I try a case. However, in this era that we are living in, the technology can help solve a crime without having to solicit forced confessions. There are CCCTVs everywhere which may support or refute an alibi, DNA evidence which is the current strongest form of evidence can be used in determining if a suspect is guilty or not. According to project innocence, most suspects that have been exonerated using DNA evidence were judged because of their confessions.

David Dixon in his article on “Questioning Suspects” he states several reasons as to why a person may falsely confess. Some of these reasons include not having a lawyer or a legal guardian in the room, mental disability, pronged hours of questioning, being put in jail before questioning and intimidation from interrogation officer. Dixon notes that all these are characterized in the Reid technique. The technique creates a conformational bias in the mind of the investigators as all they want to do is to get a confirmation (Dixon, 2010). This results in them overwhelming the suspects to the point that the suspects feel that telling the truth is not a viable option for them. Reid technique used trickery and deception and as Wicklander-Zulawski stated there are no clear lines on the good amount of trickery and deception that one may employ and to what extent can they play the tricks and deception on the suspects.

Torture s one interrogating technique that has often been debated on how effective or non-effective it is. In some cases, Reid techniques are often not as convenient as they should be. Sometimes especially tough criminals do not often easily crack up from police intimidation and do not fall the tricks and deception played by the police during the investigation. While Redid technique abuses the mind, torture causes physical harm to the body. Torture refers to the deliberate as well as the systematic dismantling of an individual’s individuality besides humanity by subjecting them to physical or emotional pain plus suffering. The main of torture is destroying a sense of community, elimination of some leaders for example from society or nation and also it is aimed at creating an environment of fear in a specific culture.

Some researchers have often pointed out that certain investigation may not be solved easily using Reid technique for example terror suspects (Fiala, 2006). Terror suspects are often ready to die for their cause and may not really reveal any useful information during interrogation even with the use of tricks and deception. Terror cases are cases that have the least number of false confessions. People have often supported use of torture in getting information from terrorist on planned bombing or active cells that they may have in a country and their intention to bomb a country. In some aspect torture can be seen as a Reid technique. Aside from inflicting bodily harm, a witness is put in uncomfortable situation that may result in them yielding demands thus creating room for negation. For example, the torture may involve deprivation of water and food and because as humans we cannot survive for so long without certain basic amenities we eventually crack and disclose the information that is needed by the police officers.

Wyatt Kozinski in a research article on Reid technique and how it often contributes to false confession links use of torture to Reid technique. Kozinski points out that the technique uses Third Degree which is illegal in the United States. In 1897, the Supreme court made a ruling against type of inducement that was likely to cast a shadow on doubt of voluntary confessions. Wyatt points out that when Reid was introducing the technique, only the guilty suspects were supposed to be investigated but most police officers are employing the technique even to people who are innocent (Kozinski, 2017). The aim of the interrogator is to get the narrative of the crime, However, in most interrogations, police officers hints to the suspect the aspects of the crime and while confessing, the suspect may use the story in fabricating a confession just to be done with the interrogation. There have been cases where suspects have given details of a crime they did not know about because they got the hints of the crime from the law enforcers.

The Miranda warning of 1966 was a ruling by the court that stated police officers needed to inform the suspects that t they have the right to remain silent and the right to consult an attorney, and that anything they say may be used against them in court” (Beechy, 2014). This was passed ibn order to ensure police officers would not overstep their power in getting confessions from their suspects. However, most suspect often agree to talk even without a lawyer present without realizing how soon things can escalate in the interrogation room The Reid technique is becoming obsolete and people are poking holes into its validity. Wicklander-Zulawski and associates recently stated that it would discontinue their teaching on the Reid method. Other police precincts including Chicago Police department have also hinted on discontinuation on the use of Reid technique in their investigation.

In conclusion, there is vast scholarly materials that looks at advantages as well as the disadvantages of using the Reid technique. One thing that most parties agree however is that in most cases Reid technique is likely to result in false confessions. We also live in an error that officers do not have to use tricks and techniques to get information. DNA evidence CCTV surveillance, phone records are new ways that police officers can use in getting vital information without subjecting the witness into believing that the only way out for them is by confessing to having committed the crime.

References

Beechy, M. (2014). Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Its Impact on Interrogations.

Dixon, D. (2010). Questioning Suspects: A Comparative Perspective. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(4), 426–440.

Fiala, A. (2006). A Critique of Exceptions: torture, terrorism, and the lesser evil argument. International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 20(1), 127-142.

Hager, E. (2017, March 8). The Seismic Change in Police Interrogations. Retrieved from https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017/03/07/the-seismic-change-in-police-interrogationsKassin, S. M., Bogart, D., & Kerner, J. (2012). Confessions that corrupt: Evidence from the DNA exoneration case files. Psychological science, 23(1), 41-45.

Kozinski, W. (2017). The Reid interrogation technique and false confessions: A time for change. Seattle J. Soc. Just., 16, 301.

Moore, T. E., & Fitzsimmons, C. L. (2011). Justice imperiled: False confessions and the Reid technique. Crim. LQ, 57, 509.

Inter-Sectionality in Sports

Inter-Sectionality in Sports

Students Name

Institution Affiliation

Course Number and Name

Instructor Name

Due Date

Inter-Sectionality in Sports

Race, gender, and other societal issues that bring about segregation can also be factors to get us together. Most black women in the United States have had a rough past whereby they were completely unconsidered for jobs, education and they lacked a lot in terms of their dignity. However, with time, this has improved and it is better nowadays whereby the women get most of what they need more easily than before. This is especially true for jobs (Swanson, 2015). For example, in Vanderbilt’s case, Candice Storey Lee becomes the first woman to be an athletic director after Vanderbilt removes the position of an interim athletics director. This is a significant move since it recognizes women, and uniquely, it recognizes black women since she is the first woman and she is black.

Inter-sectionality is, therefore, an essential aspect of our daily interactions, which is very well depicted in the story of Lee. This is because not only is she a woman, but she is black. One thing is that women have always been looked down upon through history, whether white or black. However, when it comes to black women, there was a unique way they were never considered at all. Only the men were considered, and they were called boys. So having black women lead a Vanderbilt athletic group is a massive step towards positivity.

In the tide sport, there is also the discussion of inter-sectionality since after the census of 2016 was released, so many people got to understand the importance of all people of color and minorities since they made up to 30% of the total population (Racial & Gender Report Card | TIDES, 2016). Therefore, for any group to be recognized as aware of race and gender, they had to have a minimum of 30% people of color and minorities in their group. They are listed according to A+, A, A- and so on depending on the percentage of individuals in those organizations who are people of color and minorities.

References

Racial & Gender Report Card | TIDES. (2016). TIDES. https://www.tidesport.org/racial-gender-report-card

Swanson, R. (2015). Establishing proper” athletic relations”: The nascent SEC and the formation of college athletic conferences. Alabama Review, 68(2), 168-188.

Intervention, Planning, and Execution of Increasing Lifespan of Autism

Intervention, Planning, and Execution of Increasing Lifespan of Autism Patients

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Professor’s Name

Course

Date

Intervention, Planning, and Execution of Increasing Lifespan of Autism Patients

Introduction

The life span of an individual with autism has shown a tremendous decrease according to the world health statistical data. Majorly, a person with autism dies twenty to thirty years earlier than their peers due to increased development of social and communication disorders. The disorders inhibit the ability of individual patients to show and express their emotions hence leading to the development of stress and traumatic disorders. Notably, the symptoms that characterize the individual with autism get based on the difficulty in communication and social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and obsessive interest (Bernardini & Porayska-Pomsta, 2013). Moreover, the causes of autism include genetic mutation, birth from the older parents, imbalance of the metabolism, exposure to environmental toxins and heavy metals, and viral infections. As such, the paper is premised on describing the steps and methods of specific approaches to intervention, execution, and planning and their adoption to increase the lifespan of individuals suffering from autism.

Behavioral Steps and methods of Intervention in the Lifespan of Autism Patients

Methods

Applied Behavior Analysis creates a framework through which an individual living with autism can increase their lifespan. The analysis changes the behavior of an individual patient using the empirical approaches that involve operant and respondent conditioning approaches. As such, there exist three methods of behavioral approaches.

Rewarding good behaviors

Rewarding good behavior makes an individual exhibit desirable characteristics that create happiness. Happiness increases some level of social interaction with friends and family members (Hume et al., 2022). Notably, when good behavior rewards get applied to children, they become more likely to repeat the same behavior thereby increasing their lifespan through the reduction of traumatic disorders, stress, and anxiety.

The use of Observation Tools

The observation tool exhibited by the applied behavior analysis involves the use of antecedents that characterizes the actions and events which happen before the behavior. Also, behavioral understanding results from the antecedents (Hume et al., 2022). Consequently, the behavioral evection of the consequences that helps in the reduction of the traumatic disorders creates a path through which the lifespan increases through increased interaction, communication, and happiness.

Modification of the Antecedents

Modifying the antecedents creates the target behavior. The positive behavior, therefore, forms the basis of the desired consequences. As such, increased action as per the positive behavior creates inclusivity that reduces the possible occurrence of stress and anxiety.

The steps of Behavioral Intervention

The steps involve the use of behavioral management therapy that reinforces the wanted behaviors aimed at the reduction of unwanted behaviors. The therapy creates a framework through which the caregivers can follow before, during, between, and after the episode of the challenge. Also, the therapy involves the use of applied behavior analysis that tracks the progress for the improvement of skills to reduce the symptoms hence increasing the lifespan. The first step gets based on using the positive behavior and support that examine why an individual exhibit a particular unwanted behavior. Using positive behavior and support creates appropriate behavior (Hume et al., 2022). Consequently, pivotal response training becomes the second step that involves motivation and increased communication initiatives. It helps in making an individual learn new skills in dealing with the situation. Thirdly, the early intensive behavioral intervention involves the creation of large commitment time through the group’s instructions. Lastly, the discrete trial teaching creates steps through which an individual caregiver can use the positive feedback in encouraging the use of new skills.

Methods of social interventions

Social intervention involves the use of social skills to reduce the stress and trauma exhibited by individuals suffering from autism. The methods of intervention, therefore, get based on reinforcing and celebrating strength through the use of positive behavior. Also, modeling the structured behavior and practices creates the determination of the desired conduct (Hume et al., 2022). Talking through the possible social scenarios creates a sense of belonging hence reducing the stress and traumatic disorders. Another motive gets based on setting the environmental success.

Steps

Steps involve giving advanced notice before the transition. Secondly, the use of visual support enables the patient to identify the mistakes. Also, the use of structure and consistency creates a path through which rapid social learning gets exhibited (Hume et al., 2022). The application of reduced language enables the patient to feel accepted in society. Lastly, the provision of light praises for the good transition enables the patient to handle the challenges effectively for positive gain.

Academic/ Vocational

Methods

The immediate method involves the eradication of sensory overloads. The story overloads like the bright light, sounds, and smell increases the distraction of the patients. Also, the use of visual aids enables an individual with autism to learn extensively and act in accordance with the required behavior (Usta & Yazici, 2020). The teacher or the mentor should become predictable to enable the patient to extensively learn through the avoidance of the traumatic behavior. The mentor should continue to use concrete language in teaching direct social skills. Furthermore, the teacher should treat an individual patient or student equally hence reducing the possibility of stress generation.

Steps of Vocational Intervention

The step involves the use of a visual reality system to identify the disorder’s symptoms. After the system, the teacher should follow up on the behavioral changes exhibited by an individual client or student. Follow-up enables the teacher to identify the progress of improvement of all the trained skills (Usta & Yazici, 2020). Lastly, the teacher should provide alternative practical training where the result showed dismal performance.

Execution and Planning and their adoption to increase the Lifespan

Behavioral methods and steps in Execution and planning

Understanding the daily business and challenges enables an individual autism patient to have an in-depth overview of any events and environmental challenges. Also, the individual should insist on realism to enable the patient subsequently learn the desired behaviors (Hume et al., 2022). The patient should get taught to avoid procrastination by setting the goals and priorities hence increasing the lifespan through stress reduction and social acceptance. Following through continues to enable the patient to feel accepted within the society. Lastly, rewarding the doers is a behavioral execution that enables the patient to act positively awaiting the reward.

Social methods and steps in Execution and Planning

Social planning involves expanding and enhancing the development of an individual’s expression and communication system. Developing communication and expression skills involves planning for the best approaches to communication that are inclusive of the contact of any rising argument or information transfer hence capable of increasing the lifespan through the reduction of the stress (Graham Holmes et al., 2020). Alsop, supporting the individual understanding of the language involves execution which is planned through the use of both the verbal and non-verbal cues of communication to eradicate the possibilities of misunderstanding. Accommodating an individual performance on the predictability and structure is an execution that gets planned through an in-depth focus on initiation, predictability, and spontaneity.

Vocational strategies for the Execution and Planning

Vocational execution involves the use of appropriate criteria for handling cases of autism through planning strategies (Bernardini & Porayska-Pomsta, 2013). It also entails coordinating and sharing the attention through emotional expression. Emotional expression is planned through engagement in the reciprocal social interaction using gestures, words, and the ability to use the non-verbal cues in creating happiness hence expanding the lifespan of an individual autism patient.

Conclusion

Autism patient requires social, behavioral, and educational support for their survival in an environment. Provision of support enables the patient to reduce the symptoms like stress, anxiety, and other disorders hence liable to increasing their lifespan within an environment. Notably, the procedures and steps must get followed by a mentor, teacher, or a tutor in enhancing the social inclusivity of the patient within the environment.

References

Bernardini, S., & Porayska-Pomsta, K. (2013, June). Planning-based social partners for children with autism. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling (Vol. 23, pp. 362-370). https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICAPS/article/view/13591Graham Holmes, L., Zampella, C. J., Clements, C., McCleery, J. P., Maddox, B. B., Parish‐Morris, J., … & Miller, J. S. (2020). A Lifespan Approach to Patient‐Reported Outcomes and Quality of Life for People on the Autism Spectrum. Autism Research, 13(6), 970-987. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.2275Usta, M. B., & Yazici, D. N. (2020). Review of the Educational Intervention Models for Autism Spectrum Disorders/Otizm Spektrum Bozuklugunda Egitsel Modellerin Gozden Gecirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 27(3), 134-140.

Hume, K., Odom, S. L., Steinbrenner, J. R., Smith DaWalt, L., Hall, L. J., Kraemer, B., … & Bolt, D. M. (2022). Efficacy of a school-based comprehensive intervention program for adolescents with autism. Exceptional Children, 88(2), 223-240. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00144029211062589