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Journal Article Reaction Paper

Journal Article Reaction Paper

PSYC/NRSC 350 Cognitive Neuroscience Dr. Orr

Assignment Description

You will pick a journal article from the list of available papers to summarize and critique. These articles are those that have had a big impact on the field and/or represents new and cutting-edge research. Some papers may appear to be short (e.g., those from the journal Science) , but they will often have supplementary information on the journal website. You are responsible for reading any necessary supplementary materials. Half of the paper should be a summary of the article and the other half should critique/ evaluate the paper. Your paper should be 1000-1500 words (about 2 pages, single-spaced). Reviews of the papers are meant to be anonymous, therefore DO NOT PUT YOUR NAME/ID IN THE TEXT OR IN THE FILENAME. You will lose points for failing to follow directions.

Other critical points:

–  Use APA citation format for the paper and textbook (in-text citations and references at the end of

the paper, but don’t need a separate references page). Other than citations, you don’t need to follow APA format, i.e., don’t include a cover page and don’t put anything in the header or footer.

–  DO NOT USE QUOTES! Journal articles communicate research to other scientists and experts in the field. Use your own words! Write the paper for your grandmother, as my grad school professor would say.E.g., In the article: “As SSD was varied to yield ~50% P(inhibit), SSRT was estimable by subtracting average SS from median correct Go RT (according to the race model).” In your words, “The authors used an establish method to set the delay for the stop signal wherein participants would be unable to stop in time on about half of the trials.”

Key Components of a Summary

Summarize the research question being answered in the paper and what has been done to date (i.e., review what you learned from the literature review). Condense the content of the work by highlighting its main points and key supporting points.

Describe the participants, procedures and methods very briefly (to understand the methods, you may need to consult additional resources)

Describe the results including the primary analyses that were used and what they found

Describe the main conclusions that the authors arrived at

Article Critique/ Evaluation

You should heavily rely on information discussed in class for your critique

What were the strengths of the paper?

What are the implications of this research for our understanding of the mind/brain?

Did you notice any problems with the methodology, hypotheses, interpretation, other limitations?

Why do you think this paper is impactful or cutting edge?

Is the work related to problems in our present-day world? If so, how?

How is the material related to your life, experiences, feelings and ideas?

Did the work increase your understanding of a particular issue? Did it change your perspective in

any way?

Journal Article Summary

Journal Article Summary

Student’s name

Institutional Affiliation

Background

The journal article is titled “Psychologists Report Large Increase in Demand for Anxiety and Depression Treatment.” The survey was conducted by Sophie Bethune located at the institution of the American Psychological Association. The journal published on November 17th, 2020 builds upon a previous research conducted on the same subject in June 2020. In terms of age group, the study was conducted among practicing psychologists in the early, mid, and late stages of their careers. The survey which took place between August 28th and October 2020 can be described as a correlational study. It is a correlational study because it adopts a non-experimental approach whereby the researcher studies two variables and analyzes the statistical relationship that exists between them with little control of extraneous variables (Xiao, Carney, Youn, Janis, Castonguay, Hayes, & Locke 2017). The approach to research in this study is purely descriptive and does not rely heavily on hypothesis formulation and testing as in scientific research.

Summary of Methodology

The article focuses on the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the increased cases of patients with depression-related conditions and the changes to the service delivery to patients by practicing psychologists. According to the survey, about six months into the pandemic, many psychologists admitted to seeing more patients presenting with depression and anxiety according to the Telehealth Practitioner Survey on covid-19 done by the American Psychological Association. In regards to methodology, the practitioner survey was disseminated to a sample that was geographically representative of practicing psychologists in the USA including both members and non-members of the American Psychological Association. Worth noting, the fieldwork of this survey took place from August 28th, 2020 to 5th October 2020. Out of the total number of psychologists reached, a total of 1787 responded to the survey. Noteworthy, the sample was a non-probability sample hence it is impossible to compute the margins of error or confidence intervals.

Summary of Results

Data collected from the survey confirmed the institution’s worst fear, that the pandemic was taking a heavy emotional toll on Americans. This is according to the institution’s Chief Executive Officer. In responding to the unprecedented mental health crisis, most psychologists were getting more referrals, seeing more patients and experiencing fewer cancellations. Further, it was noted that more psychologists had embraced telehealth as they began treating patients remotely. Results from the September survey indicated that most psychologists reported seeing an increased number of patients with depressive disorders accounting for 60% and anxiety disorders accounting for 74% compared to before the pandemic began. Moreover, other treatments that recorded a significant increase in patients included sleep-wake disorder and stress-related disorder. Additionally, according to the survey, 37% of the psychologists which accounts for more than one-third of the total psychologists revealed that they received more patient referrals compared to before the pandemic. Moreover, 44% admitted to recording fewer cancellations or no-shows. The survey further revealed that compared to pre-covid days, 43% of psychologists said that they were attending to the same number of patients, 29% said they were attending to more clients, and 28% reported seeing fewer patients. Most psychologists reported that they did not see any notable changes in the patient variations recorded with specific ethnic and racial groups. However, 9% of psychologists reported an increase in attending to patients of Asian origin while 11% recorded an increase in seeing African American patients. Further, 19% of the psychologist reported attending to White patients and 8% revealed they were seeing more patients with Hispanic patients. 21% of the psychologist revealed that they were attending to more adolescents aged 13-17 after the covid-19 pandemic while 29% revealed that were attending to more adults between 18 and 64 years. Moreover, revealed that 17% attended the older adult patients between 65-79 years while 30% noted that they attended to fewer children that were below 13 years. 63% of the psychologist treated all patients remotely while 32% conducted in-person treatment. Worth noting, 63% of the psychologist reported remote treatment to be more challenging than in-person treatment, 26% recorded a fair amount of challenges, 58% reported few challenges while 16% experienced no challenges relating to telehealth.

Questions Raised by the Study

This study raises the question of the direction that health service delivery is taking and the need to invest and employ technology as a tool to improve community health. Without a doubt, the covid-19 pandemic is an unprecedented issue that prompted us to seek alternative ways to health care delivery. When the pandemic emerged, doctors had to e creative to ensure they went on with their work without exacerbating the spread of the virus. Although telehealth is challenging, the pandemic has taught us that it is doable. The focus now should be on devising ways to make the telehealth experience better and even adopting it as a means of treatment even after the pandemic is over. There is need to invest in policy formulations to regulate telehealth services.

References

Xiao, H., Carney, D. M., Youn, S. J., Janis, R. A., Castonguay, L. G., Hayes, J. A., & Locke, B. D. (2017). Are we in crisis? National mental health and treatment trends in college counseling centers. Psychological services, 14(4), 407.

Journal Entry 1 – Chapter 3 Communication and the Self

Journal Entry 1 – Chapter 3 Communication and the Self

For all individuals, communication is key in determining who an individual really is, and therefore, it helps define oneself. The presence of social media has increased our communications with one another, not only with families but also with friends. These platforms, such as Facebook and Instagram, have helped us identify our public self, in that we opt to show a particular part of ourselves to the public while keeping that which we don’t want to be seen in private. Based on this, we choose to disclose some things which we perceive as relevant in relational development. How we communicate and perceive ourselves tends to affect our self-esteem – the evaluations of self-worth; therefore, it affects how we communicate with those around us.

Self-concept is defined as the relatively stable set of perceptions that an individual holds about themselves. This implies that self-concept is crucial in determining our personalities, including attributes of whom an individual is in their normal mood states, likes, dislikes, special talents, or roles. An individual’s personality determines their self-worth, which means how individuals feel about certain qualities may have to do with their self-esteem. I believe that the type of parenting affects both the self-concept and self-esteem of an individual as they grow, and this means that the childhood of a person is essential in shaping their self-worth. Authoritative parenting allows very little interaction of their children as they live in a controlled environment. However, there are democratic parents who allow their children freedom to do as they wish; they trust their children to make major decisions about themselves and make them responsible for their choices. Such a child grows to have strong self-worth and self-esteem compared to a child who had no freedom to choose.

Children brought in authoritative parenting will always look for approval from others as they don’t know how it is like to be independent. However, an individual with a strong self-concept and self-esteem tends to have positive thoughts, which they use to develop desirable behaviors. If a person feels good about themselves, they pose positive expectations about how they will communicate with those around them. There is a high likelihood that their communications will be successful. Having successful communication can help an individual develop positive evaluations of self, which increases their level of self-esteem. Therefore, positive evaluations can be a key determinant as well as a beginning for developing positive communications with others. Communications cannot be successful if the wrong strategy is applied; therefore, if an individual wants to improve how other people perceive them, they have to devise a strategy that will impress others. Based on this, impression management is another key element in developing conversations as it helps increase thoughtfulness, self-awareness, honesty, and understanding of personal emotions. However, impressions need to be guided by authenticity. Therefore, it is important for an individual to be self-aware of themselves before engaging in a conversation so that they don’t play the role that is not theirs.

Thoughtfulness and being an efficient listener help understand the other person’s perspective. Therefore, it is essential that before conversing back, an individual should evaluate the consequences of their feedback to avoid negative implications that could ruin relationships with others. Being conscious and thoughtful can improve personal relationships with others. Self-disclosure is also an important part of effective communication as it helps reveal information about the self to another person. It can be used to bring a sense of psychological belief, making an individual feel better when they get a burden out of their chest. However, if an individual is not careful in self-disclosure, they might spill too much information that could be toxic and thus lead to rejection. Therefore, it is essential to understand the limits and disclose only information whose damage can be controlled to ensure effective communication. A close observation of these rules can help an individual better understand the self.

References

Chapter 3 in Adler, R. B., Rosenfeld, L. B., & Proctor II, R. F. (2018). Interplay: The process of interpersonal communication (p. 504) Oxford University Press, New York.

Journal entry 7

Journal entry 7

Antigone is an idealistic character caught between doing what is morally right or obeying political laws. Antigone finds herself in this position after Creon prohibits the burial of one of her brothers. Based on the play, it is apparent that Antigone prioritizes the laws of the gods, and her desire to bury her brother, who was named a traitor, stems from her strong sense of family loyalty. Unlike Antigone’s priorities, her sister’s and uncle’s priorities are focused on political expediency hence their unrelenting stance in going against the laws of the gods. The conflict between Antigone and Creon results in the tragic demise of Antigone and multiple family members related to her. Creon also regrets his choices and laments that everything he has touched has amounted to nothing. Antigone is a tale that highlights the differences between political laws and moral laws and calls to attention the need for people to prioritize morals. While both Antigone and Creon ended up losing a lot, their choices highlight the possible implications of following either moral laws or political laws. While Antigone’s demise is tragic, I believe that the play highlights the limitations of political laws. For instance, Creon’s laws are dictatorial as they disregard human ties. As a result, Creon’s disregard for Antigone’s family obligations results in the loss of his own family. The play also reveals the complexity of life. It challenges the audience to stand for what is right as opposed to blindly following laws that judge people’s actions on an unrealistic dual system of black and white.

Journal Entry Grading Scale

Journal Entry Grading Scale

Journal Entries are graded on a 5-point scale. Below is an explanation of what is required to earn the full 5 points.

Points Requirements

5 points Fully answers the question in a thought-provoking and interesting way

Explains the theory with quotes from the book and provides a superior explanation of what the theory says and what it means for interpersonal communication

Offers a detailed communication example that focuses on the communication event/behavior

Explains how the example is related to the theory and how the theory helps to explain/understand what happened in the example

Written communication is polished, descriptive, vivid, and exceptionally clear

Well written paragraphs and easy to follow

No typos, grammatical errors, or spelling errors

4 points Answers the question at a basic level but doesn’t provide enough details or critical thought. Questions are not answered directly.

Explains the theory and shows some understanding of it without quotes from the book

Offers an example that may or may not be communication related and lacks necessary details

Fails to explain how the example is connected to the theory or how the theory helps to explain/understand the example

Written well, but lacks organization

No typos, grammatical errors, or spelling errors

3 points Fails to fully answer the question

Theory is mentioned but not explained well, nor does it show an understanding of the theory. Or, quotes the book.

Offers a brief example that lacks details and a communication connection

Example does not relate to theory in any way and no attempt is made to connect theory to example

Written communication is difficult to follow and includes grammatical errors, punctuation errors and typos. Lacks full paragraphs.2 points Part of the question is left out, either theory discussion or example

Theory is not explained or is not discussed at all

Example lacks detail or is not offered at all

Relationship between example and theory is not discussed at all

Written communication is poor and full of errors

1 point An assignment turned in that does not meet ANY criteria for assignment or address the questions given in any way

Poor written communication, typos, spelling errors, and grammatical errors

SAMPLE Journal Entry Answers

Journal Entry Requirements:

Define the theory from the chapter in your words. Do NOT quote from the book.

Give a personal Interpersonal Communication-based example or story of this theory in action. Focus on the communication between you are the relationship partner. Make sure to give me details so I can imagine what it would be like if I was there and watching your communication. Think about this as a script, dialogue can help.

Discuss how the theory helps to explain what happened in your story/example. Does the example follow what the theory suggests or does the example go against the theory?

Discuss how Culture and Gender influences Interpersonal Communication and how these issues work within your story.

Discuss how this story helps explain how communication helps us build and maintain interpersonal relationships.

Sample Journal Entry Question: Give an example of a situation when you explained someone else’s behavior. Examine how you used attribution theory – specifically examine external attributes, chance, and internal attributes. Did you make a fundamental attribution error? Why or why not?

5 point answer:Attribution theory helps us examine why people communicate or behave in the way they do. So, attribution theory helps us better understand communication events. People often find themselves in situations that lead them to attempt to explain the unusual behavior of another person. When this happens, we look at external attributes, chance, and internal attributes. External attributes offer a reason for the communication that is outside of the person’s personality, such as someone being too busy or being sick. Internal attributes are when the communication is the result of someone’s personality or who they are. For example, someone might just be always late or isn’t kind. Chance is when neither internal or external attributes happen and can be confusing to understand. Sometimes we can mis-attribute a reason for a communication behavior. We call this a fundamental attribution error, and it happens often when we blame an internal cause when it’s really an external cause. For example, if someone doesn’t respond to a text and we think they are mad at us (internal), but in reality, this person is sick (external).

One example of this from my life is when my friend, John, was at our fraternity’s tailgate and was acting more obnoxious than he usually does.  John is a rather off-the-wall and free-minded fellow, but in this situation, he was clearly acting out for a purpose.  I had to explain to a couple of my fraternity brothers that the reason John was acting ridiculous was because the girl that he was dating recently ended things with him, and she happened to be at the tailgate that day.  Clearly, John was acting out because her presence at the tailgate made him uncomfortable.  Also, there was a bit of alcohol in his system, so that also could have been a valid cause for his behavior.  These two causes would be considered external attributes because they are situational factors that influenced his behavior, and this was beyond his normal behavior.  I went on to tell my brothers that I honestly wasn’t sure how long the behavior would last or if it would happen again at next week’s tailgate, because I had no idea what his romantic situation would look like in the future.  This is an example of using chance to explain his behavior.  But based on his internal attributes though, knowing that John is naturally a pretty crazy, obnoxious guy, and that his behavior in this situation was more extreme than his normal nonsense, I could guess that if this did happen in the future, he might act the same way.  I do not believe that I made a fundamental attribution error, as I was careful not to overestimate the internal factors of his behavior while attempting to explain his behavior. His internal factors were not different than normal, just more intense. The external factors of his breakup were clearly causing the intense behavior.

Attribution theory is an important part of the perception process and helps us understand communication events. Attribution theory helps us make a quick decision about what is going on, so we know how to communicate in that situation. We have to be careful and make sure we are not making fundamental attribution errors. Often our perception, and the attributions we make through perception, can be clouded by both gender and culture issues. Perception and attribution theory use stereotypes. And while stereotypes are helpful, they can also be influenced by gender and cultural issues, so we have negative stereotypes. In order to keep from making attribution errors and using our perception in the wrong way, we must be aware of the stereotypes we use and how to make sure we are not using bias stereotypes. If we don’t do this, our relationships will suffer because we can have misunderstandings. Using self-reflection and empathy can help us make sure we use attribution theory correctly, so we don’t damage our relationships.

4 point answer: Example 1: People often find themselves in situations that lead them to attempt to explain the unusual behavior of another person.  One example of this from my life is when my friend, John, was at our fraternity’s tailgate and was acting more obnoxious than he usually does.  John is a rather off-the-wall and free-minded fellow, but in this situation he was clearly acting out for a purpose.  I had to explain to a couple of my fraternity brothers that the reason John was acting ridiculous was because the girl that he was dating recently ended things with him, and she happened to be at the tailgate that day.  Clearly, John was acting out because her presence at the tailgate made him uncomfortable.  Also, there was a bit of alcohol in his system, so that also could have been a valid cause for his behavior.  These two causes would be considered external attributes because they are situational factors that influenced his behavior.  I went on to tell my brothers that I honestly wasn’t sure how long the behavior would last or if it would happen again at next week’s tailgate, because I had no idea what his romantic situation would look like in the future.  This is an example of using chance to explain his behavior. 

But based on his internal attributes though, knowing that John is naturally a pretty crazy, obnoxious guy, and that his behavior in this situation was more extreme than his normal nonsense, I could guess that if this did happen in the future, he might act the same way.  I do not believe that I made a fundamental attribution error, as I was careful not to overestimate the internal factors of his behavior while attempting to explain his behavior. His internal factors were not different than normal, just more intense. The external factors of his breakup were clearly causing the intense behavior.

3 point answer:

Chapter 4 defines the attribution theory as: The dominant theory that explains how people explain their own and others’ behavior.  There are three basic assumptions to the attribution theory:

That it is natural for people to attempt to establish the causes of their own and others’ behavior.

That people assign causes for behavior systematically.

That the attribution impacts the perceiver’s feelings and subsequent behavior

I remember one time, not too long ago, my friend and I were supposed to go to lunch because I had not seen her in a long time.  We had a resturaunt picked out and a time to be there.  I showed up at the resturaunt at the designated time, but she was not there.  I waited for her for about an hour, and then gave up and left.  When I tried calling, she never answered and I did not hear from her the next 2 days.  I called one of my team mates to tell her about the incident.  I told my team mate that it is usually not like this friend of mine to not show up.  I told her that she is typically extremely loyal and if she says she is going to be somewhere at a certian time, she shows up.  I also mentioned to her that she is very talkative and outgoing and would not fail to communicate with me if something had come up, or changed.  I started then to jump to conclusions about maybe her getting into an accident, or maybe her car breaking down or something like that.  My team mate, who also knew this friend agreed with me.  She also said that it was not like her not to show up.  She is a very trustworthy person who keeps her word.  When I was finally able to talk to my friend, it turned out that she had dropped her phone in the toilet, locked herself out of her house, and was having car problems.  She apologized for not getting in touch with me, but explained that after everything that happened that day, she just wanted to relax and do nothing.  Understanding completely, I simply told her that it was perfectly fine, and we ended up going to lunch together the following week.

2 point answer:Example 1: When Larry gets really quite, I immediately thinks something wrong or he’s aggravted by something. So I continue to bug him and ask whats wrong until he confrims that its absolutely nothing. 

I used attribution theory is this example by explaining my behavior when being mad at something. The external attributes are taking in to consideration that the behavor may be because he’s mad. So taking the situation into consideration that caused this behavior is apart of external attributes.

Yes, I made a fundmental attribution error because just because he not saying anything doean’t necessarily mean hes upset about something or by someone. It can also mean that he just has nothing to say or that he’s just really into whenever it is he doing and watching.  

Example 2: My best friend in high school was always the life of the party. She loved to have a good time and everyone really enjoyed her company. Of course I loved her dearly, but when she would get mad she would always take everything out on me. I never understood why she would do that. It wasn’t like she would get just a little angry, she would get angry to the point of a blood vessel popping out in her forehead (which of course I would point out in attempt to lighten the mood). No one ever saw this side of her though. Anytime we wanted to go out or do something, it would always be an ordeal. She never liked how she looked. She would say she was ugly and constantly talked about how “fat” she thought she was. I thought it was crazy! She was in NO way fat. Anything I said was not what she wanted to hear. All this anger she had started to make me feel like she hated me. I felt like I could not say or do anything right. Everytime I saw her I did not know what kind of mood she would be in. Once I started dating this guy, it became even worse. In her mind I never had enough time for her and I just completely forgot about our friendship. I was so confused! She yells at me, she loves me, she hates me, we are best friends, I was losing my mind. I did not know what to do anymore. Finally, I decided enough was enough. We sat down and talked and it was that moment that everything made sense. She did not hate me, in fact, I was the best friend she had ever had. She lost her father at a really young age and because of that, it has always been hard for her to get close to people. She had some anger problems because of what she went through. I began to understand how to react to her. I knew what to say and what not to say. We are still best friends to this day. It was difficult but all relationships are. My father passed away and no one was able to help and understand me like she was. Trying to figure out and understand people’s characteristics is difficult. Most of the time we can’t truely determine why someone is the way they are. Life happens and with that situations happens. You never understand something until you have personally been through it.

1 point answer:once I got in fight with shane. He was like mad at me and I dont evan no why. we stop talking after that time and we still dont talk anymore.

Journal 4

Journal 4

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Number and Name

Instructor Name

Due Date

Journal 4

Communication is always of great importance between humans. This is a very unique feature of human beings. Even though other animals communicate it is not as advanced as human language and therefore the reason for it to be special. This course has taught different skills and types of communication which have been of great importance to me as well as my classmates. This paper discusses the goals set for this course at the beginning and a reflection on whether those goals were met.

Introduction to speech community has been of great importance in helping me unlock my communicative potential. There are crucial things I had to make better in my communication and this course has helped me be better. In my desire to be a better communicator and as well be a good listener I set my specific goals at the beginning of the course. I am proud to state that most of the goals have been met and that I will keep on following every skill that I have learned in this course in my communicative desire towards perfection. Some of these goals which were met include being able to identify and use non-verbal skills in the right manner to express me. I have also learned about a very wide variety of non-verbal communication which I never thought or imagined was a kind of non-verbal communication. For example, the link between culture and non-verbal communication is very strong and I had never thought about this. When a person puts on certain types of clothes either in unison with the other people or puts those kinds of clothes and is the only person putting them on they tend to communicate something. This was one of the most astonishing discoveries during this course.

The other part of a culture which I learned and was one of my goals was about the language we use and the behavior we usually have. I had always questioned what is culture and how does it impact communication. This was answered in this course since I learned that culture is a peoples way of life and this influenced communication even from the time one is born, the words which the person is taught is part of the culture and it is a very essential part of them since what a person learns when they are young as part of their culture is how a person ends up communicating to the people around him or her. It also takes a lot of energy to change how a person communicates be it verbal or non-verbal.

I cannot state categorically if there is an area that has not been addressed that was part of my goals. However, with the new knowledge from this course, I am hoping and desiring to keep on learning more about different people especially those around me. Through this kind of evaluation I will be able to understand the people around me more deeply and if there has been a misunderstanding before I will be able to realize it because understanding a person’s culture is part of understanding them. Without understanding a person’s culture or the reasons why they communicate in a certain way, the understanding of the communication of the person is lessened and there is a likelihood of misunderstanding. Therefore I desire to be able to understand everyone and listen to their communication so that I only reply most nobly.

In conclusion, communication is a crucial part of our daily lives, and employing the right kind of communication can enable one to unlock so many doors in life and become successful. However, a person can also be a bad communicator unintentionally and it is important to understand different people and treat them with respect.

Journal Article Analysis

Journal Article Analysis

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Course

Professor’ name

Date

Journal Article Analysis

Crooks, C. V., Jaffe, P., Dunlop, C., Kerry, A., & Exner-Cortens, D. (2019). Preventing gender-based violence among adolescents and young adults: lessons from 25 years of program development and evaluation. Violence against women, 25(1), 29-55.

The article Preventing gender-based violence among adolescents and young adults: lessons from 25 years of program development and evaluation was authored by Claire Crooks, Peter Jaffe, Caely Dunlop, Amanda Kerry, and Deinera Exner-Cortens. The five authors have unique backgrounds. Dr. Claire Crooks is a Director at the Centre for School Mental Health and a Professor at the Western University in London, Ontario Canada. Crooks has been involved in the development of eight published articles in the field of mental health and promoting healthy relationships among women and girls, the youth and children. Crooks’ background has no negative effect on how I view the article. As a matter of fact, Crooks’ background increases my level of trust in the article. I feel that since Crook is an expert in mental health matters and has conducted vast research in mental health issues, she is best placed to write about the intervention programs for gender-based violence among young adults. Further, I feel that the information presented in the article is accurate because it was written by a team of experts. This makes me view the article as accurate and reliable.

The article was first published on 16th December 2018 in the Violence Against Women (VAW) journal on Sage Pub. The date of publishing improves my understanding of the article; it makes me relate to the issue of partner violence and how much of a problem it is for the current society. Initially, I believed that partner violence is mostly a problem for married people but now I am aware of the prevalence of dating violence in high school, university, and colleges. The purpose of the Violence Against Women (VAW) peer-reviewed journal is to publish information and research on all aspects of the vice of violence meted against women and girls. Other types of writing that can be found in the journal include sexual harassment, domestic violence, incest, sexual assault, female infanticide, and female slavery. The intended audience for this research is adolescents and young adults. This includes boys and girls that are dating within high school, college, and university. Additionally, the journal also targets the general members of the society as they are likely to be bystanders that witness aggressive acts or physical assaults. This article is scholarly; it is peer-reviewed and was published for the purpose of the general press. The article did not have a specific audience in mind as the information written is useful to all members of society. The author of the article makes the appeal that we need to be more flexible in future intervention research and programming. There is a need to address the models of identifying partner violence including traditional approaches to gender-based violence approaches.

The authors make valid arguments throughout the article. They found the flexibility of the research designs to be a key component of evaluations strategies of GBV. For a long time, researchers were not able to research programs in marginalized communities as they did not meet the standards for rigorous research. However, to attain quality outcomes, research must consider the real-world settings including a small sample size to meet the needs of the stakeholder.

As regards the gaps of this research, I am of the opinion that a section of women has been overlooked in the research intervention. I feel that gender-based violence goes beyond only affecting the youth. The researchers did not pay attention to other groups that have been victims of structural oppressions including disabled women and girls, women of color, indigenous women, women in poverty, sexually diverse women, migrant women, women abused as children, gender-queer and sex workers. Without a doubt, women generally are at high exposure of GBV but there is a need to delve into the different groups so as to address partner violence completely.

The evidence that I found to be most convincing is the mention that “evaluations showed evidence of increases in participants’ self-reported likelihood of using bystander behaviors and of positively influencing participants’ perceptions of their confidence to intervene.” As an intervention program, the bystander effect has proved effective in bringing behavior change (Abebe, Jones, Ciaravino, Ripper, Paglisotti, Morrow & Miller, 2017). The bystander effect has proved helpful in intervening safely in abusive behaviors between partners hence reducing the prevalence of gender-based violence.

The evidence I found as least convincing is that “The Ending Violence program increased youth’s knowledge of dating violence laws and increased the perceived helpfulness of seeking legal counsel as a response to dating violence.” I find this hard to believe because teenagers instincts often make them behave in the exact opposite manner. Not many teenagers are open to admitting that they are going through violence as there is stigma associated with the vice. Most of them fear being ridiculed by their colleagues making them shy away from seeking help. It is for this reason that I do not find this evidence very convincing.

The source of this article changes my mind about the topic in various ways. The source makes me view the issue of intimate partner violence in a new light. It convinces me of the seriousness of the matter and prompts me to think critically about some of the programs that might prove helpful in addressing dating violence. It has changed my mind about the role that each person should play in making society free of gender-based violence. I realize that bystanders have more power than they may know. Bystanders are in opposition to make a difference by acting if they encounter incidences of violence.

Now that I have read this article, I understand better the fact that partner violence is not an issue that affects married couples only and grownups. I now understand that dating violence is also rampant and an issue of concern for young adults including high school students. I have never thought about intimate partner violence in this light but upon reading this article, I have broadened my understanding of gender-based violence.

This source compares to other sources that I have read in the past concerning gender-based violence in various ways. First, the source posits that although gender-based violence cuts across both genders, women and girls are at more risk of encountering GBV than their male counterparts. Just like other sources, this source speaks to the vulnerability and victimization of various marginalized sub-groups. Women with disabilities, gender-queer women, indigenous women, and women and color face gender-based violence more than other groups.

Now that I have read this article, I see possibilities of future research on areas such as the effect of intimate partner violence among intersex individuals. This is an area that should be explored at length because compared to other groups there exists little research that has been conducted on the subject. Future research should focus on reducing gender-based violence for vulnerable groups in real-world settings.

References

Abebe, K. Z., Jones, K. A., Ciaravino, S., Ripper, L., Paglisotti, T., Morrow, S. E., … & Miller, E. (2017). A cluster-randomized trial of a middle school gender violence prevention program: Design, rationale, and sample characteristics. Contemporary clinical trials, 62, 11-20.

Journal Article Reaction Paper

Journal Article Reaction Paper

PSYC/NRSC 350 Cognitive Neuroscience Dr. Orr

Assignment Description

You will pick a journal article from the list of available papers to summarize and critique. These articles are those that have had a big impact on the field and/or represents new and cutting-edge research. Some papers may appear to be short (e.g., those from the journal Science) , but they will often have supplementary information on the journal website. You are responsible for reading any necessary supplementary materials. Half of the paper should be a summary of the article and the other half should critique/ evaluate the paper. Your paper should be 1000-1500 words (about 2 pages, single-spaced). Reviews of the papers are meant to be anonymous, therefore DO NOT PUT YOUR NAME/ID IN THE TEXT OR IN THE FILENAME. You will lose points for failing to follow directions.

Other critical points:

–  Use APA citation format for the paper and textbook (in-text citations and references at the end of

the paper, but don’t need a separate references page). Other than citations, you don’t need to follow APA format, i.e., don’t include a cover page and don’t put anything in the header or footer.

–  DO NOT USE QUOTES! Journal articles communicate research to other scientists and experts in the field. Use your own words! Write the paper for your grandmother, as my grad school professor would say.E.g., In the article: “As SSD was varied to yield ~50% P(inhibit), SSRT was estimable by subtracting average SS from median correct Go RT (according to the race model).” In your words, “The authors used an establish method to set the delay for the stop signal wherein participants would be unable to stop in time on about half of the trials.”

Key Components of a Summary

Summarize the research question being answered in the paper and what has been done to date (i.e., review what you learned from the literature review). Condense the content of the work by highlighting its main points and key supporting points.

Describe the participants, procedures and methods very briefly (to understand the methods, you may need to consult additional resources)

Describe the results including the primary analyses that were used and what they found

Describe the main conclusions that the authors arrived at

Article Critique/ Evaluation

You should heavily rely on information discussed in class for your critique

What were the strengths of the paper?

What are the implications of this research for our understanding of the mind/brain?

Did you notice any problems with the methodology, hypotheses, interpretation, other limitations?

Why do you think this paper is impactful or cutting edge?

Is the work related to problems in our present-day world? If so, how?

How is the material related to your life, experiences, feelings and ideas?

Did the work increase your understanding of a particular issue? Did it change your perspective in

any way?

Journal Entry 1 – Chapter 3 Communication and the Self

Journal Entry 1 – Chapter 3 Communication and the Self

For all individuals, communication is key in determining who an individual really is, and therefore, it helps define oneself. The presence of social media has increased our communications with one another, not only with families but also with friends. These platforms, such as Facebook and Instagram, have helped us identify our public self, in that we opt to show a particular part of ourselves to the public while keeping that which we don’t want to be seen in private. Based on this, we choose to disclose some things which we perceive as relevant in relational development. How we communicate and perceive ourselves tends to affect our self-esteem – the evaluations of self-worth; therefore, it affects how we communicate with those around us.

Self-concept is defined as the relatively stable set of perceptions that an individual holds about themselves. This implies that self-concept is crucial in determining our personalities, including attributes of whom an individual is in their normal mood states, likes, dislikes, special talents, or roles. An individual’s personality determines their self-worth, which means how individuals feel about certain qualities may have to do with their self-esteem. I believe that the type of parenting affects both the self-concept and self-esteem of an individual as they grow, and this means that the childhood of a person is essential in shaping their self-worth. Authoritative parenting allows very little interaction of their children as they live in a controlled environment. However, there are democratic parents who allow their children freedom to do as they wish; they trust their children to make major decisions about themselves and make them responsible for their choices. Such a child grows to have strong self-worth and self-esteem compared to a child who had no freedom to choose.

Children brought in authoritative parenting will always look for approval from others as they don’t know how it is like to be independent. However, an individual with a strong self-concept and self-esteem tends to have positive thoughts, which they use to develop desirable behaviors. If a person feels good about themselves, they pose positive expectations about how they will communicate with those around them. There is a high likelihood that their communications will be successful. Having successful communication can help an individual develop positive evaluations of self, which increases their level of self-esteem. Therefore, positive evaluations can be a key determinant as well as a beginning for developing positive communications with others. Communications cannot be successful if the wrong strategy is applied; therefore, if an individual wants to improve how other people perceive them, they have to devise a strategy that will impress others. Based on this, impression management is another key element in developing conversations as it helps increase thoughtfulness, self-awareness, honesty, and understanding of personal emotions. However, impressions need to be guided by authenticity. Therefore, it is important for an individual to be self-aware of themselves before engaging in a conversation so that they don’t play the role that is not theirs.

Thoughtfulness and being an efficient listener help understand the other person’s perspective. Therefore, it is essential that before conversing back, an individual should evaluate the consequences of their feedback to avoid negative implications that could ruin relationships with others. Being conscious and thoughtful can improve personal relationships with others. Self-disclosure is also an important part of effective communication as it helps reveal information about the self to another person. It can be used to bring a sense of psychological belief, making an individual feel better when they get a burden out of their chest. However, if an individual is not careful in self-disclosure, they might spill too much information that could be toxic and thus lead to rejection. Therefore, it is essential to understand the limits and disclose only information whose damage can be controlled to ensure effective communication. A close observation of these rules can help an individual better understand the self.

References

Chapter 3 in Adler, R. B., Rosenfeld, L. B., & Proctor II, R. F. (2018). Interplay: The process of interpersonal communication (p. 504) Oxford University Press, New York.

Journal entry 7

Journal entry 7

Antigone is an idealistic character caught between doing what is morally right or obeying political laws. Antigone finds herself in this position after Creon prohibits the burial of one of her brothers. Based on the play, it is apparent that Antigone prioritizes the laws of the gods, and her desire to bury her brother, who was named a traitor, stems from her strong sense of family loyalty. Unlike Antigone’s priorities, her sister’s and uncle’s priorities are focused on political expediency hence their unrelenting stance in going against the laws of the gods. The conflict between Antigone and Creon results in the tragic demise of Antigone and multiple family members related to her. Creon also regrets his choices and laments that everything he has touched has amounted to nothing. Antigone is a tale that highlights the differences between political laws and moral laws and calls to attention the need for people to prioritize morals. While both Antigone and Creon ended up losing a lot, their choices highlight the possible implications of following either moral laws or political laws. While Antigone’s demise is tragic, I believe that the play highlights the limitations of political laws. For instance, Creon’s laws are dictatorial as they disregard human ties. As a result, Creon’s disregard for Antigone’s family obligations results in the loss of his own family. The play also reveals the complexity of life. It challenges the audience to stand for what is right as opposed to blindly following laws that judge people’s actions on an unrealistic dual system of black and white.