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Landslide hazards outline

Landslide hazards outline

Student’s name

Instructor

Department of affiliation

Course

Date

Landslide hazards outline

Introduction

What is landslides

What is landslide hazard

Thesis statement (the different types of hazards discussed herein)

Body

Causes of landslides

Natural causes

Climate

Earthquake

Weathering

Erosion

Volcanoes

Forest fires

Gravity

Human causes

Mining

Clear cutting

Effects of landslides

Economic decline

Infrastructure decimation

Loss of life

Beauty of landscapes

Impacts river ecosystems

Types of landslides

Falls

Slides

Topples

Spreads

Flows

Conclusion

Summary

Recommendations for combating landslides

References‌. (2017, May 6). https://www.eartheclipse.com/natural-disaster/causes-effects-and-types-of-landslides.html

Davies, T. (2015, January 1). Chapter 1 – Landslide Hazards, Risks, and Disasters: Introduction (J. F. Shroder & T. Davies, Eds.). ScienceDirect; Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012396452600001X

Guzzetti, F. (2006). Landslide hazard and risk assessment.Keefer, D. K., & Larsen, M. C. (2007). Assessing landslide hazards. Science, 1136-1138.

Landslide Hazard Information – Causes, Pictures, Definition. (2019). Geology.com. https://geology.com/usgs/landslides/

Pardeshi, S. D., Autade, S. E., & Pardeshi, S. S. (2013). Landslide hazard assessment: recent trends and techniques. SpringerPlus, 2(1), 1-11.

Shroder, J. F. (2014). Landslide hazards, risks, and disasters. Academic Press.

Language and Communication Evidenced Based Practice

Language and Communication Evidenced Based Practice

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Social Language Development Test

The Social Language Development Test is a test that is meant to measure one’s language-based skills of interaction with friends and social interpretation skills. These skills are known to be the best predictors of social language. The Social Language Development Test helps teachers gain insight on the competency of their students when it comes to language tests as well as their social understanding. While most children do well on traditional language tests, their social language skill might be inadequate. This test has the ability to substantiate the influence that a language disorder has on social disorders and determine whether they should be placed in therapy or not. The tasks incorporated in this test tend to reflect the development of social language expression and comprehension. The Social Language Development Test has numerous subtests that entail verbal expressions, question-answering tasks, verbal explanations, and interpretations of photographed scenes (Moon, Cho, Lim, Roh, Koh, Kim, & Nam, 2019). Subtest A is all about making inferences as the pupil is expected to infer what another person is thinking. In subset B, interpersonal negotiations take place where the pupil pretends to be having a conflict with peers and they must identify the problem and propose a solution. Subtest C is about multiple interpretations where the pupil demonstrates flexible thinking. In Subtest D, student supports their peers by pretending to be in similar situations as them. Validity of the subtests is established using the construct of group validity. Reliability, on the other hand, is established through test-retest, inter-rater reliability and reliability, which is based on the homogeneity of each item. Without a doubt, I would use the social language development test as an assessment method in the classroom. I would find it helpful especially since it can give me a hint about my students’ abilities. It will help me learn my students better and this way I can help them meet their needs.

Speech Generated Devices

Speech-generated devices are tablet-like devices that make it possible for people that can con longer speak to communicate their thoughts using electronic voice generation. Speech-generated devices are uniquely programmed and highly personalized to perform their functions, and without them, most people would be isolated and tapped into a body without the ability to communicate. The devices tend to be hand-held, and users use them by pressing keys or buttons. Some devices even read words out loud as a person types on a keyboard. Speech-generating devices are common for people that do have a difficult time pronouncing words owing to a physical disability like acquired brain injury or cerebral palsy (He, Sainath, Prabhavalkar, McGraw, Alvarez, Zhao, & Gruenstein, 2019). Autistic children also use speech-generating devices to develop their language and speech. Undoubtedly, speech-generating devices are of help to autistic children. Research has demonstrated that autistic children tend to prefer speech-generating devices to other argumentative and alternative communication devices. Worth noting, that speech-generating devices cannot prevent children from speaking if they cannot speak. Additional and large-scale research is required to figure out the system that best suits children and the best way that children can put to use speech-generating devices. Parents that choose to buy their children speech-generated devices should be involved in the use of the device with the child. Parents should also ensure that every person in the child’s environment is conversant with the device. I would use speech-generating devices in the classroom as it would help children with communication issues to improve them. Additionally, the speech-generating device is the perfect teaching intervention for children that have autism as well as learning disabilities. It is an easier way to help students communicate better and improve their pronunciation capacities.

References

He, Y., Sainath, T. N., Prabhavalkar, R., McGraw, I., Alvarez, R., Zhao, D. & Gruenstein, A. (2019). Streaming end-to-end speech recognition for mobile devices. In ICASSP 2019-2019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (pp. 6381-6385). IEEE.

Moon, J. H., Cho, S. Y., Lim, S. M., Roh, J. H., Koh, M. S., Kim, Y. J., & Nam, E. (2019). Smart device usage in early childhood is differentially associated with fine motor and language development. Acta Paediatrica, 108(5), 903-910.

LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION OF TYPICAL & AUTISTIC CHILDREN

LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION OF TYPICAL & AUTISTIC CHILDREN

Student’s name

Instructor

Department of affiliation

Course

Date

Language Comprehension of Typical Children and Children with Autism

The development of speech from the time children are very young to when they can speak or communicate in a certain language fluently is a process. This has been determined through the research referred to as the Longitudinal Study of Early Language (LSEL). This research has looked deeply into the nature of the children having different learning rates in a certain language, the children’s process of learning the languages they are exposed to. One of the major observations is that one of the ways the children learn new languages is through adults’ observation. Therefore, they can imitate how to refer to certain objects and items, thus knowing what is meant by different things in that particular social setting. Apart from the initial event of not knowing a certain language, the research also focuses on the impact of a caregiver on the children and how they contribute to their vocabulary and learning of a certain language.

The research includes children who have ASD (Autism spectrum disorder) and those who are also developing in their different languages, which they are being taught, and learning. The research involved the researchers giving visits to the different children who are undergoing this type of language learning and those who are also suffering from ASD. Therefore, when the researchers visited the different parents and caregivers for the children, they were able to determine the effects of ASD on learning different aspects and parts of the language. The visits were six, and therefore through this, the researchers learned a lot about language development in children. These visits also recorded 30 minutes caregiver-interactive sessions with the children. Therefore, from this, the researchers could understand how the different children comprehended the different aspects of language learning.

Even though these diseases and conditions like ASD affect the children, it is still essential to note that these issues do not affect how the children learn the languages presented to them when they are young. However, when the children are exposed to different languages, they learn faster or slower depending on how the simplicity or complexity of the different languages. This kind of language learning was mainly the SVO- subject-verb order of language learning. The children observed that what the parents looked into as they talked about was what was meant by the adults, and therefore it is through this that the children were able to relate easily to the meanings of different words.

The LSEL mainly discussed 6 IPL tasks: syntactic bootstrapping, wh-questions, shape bias, noun-naming bias, and aspect. Longitudinal relationships between the language, which is general, and IPL behaviors were observed along the LSEL. On the shape bias, the children were found to distinguish the very many words and how they are represented physically through the different objects.

Therefore LSEL indicated a great success in language understanding when the child is young to the time they can comprehend the language fully. The research also indicated that social differences and early exposure to language determined how a child can gain knowledge about that specific language and how this affects their language gain later in life and how this is an essential part of the lives of these young people. It also follows that the different visits performed also indicated that the first times the children had not fully developed in the language, however towards the last visits, which are towards the sixth visit, the children were able to learn about the language and thus improve in their understanding of their language.

In conclusion, therefore, we learn that children with ASD, even though generally thought to have a different understanding level of language which they are exposed to, unlike the normal children, this is not explicitly correct.Reference

Naigles, L. R. (2020). It Takes All Kinds (of Information) to Learn a Language: Investigating the Language Comprehension of Typical Children and Children With Autism. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 0963721420969404.

Kingship As A Religious Office

Kingship As A Religious Office

Name:

Institutional Affiliation:

The comments of the Anglo-Norman Anonymous can be used to bolster later medieval arguments of kings who claimed to rule by divine right. They came that the king has been though consecrated by earthly beings has the authority that comes from God himself. All earthy Kings rule only because God allows it hence all people on earth should respect the authority of the King since he can be considered to be God’s representative on earth. God has given them the power to rule over his church on earth.

The rule of the King can be considered a partnership with the rule of the priesthood. The priests rule over the souls of men while the king rules over the bodies of men. The kingdoms over which the king’s rule are equated to the throne of Christ. Hence it is the duty of kings to administer justice upon the church just as they do to their kingdoms. They are also supposed to strengthen the kingdoms and manage it in line with the teachings of Jesus Christ. The kings rule together with Christ over the earthly realms.

There can be no separation of the rule of the soul from that of the body. Human beings are made up of both body and souls hence the two should be administered together. In the same way, priestly rule and the rule of kings go hand in hand as the two rules over both bodies and souls of their subjects. The purpose of the resurrection is so that both the body and mind of men should be saved together. For this to be achieved it is imperative that the two; body and soul are kept together. The priests and kings will work hand in hand towards this purpose.

The comments of the Anglo-Norman Anonymous were made to the point that the king had immense power on earth hence no one should be able to question their authority. They assert this by saying that a king cannot be considered a layman but a partner of God while fulfilling their earthly duties. Even though the kings were anointed by lesser men such as bishops, it has always been the norm that more inferior men are made to consecrate those that are superior to them.

The fact that God ordained kings, mean that they rule rightfully. Any question to their power is the same as questioning the authority of God himself. The king is the anointed of the lord. Therefore, he has the right to rule over his brothers, and all the people in the land should adore him. The king is also the master and the defender of the church that all the members of the church should look up to.

These statements show that the king has many responsibilities that rest on his shoulders. He is not only to rule over the earthly kingdom but also to offer guidance and administer justice to ht church of God. The many duties show how special the king is in the sight of the lord, and God gives him divine wisdom that enables him to save both the souls and bodies of men. They should, therefore, be allowed to rule with autonomy and without question because it is God himself who leads the king throughout the decision he makes. Even the bishop who consecrates the king is not above him; he is merely an inferior person who is sent to anoint the king. These sentiments were a way to prove to men that the rule of kings was divinely ordained and deserved respect and adoration from their subjects.

Hugh of Saint Victor differed in his interpretation of divine and secular power. According to Hugh, here is a clear separation between holy and temporal powers. The difference in the two powers stems from the fact that there are two different lives, earthly life, and heavenly life. The human life involves a physical body that lives from the soul while the heavenly life consists of the soul living from God. In each of the two lives, there are things that are necessary to keep it alive and invigorated.

The laymen are mainly occupied with the considerations of their earthly lives, and hence their power is earthly. The clergy, on the other hand, is concerned with the wellbeing of the spiritual body hence their power can be said to be of a divine nature. The secular power is headed by the king while spiritual power has its leadership in the religious pontiff. The two powers cannot be one; they have to be separate.

The Hugh had to separate the two powers possibly to remove the confusion and doubts cast by the sentiments that the king ruled by divine authority. According to the Hugh of Saint Victor, this was not the case as the secular power represented by the King was entirely different from divine power that is described by the pontiff. It was therefore crucial that the people differentiate between the things that concerned their spirituality and those about their earthly life.

The spiritual life is of more importance as compared to earthly life. Earthly life is but for a short time while the body lives while spiritual life is for a much longer time when the soul lives from God. Worldly power is under the rulership of spiritual or divine power. The authority that is given to any earthly or secular power has to be granted by the spiritual power. When the secular power errs in any way, the spiritual power has the task of correcting and judging the earthly power. Divine power, on the other hand, comes from God himself hence no one can decide it, only God.

The two accounts are somewhat different with the first account by the Anglo-Norman Anonymous stating that the king rules by divine rights while Hugh of Saint Victor asserts that secular power and religious power are entirely different and separate. The first account can be considered a way to give the king more power and to make the subjects of the king more respectful to the power of the king. It can create some confusion especially when the king makes mistakes, and no one can challenge his actions that are deemed to come from God. The second account gives a more definite direction on how secular and divine powers are separated. The pontiff should concentrate on matters relating to spirituality while the king is left to deal with earthly things. The separation of powers allows divine power to institute the secular forces and also to judge secular power in case of any errors.

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Name: _____________________

Objective

To understand Kirchhoff’s circuit rules and use them to determine the currents that flow in various parts of DC circuits.

Overview

Consider a circuit that has many components wired together in a complex array. Suppose you want to calculate the currents in various branches of this circuit. The rules for combining resistors are convenient in circuits made up only of resistors that are connected in series or in parallel. While it may be possible in some cases to simplify parts of a circuit with the series and parallel rules, complete simplification to an equivalent resistance is often impossible. The application of Kirchhoff’s rules can help us to understand complex circuits with more than one battery.

Kirchhoff circuit rules applied to circuits are based on two conservation laws – conservation of energy and conservation of charge. To analyze the circuits, we define few terms:

Branch: A branch is a portion of the circuit in which the current is the same through all the circuit elements.

Junction or Node: A junction in a circuit is a place where two or more wires are connected. It is the point of connection between two or more branches.

Loop: A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

Kirchhoff’s rules:

Junction Rule: The sum of the currents entering a junction equals the sum of the currents leaving out of the same junction. Junction rules is based on charge conservation.

Loop Rule: The sum of the changes in electric potential around a closed loop is zero.

Let us consider the circuit shown below.

Question 1-1: How many unknown currents are flowing in the circuit?

Question 1-2: Mark Junction (or Junctions) on the figure.

We will use PHET simulation Circuit Construction Kit: DC – Virtual Lab (https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab)

Open the PHET simulation Circuit Construction Kit: DC – Virtual LabSet-up the circuit shown in the above figure.

Set the resistances values: R1 = 75 W, R2 = 40 W, and R3 = 100 W. Click on the resistor; you will be able to see the value of resistance and then change it using the slider switch.

Choose the following battery voltages: ℇ1=10 V and ℇ2=25 V Take a screenshot after you connect the circuit and paste it.

Question 1-3: Apply Junction rule to one of the junctions. Do you get a different equation when you apply the rule to the other junction?

Equation 1:

Question 1-4: Assuming that the internal resistances of the batteries are negligible, apply loop rule to any two closed loops. Write down the equations for each loop.

Equation 2:

Equation 3:

Solve these three equations for the three unknown currents, I1, I2, and I3 in amperes. Show your calculations below.

Modify the circuit to measure currents flowing through each resistor. You must use ammeter to measure current.

Take a screenshot after you connect ammeters in the circuit and paste it below.

Vary the battery emf E1 and complete the table below:

Calculate the currents flowing through each resistor using Ohm’s law, V = IR

E1(V) E2(V) V1

(V) V2

(V) V3

(V) I1

(A) I2

(A) I3

(A) I1 (calculated) I2 (calculated) I3

(calculated)

10 25

15 25

20 25

25 25

30 25

Question 1-5: Did your measured currents match with the calculated current values?

Question 1-6: Use your measured current values to verify the junction rule at the junction in the circuit. Show one calculation.

Question 1-7: Use your measured voltage values to verify the loop rule in the left loop of the circuit. Show one calculation.

Question 1-8: Why aren’t the resistors R1 and R2 in series? Why aren’t they in parallel?

Now consider the case where resistor R2 is removed from the circuit. Take a screenshot after you have made the changes.

Question 1-9: Will you need to generate more or fewer equations with Kirchhoff’s loop rule? With Kirchhoff’s Junction rule? Why?

Question 1-10: What is the effective value of R2 in the modified circuit?

Knee Subluxation

Knee Subluxation

Name:

Institution

Date:

Knee Subluxation

Patellar subluxation syndrome is also referred to as patellar instability. Patella subluxation and dislocation is a disorder that can hinder any and all movement in a person’s knee. This is injury that occurs on the knee cap. In this type of condition, the patella repetitively subluxate and thus puts strain on the patellofemoral joint. It feels like the knee cap keeps shifting from one location to another It can occur during forced straightening of the leg, with kneecap moving from the grove to the outer side of the knee. The cause is also kind of an abnormality according to how our legs were built. There can be under development in inner thigh muscles or overdevelopment in the outer thigh muscles.

Kneecap can occur in a higher place than the usual one may also be knocked-knee or also have underdevelopment of femoral condyle. It is quite key to understand the difference between acute primary patellar and habitual dislocation CITATION Wal08 l 1033 (Walsh, 2008). Acute primary patellar accounts for 2-3% of all cases. Primary or first-time patellar subluxation is the clinical condition that often causes physical disruptions to medial peripatellar structures that were not injure. A common finding between acute, primary and traumatic patellar is leading of the joints space often referred to as hemarthrosis of knee which results from the traumatic damage on medial restraints of patellar.

The patellofemoral joint is where the knee is joined by the femoral condyles and the patella join. Articulation of the patellofemoral function is dependent on the functions of the quadriceps. Its main role is to increase the surface angle that the patellar tendon pulls and thus improving the mechanical functions of the quadriceps in the knee area. The articular surfaces are made up of the patella and the trochlear surface of femoral condyles. The articular cartilage that is located in the medial facet is usually thick when compared to one on lateral facet. However, the articular cartilage on lateral facet is often bigger than one located in the medial facet (Frederick, 2008).

Femoral condyles always tend to project are located just in front of the shaft found in the femur but extends a huge posteriorly. Patellar articular surface is quite small on the medial femoral condyle and larger on the lateral femoral condyle. There is an interior groove which projects from lateral femoral condyle all the way to the patellar groove. This forms the bony surface in the skeletal tissue that we often even feel with our hands. Its role is to prevent lateral subluxation of the patella. In the knee region, we also have the trochlea on the distal end, anterior part of the femur. On the other hand, is the groove which is posteriorly located together with the intercondylar notch of femur. Lastly, there are the lateral faces have greater radius an is more prominent. The movement as well as suspension of the patella is often through active and the passive stabilizers. The passive stabilizers include: capsule of the knee, fascia lata and ligamentum patellae, ligamentum meniscopatia are lateral and medial, ligamentum patellofemoral lateral and medial. Active stabilizers in the other hand include retinaculum, ligamentum patellae, and four heads of the quadriceps.

People who play sports or athletics are associated with patellar dislocation often. It is also quite likely to occur to females in their 20s CITATION DrE05 l 1033 (Dr. Ellison, 2005). Women are more susceptible because of the lax ligaments and genu valgum. Patellar dislocation often come about as a result of a traumatic incident on your knee area including a direct blow to the knee. There are factors however that predisposes an individual into getting patella subluxation including a shallow femoral groove, if one has quadriceps muscles that are weak and if one’s lateral retinaculum or biceps femoris muscles are weak. A dominant predisposing factor will need less trauma for dislocation. The etiology is viewed as a multi-factorial as it is often associated with: imbalance between stronger tissues such as vast lateralis, they are able to overcome weak medial structure such as distal vastus medialis and medial patellofemoral ligament. and lateral reticannulum, reduced osseous constraint from the lateral femoral condyle. Also, etiology is associated with the biomechanical functions such a rotation of tibia and femur and planus and pes.

There are top for causes however that have been known to cause patellar subluxation: the first one is the bone structure, a patellofemoral grove that is rotated or abnormally shallow does not provide a resting location for the stability of the kneecap. Another cause is muscle weakness. Weak muscles especially ones surrounding both the knee and the hip will often control the position of the leg properly. This leads to instability of kneecap. Soft tee malfunction also results in patella subluxation. Tendons and ligaments found in the knee region ought to hold thee kneecap in place. If an individual is flexible such as an athlete or has previously had patellar tracking issues, then their tissue silkily to stretch. They lose the ability to hold the kneecap in place and it thus eventually dislocates. Soft tissue outside the nee is quite too tight, it thus can pull the kneecap from the patellofemoral groove. Finally, poor movement patterns increase likelihood of getting patella subluxation. These movements include jumping or running. They make the knee cap easily susceptible to subluxation CITATION Nel08 l 1033 (D., 2008).

Patella subluxation affects the skeletal system, nervous system, and muscular system. In order to understand how patella dislocation affects the skeletal system, the anatomy is quite important. Knee is considered largest joint in the body. There are ligaments and tendons in place that connect the femur to the skeletal bones on the lower part of the leg. The four main ligaments that are found in the bone act like ropes that hold bones together. The tendons are what connect the bones to the muscles. Quadriceps tendons are what connect the muscles in the thighs to the patella. There are quadriceps tendons that are referred to as patellar retinacula which connects to the tibia and are also important in stabilizing the patella. The patellar tendon is the tendon that gets to stretch from the patella to the tibia.

Patella subluxation almost affect skeletal and the muscular system in a similar way because the bones surrounding the knee are connected to the various muscles including quadriceps muscles. In the skeletal system, the knee is quite important in offering of support to the body. Patella serves two main roles in the body the first is protecting the knee from injuries and secondly it enhances leverage where quadriceps tendons are able to exert on the femur thus improving efficiency. When the patella, which is a skeletal bone gets dislocated the tendons and ligaments that attach from the bone to the muscles are also affected thus causing difficulty in movement. Doing tasks such as kneeling which utilizes muscles become quite impossible.

For the nervous system, palatal subluxation causes effect in terms of the pain it causes. There is a term that has been coined for this pain and it is the Patellofemoral pain syndrome that tend to occur on the anterior part of the knee. The pain may because after the dislocation, the ligaments tear. If one is not able to seek medical attention immediately it may result in the loss of their leg. The role of the nervous system is to transmit impulses including pain from the affected part of the brain to the central nervous system. When one is injured including pain from the knee dislocation, pain gets to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system which in turns leads to an increase in the heart rate resulting in peripheral vasoconstriction happening. The pain is usually intense after the dislocation has occurred but can still persist during the recovery period and thus doctors need to give advice to the patients on the best way they could deal with the pain.

A radiography is often quite important in order to eliminate avulsion and osteochondral fractures. Patellar apprehension test is also usually used whereby the patella ought to provide resistance. Fulkerson and Lysholm scales can differentiate patients with and without recurrent subluxations. MRI test would only be necessary to establish if tendons were torn and in cases of a complete tear, X-Ray is used due to luxation of patella CITATION Non05 l 1033 (JC, 2005). Through X-Ray, MRI and topography, Patella subluxation can be identified by measurement of trochlea groove-tuberosities tibiae distance.

Patella Subluxation is accompanied by various signs and symptoms. Depending on how severe the subluxation is symptoms will vary. Improper tracking of kneecap may not cause any symptoms however, in serious cases, it leads to complete dislocation of the knee cap. Patellar subluxation will always feel like the knee cap is shifting or jamming from its normal location. It causes discomfort when taking part in any activity, there is pain both at the sides of the kneecap and the front. The pain is commonly referred to as patellofemoral pain syndrome. This kind of pain may be the most indicating factor that an individual is suffering from subluxation of the knee. Besides sliding of the kneecap other common symptoms include CITATION Cou17 l 1033 (Cade, 2017)Stiffness that may be felt on the entire leg

Squeaking especially on the patellar area

Pain on the knee which intensifies when in an activity that is as simple as walking. Pain may even be felt when siting down CITATION Cro16 l 1033 (Crossley Kay, 2016)Knees tend to buckle up and they can no longer hold your weigh. This makes it hard to stand or even walk

Cracking sounds or creaking that are felt on the knee. you may hear them while standing up or walking.

When one is diagnosed with patella subluxation the next is to treat it which is the management. Management can be operative or non-operative depending on the severity of the subluxation CITATION Hin111 l 1033 (Hing CB, 2011). In acute lateral patellar dislocation Non-operative management encompasses a multimodal approach which includes use of braces that offer support to knee, pain medication, behavioral education to the patient especially on the do’s and don’ts while on recovery and weight reduction.

Physical therapy revolves around strengthening of the already weakened muscles as well as proprioceptive exercises. In physiotherapy there may be conservative treatment such as the manual therapy. This includes knee and knee mobilization j in order to improve RO of the knee. It may also incorporate combination therapy. This form of therapy focusses on strengthening exercises for hamstrings, quadriceps, muscles of both lower abdomen and hip, adductors and other muscles of the leg [9]. Nit is quite important to use closed kinetic chains as they have great number of advantages when compared to other forms of exercises. Stretching and flexibility aid in the training of hamstrings and quadriceps.

Distal Vastus Medals is another form of muscle strengthening that has been proved to significantly improve functionality of muscles. This form of therapy however has been proved to show little improvement in quadriceps muscle especially to individuals with first-time patellar dislocation. Another important form of management is bracing and reduction. Bracing involves use knee braces that provide knee support, they are often referred to as patellar stabilizers or patellar tracking brace. These braces help in proper movement of the knee and also prevents subluxation. Re-education provides important information to individual and thus a great way of ensuring prevention of patellar subluxation. Behavioral modification and reassurance is applied in order to prepare one of the exercises while in therapy as well as prevent re-dislocation of the patella again.

There are instances where surgery may be necessary in order for a patient to recover. These forms of surgery often involve reconstructing as well as repairing of the lateral stabilizers. In cases where the tendon and ligaments that hold the kneecap in place are torn, reconstructive surgery comes in quite handy. Open lateral repair is a surgical procedure that was first suggested as a possible medical solution by Hughston and Brinker. When there is good amount of tissue, side-to-side anastomosis technique is used in the re-appropriation of the tissue. When vastus laterais is retracted or released it ought to be repaired and mobilized. It is important to understand that there should be presence of good tissue in order for this type of surgery to be successful

At times, tissue quality is not sufficient and thus open lateral repair is not an option, in such cases Open Lateral reconstruction is often considered. Techniques such as utilization of Iliotibial band, patellar tendon or the tensor fascia can be used in the reconstruction. In this techniques the surgeon makes a dissection of about 3-4 cm in length on the affected knee. Lateral aspect of Gerdy’s tubercle is conferred to the distal aspect of IT band, the strip is then utilized in closing of the lateral deficit through joining of lateral patella. Iliotibial band can be attached to the soft tissue or another option may be lacing it through the patellar tunnel. Patellar tendon is often utilized in the reconstruction of the lateral restraints by attaching the patella tendons distally from tibia tubercle and then left without interruption proximally and may include a bone attachment. Patellar tendon can also be reconstructed to the tibia by using suture anchors, or utilizing bone tunnels.

Arthroscopic medal release is another medical procedure that has proved to be useful in treatment of the subluxation of the patella. The first step encompasses diagnostic arthroscopy and then medial release by use of an acrioplasty electrode. Medial retinaculum was divided into two phases, first one involves the pole of patella located superiorly and would transverse distally all the way to anteromedial portal. After the procedure, the patella needs to be shifted laterally at an angle of 50 to 70 degrees of its lateral edge, ensuring any reticular tissue that remains is divided. A final reconstruction is then done over the medial undersurface of the knee as a way of confirming if there is a complete release. Fulkerson procedure is another surgical procedure that involves osteotomy as well as anteremodialization of tibial tubercle with aim of elevating distal pole of patella. This in turn reduces contact of patella with knee during flexion. Its aim is to reduce anterior knee pain as well as reduce degenerative process

Patellar dislocation is quite common in athletes. They can result in direct trauma or low energy twisting mechanisms. They are likely to occur in second decade of life. When ne is brought in doctor’s conduct examinations physically and with the use of radiographs to determine best method to treat patella dislocation It is important to prevent oneself from getting subluxation through use of braces when exercising. Patellar dislocation are awful injuries that result in a lot of discomfort and will disrupts individual’s daily activities. Reoccurrence of patellar dislocation is high once it occurs. An athlete may be unable to go back to sporting once a patella dislocation occurs. Through management however, ne may improve and the chronic pain usually felt is completely reduced.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Cade, C. (2017). A Deeper Look at Various Knee Pathologies in Young Female Athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Allied Health Sciences: Official Journal of the Ohio Athletic Trainers Association, 21.

Callaghan MJ, S. J. (2012). “Patellar taping for patellofemoral pain syndrome in adults”. Cochrane Database, 18(4).

Crossley Kay, M. C. (2016). Patellofemoral Pain. BR J Sports Med Journal, 5, 247-250.

Dr. Ellison, A. E. (2005). Athletic Training and Sports Medicine. New York: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.

Frederick Michels, N. P. (2008). Locked patellar dislocation: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 5, 752-947.

Hing CB, S. T. (2011). Surgical versus non-surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation. Cochrane Database, 11(9).

Hing CB, S. T. (2011). Surgical versus non-surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation”.

JC, N. D. (2005). The diagnosis and treatment of medial subluxation of the patella after lateral retinacular release. AM Sports Med Journal, IV (22), 680-686.

Nelitz M, D. D. (2011). The relationship of the distal femoral physics and the medial patellofemoral ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 19, 2067-71.

Walsh, J. H. (2008). Patellar Subluxation and Dislocation. Sanders Publisher.

Korematsu V. United States

Korematsu V. United States

Name

Institution

Course Name and Number

Instructor

Date

Korematsu V. United States

The case of Korematsu v. United States is a typical example of outright racism that has been a major concern in the United States and across the world (Bell et al., 2021). For instance, it was unconstitutional for President Roosevelt to associate Japanese-American citizens with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor to the extent of relocating them to relocation camps in the name of national security. This is a violation of the civil rights of the Americans of Japanese descent, exposing them to education, health care, and nutrition inadequacies (Sadler, 2019). The president’s decision to send more than 110,000 people to Internment Camps was a clear demonstration of racial prejudice, war madness, and a failed political leadership. As such, it is necessary for the Constitution to restrict presidential powers to prevent situations where the president decides to declare unconstitutional laws on the basis of national security. There should be clear checks and balances that act as watchdogs on the president’s use of power. The Constitution should hold the president liable to their enforcement of the law.

I disagree with Justice Black’s opinion regarding the case of Korematsu v. United States. In his opinion, the relocation of the United States citizens forcefully with the justification that the outcome was deem necessary because of war, and it would be considered unconstitutional during peace time (Bell et al., 2021). Violating the stipulation of the Constitution while upholding on other instances is a double standard, and is unaccepted. If the Constitution recognizes the Internees’ constitutional rights in the time of peace, then it is unlawful to violate them in time of war on the pretext that their ethnicity is similar to those whom the country is at war with.

References

Bell, N., Levy, E., & Sharp, J. (2021). Symposium: Giving Korematsu v. United States A Sober Second Thought. Arkansas Law Review, 74(2), 145.

Sadler, M. (2019). ” I Dissent, Therefore, from this Legalization of Racism:” A Legal Analysis of Korematsu v. United States (1944).

Kristen Istria

Kristen Istria

Indeed, that part of the argument also stood out for me. I mean, the irony in it is that even though the government puts in so much effort to ensure we consume food that meets quality standards and is also healthy and nutritious. However, as Americans, we will always find our poison by consuming substandard food and junk, irrespective of all these. Does this mean that we place so much effort on short-term pleasure over long-term safety and health as humans?

Kristina came to the clinic with a number of problems she needed help addressing.

Kristina Martinez

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

Kristina came to the clinic with a number of problems she needed help addressing. One of the main problems that seemed prominent, however, was the fact that she was suffering from depression and anxiety, as a result, of the numerous duties and responsibilities she had to deal with since the birth of her child. The patient implied that she was anxious about the behavior of her boyfriend and father of her child who was not showing enough initiative towards taking care of their baby. From what she implied, it was clear that she was anxious about her future and that of her baby, in addition to the relationship she has with the father of her child.

Though Kristina was depressed, it did not seem bipolar. Depression is a medical condition whereby the affected individual feels sad, hopeless, discouraged, disinterested in life and unmotivated. When these feelings last for a couple of hours or a number of days, the condition is not serious but when they last for weeks then it is possible that the person’s daily activities and health get affected. Anxiety, on the other hand, involves feelings of apprehension and fear, which in serious cases become overwhelming and in most cases interfere with the daily activities of an individual. Anxiety and depression conditions are not similar, though people suffering from depression usually experience symptoms like those indicated for anxiety like irritability, nervousness, and problems concentrating and sleeping. However, many individuals who have depression also have a history of bouts of anxiety (Regier, et al., 1998).

To manage Kristina’s depression and anxiety, or to eliminate it, the counselor has to develop two categories of goals, both short and long term. The goals will help direct the therapy and treatment plan. One of the main long-term goals the treatment should establish is to make sure that Kristina is able to develop and improve relationships that are meaningful with those around her. The short-term goal of her treatment is that these long-term goals will be broken into smaller goals and steps that are manageable. The goals that Kristina and her counselor have developed must be achieved through breaking them into smaller and manageable steps.

After establishing these goals, it is essential to come up with manageable intervention plans for Kristina. There are a number of strategies that are available for individuals suffering from anxiety and depression. For Kristina, one of these treatment plans that can be helpful in managing her anxiety and depression and in helping her attain meaningful relationships is cognitive- behavioral therapy. This form of therapy, if Kristina agrees to use it, can be used to replace her unproductive and negative thought patterns with ones that are more useful and realistic. This therapy treatment focuses on taking specific, manageable steps towards overcoming depression and anxiety, and seeing that one of her short- term goals is to break up her long term goals into steps, this therapy can be extremely useful in helping her achieve her goals (Regier, et al., 1998).

The counselor can use this treatment plan to help Kristina face her fears as part of her recovery. The therapist can, for instance, show her that she is an excellent mother who can take care of her baby and herself even in the absence of her boyfriend. This is one of her major fears that her boyfriend will end up leaving her and she will have to take care of the baby by herself. By showing her that she is capable of doing this with the help of her parents, the counselor can help Kristina overcome her anxiety and depression. Other therapies that the counselor can use on Kristina include problem- solving therapy and interpersonal therapy, which can further help Kristina address her fear and depression (Regier, et al., 1998).

Reference

Regier, D. A. et al. (1998). Prevalence of anxiety disorders and their comorbidity with mood and addictive disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement, 34: 24–28.

Juvenile Delinquency Due to Lack of Opportunities

Juvenile Delinquency Due to Lack of Opportunities

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Name and Code

Instructor

Date

Juvenile Delinquency Due to Lack of Opportunities

Abstract

There are many reasons associated with juvenile delinquency and some of these include maltreatment, environmental factors, family instability, imitation from others, criminal neighborhoods and poverty among the families and places where these young people live. From the resources analyzed it is true that juvenile delinquency is most of the time not the problem or not caused by the desires of the youths but rather caused by experiences and issues the youths face and this is a difficult situation to deal with. The different articles offer ways to deal with the situations which face children and which lead to early offending in ways that do not bring them into situations which are not comfortable for example being arrested and tried in courts of law. However, the most important question is are the kids who are involved in early offending different from the ones who undergo the same issues and do not get involved in offending? The other question is how much money can be used to solve the issue and which strategy is the best in dealing with the issue of juvenile delinquency since it seems to get out of hand.

Statement of the Problem

Delinquency among the young people is a nationwide problem. However, delinquency does not always happen with all the youths and some youths especially those from well off families and those areas inhabited by what can be called economically or financially affluent are not majorly affected by youth delinquency. From the comments of Cuentas (2018), it is clear that youth delinquency is a process or a result of being exposed to situations which are not pleasing or even worthy for a person to live in. firstly the people of color and specifically black people tend to live in areas which are prone to crime and this results to the youths learning the ways of crime from the neighborhoods. This is because crime does not always change with location where people travel but remains in a neighborhood and the type of people a person associates with determine the kind of person they become.

However, these crime neighborhoods can be avoided as Cuentas states. however, in as much as they can be avoided, most of the time it is not even the neighborhoods that drives youths into crime. The major reason as to why youth get into crime is witnessing violent behavior and generally lacking opportunities for them to go on with their lives in the best manner possible. when youths lack opportunities because the government does not want to invest into their area, they get to understand that they are not valued in the society and even though they want to be good they end up in crime as it the only consolation they have because they trust nobody sees them and nobody cares about them. The youths also get to learn about systemic racism and even though they try, most of the times they get turned down and they find the experience very disheartening when they try to look for opportunities and every time they are turned down. However, this paper discusses the many reasons as to why youths especially from low-income families find it difficult to go on with normal life and resort to crime mainly because of lack of opportunities.

Research Hypothesis

The research hypothesis for this research is that; increased crime rates among African American youths from low-income areas is contributed to highly by the lack of opportunities in their areas.

The null hypothesis for the research is: lack of opportunities has no effect on the increased crime rates among the youths from low-income families.

Research Design and Methods

The research will use deductive research design. deductive reasoning research design is the type of research design that is based on deducing specific statements from general ones. For example, youths from financially unstable families engage in criminal activities. The other statement deductive statement under this might be Andrew is a youth from financially unstable family and therefore Andrew is likely to engage in criminal activities.

The research will also use cross-sectional design in that the research will be studied at one particular point in time. The major way of testing my hypothesis will be through observation, questionnaires and interviews of the resource persons who in this case will be both black and white youths from different financial backgrounds. I will also use secondary data for this research. Secondary data refers to the research done on a particular issue in the past. I will use journals and researches to bring out the fact that many people of color from low-income backgrounds engage in criminal activities due to lack of opportunities.

Survey Questions

Why do you think youths engage in crime?

Do you think youths from low-income backgrounds are likely to engage in criminal behaviors?

Why do you think so?

what opportunities might the youths lack so that they engage in criminal behaviors?

Is there anything that can be done for those already in criminal activities and save them?

Are there other opportunities apart from crime for the youths?

If yes, what are these opportunities?

What can the government do about criminals?

Do youth criminals need apprehension ordo they need saving?

Does enabling the families financially solve the issue of crimes?

What role does racial injustice play in the issue of criminal behavior of the youths?

What can non-profit organizations do to help the youths who are likely to engage in crime?

Is is the fault of the government that youths engage in crime?

What can the government do to prevent crime among the youth?

Do youths from financially stable families engage in crime?

Why do they engage/do not engage in crime?

What is the role of parents in dealing with youths with criminal behaviors?

Can racial justice and equality be achieved?

How can it be achieved?

Will achieving racial equality and equity solve criminal behaviors among the youths?

Literature review

‌(Annotated bibliography)

Cuentas, A. (2018). Poverty: Key Factors Contributing to High Juvenile Delinquency Rates. Medium. https://medium.com/@acuentas07/poverty-key-factors-contributing-to-high-juvenile-delinquency-rates-31f9aebc44e8#:~:text=Poverty%20is%20a%20reoccurring%20factor%20in%20juvenile%20delinquencyThis article states the major reason as to why a lot of youths get into violence. Poverty is the major thing and the article states that it is not always the wish of the young people to get involved into crime but depending with the situation they are in and seeing the injustice around them, crime remains the only option.

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2001). Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9747

‌This book portion discusses in chapter 2 (The Development of Delinquency), discusses the reasons as to why delinquency among the youth occurs and, in this part, mainly the reasons why delinquency among the youths is prevalent is that youths lack of opportunities and this is especially with the youths of color and those from areas inhabited by low-income communities.

Provide Opportunities for Children and Youth. (n.d.). Ojjdp.ojp.gov. https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh176/files/action/sec4.htm

This study looks into the manner in which children presented with opportunities are likely to be better than those who are not presented with opportunities. This is because according to the study, youths and young people always envision good lives ahead of them and this is not always possible since lack of opportunities makes them suffer a lot in the process. Therefore, even though some succeed, it is not always the case for most of the youths who are not provided with opportunities which can make them successful.

Young, S., Greer, B., & Church, R. (2017). Juvenile delinquency, welfare, justice and therapeutic interventions: a global perspective. BJPsych bulletin, 41(1), 21-29.

‌In this research the study looks at the juvenile delinquency tendencies as well as how these happen. The research also looks into the welfare of the youths and their families, if justice is served for those who are found in criminal activities as well as how just are the processes since some of the criminal activities are as a result of resource mis-appropriation. The last important part are therapeutic interventions employed by different governments and agencies towards the issue. If focuses on a global perspective from countries which are economically less developed to the countries with high economic development like the United States of America and the Great Britain.

Shader, M. (2001). Risk factors for delinquency: An overview. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

This research looks into the different ways in which delinquency among the youths can be explained. As shader states, there are many different variations of explanations as to why different people engage in criminal activities or just mere delinquent practices. Therefore, this study looks into the different factors which lead to delinquency as well as what can be done to deal with these issues because even with justice and apprehension of those who are involved does not fully solve the issue but just covers the issue while in real sense there is a deep-seated problem which needs to be solved.

Poverty and Juvenile Delinquency in the United States – Free Essay Example. (2019, December 12). StudyDriver.com. https://studydriver.com/poverty-and-juvenile-delinquency-in-the-united-states/

In this article, poverty is explained in the manner in which it is a big contributor towards juvenile delinquency and how it matters that poverty leads to democracy while at the same time there is punishment. It states that for every year the unite states uses about $21 billion for the sake of curbing and dealing with juvenile crime. this becomes a very difficult problem if such amount of money is used for juvenile delinquency and still it does not end. Based on this the article does on to give suggestions of how the issue can be dealt with and can be solved.

Gogua, I. (2020, June 23). Juvenile Delinquency – Causes, Prevention, and the Ways of Rehabilitation. Penal Reform International. https://www.penalreform.org/blog/juvenile-delinquency-causes-prevention-and-the-ways-of/

In this article there is a discussion of how juvenile delinquency is caused by violent neighborhoods, imitation, family issues, psychological issues and the situation of being street kids. However, with all these causes the article takes the issue from a positive side and discusses that there is a chance that these issues can be solved and people return back of normal. One such way of solving the problems is generally rehabilitation and trying to create sense into the young people why they should not get involved into such cruel behaviors.

Cho, M., Haight, W., Choi, W. S., Hong, S., & Piescher, K. (2019). A prospective, longitudinal study of risk factors for early onset of delinquency among maltreated youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 102, 222-230.

‌this research looks into the area of juvenile or youth from a point of view of relationship between the cases of offending and early maltreatment of the same kids. For example, 5002 students in grade 3 were studied and when they got into age 6 to 8 years, they were noticed to have continuous offending cases and therefore the research offers solutions as ways of making sure that the students are not maltreated when they are young.

Analysis

Once data is collected the major ways of analysis will be by using essays to explain the results especially the interviews which is a qualitative approach while charts, tables and measures of central tendency like mean, mode and median will also be used.

Results

Results expected from the field and from the secondary data is that young people are highly affected by their environments and that whatever they go through determines the kind of people they become. Therefore, the best way to solve the issue of juvenile or youth delinquency is through helping the kids to grow in a healthy environment and making the environments safe for them to grow in and develop into positive and good people.

Recommendations

Based on the results it is clear that children formation is what determines what kind of people they become as they grow up. Whether a child is treated well or not determines if they will be able to be good people or fall under offending crimes. Therefore, good environment is necessary for the children to grow in. the other important thing is reduction of poverty levels and employing ways to curb crime in the criminal areas.