Author: admin

lab report number (The purpose was to project all the waves on oscilloscope provide by the code teacher) Net Duino

LAB REPORT #2Name

Date

Course Code

Table of contents

AbstractPage 3

Introduction

Sin Wave Generator Page 4

Square Wave GeneratorPage 5-6

Saw tooth Wave GeneratorPage 7

ConclusionPage 8

Abstract

The experiment detailed herein was done in classroom. The purpose was to project all the waves on oscilloscope provide by the code teacher. The teacher had explained and showed us Square Wave, Sine Wave and Triangle/Saw tooth Wave. Through C#, the code was embedded into the Net Duino. The circuit that had been made earlier was connected to the Oscilloscope. The three waves were seen in the attacked oscilloscope.

Introduction

The lab report commences by the introduction of the three above mentioned waves. All the waves were generated using the same voltages. The oscilloscope helps to take screen shot of the waves. Additionally, each wave was represented using a code. The Waves are presented as show through the code placed in NetDuino.

Sine Wave Generator

using System;

using System.Net;

using System.Net.Sockets;

using System.Threading;

using Microsoft.SPOT;

using Microsoft.SPOT.Hardware;

using SecretLabs.NETMF.Hardware;

using SecretLabs.NETMF.Hardware.NetduinoPlus;

// Gives a PWM output that, its duty cycle varies as a function of a sine wave.

//It is like DAC. To see a Sine wave on scope pass the output through a low pass RC filter.

//Also if you connect the output to a LED its intensity varies like a sine wave.

namespace NetduinoPlusPWM_SineWave{

public class Program

{

public static void Main()

{

int value = 0;

int degree = 0;

//PWM pwm = new PWM(Pins.GPIO_PIN_D5);

PWM pwm = new PWM(Cpu.PWMChannel.PWM_3, 500, 0.5, false);//PIN D10

while (true)

{

degree += 1; // lets go from 0 to 360 degree over and over

degree %= 360; //remainder of 0-359

// sin() function returns an integer from -1000 to 1000. We need to shift it up by a 1000 to become positive

value = 1000 + Microsoft.SPOT.Math.Sin(degree); // value is between 0 and 2000

uint nValue = (uint)((value) / 20); // lets scale value from 0-2000 to 0-100. The percent duty cycle is nValue pwm.DutyCycle = (((float)(nValue))/100); // set the duty-cycle to a specific nvalue //Thread.Sleep(10);

// Debug.Print(degree.ToString());

// Debug.Print(value.ToString());

// Debug.Print(nValue.ToString());

}

}

}

-27622516383000 }

Description

In this starting wave generator which is Sine wave, the section of the law indicates the real code of the wave and also a screen shot as obtained from Oscilloscope.

Square Wave Generator

using System;

using System.Net;

using System.Net.Sockets;

using System.Threading;

using Microsoft.SPOT;

using Microsoft.SPOT.Hardware;

using SecretLabs.NETMF.Hardware;

using SecretLabs.NETMF.Hardware.NetduinoPlus;

namespace NetduinoPlusApplication1

{

public class Program

{

static long DelayTicks;

static long ticks;

//long DelayTicks = 500*10; //#ticks for 500us

static void delay(long duration)

{

DelayTicks = duration * 10; //period and measured in microseconds

ticks = Utility.GetMachineTime().Ticks; // capture current time and put it in ticks

while ((Utility.GetMachineTime().Ticks – ticks) < DelayTicks) ;

}

public static void Main()

{

// Make ramp wave

OutputPort led = new OutputPort(Pins.GPIO_PIN_D0, false);

long period = 1000; //1=1usec

long lowTime=0;

while (true)

{

lowTime+=20; //increase the low time part of the pulse

if (lowTime >= period)

// turn LED ON

led.Write(true);

// let it be ON

delay(period – lowTime); //high time is period – lowTime

// turn LED OFF and let it stay OFF

led.Write(false);

delay(lowTime);

lowTime = 0;

}

}

}

}

033274000

Description

In this second wave generator, the real code of Sine waves and the screen shot obtained from oscilloscope is shown.

Saw Tooth Wave Generator

using System;

using System.Net;

using System.Net.Sockets;

using System.Threading;

using Microsoft.SPOT;

using Microsoft.SPOT.Hardware;

using SecretLabs.NETMF.Hardware;

using SecretLabs.NETMF.Hardware.NetduinoPlus;

namespace NetduinoPlusApplication1

{

public class Program

{

public static void Main()

{ //uses hardware pwm. LED is connected to PIN D10 (PWM_3) and a grounded resisior of 220

double dutyCycle = 0;

//at port PWM3, freq=1000hz, duty cycle=0.5 and output not inverted.

var pwm = new PWM(Cpu.PWMChannel.PWM_3, 1000, 0.5, false);//PIN D10

var button = new InputPort(Pins.ONBOARD_SW1, false, Port.ResistorMode.Disabled);

pwm.Start();

while (true) //keep polling

{

if (button.Read() == true) //if button pressed

{

if (dutyCycle < 1)

dutyCycle = dutyCycle + .05; //as long as the button pressed increment the duty cycle

else dutyCycle = 0;

pwm.DutyCycle = dutyCycle;

Thread.Sleep(300); //to avoid multiple read of the key pressed

}

}

}

}

}

Description

In the last and third section, Saw tooth wave is shown. This section of the experiment shows the actual Saw tooth wave code and screen shot as indicated through Oscilloscope.

Conclusion

At the end of the experiment the conclusion was that regardless of similar voltages across all the three waves, suppose there is a change in frequencies of the waves, the way waves are presented in oscilloscope can differ. Also, I observed that minus having the correct code into the NetDuino. The projection and the circuit would not be accurate as would be expected.

LOCAL AREA NETWORK(LAN) technologies

Lan Technologies

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEGDEMENT…………………………………………………………………1

ABSTARCT…………………………………………………………………………………….2

TOC………………………………………………………………………………………………..3

TYPES OF LAN………………………………………………………………………………4

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LAN……………………….6

NETWORK SECURITY…………………………………………………………………..8

DEVICES ASSOCIATED WITH LAN…………………………………………….10

TOPOLOGIES FOR DESIGNING LAN………………………………..12

IMPROVING SECURITY……………………………………………….15

RULES OF ACCESS CONTROL LIST…………………………………18

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………..19

Acknowledgement

It is truly said that to attain the prefect knowledge of the task we have to go through it. Similarly it’s not until to know a perfect knowledge of a language until we undertake a project like this to realize the true power of programming language. As some people has tendency of firmly accepting suggestions and from any near or dear we thank god for gifting this quality in us without which we would not be able to accept suggestions from my friends and hence this project would not be much better as it is after development.

Terms and conditions

I declare that the work provided by me is solely authentic and original piece written by me. It satisfies the rules and regulations of the college with regard to collusion and plagiarism. I hereby confirm that i have properly referred to the material prescribed and acknowledged the study material.

Part-1

A network is defined as a group of printers, switches, routers and computers in a specific arrangement in order to communicate with each other over some transmission media. Networks are made with the hardware and software. Networks are of two types : Local Area Network and Wide Area Network

Cable/Media

LAN

LAN is a computer network which is used to connect computers and work stations to share data and the resources such as printers or faxes. LAN is associated with small area such as home, office or college. The devices used in LAN are HUB and switch. Media used for establishing local area network is Unshielded Twisted Pair cables. Any third party is not involved here.Characteristics:–High data transfer speeds -Generally less expensive technologies-Limited geographic area

FIG:1.1Local Area Network

Figure 1.1 shows how all the work stations i.e PC1,PC2,PC3, server and printer are interconnected with the help of the network device.

Commonly used LAN technologies are the following:

LANSare classified into Ethernet, Token Bus, Token Ring and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).FollowingFigure shows LAN classification

figure1.2

Advantages of LAN

a). It Provides communication in smaller area networks.b). It is easy to install and configure.c).Many users can share data or network resources simultaneously which results in fast work.

Disadvantages of LAN

a). Only limited number of computers or devices are connected in a Local Area Network.

b). LAN cannot cover large geographical area.

c). As the number of users exceeds, the network performance degrades.

Filters used to protect network from congestion and from unauthorized access are the following: Security filters maintain the integrity of the networks (as well as routers)nto which it is passing traffic. Basically a security filter allows the passage of a limited, well-understood packets and denies the passage of everything else.

Traffic filters disallow unnecessary packets from passing onto limited-bandwidth links. These filters act much like security filters, but the logic of this filter is generally inverse: It denies the passage of a few unwanted packets and permit everything else.

Many tools are available on Cisco routers, such as dialer lists, route filters, route maps, and queuing lists, they must be able to identify certain packets to function properly and accurately. Access lists can be linked to these and other tools to provide this packet identificationfunction.

Figure:1.3

Traffic on the router in a network is comparable to the traffic in the highway. Example: a office who enforces law in the state of Pennsylvania wants to halt the bus moving through the state of Maryland to the state of New York. The halt can be applied at the border of the new York and Pennsylvania (which is out) or even at the border of Pennsylvania and Maryland. There are following four terms when refer to a router:Out—Traffic which passes by the router and exits interface and has origination form the router’s early face up to the face of termination.

In— it originates from interface and destination is router.

Inbound — in case of router getting packet, software is related to checking of list’s criteria for the list to be inbound (matching). In case of permission of packet, it leads to processing and vice versa

Outbound— in case of sotware getting packet, software is related to checking of list’s criteria for the list to be outbound (matching). In case of permission of packet, it leads to processing and vice versa.

figure1.4

To secure a network: we can configure a password in a router as well

There are five types of password available in a router

1. Console Password

router#configure terminal

router(config)#line console 0

router(config-line)#password <word>

router(config-line)#login

router(config-line)#exit

To erase password do all steps with no command.

2. Vty Password

router>enable

router#configure terminal

router(config)#line vty 0 4

router(config-line)#password <word>

router(config-line)#login

router(config-line)#exit

3. Auxiliary Password

router#configure terminal

router(config)#line Aux 0

router(config-line)#password <word>

router(config-line)#login

router(config-line)#exit

4. Enable Password

router>enable

router#configure terminal

router(config)#enable password <word>

router(config)#exit

5. Enable Secret Password

Enable Password is the clear text password. It is stored as clear text in configuration where as enable secret password is the encrypted password.

Router>enable

Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#enable secret <word>

Router(config)#exit

Part-2

devices associated with the LANA number of devices have association with the data and the information flowing through the LAN.  When adjoined with one another, it leads to creation of local area network’s infrastructure (which is functional).  The devices are as follows:1. Switches.

2. Repeaters.

3. Hubs.

4. Bridges.

Repeaters

Repeaters are situated in the first (physical) layer of a network. It assists in propogation and regeneration of signals (one after other). There is no filtering and alteration of information during the transmission. Repeaters assist in boosting signals which are weak and thus increasing distance.

Bridges

Bridges are called intelligent repeaters. They regenerate the transmitted signals, but unlikerepeaters, they can also determine the destinations.

Hubshubs assist in connection of the local area networks’ of all computers in a single device. These are known as repeaters which are multi-port. Hubs are unable to assure the destinations like bridges but they are unable to lead to transmission in each line in the method of half duplex.

RoutersThey route traffic and filter information to all the networks in an internetwork communication.. Some routers can assist in the detection of problems thus leading to redirection of information so that it can be troubleshooted. These are called “intelligent routers. To be able to route packets, a router must have the following information:

Destination address

Neighbour routers from which it can learn about remote networks

Possible routes to all remote networks

The best route to each remote network

How to maintain and verify routing information

SwitchesSwitches connect all the computers in a local area network (connections)for the communication or sharing of resources (way is similar to that of hubs). The only difference from hub: the switches are able to filter and direct information fro and to the certain terminus and they are able to run in the way of full duplex.

Common topologies used for designing a LAN infrastructure are: Bus architecture:

Bus topology

-There is a single cable which connects each workstation in a linear way as shown in figure 2.1

-The signals are broadcasted to all stations, but stations only act on the workstation frame addressed to them.

Figure 2.1 Ring Architecture: In a ring topology:

-Unidirectional links connect the transmit side of one device to the receive side of another device as shown in figure 2.2. -Devices transmit frames to the next device (downstream member) in the ring.

Figure 2.2

STAR TOPOLOGY

In a star topology each station is connected to a centrally located hub or concentrator which functions as a multi-port repeater. Each station can broadcast to all of the devices connected to the central hub.

Figure 2.3

Part-3

A well secured and password protected LAN network is established using Software “CISCO PACKET TRACER”.The project is attached along with this file.Thename of file type is SECUREDLAN.pkt.This LAN network is secured using network filters, and configured with special servicesto avoidtraffic which lead to congestion in a network.

Part-4Improving security, reliability and performance using Access Control List

An access list is a series of filters arranged in a sequential manner in which each filter comprises a specific matching criteria and an action. The action can be either permit or deny. The matching criteria may be simple as the address of source or they may be a more complex combination of addresses of source and destination, protocol type, sockets or ports, and specifications of the state of a certain flags, such as the TCP ACK bit. A packet is “dropped into” the top of the stack of filters as shown in Figure 4.1

Figure 4.1

In above Figure 4.1Permit action allows the packet to exit on interface E0; a deny action shows that the packet will be dropped. As shown it is the packet having some address from the source of HOST A will be dropped at the first filter. Suppose the packet’s source address is HOST D of SUBNET 2 of NETWORK 5. Firstly, the first filter specifies match criteria of HOST A, so the packet will not match and will drop to the second layer. The second filter specifies SUBNET 3—again, no match. Then the packet drops to the third filter, which specifies NETWORK 5. This matches and the action at layer three is permit, so the packet is allowed to exit interface E0.

Implicit Deny Any

The router has to know what to do with a packet if it drops through all the filters and a match never occurs. There must be a default action for this situation. The default action may be either to permit all packets that don’t match or to deny them. The Cisco routers chose to deny them. Any packet which follows an access list and does not find a match is automatically dropped. This approach isa correct engineering choice, specially list (refers to access) is being used for security. It is better to drop some packets that shouldn’t have been dropped than to permit packets. This last filter is called an implicit deny any (Figure 4.2). Understood from the name, the line does not show up in any access list you build. It’s simply a default action, and it exists at the termination of all access lists.

Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2 All access lists end with an implicit deny any, which discards all packets that do not match a line in the list.

This default can be overridden by making the last line of the list an explicit permit any. The implication here is that packets dropping through all the other filters will match the permit any before they get to the default deny any, therefore, all packets not matching anything else will be permitted—nothing will ever reach the implicit deny.

SequentialityAccess lists are executed in sequential way, from the top down

Figure 4.3

In Figure 3, subnet 10.23.147.0/24 is denied and the rest of network 10.0.0.0 is permitted. The list on the left is out of sequence; network 10.0.0.0, including its subnet 10.23.147.0 match the first line and so is permitted. Packets with the subnet to be denied never reach the second line.

Figure 3. The individual filter layers of an access list should be configured in the correct sequence, the for access list to function correctly.

Rules of Access Control List

List is read from top to bottom

The list will be stop executing after first match is found in the list

If a packet is not matched with any in-listed statement of the list then the packet will with match with either implicit deny statement or permit any statement

Bibliography

Behrouz A ForouzanAndrew Mason, Mark J. Newcomb; Cisco secure internet security solutions

John E Canavan ; the fundamentals of network security

Rick Lehtinen and G.T Gangemi; computer security basicsRichard Deal; CCNA Study Guide

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 1203

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 1203

LSU – Robert Reich School of Landscape Architecture

Fall 2020

Charles Fryling, Jr. (225) 933-2069

Project 2 & 3 (Total Points = 50)

Name, individuals, places, and situation which illustrate land ethics (good or bad).

Objective: To understand more fully the ethical issues people face when making decisions on the use of land.

You can use Aldo Leopold’s definition of land ethics or any other appropriate definition. Leopold called for a new ethic dealing with human’s relation to land and to the various components that are included in the land. In The Sand County Almanac published one year after Aldo Leopold’s death he argued that the next step within the expansion of ethics was to include nonhuman members of the earth and the land upon which they lived as elements with a moral context of ethics. Leopold’s basic principle of his land ethic was that, “A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.” Described by him in a different way: “The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants, and animals, or collectively: the land.”

Project 2

Name an ethical issue.

Name a place where this land ethicmal situation occurred.

Project 3

Name the person or unnamed (title) of the persons which was discussed in the lectures or class readings. This person is the subject of project 2 above.

You should have a minimum of 5 examples. Both projects should be on the same sheet of paper and in a outline form. The projects are due November 23 at 9:00 AM.

Landslide hazards

Landslide hazards

Student’s name

Instructor

Department of affiliation

Course

Date

Landslide hazards

Landslide is defined as the steady or sudden movement of soil or rocks down a slope. They occur and take place in all the 50 states of the United States. However, in some places, they are more concentrated and have negative effects unlike what is the case in the other places. These places whereby they have negative effects include the coastal areas of, Washington, Oregon, and California, the mountain area of Colorado Montana and Idaho, Kentucky areas, and Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Virginia. Therefore in these areas, the effects of landslides are felt and experienced in a great manner than the other area and parts. Therefore it is always a cautionary call for the residents to be prepared for anything as well as be ready to take measures that will combat or alleviate the risks involved with these landslides. Landslide hazard is defined as the dangers and the risks associated with landslides and which to a great extent affect human beings as well as the natural environment. Therefore herein this paper discusses the different types of hazards related to landslides and these include the natural and human causes of landslides. This paper also discusses the effects of landslides as well as offers recommendations for safety and protection ( Davies, 2015).

Natural causes of landslides are many and these are the ones that are the major causes of landslides even though human activity also has a limited effect on causing landslides. Climate is one of the major causes of landslides and this causes the landslides in that prolonged periods of lack of precipitation can make the water table go down below and therefore with this effect the soil is left unsaturated. In case of a sudden increase in precipitation or large amounts of water on the ground then there is a likelihood of landslides as the soil lacks a form of support in form of roots or other components of the soil. Earthquake causes landslides by causing the movement of rocks. Therefore when the rocks move it turns out that the soil on top of them moves and this causes landslides. This kind of landslide most of the time is very strong and can cause a lot of destruction in the area where it occurs. The effects of this kind of landslide are even more devastating in the sloping areas. Weathering is the natural process of rock deterioration which leads to the rock producing materials which can lead to landslides as these materials are susceptible to landslides.

More so erosion is also a causative factor towards landslides in that the rivers and the streams running down wipes the latent and lateral slope support and therefore this enables landslides to occur easily. Eruptions can as well cause landslides in case it happens in a wet environment. This, therefore, makes the soil start moving away from the place where the eruption is taking place thus forming landslides. Forest fires even though not widely considered is a causative agent as it instigates soil erosion and brings about floods thus leading to landslides. Lastly, on the natural causes of landslides, there is the force of gravity. Even though this is not seemingly important it can lead to a massive landslide especially when the slope is very stiff and the soil is wet (Shroder, 2014).

Human causes of landslides are limited however they still exist. Some of them are mining and clear-cutting. Blasting is one of the destructive human activities which have a lot of impact on the soil and especially the soil around where the mining takes place. This is because this is the soil that is susceptible and therefore when blasting happens the soil bond is weakened thus making the soil even more susceptible to landslides. Clear cutting is the practice whereby all the old trees are cut down. This practice is very harmful to the soil as it makes the mechanical root structure of the soil weak and the possibility of landslides happening very easily.

Effects of landslides are many and affect both human beings as well as natural life. One of the effects of the landslides is the causing of economic decline. This is seen when a country or an area faces landslides and the humans as well as the other types of resources which were present there have to rescue and made better because human life is more important to other things. Therefore in the process of rescuing them the economic ability of an administrative area goes down as a lot of attention and money is used on that specific target of concern (Keefer, & Larsen, 2007).

Infrastructure is also highly affected by landslides in the areas it happens. Infrastructure like bridges, roads, hotels, and others can be decimated by landslides when they happen and this is a great effect that leaves a lot of people in despair of what they are supposed to do next. Landslides can also cause the death of the members of the society who are affected by them especially physically. The aesthetic landscapes are also made to look bad by the landslides as they destroy vegetation that covers the landscapes and makes them beautiful. Rivers are in a great manner affected. This is because most of the rovers tend to get destroyed and the nature of their flow is disrupted so much because of the landslides. Therefore nature and its flow are greatly affected (Guzzetti, 2006).

Landslides also occur in different quantities leading to the different types of landslides. Falls are a type of landslide that contains sudden movements of debris, soil, or rocks. These fall out from slopes and cliffs and are majorly caused by gravity, earthquakes, and weathering. Slides happen whereby there is a separation of stable material from the material which is unstable and therefore the unstable material breaks away. Topple landslides on the other hand occur when the topple fails the forward spinning and movement of large or huge masses of rocks forms a pile of debris which can be referred to as a talus cone.

Spreads take place along gentle terrains through the process of the lateral extension which is followed by tensile fractures. Lastly, there is the flow type of landslide and this is further divided into five more. However, the commonly occurring one is the rockfalls and debris fall.

In conclusion, therefore, it is important to get information about the landslides and their effects on the lives of the people of any place but more importantly to the lives and concerns of those people who live close to landslide-prone areas, this is especially with great concern to the different areas in the US which are prone to landslides (Guzzetti, 2006).

References

‌. (2017, May 6). https://www.eartheclipse.com/natural-disaster/causes-effects-and-types-of-landslides.html

Davies, T. (2015, January 1). Chapter 1 – Landslide Hazards, Risks, and Disasters: Introduction (J. F. Shroder & T. Davies, Eds.). ScienceDirect; Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012396452600001X

Guzzetti, F. (2006). Landslide hazard and risk assessment.Keefer, D. K., & Larsen, M. C. (2007). Assessing landslide hazards. Science, 1136-1138.

Landslide Hazard Information – Causes, Pictures, Definition. (2019). Geology.com. https://geology.com/usgs/landslides/

Pardeshi, S. D., Autade, S. E., & Pardeshi, S. S. (2013). Landslide hazard assessment: recent trends and techniques. SpringerPlus, 2(1), 1-11.

Shroder, J. F. (2014). Landslide hazards, risks, and disasters. Academic Press.

Landslide hazards outline

Landslide hazards outline

Student’s name

Instructor

Department of affiliation

Course

Date

Landslide hazards outline

Introduction

What is landslides

What is landslide hazard

Thesis statement (the different types of hazards discussed herein)

Body

Causes of landslides

Natural causes

Climate

Earthquake

Weathering

Erosion

Volcanoes

Forest fires

Gravity

Human causes

Mining

Clear cutting

Effects of landslides

Economic decline

Infrastructure decimation

Loss of life

Beauty of landscapes

Impacts river ecosystems

Types of landslides

Falls

Slides

Topples

Spreads

Flows

Conclusion

Summary

Recommendations for combating landslides

References‌. (2017, May 6). https://www.eartheclipse.com/natural-disaster/causes-effects-and-types-of-landslides.html

Davies, T. (2015, January 1). Chapter 1 – Landslide Hazards, Risks, and Disasters: Introduction (J. F. Shroder & T. Davies, Eds.). ScienceDirect; Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012396452600001X

Guzzetti, F. (2006). Landslide hazard and risk assessment.Keefer, D. K., & Larsen, M. C. (2007). Assessing landslide hazards. Science, 1136-1138.

Landslide Hazard Information – Causes, Pictures, Definition. (2019). Geology.com. https://geology.com/usgs/landslides/

Pardeshi, S. D., Autade, S. E., & Pardeshi, S. S. (2013). Landslide hazard assessment: recent trends and techniques. SpringerPlus, 2(1), 1-11.

Shroder, J. F. (2014). Landslide hazards, risks, and disasters. Academic Press.

Language and Communication Evidenced Based Practice

Language and Communication Evidenced Based Practice

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Social Language Development Test

The Social Language Development Test is a test that is meant to measure one’s language-based skills of interaction with friends and social interpretation skills. These skills are known to be the best predictors of social language. The Social Language Development Test helps teachers gain insight on the competency of their students when it comes to language tests as well as their social understanding. While most children do well on traditional language tests, their social language skill might be inadequate. This test has the ability to substantiate the influence that a language disorder has on social disorders and determine whether they should be placed in therapy or not. The tasks incorporated in this test tend to reflect the development of social language expression and comprehension. The Social Language Development Test has numerous subtests that entail verbal expressions, question-answering tasks, verbal explanations, and interpretations of photographed scenes (Moon, Cho, Lim, Roh, Koh, Kim, & Nam, 2019). Subtest A is all about making inferences as the pupil is expected to infer what another person is thinking. In subset B, interpersonal negotiations take place where the pupil pretends to be having a conflict with peers and they must identify the problem and propose a solution. Subtest C is about multiple interpretations where the pupil demonstrates flexible thinking. In Subtest D, student supports their peers by pretending to be in similar situations as them. Validity of the subtests is established using the construct of group validity. Reliability, on the other hand, is established through test-retest, inter-rater reliability and reliability, which is based on the homogeneity of each item. Without a doubt, I would use the social language development test as an assessment method in the classroom. I would find it helpful especially since it can give me a hint about my students’ abilities. It will help me learn my students better and this way I can help them meet their needs.

Speech Generated Devices

Speech-generated devices are tablet-like devices that make it possible for people that can con longer speak to communicate their thoughts using electronic voice generation. Speech-generated devices are uniquely programmed and highly personalized to perform their functions, and without them, most people would be isolated and tapped into a body without the ability to communicate. The devices tend to be hand-held, and users use them by pressing keys or buttons. Some devices even read words out loud as a person types on a keyboard. Speech-generating devices are common for people that do have a difficult time pronouncing words owing to a physical disability like acquired brain injury or cerebral palsy (He, Sainath, Prabhavalkar, McGraw, Alvarez, Zhao, & Gruenstein, 2019). Autistic children also use speech-generating devices to develop their language and speech. Undoubtedly, speech-generating devices are of help to autistic children. Research has demonstrated that autistic children tend to prefer speech-generating devices to other argumentative and alternative communication devices. Worth noting, that speech-generating devices cannot prevent children from speaking if they cannot speak. Additional and large-scale research is required to figure out the system that best suits children and the best way that children can put to use speech-generating devices. Parents that choose to buy their children speech-generated devices should be involved in the use of the device with the child. Parents should also ensure that every person in the child’s environment is conversant with the device. I would use speech-generating devices in the classroom as it would help children with communication issues to improve them. Additionally, the speech-generating device is the perfect teaching intervention for children that have autism as well as learning disabilities. It is an easier way to help students communicate better and improve their pronunciation capacities.

References

He, Y., Sainath, T. N., Prabhavalkar, R., McGraw, I., Alvarez, R., Zhao, D. & Gruenstein, A. (2019). Streaming end-to-end speech recognition for mobile devices. In ICASSP 2019-2019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (pp. 6381-6385). IEEE.

Moon, J. H., Cho, S. Y., Lim, S. M., Roh, J. H., Koh, M. S., Kim, Y. J., & Nam, E. (2019). Smart device usage in early childhood is differentially associated with fine motor and language development. Acta Paediatrica, 108(5), 903-910.

LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION OF TYPICAL & AUTISTIC CHILDREN

LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION OF TYPICAL & AUTISTIC CHILDREN

Student’s name

Instructor

Department of affiliation

Course

Date

Language Comprehension of Typical Children and Children with Autism

The development of speech from the time children are very young to when they can speak or communicate in a certain language fluently is a process. This has been determined through the research referred to as the Longitudinal Study of Early Language (LSEL). This research has looked deeply into the nature of the children having different learning rates in a certain language, the children’s process of learning the languages they are exposed to. One of the major observations is that one of the ways the children learn new languages is through adults’ observation. Therefore, they can imitate how to refer to certain objects and items, thus knowing what is meant by different things in that particular social setting. Apart from the initial event of not knowing a certain language, the research also focuses on the impact of a caregiver on the children and how they contribute to their vocabulary and learning of a certain language.

The research includes children who have ASD (Autism spectrum disorder) and those who are also developing in their different languages, which they are being taught, and learning. The research involved the researchers giving visits to the different children who are undergoing this type of language learning and those who are also suffering from ASD. Therefore, when the researchers visited the different parents and caregivers for the children, they were able to determine the effects of ASD on learning different aspects and parts of the language. The visits were six, and therefore through this, the researchers learned a lot about language development in children. These visits also recorded 30 minutes caregiver-interactive sessions with the children. Therefore, from this, the researchers could understand how the different children comprehended the different aspects of language learning.

Even though these diseases and conditions like ASD affect the children, it is still essential to note that these issues do not affect how the children learn the languages presented to them when they are young. However, when the children are exposed to different languages, they learn faster or slower depending on how the simplicity or complexity of the different languages. This kind of language learning was mainly the SVO- subject-verb order of language learning. The children observed that what the parents looked into as they talked about was what was meant by the adults, and therefore it is through this that the children were able to relate easily to the meanings of different words.

The LSEL mainly discussed 6 IPL tasks: syntactic bootstrapping, wh-questions, shape bias, noun-naming bias, and aspect. Longitudinal relationships between the language, which is general, and IPL behaviors were observed along the LSEL. On the shape bias, the children were found to distinguish the very many words and how they are represented physically through the different objects.

Therefore LSEL indicated a great success in language understanding when the child is young to the time they can comprehend the language fully. The research also indicated that social differences and early exposure to language determined how a child can gain knowledge about that specific language and how this affects their language gain later in life and how this is an essential part of the lives of these young people. It also follows that the different visits performed also indicated that the first times the children had not fully developed in the language, however towards the last visits, which are towards the sixth visit, the children were able to learn about the language and thus improve in their understanding of their language.

In conclusion, therefore, we learn that children with ASD, even though generally thought to have a different understanding level of language which they are exposed to, unlike the normal children, this is not explicitly correct.Reference

Naigles, L. R. (2020). It Takes All Kinds (of Information) to Learn a Language: Investigating the Language Comprehension of Typical Children and Children With Autism. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 0963721420969404.

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Name: _____________________

Objective

To understand Kirchhoff’s circuit rules and use them to determine the currents that flow in various parts of DC circuits.

Overview

Consider a circuit that has many components wired together in a complex array. Suppose you want to calculate the currents in various branches of this circuit. The rules for combining resistors are convenient in circuits made up only of resistors that are connected in series or in parallel. While it may be possible in some cases to simplify parts of a circuit with the series and parallel rules, complete simplification to an equivalent resistance is often impossible. The application of Kirchhoff’s rules can help us to understand complex circuits with more than one battery.

Kirchhoff circuit rules applied to circuits are based on two conservation laws – conservation of energy and conservation of charge. To analyze the circuits, we define few terms:

Branch: A branch is a portion of the circuit in which the current is the same through all the circuit elements.

Junction or Node: A junction in a circuit is a place where two or more wires are connected. It is the point of connection between two or more branches.

Loop: A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

Kirchhoff’s rules:

Junction Rule: The sum of the currents entering a junction equals the sum of the currents leaving out of the same junction. Junction rules is based on charge conservation.

Loop Rule: The sum of the changes in electric potential around a closed loop is zero.

Let us consider the circuit shown below.

Question 1-1: How many unknown currents are flowing in the circuit?

Question 1-2: Mark Junction (or Junctions) on the figure.

We will use PHET simulation Circuit Construction Kit: DC – Virtual Lab (https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab)

Open the PHET simulation Circuit Construction Kit: DC – Virtual LabSet-up the circuit shown in the above figure.

Set the resistances values: R1 = 75 W, R2 = 40 W, and R3 = 100 W. Click on the resistor; you will be able to see the value of resistance and then change it using the slider switch.

Choose the following battery voltages: ℇ1=10 V and ℇ2=25 V Take a screenshot after you connect the circuit and paste it.

Question 1-3: Apply Junction rule to one of the junctions. Do you get a different equation when you apply the rule to the other junction?

Equation 1:

Question 1-4: Assuming that the internal resistances of the batteries are negligible, apply loop rule to any two closed loops. Write down the equations for each loop.

Equation 2:

Equation 3:

Solve these three equations for the three unknown currents, I1, I2, and I3 in amperes. Show your calculations below.

Modify the circuit to measure currents flowing through each resistor. You must use ammeter to measure current.

Take a screenshot after you connect ammeters in the circuit and paste it below.

Vary the battery emf E1 and complete the table below:

Calculate the currents flowing through each resistor using Ohm’s law, V = IR

E1(V) E2(V) V1

(V) V2

(V) V3

(V) I1

(A) I2

(A) I3

(A) I1 (calculated) I2 (calculated) I3

(calculated)

10 25

15 25

20 25

25 25

30 25

Question 1-5: Did your measured currents match with the calculated current values?

Question 1-6: Use your measured current values to verify the junction rule at the junction in the circuit. Show one calculation.

Question 1-7: Use your measured voltage values to verify the loop rule in the left loop of the circuit. Show one calculation.

Question 1-8: Why aren’t the resistors R1 and R2 in series? Why aren’t they in parallel?

Now consider the case where resistor R2 is removed from the circuit. Take a screenshot after you have made the changes.

Question 1-9: Will you need to generate more or fewer equations with Kirchhoff’s loop rule? With Kirchhoff’s Junction rule? Why?

Question 1-10: What is the effective value of R2 in the modified circuit?

Korematsu V. United States

Korematsu V. United States

Name

Institution

Course Name and Number

Instructor

Date

Korematsu V. United States

The case of Korematsu v. United States is a typical example of outright racism that has been a major concern in the United States and across the world (Bell et al., 2021). For instance, it was unconstitutional for President Roosevelt to associate Japanese-American citizens with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor to the extent of relocating them to relocation camps in the name of national security. This is a violation of the civil rights of the Americans of Japanese descent, exposing them to education, health care, and nutrition inadequacies (Sadler, 2019). The president’s decision to send more than 110,000 people to Internment Camps was a clear demonstration of racial prejudice, war madness, and a failed political leadership. As such, it is necessary for the Constitution to restrict presidential powers to prevent situations where the president decides to declare unconstitutional laws on the basis of national security. There should be clear checks and balances that act as watchdogs on the president’s use of power. The Constitution should hold the president liable to their enforcement of the law.

I disagree with Justice Black’s opinion regarding the case of Korematsu v. United States. In his opinion, the relocation of the United States citizens forcefully with the justification that the outcome was deem necessary because of war, and it would be considered unconstitutional during peace time (Bell et al., 2021). Violating the stipulation of the Constitution while upholding on other instances is a double standard, and is unaccepted. If the Constitution recognizes the Internees’ constitutional rights in the time of peace, then it is unlawful to violate them in time of war on the pretext that their ethnicity is similar to those whom the country is at war with.

References

Bell, N., Levy, E., & Sharp, J. (2021). Symposium: Giving Korematsu v. United States A Sober Second Thought. Arkansas Law Review, 74(2), 145.

Sadler, M. (2019). ” I Dissent, Therefore, from this Legalization of Racism:” A Legal Analysis of Korematsu v. United States (1944).

Kristen Istria

Kristen Istria

Indeed, that part of the argument also stood out for me. I mean, the irony in it is that even though the government puts in so much effort to ensure we consume food that meets quality standards and is also healthy and nutritious. However, as Americans, we will always find our poison by consuming substandard food and junk, irrespective of all these. Does this mean that we place so much effort on short-term pleasure over long-term safety and health as humans?