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Law, Justice, and Society

Law, Justice, and Society

Student’s Name:

Institution:

Course:

Instructor’s Name:

Date:

Law, Justice, and Society

The main significant distinction between civil and criminal law is the lower “Preponderance of evidence” standard proof. As depicted in the book, civil law is a private law that governs how transactions are made between non-governmental entities, such as corporations and public laws. Public law is the regulation of various associations between and among the government and private parties. There has been a confusion between civil law and criminal law since some of the harm may fall under civil law and vice verses. Civil law is classified into five major categories: torts, property, contracts, family, and juvenile law.

On the other hand, property law’s main focus is on property ownership and acquisition such as movables, real and intellectual property. It also governs how these properties are used, disposed of, given away, or inherited. Contract law insulates the conduct of businesses. Family law deals with several aspects of relationships and marriages, such as parties’ duties and responsibilities in a marriage, dissolution of the marriage, the issuance of alimony, and child support. Regulatory law also known as administrative law is a public law that regulates the association of government administrative agencies’ oversight of business. Since the administrative agency’s overwhelming growth, there was a need to reach a concession, which resulted in administrative agencies granted the power to create and enforce the law.

Juvenile law is a branch of civil law. It deals with both status offenses and delinquency. Status offenses are only applicable to the juveniles, while delinquency is comprehended as crimes only if an adult committed the criminal activities. Over the years, both offenses charged the same until recently when the Supreme Court created a juvenile justice system that closely reflects the adult justice system, especially when the crime involves a severe delinquent behavior. The USA noted with a lot of concern that the juveniles committed much property and violent crimes. However, with more research, scientists presented the Supreme Court with the evidence that most juveniles undergo a series of hormonal surges during puberty. They also argued that the juveniles were juxtaposed with adolescence in that the brain is undergoing a series of changes. The juvenile legal system has three distinct periods. The first period was when western culture heavily relied on parents to control their children. During the mid-1500s, the wayward institutional model was mainly used until the implementation of juvenile courts.

Peace within a society is significant for the growth of an individual and the economy. Hence it is fundamental to control individuals within a given set of society. Hence the use of the law is mandatory to control the behavior of citizens in a country. The violation of the laws set by the country’s judicial system is always punishable when the individual is found guilty. The author argues out the impacts of an individual found guilty are consistently negative, not forgetting those who witnessed the sentencing. Hence, every individual needs to focus on our conscience’s strength, how rewarding our transgressions are, what we lose as individuals when our violations are noticed, and our capability to analyze our wrongdoing’s cost and benefits.

The USA justice system has been guilty of being racist since black punishment is always severe compared to the whites’ sentencing. The author also notes out the significance of suppressing political dissent. However, the USA justice system is known for less consideration of political conflict. It also started implementing using psychiatry instead of sentencing the convict. The court would rather recommend the convict to see a psychiatrist when the convict is deemed mentally ill.

Laying Off Employee Discussion

Laying Off Employee Discussion

Student’s Name

Institution Affiliation

Course Name and Code

Professor’s Name

Date

Laying Off Employee Discussion

Business is always characterized by the over-performance and under-performance dynamics that require the manager’s critical decision in the management frameworks. During a severe economic crisis, an organization always needs the manager to make the hard decision of laying off the employees. Employees may get laid off due to the inability to deliver quality services or the behavioral characteristics exhibited at the workstation that is not favorable for the company’s growth (Mujtaba & Senathip, 2020). However, there exist situations where all the employees are determined and need the job for economic survival. All their services are crucial for the company’s development, but the company has to sacrifice one of them due to the need to solve the economic crisis to balance the financial equilibrium. For the case presented, as a manager I would lay off Alice and continue working with Mary.

The potential impact of the decision may create labor crisis but solve the economic disparity exhibited within the organization culture. Despite being a fresh college graduate, Mary is a hardworking and smart employee. She still tests the importance of creating economic and social goodwill with the customers and organization. The company can also improve her ability through little motivation to enable her to continue with the weekend’s work delivery. Because Mary is a fresh graduate, she may not be able to understand all the goals and needs of the company. Therefore, the motive of employees in supporting the political causes that are contrary to the Company’s economic plans can get corrected by the management and colleagues through work principles strategies (Wright, 2008). Also, Alice being hard-working means suitable for the company, but the limited availability on weekends and limited overnight travel may derail the company’s needs of correcting the merged economic crisis. Therefore, preferring Mary over Alice remains a critical decision hence my choice for laying off Alice is not based on personal grudges but the need for the in-depth economic prosperity of the company.

References

Mujtaba, B. G., & Senathip, T. (2020). Layoffs and downsizing implications for the leadership role of human resources. Journal of Service Science and Management, 13(02), 209. https://www.scirp.org/html/2-9202305_99284.htmWright, L. (2008). The Do And Don’ts Of Laying Off Employees. https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1504&context=news

Leader Characteristics

Leader Characteristics

Name

Course and Module Number

Instructor

Date

Leader Characteristics

I believe in three major concepts when it comes to leadership. First and first, everyone, whether in a company, a family, a sports team, a community organization, a church, a synagogue, a mosque, or a book club, is a leader in some capacity. I believe that many individuals are unaware of their unique leadership position and hence lose out on opportunities to influence how others behave. The second thing I’m certain of is that everyone has to continue to improve their leadership abilities. Even though it might be difficult to set aside regular time to build and master leadership abilities, it is a crucial discipline for long-term success and achievement. Finally, I believe that leadership qualities can be improved by training and practice, implying that we can all improve our leadership abilities. On top of these qualities, I believe that integrity, delegation and effective communication are the most important characteristics of a leader.

Integrity is among the most important characteristics of a leader. It ought to go without saying how important it is to have a trustworthy reputation. Integrity is an essential characteristic of a leader, and this is true for both the person and the organization, despite the fact that it is not always a factor in how employees are regarded. It is essential for top-level executives since they are the ones responsible for selecting the direction the business will go in as well as making a number of other important decisions. According to the findings of Bell (2013), businesses may have a blind spot when it comes to being honest. Therefore, leaders must make it a priority to ensure that their style at all levels of an organization is cognizant and makes use of the significance of maintaining integrity and being honest.

The second most important characteristic of a leader, in my own assessment, is the ability to delegate. One of the most important roles of a leader is to delegate work to their followers, even if doing so successfully might be challenging. It is not just about allowing oneself more time; it is also about aiding one’s direct reports in moving forward, developing their ability to interact with others, having greater autonomy, and making better judgements (Badjie, 2021). The best leaders cultivate a culture of trust among their teams so that they may more effectively transfer responsibilities to their subordinates. When you delegate responsibilities to others, your team will feel more in control, and you, as a leader, will earn their trust and assist them in their professional development. A leader learns how to choose the individuals who are most qualified to complete certain jobs or projects. Despite the many and obvious advantages of delegation, many managers still struggle to delegate effectively. There are many misconceptions and misunderstandings regarding delegating work, which may cause some leaders to be reluctant to delegate work to others. As a result, being able to assign responsibilities effectively is a crucial ability.

Despite being the third character trait, being an effective communicator is perhaps the most important characteristic of a leader. Being a competent leader and being able to communicate effectively are inextricably linked. The finest leaders are excellent communicators who can convey their message in a number of ways, including educating others, motivating them, and offering guidance to their direct reports. You must also be able to listen to and converse with a varied set of individuals who have various occupations, reside in various locations, have various social identities, and so on. The effectiveness of your business strategy is also heavily influenced by how effectively and often executives from various departments communicate with one another. Iordanoglou (2018) encourages leaders to learn how improved communication and more engaging interactions may significantly enhance your company’s culture. Being able to connect with people on a variety of levels is essential for effective communication and leadership. You must be able to relate to others and recognize yourself in them in order to connect with them. Finding common ground, communicating clearly, piquing people’s attention, getting them enthused, and being true to ourselves all help us connect with others more effectively. When it’s appropriate, a skilled communicator makes choices publicly and collaboratively, provides honest criticism, and often compliments others’ efforts. We must take an active part in the interaction if we want to develop our ability to communicate with one another. This entails ensuring that the environment is free of distractions, being truthful, and accepting responsibility for the message.

In summary, leadership is all about motivating people to be the best version of oneself and to be productive in their role. Therefore, I believe that being able to delegate well, being an effective communicator, and having integrity are the most important qualities that leaders have. These qualities allow leadership to be easier, effective, and inspirational to others.

References

Badjie, G. (2021). Leadership should or should not delegate communication?(a systematic literature review: the art of delegation). Eksis: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 15(2), 67-78.

Bell, R. M. (2013). Charismatic leadership case study with Ronald Reagan as exemplar. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 65(1), 83-91.

Iordanoglou, D. (2018). Future Trends in Leadership Development Practices and the Crucial Leadership Skills. Journal of Leadership, Accountability & Ethics, 15(2).

Leadership and Management

Leadership and Management

Management and leadership are often viewed as one and the same thing, yet, these two functions are distinctively different as far as their roles and usage are concerned. Management is a branch of the human resource function that deals with the administration of work and ensuring that activities required to achieve results are done as per the set-out plan (Robbins et al., 2018). Managers are all individuals in the hierarchy of an organization with formal authority. They influence the actions, responses, and behavior of others within the confines of their formal authority or power (Liphadzi, Aigbavboa, & Thwala, 2017). They have subordinates and work within a plan with an overall agenda to maintain a status quo as part of their effectiveness as authority figures.

Leadership, on the same page, deals with the people. Robins et al. (2018) describe leadership as the function of motivating people in a way that brings about belief and comprehension of a vision set for the company. Leadership allows an organization to get people to work in collaboration in order to attain certain goals. Leadership entails a process of influencing others to believe in attainment of objectives (Rudolph, Rauvola, & Zacher, 2018). Actions and traits define leadership. Traits include the personality, charisma, and key characteristics that leaders possess. It also includes the tasks performed, positions held, and the accomplishments achieved. The bottom line, according to Crosby and Bryson (2018), is that leaders must have followers, be able to influence those followers to attain goals, and that the process must be reciprocated amongst people.

In summary, while these two elements have their distinct roles and functions, the foregoing descriptions point to their importance when used together. Despite being different, Algahtani (2014) expresses that they must go hand in hand in order for any business or organization to succeed. For example, Jeff Bezos, the CEO of Amazon.com, uses leadership qualities to inspire and motivate employees while employing management in decision-making processes to achieve best results. Efforts to separate the two entities would likely lead to more issues. As it is, the two functions complement each other by bridging the gap between strengths and weaknesses. Management is required for its strengths in planning, coordinating, and organizing while leadership is important for motivating and inspiring people to perform at their best.

References

Algahtani, A. (2014). Are leadership and management different? A review. Journal of

management policies and practices, 2(3), 71-82.

Crosby, B. C., & Bryson, J. M. (2018). Why leadership of public leadership research matters: and

what to do about it. Public Management Review, 20(9), 1265-1286.

Liphadzi, M., Aigbavboa, C. O., & Thwala, W. D. (2017). A theoretical perspective on the

difference between leadership and management. Procedia Engineering, 196, 478-482.

Robbins, S., DeCenzo, D., Coulter, M., & Woods, M. (2018). Management: the essentials. Pearson

Australia

Rudolph, C. W., Rauvola, R. S., & Zacher, H. (2018). Leadership and generations at work: A

critical review. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 44-57.

Human Resource Management

One of the core assets of any organization, whether in the profit-making sector or the not-for-profit industry, is the human resource function. In understanding human resource management (HRM), Ahammad (2017) defines it as a practice comprising of the recruitment, hiring phase, deployment, and the management of employees in an organization. the emphasis of HRM is on the employees who are considered as key assets. In the present competitive global environment, the efficient and effective management of people within an organization is seen as a strategy to achieve competitive advantage (Kerdpitak & Jermsittiparsert, 2020). As such, Bombiak and Marciniuk-Kluska (2018) use the terms activities and processes to define HRM as a structured attempt to utilize all employees to attain organizational objectives. Therefore, HRM is a function within an organization that attempts to maximize the performance of employees and the strategic objectives of the employer through effective management.

The role of HRM is to ensure that an organization performs at its best, with reference to the people in the organization through ensuring optimal quantity (optimum number of people), quality (right abilities, skills, and knowledge and competencies), and cost. Robbins et al. (2018) also mention the need for HRM to ensure that people in an organization are kept committed and motivated to achieve current and future strategic needs of their organization. Within the HRM function, planning is a key role that ensures the proper forecasting of the future demand and supply of the best fit employees and in the right number (Ahammad, 2017). HRM has a mandate to understand the nature of jobs and positions and kinds of individuals that are appropriate for them.

In conclusion, HRM is all about the people. The discussion above shows that HRM deals with ensuring an organization has the right amount of people and that quality of these individuals is assured vis-à-vis the organizational goals and objectives. For example, Apple, a technology and communications giant, must always ensure that the organization has the right number of employees who are best suited to perform the various tasks required for the company to stay on top of its industry (Delery & Roumpi, 2017). Therefore, Apple utilizes best practices in HRM to keep the employees motivated, ensure optimal numbers, place the right employees at the right jobs, and ensure quality through continuous improvements.

References

Ahammad, T. (2017). Personnel management to human resource management (HRM): How

HRM functions. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 13(9), 412-420.

Bombiak, E., & Marciniuk-Kluska, A. (2018). Green human resource management as a tool for

the sustainable development of enterprises: Polish young company experience. Sustainability, 10(6), 1739.

Delery, J. E., & Roumpi, D. (2017). Strategic human resource management, human capital and

competitive advantage: is the field going in circles?. Human Resource Management Journal, 27(1), 1-21.

Kerdpitak, C., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The Impact of Human Resource Management

Practices on Competitive Advantage: Mediating Role of Employee Engagement in Thailand. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(1), 443-452.

Robbins, S., DeCenzo, D., Coulter, M., & Woods, M. (2018). Management: the essentials.

Pearson Australia.

Kristina came to the clinic with a number of problems she needed help addressing.

Kristina Martinez

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

Kristina came to the clinic with a number of problems she needed help addressing. One of the main problems that seemed prominent, however, was the fact that she was suffering from depression and anxiety, as a result, of the numerous duties and responsibilities she had to deal with since the birth of her child. The patient implied that she was anxious about the behavior of her boyfriend and father of her child who was not showing enough initiative towards taking care of their baby. From what she implied, it was clear that she was anxious about her future and that of her baby, in addition to the relationship she has with the father of her child.

Though Kristina was depressed, it did not seem bipolar. Depression is a medical condition whereby the affected individual feels sad, hopeless, discouraged, disinterested in life and unmotivated. When these feelings last for a couple of hours or a number of days, the condition is not serious but when they last for weeks then it is possible that the person’s daily activities and health get affected. Anxiety, on the other hand, involves feelings of apprehension and fear, which in serious cases become overwhelming and in most cases interfere with the daily activities of an individual. Anxiety and depression conditions are not similar, though people suffering from depression usually experience symptoms like those indicated for anxiety like irritability, nervousness, and problems concentrating and sleeping. However, many individuals who have depression also have a history of bouts of anxiety (Regier, et al., 1998).

To manage Kristina’s depression and anxiety, or to eliminate it, the counselor has to develop two categories of goals, both short and long term. The goals will help direct the therapy and treatment plan. One of the main long-term goals the treatment should establish is to make sure that Kristina is able to develop and improve relationships that are meaningful with those around her. The short-term goal of her treatment is that these long-term goals will be broken into smaller goals and steps that are manageable. The goals that Kristina and her counselor have developed must be achieved through breaking them into smaller and manageable steps.

After establishing these goals, it is essential to come up with manageable intervention plans for Kristina. There are a number of strategies that are available for individuals suffering from anxiety and depression. For Kristina, one of these treatment plans that can be helpful in managing her anxiety and depression and in helping her attain meaningful relationships is cognitive- behavioral therapy. This form of therapy, if Kristina agrees to use it, can be used to replace her unproductive and negative thought patterns with ones that are more useful and realistic. This therapy treatment focuses on taking specific, manageable steps towards overcoming depression and anxiety, and seeing that one of her short- term goals is to break up her long term goals into steps, this therapy can be extremely useful in helping her achieve her goals (Regier, et al., 1998).

The counselor can use this treatment plan to help Kristina face her fears as part of her recovery. The therapist can, for instance, show her that she is an excellent mother who can take care of her baby and herself even in the absence of her boyfriend. This is one of her major fears that her boyfriend will end up leaving her and she will have to take care of the baby by herself. By showing her that she is capable of doing this with the help of her parents, the counselor can help Kristina overcome her anxiety and depression. Other therapies that the counselor can use on Kristina include problem- solving therapy and interpersonal therapy, which can further help Kristina address her fear and depression (Regier, et al., 1998).

Reference

Regier, D. A. et al. (1998). Prevalence of anxiety disorders and their comorbidity with mood and addictive disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement, 34: 24–28.

Kristina Martinez is a twenty three year old white woman who is experiencing depression and anxiety

Kristina Martinez

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

Kristina Martinez is a twenty three year old white woman who is experiencing depression and anxiety. She is a student, and from what I saw, she is well grounded. However, she came to me with complains that she is experiencing anxiety and depression which seemed to stem from the fact that she had recently delivered a baby, with a father who was not helpful at all. She is still in school and she struggles to be an excellent mother and student. When she is at school, her boyfriend sometimes looks after her daughter, but other times her parents are forced to do it. She worries when she lives the baby with the father, and she is worried about overburdening her parents.

Kristina came to the clinic with a number of problems she needed help addressing. One of the main problems that seemed prominent, however, was the fact that she was suffering from depression and anxiety, as a result, of the numerous duties and responsibilities she had to deal with since the birth of her child. My patient implied that she was anxious about the behavior of her boyfriend and father of her child who was not showing enough initiative towards taking care of their baby. From what she implied, it was clear that she was anxious about her future and that of her baby, in addition to the relationship she has with the father of her child.

To manage Kristina’s depression and anxiety, or to eliminate it, I sought to develop two categories of goals, both short and long term. I was going to reduce her depression and anxiety by helping her cope with the stress she was experiencing at school and, to improve her relationship with the father of her child, who now will be in her life for a long time. These two form the short and long-term goals I planned for the patient. The goals will help direct the therapy and treatment plan. One of the main long-term goals the treatment should establish is to make sure that Kristina is able to develop and improve relationships that are meaningful with those around her. The short-term goal of her treatment is that these long-term goals will be broken into smaller goals and steps that are manageable. The goals that Kristina and I develop must be achieved through breaking them into smaller and manageable steps.

After establishing these goals, it is essential to come up with manageable intervention plans for Kristina. To help her realize these goals, I explained to her that she was an excellent mom and there was no reason why she would not be in future because she had taken excellent care of her baby since her birth. I also pointed out that she had enough family support to help her with the baby. I also pointed out that she was the one in control of her relationship with her boyfriend, although she had to make sure that the relationship was a healthy one. I applauded her strength for taking care of the baby and for going on with her education. One of the things that I pointed out to her is that she is capable and strong and has already surpassed her major obstacles. The encouragement and applauding of her efforts seemed to be working on her, as she was extremely receptive. However, just to make sure that she was managing her condition well, I showed her how to do some breathing exercises that she can use whenever she feels overwhelmed. I explained that these would help her relax, for her to attain both her long and short- term goals.

Kuder Assessment

Kuder Assessment

Student’s Name

Institution Affiliation

Course Name and Code

Professor’s Name

Date

Kuder Assessments

Introduction

Kuder assessments are a significant career test developed by Dr. Fredrick Kuder in 1938. The Kuder assessments are the best due to their validity and reliability. The interests and passion in a particular career are suitable for the Kuder assessments. This assessment is an occupational interest inventory designed to test one’s relative levels of interest in different occupational areas like mechanical and social services. My Kuder assessment was taken from Career Assessment | Career Development System | Kuder

Experience doing Kuder Assessment

The career assessment consisted of about 90 questions .it only took me 15 minutes to evaluate myself. I was able to see a summary and career recommendations. I can confess that the test was more than just a filled-out sheet. It gave me a jump start in choosing law as my career path that filled my interests and allowed me to match my personality in practicing law in broad.

While undertaking my Kuder assessment, I understood that it’s easy to be misled without a critical thinking assessment. Doing this assessment helped me to analyze and synthesize information. I have encountered so many people who constantly question me on my best area of skills and career. Awkwardly, I did not have a genuine and sincere response to give them. Kuder assessment provided a wide range of tests, encompassed to give forth defined results for the entire assessment – this helped me understand my area of interest and the skills I am good at, thus my career. Kuder assessment has been essential as it has helped me acquire skills to evaluate the information and draw conclusions that can be supported.

The Kuder test was based on testing my extroversion without necessarily using emotions. I can assert that it has helped with conscientiousness and openness to acquiring more experience. I was motivated by the test questions, which improved my power, independence, and recognition of the law.

The Kuder test was easy to undertake due to the personality type indicator. I understood that some people are intuition, thinking, and judging-oriented in law. The achievement of the result helped in testing my integrity as well. I realized that the Kuder test helps teach someone to always show honesty, dependability, and respect in the law room to be a competitive lawyer.

After every Kuder test, it is notable that the use of these tests when hiring for positions that require high levels of responsibility or reliability plays a vital role. For instance, in law firms, various persons must be able to make a sound judgment; as a lawyer am trading my client’s freedom for credits. Therefore, I have to defend them without making wrong decisions that might cause them life in imprisoned or huge court fines. I need to secure future jobs also to grow as well.

Interpretation of the Assessment Test

After undergoing the Kuder assessment, the upshot showed that being a lawyer is my premier career. I value law observance and maintaining peace and order by solving disputes between my friends. Besides, I have depicted a cohesive ability to fight off and give remedial resolutions to adversarial circumstances. My judgment resulted in being able to relate different scenarios and make a judgment that is not biased but based on facts and evidence.

The grade attained in Law observance related questions was 66%, Compelling judgment resulted in 53% of the same, fighting off adversarial circumstances was at 30%, Interpreting law was 28%, and solving disputes 20%. The result showed that my choice purse was not poor but stood for more learning law,

The Kuder assessment test helped in measuring the level of skills that I have already required. The primary criminal law questions sharpen the decision-making process in making wise judgments, as shown in the appendix. The assessment test’s performance reflects the current knowledge of the law.

How the assessment could be Useful in Career mentorship

The use of the Kuder assessment by career counselors could be helpful to help students clarify their interests and career decisions. The evaluation of the career choice is categorized into a different level of interest: Realistic; with this level, the student must represent things in a way that is accurate and real to life in choosing their profession. Some have to be investigative in that they will be entailed to search for ascertaining facts with the choices. The rest are Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional.

Comprehensively, the Kuder assessment I took could be integrated into career counseling to determine people’s skills and areas of interest. In schools and colleges, the assessment can be used to establish the best career a student should take to avoid inconveniences in choosing a career. In career counseling, clients will clearly understand their areas of interest and skills, thus enabling them to choose a career field that best utilizes their prowess. Fellow lawyers can also use the Kuder assessment to adopt skills in defending clients without making assumptions in courtrooms.

As it’s the main goal of the developers of this Kuder test, this test will help to mentor young people to determine the tasks they already have experience doing and check their confidence in accomplishing those tasks. In addition, it will be beneficial to teach them how to strive to be the best, challenge them to learn new skills, and believe in them that they can learn new tasks.

Kuder’s assessment has the most straightforward question that can quickly gain insights and explore a range of career and education options for the youth who are still confused about their potential in deciding what profession to practice and grow. Research has shown that most young minds choose the wrong careers due to insufficient information and guidance. But with the Kuder assessment, many people can now choose and make decisions that will satisfy them. The system is well equipped to empower students after high school education to make a successful transition that has no regrets soon. The better part is that it also measures personal style and occupational compatibility.

The Kuder assessment could also help eliminate moral dangers faced by young people. It will work well in dealing with ambiguity and eliminating wasteful conflicts that prevent them from acting. Further, it will help counsel morally courageous actions that may result in a damaged reputation and a loss of income and employment. When not dealt with in time.

Ethical Dilemmas

While completing the Kuder assessment, I merely encountered ethical dilemmas because I answered the questions based on the critical thinking skills I had acquired in the class. I found it easy to make solid arguments and analyze available information. Despite the overwhelming tests and questions, I strived to be cautious not to violate or demean moral standards. My answers were based on a general self-conduction of my skills and interests in law only. The test was between

Conclusion

Kidder’s assessment examines individuals’ areas of interest by assisting in figuring out their strongholds and applying critical thinking skills constructively. Notably, the Kuder assessment poses substantial benefits in career counseling by enabling one to identify people’s skills and interests.

To sum up, applying the Kuder assessment contributes to shaping one’s moral values. This test compromises one’s character and core values in choosing the right career. It allows one to understand that you decide to do what you have passion for and right in the true face of absolute loss. One has to know that career choice is an act that corrects a problem in our community. Lawyer defending the exportation of the poor by the rich is a good example. Therefore, the Kuder assessment prepares people to know where they stand in being resourceful for the good of the community’s morals.

References

Landherr, R. E. (2019). The relationship between the Kuder Career Assessment and program completion at Chippewa Valley Technical College (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin–Stout).

Appendix

Kuder Assessment Results

The results of your career test are in. Here they are:

Personal skills and interest: Law

Traits: Law observance- 66%, Compelling judgment – 53%, Fight off adversarial circumstances- 30%, Interpreting law- 28%, Solving disputes- 20%

Role: Lawyer

Strategy: Social Relations

lab report number (The purpose was to project all the waves on oscilloscope provide by the code teacher) Net Duino

LAB REPORT #2Name

Date

Course Code

Table of contents

AbstractPage 3

Introduction

Sin Wave Generator Page 4

Square Wave GeneratorPage 5-6

Saw tooth Wave GeneratorPage 7

ConclusionPage 8

Abstract

The experiment detailed herein was done in classroom. The purpose was to project all the waves on oscilloscope provide by the code teacher. The teacher had explained and showed us Square Wave, Sine Wave and Triangle/Saw tooth Wave. Through C#, the code was embedded into the Net Duino. The circuit that had been made earlier was connected to the Oscilloscope. The three waves were seen in the attacked oscilloscope.

Introduction

The lab report commences by the introduction of the three above mentioned waves. All the waves were generated using the same voltages. The oscilloscope helps to take screen shot of the waves. Additionally, each wave was represented using a code. The Waves are presented as show through the code placed in NetDuino.

Sine Wave Generator

using System;

using System.Net;

using System.Net.Sockets;

using System.Threading;

using Microsoft.SPOT;

using Microsoft.SPOT.Hardware;

using SecretLabs.NETMF.Hardware;

using SecretLabs.NETMF.Hardware.NetduinoPlus;

// Gives a PWM output that, its duty cycle varies as a function of a sine wave.

//It is like DAC. To see a Sine wave on scope pass the output through a low pass RC filter.

//Also if you connect the output to a LED its intensity varies like a sine wave.

namespace NetduinoPlusPWM_SineWave{

public class Program

{

public static void Main()

{

int value = 0;

int degree = 0;

//PWM pwm = new PWM(Pins.GPIO_PIN_D5);

PWM pwm = new PWM(Cpu.PWMChannel.PWM_3, 500, 0.5, false);//PIN D10

while (true)

{

degree += 1; // lets go from 0 to 360 degree over and over

degree %= 360; //remainder of 0-359

// sin() function returns an integer from -1000 to 1000. We need to shift it up by a 1000 to become positive

value = 1000 + Microsoft.SPOT.Math.Sin(degree); // value is between 0 and 2000

uint nValue = (uint)((value) / 20); // lets scale value from 0-2000 to 0-100. The percent duty cycle is nValue pwm.DutyCycle = (((float)(nValue))/100); // set the duty-cycle to a specific nvalue //Thread.Sleep(10);

// Debug.Print(degree.ToString());

// Debug.Print(value.ToString());

// Debug.Print(nValue.ToString());

}

}

}

-27622516383000 }

Description

In this starting wave generator which is Sine wave, the section of the law indicates the real code of the wave and also a screen shot as obtained from Oscilloscope.

Square Wave Generator

using System;

using System.Net;

using System.Net.Sockets;

using System.Threading;

using Microsoft.SPOT;

using Microsoft.SPOT.Hardware;

using SecretLabs.NETMF.Hardware;

using SecretLabs.NETMF.Hardware.NetduinoPlus;

namespace NetduinoPlusApplication1

{

public class Program

{

static long DelayTicks;

static long ticks;

//long DelayTicks = 500*10; //#ticks for 500us

static void delay(long duration)

{

DelayTicks = duration * 10; //period and measured in microseconds

ticks = Utility.GetMachineTime().Ticks; // capture current time and put it in ticks

while ((Utility.GetMachineTime().Ticks – ticks) < DelayTicks) ;

}

public static void Main()

{

// Make ramp wave

OutputPort led = new OutputPort(Pins.GPIO_PIN_D0, false);

long period = 1000; //1=1usec

long lowTime=0;

while (true)

{

lowTime+=20; //increase the low time part of the pulse

if (lowTime >= period)

// turn LED ON

led.Write(true);

// let it be ON

delay(period – lowTime); //high time is period – lowTime

// turn LED OFF and let it stay OFF

led.Write(false);

delay(lowTime);

lowTime = 0;

}

}

}

}

033274000

Description

In this second wave generator, the real code of Sine waves and the screen shot obtained from oscilloscope is shown.

Saw Tooth Wave Generator

using System;

using System.Net;

using System.Net.Sockets;

using System.Threading;

using Microsoft.SPOT;

using Microsoft.SPOT.Hardware;

using SecretLabs.NETMF.Hardware;

using SecretLabs.NETMF.Hardware.NetduinoPlus;

namespace NetduinoPlusApplication1

{

public class Program

{

public static void Main()

{ //uses hardware pwm. LED is connected to PIN D10 (PWM_3) and a grounded resisior of 220

double dutyCycle = 0;

//at port PWM3, freq=1000hz, duty cycle=0.5 and output not inverted.

var pwm = new PWM(Cpu.PWMChannel.PWM_3, 1000, 0.5, false);//PIN D10

var button = new InputPort(Pins.ONBOARD_SW1, false, Port.ResistorMode.Disabled);

pwm.Start();

while (true) //keep polling

{

if (button.Read() == true) //if button pressed

{

if (dutyCycle < 1)

dutyCycle = dutyCycle + .05; //as long as the button pressed increment the duty cycle

else dutyCycle = 0;

pwm.DutyCycle = dutyCycle;

Thread.Sleep(300); //to avoid multiple read of the key pressed

}

}

}

}

}

Description

In the last and third section, Saw tooth wave is shown. This section of the experiment shows the actual Saw tooth wave code and screen shot as indicated through Oscilloscope.

Conclusion

At the end of the experiment the conclusion was that regardless of similar voltages across all the three waves, suppose there is a change in frequencies of the waves, the way waves are presented in oscilloscope can differ. Also, I observed that minus having the correct code into the NetDuino. The projection and the circuit would not be accurate as would be expected.

LOCAL AREA NETWORK(LAN) technologies

Lan Technologies

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEGDEMENT…………………………………………………………………1

ABSTARCT…………………………………………………………………………………….2

TOC………………………………………………………………………………………………..3

TYPES OF LAN………………………………………………………………………………4

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LAN……………………….6

NETWORK SECURITY…………………………………………………………………..8

DEVICES ASSOCIATED WITH LAN…………………………………………….10

TOPOLOGIES FOR DESIGNING LAN………………………………..12

IMPROVING SECURITY……………………………………………….15

RULES OF ACCESS CONTROL LIST…………………………………18

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………..19

Acknowledgement

It is truly said that to attain the prefect knowledge of the task we have to go through it. Similarly it’s not until to know a perfect knowledge of a language until we undertake a project like this to realize the true power of programming language. As some people has tendency of firmly accepting suggestions and from any near or dear we thank god for gifting this quality in us without which we would not be able to accept suggestions from my friends and hence this project would not be much better as it is after development.

Terms and conditions

I declare that the work provided by me is solely authentic and original piece written by me. It satisfies the rules and regulations of the college with regard to collusion and plagiarism. I hereby confirm that i have properly referred to the material prescribed and acknowledged the study material.

Part-1

A network is defined as a group of printers, switches, routers and computers in a specific arrangement in order to communicate with each other over some transmission media. Networks are made with the hardware and software. Networks are of two types : Local Area Network and Wide Area Network

Cable/Media

LAN

LAN is a computer network which is used to connect computers and work stations to share data and the resources such as printers or faxes. LAN is associated with small area such as home, office or college. The devices used in LAN are HUB and switch. Media used for establishing local area network is Unshielded Twisted Pair cables. Any third party is not involved here.Characteristics:–High data transfer speeds -Generally less expensive technologies-Limited geographic area

FIG:1.1Local Area Network

Figure 1.1 shows how all the work stations i.e PC1,PC2,PC3, server and printer are interconnected with the help of the network device.

Commonly used LAN technologies are the following:

LANSare classified into Ethernet, Token Bus, Token Ring and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).FollowingFigure shows LAN classification

figure1.2

Advantages of LAN

a). It Provides communication in smaller area networks.b). It is easy to install and configure.c).Many users can share data or network resources simultaneously which results in fast work.

Disadvantages of LAN

a). Only limited number of computers or devices are connected in a Local Area Network.

b). LAN cannot cover large geographical area.

c). As the number of users exceeds, the network performance degrades.

Filters used to protect network from congestion and from unauthorized access are the following: Security filters maintain the integrity of the networks (as well as routers)nto which it is passing traffic. Basically a security filter allows the passage of a limited, well-understood packets and denies the passage of everything else.

Traffic filters disallow unnecessary packets from passing onto limited-bandwidth links. These filters act much like security filters, but the logic of this filter is generally inverse: It denies the passage of a few unwanted packets and permit everything else.

Many tools are available on Cisco routers, such as dialer lists, route filters, route maps, and queuing lists, they must be able to identify certain packets to function properly and accurately. Access lists can be linked to these and other tools to provide this packet identificationfunction.

Figure:1.3

Traffic on the router in a network is comparable to the traffic in the highway. Example: a office who enforces law in the state of Pennsylvania wants to halt the bus moving through the state of Maryland to the state of New York. The halt can be applied at the border of the new York and Pennsylvania (which is out) or even at the border of Pennsylvania and Maryland. There are following four terms when refer to a router:Out—Traffic which passes by the router and exits interface and has origination form the router’s early face up to the face of termination.

In— it originates from interface and destination is router.

Inbound — in case of router getting packet, software is related to checking of list’s criteria for the list to be inbound (matching). In case of permission of packet, it leads to processing and vice versa

Outbound— in case of sotware getting packet, software is related to checking of list’s criteria for the list to be outbound (matching). In case of permission of packet, it leads to processing and vice versa.

figure1.4

To secure a network: we can configure a password in a router as well

There are five types of password available in a router

1. Console Password

router#configure terminal

router(config)#line console 0

router(config-line)#password <word>

router(config-line)#login

router(config-line)#exit

To erase password do all steps with no command.

2. Vty Password

router>enable

router#configure terminal

router(config)#line vty 0 4

router(config-line)#password <word>

router(config-line)#login

router(config-line)#exit

3. Auxiliary Password

router#configure terminal

router(config)#line Aux 0

router(config-line)#password <word>

router(config-line)#login

router(config-line)#exit

4. Enable Password

router>enable

router#configure terminal

router(config)#enable password <word>

router(config)#exit

5. Enable Secret Password

Enable Password is the clear text password. It is stored as clear text in configuration where as enable secret password is the encrypted password.

Router>enable

Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#enable secret <word>

Router(config)#exit

Part-2

devices associated with the LANA number of devices have association with the data and the information flowing through the LAN.  When adjoined with one another, it leads to creation of local area network’s infrastructure (which is functional).  The devices are as follows:1. Switches.

2. Repeaters.

3. Hubs.

4. Bridges.

Repeaters

Repeaters are situated in the first (physical) layer of a network. It assists in propogation and regeneration of signals (one after other). There is no filtering and alteration of information during the transmission. Repeaters assist in boosting signals which are weak and thus increasing distance.

Bridges

Bridges are called intelligent repeaters. They regenerate the transmitted signals, but unlikerepeaters, they can also determine the destinations.

Hubshubs assist in connection of the local area networks’ of all computers in a single device. These are known as repeaters which are multi-port. Hubs are unable to assure the destinations like bridges but they are unable to lead to transmission in each line in the method of half duplex.

RoutersThey route traffic and filter information to all the networks in an internetwork communication.. Some routers can assist in the detection of problems thus leading to redirection of information so that it can be troubleshooted. These are called “intelligent routers. To be able to route packets, a router must have the following information:

Destination address

Neighbour routers from which it can learn about remote networks

Possible routes to all remote networks

The best route to each remote network

How to maintain and verify routing information

SwitchesSwitches connect all the computers in a local area network (connections)for the communication or sharing of resources (way is similar to that of hubs). The only difference from hub: the switches are able to filter and direct information fro and to the certain terminus and they are able to run in the way of full duplex.

Common topologies used for designing a LAN infrastructure are: Bus architecture:

Bus topology

-There is a single cable which connects each workstation in a linear way as shown in figure 2.1

-The signals are broadcasted to all stations, but stations only act on the workstation frame addressed to them.

Figure 2.1 Ring Architecture: In a ring topology:

-Unidirectional links connect the transmit side of one device to the receive side of another device as shown in figure 2.2. -Devices transmit frames to the next device (downstream member) in the ring.

Figure 2.2

STAR TOPOLOGY

In a star topology each station is connected to a centrally located hub or concentrator which functions as a multi-port repeater. Each station can broadcast to all of the devices connected to the central hub.

Figure 2.3

Part-3

A well secured and password protected LAN network is established using Software “CISCO PACKET TRACER”.The project is attached along with this file.Thename of file type is SECUREDLAN.pkt.This LAN network is secured using network filters, and configured with special servicesto avoidtraffic which lead to congestion in a network.

Part-4Improving security, reliability and performance using Access Control List

An access list is a series of filters arranged in a sequential manner in which each filter comprises a specific matching criteria and an action. The action can be either permit or deny. The matching criteria may be simple as the address of source or they may be a more complex combination of addresses of source and destination, protocol type, sockets or ports, and specifications of the state of a certain flags, such as the TCP ACK bit. A packet is “dropped into” the top of the stack of filters as shown in Figure 4.1

Figure 4.1

In above Figure 4.1Permit action allows the packet to exit on interface E0; a deny action shows that the packet will be dropped. As shown it is the packet having some address from the source of HOST A will be dropped at the first filter. Suppose the packet’s source address is HOST D of SUBNET 2 of NETWORK 5. Firstly, the first filter specifies match criteria of HOST A, so the packet will not match and will drop to the second layer. The second filter specifies SUBNET 3—again, no match. Then the packet drops to the third filter, which specifies NETWORK 5. This matches and the action at layer three is permit, so the packet is allowed to exit interface E0.

Implicit Deny Any

The router has to know what to do with a packet if it drops through all the filters and a match never occurs. There must be a default action for this situation. The default action may be either to permit all packets that don’t match or to deny them. The Cisco routers chose to deny them. Any packet which follows an access list and does not find a match is automatically dropped. This approach isa correct engineering choice, specially list (refers to access) is being used for security. It is better to drop some packets that shouldn’t have been dropped than to permit packets. This last filter is called an implicit deny any (Figure 4.2). Understood from the name, the line does not show up in any access list you build. It’s simply a default action, and it exists at the termination of all access lists.

Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2 All access lists end with an implicit deny any, which discards all packets that do not match a line in the list.

This default can be overridden by making the last line of the list an explicit permit any. The implication here is that packets dropping through all the other filters will match the permit any before they get to the default deny any, therefore, all packets not matching anything else will be permitted—nothing will ever reach the implicit deny.

SequentialityAccess lists are executed in sequential way, from the top down

Figure 4.3

In Figure 3, subnet 10.23.147.0/24 is denied and the rest of network 10.0.0.0 is permitted. The list on the left is out of sequence; network 10.0.0.0, including its subnet 10.23.147.0 match the first line and so is permitted. Packets with the subnet to be denied never reach the second line.

Figure 3. The individual filter layers of an access list should be configured in the correct sequence, the for access list to function correctly.

Rules of Access Control List

List is read from top to bottom

The list will be stop executing after first match is found in the list

If a packet is not matched with any in-listed statement of the list then the packet will with match with either implicit deny statement or permit any statement

Bibliography

Behrouz A ForouzanAndrew Mason, Mark J. Newcomb; Cisco secure internet security solutions

John E Canavan ; the fundamentals of network security

Rick Lehtinen and G.T Gangemi; computer security basicsRichard Deal; CCNA Study Guide

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 1203

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 1203

LSU – Robert Reich School of Landscape Architecture

Fall 2020

Charles Fryling, Jr. (225) 933-2069

Project 2 & 3 (Total Points = 50)

Name, individuals, places, and situation which illustrate land ethics (good or bad).

Objective: To understand more fully the ethical issues people face when making decisions on the use of land.

You can use Aldo Leopold’s definition of land ethics or any other appropriate definition. Leopold called for a new ethic dealing with human’s relation to land and to the various components that are included in the land. In The Sand County Almanac published one year after Aldo Leopold’s death he argued that the next step within the expansion of ethics was to include nonhuman members of the earth and the land upon which they lived as elements with a moral context of ethics. Leopold’s basic principle of his land ethic was that, “A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.” Described by him in a different way: “The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants, and animals, or collectively: the land.”

Project 2

Name an ethical issue.

Name a place where this land ethicmal situation occurred.

Project 3

Name the person or unnamed (title) of the persons which was discussed in the lectures or class readings. This person is the subject of project 2 above.

You should have a minimum of 5 examples. Both projects should be on the same sheet of paper and in a outline form. The projects are due November 23 at 9:00 AM.