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Literature Review on ornamentation of artwork

Literature Review

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Mosaic PAGEREF _Toc378194653 h 3Fabric decoration PAGEREF _Toc378194654 h 4

Research shows that ornamentation of artwork adds value as well as, aesthetics; however this is mainly done by decorating the surfaces of the artwork using different motifs. The artwork includes decorating furniture, utensils and clothing. However, there is other ornamentation or artworks which mainly involve the body art. For example, in the past, the use skin was the major canvas for African expression for many years making ornamentation of artwork to become the source of interest for many Kenyans. Artwork ornamentation started gaining a strong foothold in the 1900s and from the anthropological research; it is evident that many cultures across the world are today using different forms of artworks as well as, ornamentation for different reasons (Gair, 2006).

Throughout the history of African culture, anthropologists noted that exploring ethnic motifs as well as, designs from the material culture of the Kenyan ethnic groups and utilizing them in ornamentation has become greater activity to the Kenyans people. Artwork and aesthetics ornamentation in Kenya can be examined in terms of the complexity required for creating and decrypting a work of art. As a result, the government of Kenya has proposed different laws for aesthetic complexity (Thomas, 2002). According to the first law of aesthetic complexity in Kenya, it is noted that too condensed encoding may make a decryption of a work of art impossible and is also perceived to be chaotic by the untrained mind, whereas too regular structures are perceived as monotonous, too orderly and not very stimulating. Thus a necessary condition for an artistic form or design to appear appealing is its complexity to lie within a bracket between monotony and chaos. According to the second law of aesthetic complexity, due to human predisposition, this bracket is invariably based on natural forms; with rather limited plasticity. The third law of aesthetic complexity states that aesthetic complexity trends are dominated by the available resources, and thus also by cost and scarcity.

Several strategies on the other hand have been applied to increase the aesthetic complexity and artistic expression virtual universes. The human mind seems to be able to recognize automation in pattern creation, and often resents too simple schemes. Presently, there are different motifs and designs in Kenyan. The designs include the use of paints, mosaic, fabric decoration, body artwork and many others. Painting in artworks use color pigment such as paints on distinctive surfaces. Painting allows artists to creatively decorate surfaces so as to make then appear like a different image without altering the actual image (Thomas, 2002). For example, “Rock paintings were believed to be the first painted works of art mostly done by the cave people. They painted using their fingers and soft colored clay on rock surfaces following examples of claw marks made by animals. Clearly, then, a well-known ideal source of paint material used on rocks came from colored soils obtained from organic or living matter as well as, inorganic (Baker, 2007).

The study carried out notes that, “red” paints were obtained from “iron oxide, black paints were executed from inorganic compounds such as manganese dioxide, as well as pine carbons. Therefore, the paints used by creative artists to produce painting artworks were also obtained by mixing ground color pigments and they may be added with various types of cohesive substances such as gum to bind them on a planned surface (Harrison, 2001). The various paint pigments have different mixing properties and they require diverse types of binders to transform them into workable tools. Painting is significant because it embellish o an artwork. Painting attaches our daily life to the aesthetics of colors. Conversely, through painting artists attain imitated creative styles to supplement with their attained skills of color use. Painting on the other hand can be used as a medium for sharpening a learner’s logical reasoning (Thomas, 2002).

As well as to discover the life and art of greatest painters as well as past events. Most artisans paint to review and to practice their theoretical knowledge of colors, and during critiques, painting artists acquires shared knowledge about techniques and colors.

MosaicIt is evident that ethnic motifs and designs derived from material culture can as well be utilized in ornamentation. For instance, the ornamentation of pieces of art work is significant in adding the value to the item and improves the quality and aesthetics. As a result, using of motifs that are derived from the material culture of our Kenyan ethnic groups will greatly help in preserving the culture and heritage of different communities (Baker, 2007). However, this can only be done by utilizing the motifs in ornamenting an individual artwork. Today, most Kenyans decorate their ornaments using mosaic. A mosaic is a type of artwork that can be made by arranging small colored pieces of hard materials like glass, stone and tiles to create a beautiful decorative pattern (Thomas, 2002). The history of mosaic art (2008) tells us that “mosaic history goes back some 4,000 years or more, with the use ofterracotta cones pushed point-first into a background to give decorations.” From this we can understand that any hard surface can provide a base for a mosaic artwork so long as it is firm, free from moisture and grease or liquids (Baker, 2007).

According to research, by the eighth century there were pebble pavements with different unstructured decorations of coloured stones used for creating patterns by the Greeks. These mosaic artworks were used for various purposes like making elaborate decorations in worship places especially churches, surfacing roads, house floor, walls, decorative utensils and furniture (Harrison, 2001).

Other creative artists who do mosaic use recycled materials from broken coloured pieces of terracotta carefully selected from earthenware of a kind like glass, pottery as well as tiles. Mosaic artworks are created in different ways, some display shapes of precise geometric patterns, while other are arranged almost randomly to display or show scenes of people and animals. In other words, there is no right or wrong choice for making mosaics artworks (Gair, 2006). This type of motif design has a great impact on contemporary art and the ornamentation skills on the designers and artisans.

Fabric decorationToday, fabric decoration as a type of motifs and designs are currently used for ornamentation in the Kenyan contemporary art. Fabric decoration is the art of embellishing cloth or fabric for pleasant appearances. Other artistic define “fabric design/decoration” as “the patterning of an essentially plain fabric to render it more appealing or to serve a particular purpose.” Hence, the designer of fabric decoration should not only be given the fundamental skills of depicting creative and artistic enhancements on the surface of a fabric for various intended aims, but they can as well learn about altering fabrics by sewing, given that this can also be an approach typically used to decorate fabrics. Other methods of fabric decoration include dyeing, bleaching, starching, waxing, printing and sewing (Harrison, 2001).

In Kenya, the antiquities or ancient past of fabrics starts from tribal people such as the Nilotes, Cushites and Bantus who used bark cloth for clothing, interior decorations, protection from bad weather by covering their naked bodies and very many other purposes (Gair, 2006). It has also been speculated in Kenya that the direct trade relations between the Indians living in Kenya and the people living in Western Kenya has resulted in the cross-cultural transfer of ideas and skills in fabric decoration, which later translated into the patterning of bark-cloth, initially exclusively, for royal usage.” This for many years has presented the value of promoting cross-cultural understanding by the people who used bark cloth. It also led to the discovery of more ways of decorating fabrics, which most Kenyans wear today for distinctive purposes. Literally, some sources suggest that decorated bark cloth existed in other parts of Africa (Baker, 2007).

References

Baker, G. (2007). The artwork caught by the tail: Francis Picabia and Dada in Paris. London: MIT Press.

Gair, A. (2006). Artist’s manual: a complete guide to painting and drawing materials and techniques. London: Chronicle Books.Harrison, H. (2001). Painting shapes and edges: give depth, clarity and form to your artwork. New York: North Light Books.

Herskovic, M. (2003). American abstract expressionism of the 1950s: an illustrated survey with artists’ statements, artwork and biographies. London: New York School Press.

Thomas, T. (2002). Artwork by Tona Thomas. London: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Indian Arts and Crafts Board, Sioux Indian Museum and Crafts Center.

Literary Analysis of The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan

Literary Analysis of Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club

The Joy Luck Club is a compilation of eight women’s personal stories—four pairs of mothers and daughters—about their lives and the relationships they must learn to navigate across various cultures. These accounts are conveyed through the eyes of the women, based on the perspective of the mothers and daughters. The plot begins not long after the death of Suyuan Woo, a founding member of the social and investment club. Jing-mei is supposed to take her mother’s position in the club as a way to attain a balance. The most essential concepts discussed in this book are tradition and culture. The two groups of women addressed in the narrative are diametrically opposed in terms of how they see the world, one focused on the past through tradition and norms, and the other unaware of their cultural past and fully assimilated into the American way of life. As a consequence of their cultural and traditional roots, they must make a concerted effort to guarantee that their girls are exposed to the same things they were, thus creating a rift in their relationships and later bridging the cultural and traditional gaps amongst them.

Despite seeming to adjust well to their new circumstances, the mothers never entirely integrate their Chinese culture, rituals, expectations, or norms into their new American life as compared to their Americanized daughters. The mothers never get complete command of the English language, abandon their families’ traditions and habits, or forget that they were born in China. Their English-speaking daughters, on the other hand, were born, raised, and educated to consider themselves fully American, in a culture that is “too full to swallow any sorrow” (17). Their storylines concentrate around generational tensions, cultural misinterpretations, and other identity difficulties. Their mothers seem to be living in the past, according to their daughters. The daughters make no effort to hide their displeasure with their mothers’ tales about life in China because they are both outraged and afraid of their parents’ judgment. The mothers want the daughters to have the best termed as “swallowing more Coca-Cola than sorrow” (17). The mothers are seeking to educate their daughters about Chinese culture, but the girls are finding it difficult to balance their lives in America, particularly their jobs, with their mothers’ lofty and perplexing ambitions. As a consequence, moms and daughters have a sense of alienation from one another, leading to silence. A generational, sociological, and cultural status discrepancy that is difficult to overcome exacerbates the situation. The cultural boundaries between the women will not be broken until the daughters learn to listen to their moms’ experiences and understand how they relate to their own lives. Despite the fact that the ladies come from all cultures and have different ways of doing things, this is true.

Despite the fact that each tale in the novel has a distinct narrator, they all show how past events, traditions, cultures, or the relationship with any of these factors may influence the present. This supports the notion that a person’s traditions, past, background, and upbringing has a substantial impact on their cultural identity and worldview. Each narrator has a “moment when her identity becomes fixed forever” (64). Ying-ying’s life was formed by difficult childhoods, war, poverty, starvation, and, in her case, a single act of awful conduct as a youngster. She was the lone kid in a happy family where she grew up. Furthermore, three of the mothers married when still in their teenage years. Three of them were married to men who didn’t love them, and one of them married a great man who died in the war. One of the ladies had children with one of the dads from a prior marriage. Individual histories of the mothers are advantageous to their attempts to construct new lives in the United States to a greater or lesser degree. Each narrative is a powerful example of how past events continue to influence the present and to form a new culture that is fully founded on traditions and expectations. From a Chinese-American perspective, Lindo Jong admits that “these two things do not mix” in reference to American and Chinese cultures (254). Each mother’s Chinese ethnicity has an influence on her current life in the United States. Childhood has a tremendous influence on each daughter’s adult life, just as each mother’s past has on her daughter’s current, complicating the matter even further.

All of the parents’ stories had a few things in common: vivid recollections of growing up as a girl and young woman in China, perplexing tales about raising children in the United States, and almost terrifyingly high expectations for their daughters due to their cultural differences and expectations. Similarly, the daughters’ tales focus on how they failed to meet their moms’ expectations, how they were concerned about how Chinese culture would fit into their very American life, and how they had no clue of their mothers’ inner energy or deepest secrets. Several of the narrators highlight the difficulties they have while seeking to communicate their ideas and emotions with people from completely diverse backgrounds. Ying-ying feels like the separation of mother and daughter is too great, “I have watched her as though from another shore” (274). Because none of the daughters understand the language, no one in the family, including the daughters and parents, has any awareness of the culture. Furthermore, there are occasions when moms and daughters are unable to communicate with one another, making it difficult for both sides to understand the other’s perspective. Even if both the girls and their moms speak a little English and a little Chinese, communication will be challenging at times due to the need to translate words with very different intended and accepted meanings. There may be a few small misunderstandings as a result of this.

When the mothers relate to their daughters on the basis of their own lives, they are well aware that their insights are met with silence due to the differences in culture and upbringing. They continue to converse in the hopes that one of their words or ideas would strike a chord with one of their daughters, who will remember it and pass it on to her own daughter. Lindo Jong gives Waverly friendly parental advise despite acknowledging that fact that Waverly may “not understand where she comes from in a double cultural heritage” (49). Daughters are given their mothers’ tales as real gifts, soul sacrifices, and talismans in order to help the younger women tackle their challenges with the support of their mothers. These stories were hand-picked from the mothers’ immense archives of recollections. The mothers often conduct mental dialogues with their daughters, in which they develop questions, thoughts, and sentiments that they are unable to express orally owing to the cultural and generational differences.

In conclusion, the novel is a depiction of how culture, traditions, general gaps, and other features of an inter-generational relationship mesh together and diverge at the same time. The girls consider their moms to be dumb since they speak improper English. The moms, on the other hand, are furious with their daughters because they do not understand the cultural nuances of their language and have no plans to teach their own children about their Chinese ancestry. Throughout the story, characters repeatedly bring up Chinese concepts, only to learn the hard way that they must understand Chinese culture to appreciate its value. In a society where daughters and mothers have divergent life ideas, culture and tradition continue to clash.

Literary Analysis “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day” by William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

Literary Analysis: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” by William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

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Literary Analysis: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” by William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

Summary

The poem “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” by William Shakespeare is his 18th sonnet and is considered the most famous of all Shakespeare’s 154 sonnets. Its 18th sonnet’s prominence is attributed to its opening line, “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day” which has been heartily mastered by every true romantic (Shakespeare & Wallis, 1975). Therefore, sonnet 18 is basically a love poem even though its object of affection is not apparent as it may appear. Shakespeare opens his poem with a prompt addressed to the much-loved: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” The ensuing eleven lines are dedicated to such a comparison. For instance, in line two, the poet lays down what primarily differentiates the young man from the day of summer, which is evident from his assertion …” more lovely and more temperate.” Furthermore, the poet claims that the days of the summer approaches the extreme which is apparent from his claim that the “rough winds” shakes the summer’s days, and in them, the sun which is over and over again referred to as “the eye of heaven” illuminates too dim or too hot (Ruslida et al., 2019). The notion that summer is fleeting is attributed to the fact that its date is quite short, resulting in the withering of autumn, evident from the poem’s line “every fair from fair sometime declines.” Towards the final line of the poem, the poet attempts to demonstrate the variation between the beloved and the summer which is associated with everlasting beauty, that is, “Thy eternal summer shall not fade…” that shall remain alive eternally. In the line, the poet strives to elucidate the manner in which the beloved’s beauty will attain this achievement rather than perish since it is preserved by the poet, lasting forever (Shakespeare, 2016). Specifically, the poem’s line“…as long as men can breathe or eyes can see” shows that the beloved beauty will live, defying even death.

Analysis

William Shakespeare first published his sonnets in 1609, which is seven years prior to the death of Bard, and the sonnet’s extraordinary quality has kept it famous ever since (Shakespeare, 2016). The depth and domain of Shakespeare’s sonnets have created a wide gap between him and other sonneteers. Specifically, Shakespeare’s sonnet 18 provides more emphasis on the loveliness of a lover or friend, which he starts with a rhetorical query regarding comparing their subject to the day of summer. Therefore, from the different lines of sonnet 18, it is clear that Shakespeare was dedicated to praising a friend or lover, traditionally regarded as the “fair youth” (Ruslida et al., 2019). From the sonnet, there is the assurance that the beauty of this individual will be sustained. The fact that the poem’s lines will be read by future generations, even in the absence of the poet and lover portrays the silencing of death. This implies that the fair image of the poet/speaker and lover is kept alive via the power of verse (Shakespeare, 2016). This is better understood by analyzing Shakespeare’s sonnet 18 line by line. Therefore, this paper provides an in-depth literary analysis of Shakespeare’s sonnet 18, focusing on individual lines and the poetic devices that include the use of form, imagery, and figurative language employed in the poem to ensure the poem’s permanence (Shakespeare & Wallis, 1975).

Line 1

This line serves as the poem’s opening line which appears as a tease that reflects on the uncertainty of the poet as he tries to establish a comparison between his lover and a summer’s day. The first line of the poem poses a rhetorical question for both the audience and the speaker, and even the musical stance of the first line is exposed to more speculations (Shakespeare, 2016). For instance, the inherent comparison is clearly not a forthright one as there is the question of whether it is a complete iambic pentameter.

Line 2

The second line then surpasses the image portrayed in line one which represents the perfect English summer’s day, revealing that the poem’s lover/subject is lovelier and more self-restrained (Shakespeare, 2016). Lovely is frequently utilized in England with a similar meaning currently at is did when the poet wrote the poem which includes beautiful, lovely, nice, etc. On the other hand, temperate also known as self-restrained implied restrained, composed, gentle-natured, and moderate in Shakespeare’s time (Ruslida et al., 2019). Furthermore, line two uses the second-person pronoun to directly refer to the lover, that is, Thou, which is currently archaic.

Line 3-8

The advancement of the sonnet through to line eight demonstrates an emphasis on the distanced ups and downs of the weather, presented in a steady iambic rhythm (with an exception of line five) (Ruslida et al., 2019). It is, therefore, evident that England’s summertime in the context of weather is a hit-and-miss affair. Specifically, there is evidence of winds blowing, gathering of rainclouds, and without realizing, summer has come and gone in a week. Clearly, there are quite short seasons in Shakespeare’s time, similarly to the contemporary times where people lament extreme hot weather and complaint when it’s overcast (Ruslida et al., 2019). The significance of this is that summer will pass quite fast for some people, and naturally, they will grow old and their beauty will gradually fade with the season’s passing.

Lines 9-12

Throughout these lines of the poem, Shakespeare turns the argument the other way of aging. For instance, in line 9 where the poet states that “but thy eternal summer shall not fade,” providing assurance that his lover shall maintain fairness and to a great extent cheat death and gradually become immortal (Shakespeare & Wallis, 1975).   

Lines 13 and 14

These two last lines bolster the poet’s notion that the poem will assure the subject/lover that they will remain young, and as such, the written word serves as the breath and essential energy that are necessary to ensure their lives continue.

Poetic Devices

Shakespeare praises his lover without flashiness and gradually builds the lover’s image into that of a perfect being. For instance, the poet strives to compare his lover to summer as evident in the first 8 lines of t the stanza, evident in the assertion that “… thou art more lovely and more temperate.” He attempts to portray his beloved to posse lovelier and self-restrained attributes unlike summer’s day (Ruslida et al., 2019). However, there is an apparent turn of facts at the start of the 9th line where the poet turns his beloved to summer, “but thy eternal summer shall not fade.” At this point, the poet’s lover is considered a metric that allows the judgment of true beauty. Proceeding to other lines in the stanza, the poet provides a comprehensive tone that explores in-depth feelings. As such, Shakespeare reacts to such beauty and joy by making sure that his lover will last forever, that’s is, evading the oblivion that follows death (Shakespeare, 2016). The simplicity of the poem’s music also serves to demonstrate the inherent subservience of summer, unlike the poet’s lover. 

Shakespeare mainly employs the imagery of nature within the poem to assert his feelings about his beloved beauty. Specifically, the poet provides a description of summer that is different from the usual summer season. As seen in line 3 “…Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,” the poet attempts to portray his perception of summer climate as a blow of the spring flowers (Shakespeare, 2016). He tries to emphasize the superiority of his beloved beauty of summer, and as such, Shakespeare attempts to downgrade the positive notions of summer to ascertain how highly he regards the image of his lover. Furthermore, the use of the words “gold complexion dimmed” are utilized to describe the sun. In this case, the poet diminishes the comfort of the sun’s warmth by referring to the sun’s rays as dimmed. Consequently, Shakespeare’s description of the climate strives to influence the readers to perceive his lover to posse never-changing looks and that summer pales profoundly compared to his lover (Ruslida et al., 2019). 

Shakespeare’s sonnet 18 also encompasses classic sonnet elements. Specifically, the rhyme scheme ababcdcdefefgg is evident in the stanza where it is written in 14 lines. There is a distinct rhyme between lines within the poem which is apparent in lines 1 and 3, lines 2 and 4, and the pattern goes on to the last two rhyming lines (Harrison & Burt, 2020). Additionally, the stanza is written in iambic pentameter where every line contains ten syllables, the first line being unaccented and the second line accented. Sonnet 18 further exploits the balance that exists between asymmetrical and symmetrical melody and form to establish an organic beauty. Furthermore, the fact that sonnets have been historically associated with robust themes of love, the poet also utilizes the sonnet form to emphasize his perception of his lover and their outstanding appearance (Harrison & Burt, 2020). 

The poem is tied up neatly and perfectly to facilitate easy reading and understanding. The lines of the stanza are written with flawless iambic pentameter and without enjambment (Harrison & Burt, 2020). The use of jargon is limited to a level where the audience of diverse calibers can easily read and understand regardless of the use of exceptional elegance and elevated language in the poem. Furthermore, the compliance with the classical forms of sonnet portrays the poem’s dedication to creating and establishing the feeling of perfection of the poet’s beloved. This, therefore, is more compatible with the poem’s domain theme. 

The use of figurative language is also evident in Shakespeare’s sonnet 18 which aids in conveying the intended message. The personification of the sun by Shakespeare referring to it as “the eye of heaven” and “his gold complexion dimmed” demonstrates the comparison of the dimmed sun’s complexion to his beloved. Therefore, assigning the sun identity of human quality is similar to degrading the commonly perceived powerful and untouchable nature of the sun (Ruslida et al., 2019). This serves as an introduction to the theme of the lasting beauty of the poet’s beloved. Another notable personification is in line 11 where Shakespeare states “Nor shall Death brag thou wander’s in his shade.” In this context, death is portrayed as a meandering figure around the poet’s ‘shade.’ Therefore, the poet’s move to compare human beings to death demonstrates that his lover surpasses the entire living creatures as well as acts of nature (Shakespeare, 2016). The poet creates a situation where he perceives his beloved as the ideal figure where other readers will also see the beloved as an ideal figure. As such, the use of figurative language in sonnet 18 renders the poet’s lover a superior being with a beauty that shines eternally and with the power to overcome death.

Finally, the poet in his sonnet 18 clearly portrays his poetic ability in eternalizing words. Evident from the line “…so long as men can breathe, or eyes can see / so long lives this, and this gives life to thee,” the poet also portrays the eternity of his poetry which is dependent on the continued existence of his poem. Besides, the poet claims that the beauty of their beloved will last for the time his poem exists (Harrison & Burt, 2020). This, therefore, shows that Shakespeare takes pride in the fact that his sonnets will be read from generation to generation. From the entire stanza until line 13 demonstrates the poet’s boundless sentiments regarding his lover, but the last two lines alter the poet’s message. For instance, the last two lines portray the fact that the poet is well informed about his poetry skills. 

In conclusion, the sonnet “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” by William Shakespeare which is also referred to as sonnet 18 is the popular and well-loved sonnet of all Shakespeare’s 154 sonnets. It is evident that the poet attempts to portray the specific themes of stability of love and associated power that immortalize the subject of the verse of the poet. Therefore, the use of form, imagery and figurative language facilitates the skill conveyance of poetry messages by poets. Specifically, these poetry devices are made easily visible in the poet through the use of varying imagery, form, and figurative language that provides an in-depth insight into the nature of the poem. Furthermore, the methods of Shakespeare helps secure the eternal nature of his poem. 

References

Shakespeare, W., & Wallis, B. (1975). Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?. N. Adams.

Shakespeare, W. (2016). Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?(Sonnet 18). Poets. org. April, 20.

Harrison, R. G., & Burt, S. (2020). Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Art thou more temperate?… Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines…. Weather, 75(6), 172-174.

Ruslida, V. M., Sembiring, B., & Damayanti, I. (2019, December). Figurative Language in William Shakespeare and William Wordsworth’s Poems. In UICELL Conference Proceeding (pp. 161-170).

JOB DESCRIPTION

Literature

Students Name

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Date

JOB DESCRIPTION:

Job title:

Position of an accountant

Exemption status:

All individuals without a relevant degree in financing and accounting field

The applicants must be between the ages 24 to 35 years

Overall purpose

Analyze financial information and prepare financial reports to determine or maintain record of assets, liabilities, profit and loss, tax liability, or other financial activities within an organization.

Essential functions

Examine financial records or processes.

Maintain data in information systems or databases.

Analyze business or financial data.

Examine financial records.

Prepare financial documents.

Analyze budgetary or accounting data.

Analyze financial information.

Conduct financial or regulatory audits.

Calculate tax information.

Prepare financial documents, reports, or budgets.

Supervisory responsibility

Work under general supervision.

A certain degree of creativity and latitude is required.

Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.

Education requirements

Require a bachelor’s degree in area of specialty

Experience requirements

Require a 2-4 years of experience in the field or in a related area.

Familiar with standard concepts, practices and procedures within a particular field.

Rely on experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals and perform a variety of tasks.

Work related knowledge required

Economics and Accounting 

Mathematics 

Clerical 

English Language 

Law and Government 

Typical mental demands

The applicant must be of sound mind

Typical physical demands

The applicant must be available physically at the place of work in accordance to the firm’s policies

Working conditions

The applicant should be available all the time during the weekdays from 8am to 5pm and on Saturday from 8am to 1pm.

Skills

Accounting

Corporate Finance

Reporting Skills

Attention to Detail

Reporting Research Results

Confidentiality

Time Management

Data Entry Management

Basic Math

Accuracy

Scheduling and Monitoring

Communication Skills

Problem Analysis and Problem-Solving Skills

Teamwork

Tools and equipment

Desktop calculator 

Desktop computers

Laser fax machine 

Personal computers

Photocopiers 

Scanners

Personal protective equipment

Light glasses may be necessary if you have light problems

Disclaimer

To perform this job successfully, an individual must be able to perform each essential function satisfactorily. The requirements listed are a representative of the knowledge, skill, and/or ability required. Reasonable accommodation may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions.

I have read the above position description and fully understand the requirements set forth therein. I can perform the essential functions of the position with or without accommodation. I will perform all duties and responsibilities to the best of my ability.

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Literature Analysis of Characters

Literature Analysis of Characters

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Introduction

The story Jury of Her Peers by Susan Glaspell features Martha and Mrs. Peter as the main characters in the short story. As the author narrates the story, there are key themes and traits which emerge that contribute to the development of the story and the protagonist such as the marriage conflicts, friendship, secrecy, scandals, and male-chauvinism and aggression. In brief, the authors of Two Kinds and Jury of Her Peers aim to show how the main characters have unresolved issues they did not know about their live until they engage in confrontations.

Character Analysis in Jury of Her Peers and Two Kinds

As the author narrates the story, these key features will advance the plot and help the reader to learn more about the protagonists. When the story begins, we learn that Martha is happily staying in the comfort of her home. She appears to be loving and supportive to her husband until he requests her to assist him to gather personal belongings of Minnie Wright, who had been jailed because she was suspected that she had murdered her husband. Major developments take place when George Henderson, the county attorney, Sheriff Peters and the two women visit the isolated farm house to gather evidence that would incriminate Minnie. However, they do not find any evidence because Martha and Mrs. Peter cover for Minnie hiding the dead carnage. Initially, we understand that Martha and Mr. Peter kept stayed distant for years because Minnie was aggressive. Martha laments that, “she still thought of her as Minnie Foster, though for twenty years she had been Mrs. Wright”. The discussion of Minnie and her husband used to fight as couples becomes the turning point of the two women because of their marriage conflicts. They realize that they are treated just as housewives by their husbands and men had been male chauvinists. They remember that even though Minnie was aggressive, they had been good friends since childhood and this makes them to hide the evidence in favor of Minnie. Mrs. Peter “…threw back the quilt pieces, got the box, tried to put it in her handbag” (Glaspell, 2012).

In the second story of Two Kinds by Amy Tan, the main characters are June and Suyuan. The centre of the plot of the story is the power struggle between a mother and her daughter. Throughout the story, June maintains a relentless and defiant character while her mother maintains a patronizing attitude. The conflict between what the mother wants June to be in future and what June wants for herself as her career develops the story till the end. For example, Suyuan tries to coach June to become a Chinese Shirley Temple but she decline and want to become a pianist. We learn that the conflict is used by the two characters to hide their pains at first; it makes them having emotional outbursts which makes them to achieve contentment. June comments, “Pleading Child” was shorter but slower;”Perfectly Contented” (Bloom, 2009).

Some flat characters in the two stories have helped to develop the plot. In Jury of Her Peers, minor characters such as Harry (Mrs. Hales eldest son) and John Wright (the murdered man) help to develop the characters of the main characters. For John Wright, although he is not physically, present his death and the investigations make the main characters to redefine their attitudes towards men. Harry acts as an intersection into the interrogation where his mention of the telephone paves way for Mrs. Hales to describe the event on the day john write was murdered. Although Harries does not tell the story, he introduces Mrs. Hales to give an account of the events that acknowledge Martha and Mrs. Peter that the county attorney would be looking for incriminating evidence since it was hard to pin down a woman without hard evidence. We can learn that Harry is a hard working man and was not around when John Wright was murdered. As a result, this paves way for Mrs. Hales to narrate the event. John Wright was a quarrelsome to her wife; as a result, they result fight that leads to him being murdered by his wife and the subsequent investigations that attracts the two main characters-Martha and Mrs. Peter (Glaspell, 2012).

In Two Kinds, Auntie Lindo and Uncle Tin are examples of flat characters. They were both skeptic that June would thrive in playing piano. They maintained a skeptic look while June poorly played the piano that after finishing her performance, they did no applaud her. The discouragement from the Auntie Lindo and Uncle Tin led to the final blow of the conflict between June and her mother; eventually resolving their conflicts (Bloom, 2009).

Conclusion

The two narratives are very illustrative of the characters who do not know that they have unresolved issues that have never been disclosed for long time. However, they engage in confrontations that make them to discover their true identities and to resolve their differences.

References

Bloom, H. (2009). Amy Tan, New Edition. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing

Glaspell, Susan. (2012). Jury of Her Peers. Annenberg Learner. Retrieved from:

http://www.learner.org/interactives/literature/story/fulltext.html

Types of decision science techniques

Literature review

Name

Institution

Introduction

Operation is the section of an organization, that is deals with the changing of a wide number of inputs to the needed services so as to have the acceptable level of quality. Management is referenced as the method,that transforms and combines several resources that managers use in the functions of subsystems and departments of the organization into value uplifted services.This takes place through a controlled means according to the governing policies of specific organization.The group of management duties is regarded as management operations (Garg, 2012).To ensure success in operations management,entreprenuers make strategic decisons depending on matters arising at various stages and lines of production.For instance,managers must make particular decisions about quality control which is a subset of operations management.

Research discussion

Quality control refers to the protocol through which professionals review the quality and entities of factors that encompass production (Gupta & Starr,2014). The approach place an emphasy on the major aspects: Elements like job management, controls,integrity, identification and performance records are stated. Quality control tend to meet quality demand since it encompasses activities and techniques which are undertaken to verify diverse requirements for trial associated activities. The merits of well managed and established strategic decisons in quality control aid integral and writting of standard operating criteria.If businesses have to realize any success, quality control is a preliquisite portion in strategic planning which should not be ignored. It is a passport to excelling because it helps companies to achieve quality procedures, systems and processes.With a well strategized quality control, customer loyalty is maintained and time wasting is avoided because reworking does not occur.

Statement of problem

Quality control documents shall define quality objectives on top of ensuring objectives are implemented and understood by staffs within every busines set up.On the other hand,it will ensure that appropriate methods are implemented with aim of satisfying customer expectations, needs and business objectives. Also, the authority,responsibility,and inter association of main personnel who manage the value contol systems shall be defined through research on quality control. The research shall decide on work for continued quality improvement.Finally,findings shall provide enough resources for regulating the integrity of quality systems.

Types of decision science techniques

There are several types of decision science techniques such as planning,organizing and controlling.

Planning

Planning activity shall establish the course of guide and action for coming decision-making.Reason being, operations leaders shall define the aims of operations systems and the procedures and policies for scoring the objective shall be established. This stage will clarify the focus of management operations and overall strategy.

Organizing

Organization activities shall be studied to establish authority and tasks. The path through which message flows within the subsystem will be determined and the authority will assign responsibility to various individuals.

Controlling

Control work will be used to decide since it assures the usual performance takes place in accordance to the programmed.

Usefulness of operations management

Operations management shall ensure right quality of control is established according to the clients need. Also,correct quantity shall be used in production of various products since research shall define right number.Right timing is promoted since delivery of important parameters which judge the reliability and effectiveness of operating departments are stated (Murthy, 2010).

Personal evaluation

Research organizations should be sponsored to establish, monitor and manage the existing quality control systems (Murthy, 2010).This is due to the fact that some of their standard operating provide high level quality services yet they do not satisfy expectations and needs of customers.Meaning that something need to be done so as to have correctly valued products.

Conclusion

To sum with,quality control constitutes the main part of operations management and should not be assumed since it fulfil quality requirements in businesses.Hence,research must be done to commensurate business objectives (Aswathappa & Bhat,2010).Managers must strategise on quality control to aid the adequacy, effectiveness, efficiency and reliability of quality controlling systems.

References

Aswathappa, K., & Bhat, S. (2010). Production and operations management. Mumbai [India: Himalaya Pub. House.

Murthy, C. S. V. (2010). Production and operations management. Mumbai [India: Himalaya Pub. House.

Gupta, S., & Starr, M. K. (2014). Production and operations management systems.

Garg, A. K. (2012). Production and operations management. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Ltd.

Literature Review Evaluation Of Simulation

Literature Review Evaluation Of Simulation

Question 1

The research sought the identification of whether HPS would be used independently as a predictor of knowledge gains of heart failure in prelicensure nursing students.

The relevant variables in the research question include knowledge gains with HPS

Increase of clinical knowledge with the use of HPS.

HPS as an independent predictor of knowledge gains

The identification of whether HPS or other factors induce knowledge gains objectively could be used by the faculty for the maximization of those variables so as to optimize the learning experience stimulation.

Self-efficacy a factor linked to increased knowledge and consequently increased in HPS.

This is an individual’s degree in confidence when they are preforming a desired skill or action.

The research shows that gains in self-efficacy were found in HPS however there are no links to gains in knowledge

HPS has also not been thoroughly investigated as being a predictor for great gains in clinical understanding.

Question 2

The research seeks to find out whether HPS would be used as an independent predictor of knowledge gains in prelicensure nursing students

The literature review aligns with the research question since it starts by indicating the uncertainty of the impact of HPS on gains in knowledge clearly establishing the existing interest in finding out whether HPS can be used as a predictor of knowledge gains in prelicensure nursing students.

It is also mentioned that knowledge gains with HPS have been demonstrated in both basic and advanced life supporting training but there is still need to find out whether there are any increases in forms of clinical knowledge if HPS is used.

There are also previous researches conducted but none of them is seen to have investigated HPS as an independent predictor

Despite the fact that many institutions use HPS as a method of teaching there is no publication that supports stimulation as an independent predictor

The literature review indicates that identifying whether HPS or other factors induce the gain of knowledge objectively could be useful for facilities to maximize the variables found and hence use the learning experience of stimulation optimally.

It attempts to link gains of self-efficacy and HPS and thus indirectly links HPS to being an independent predictor of knowledge gains.

Question 3

A large proportion of the sources used in the literature review are from primary sources.

In fact it is only one secondary source that has ben used in the literature review al the other sources are primary sources

The secondary source used is Ravet’s literature review

These are works that have been done and published by individual researches that have been used in writing this literature review.

Question 4

This literature review is not complete.

This is because there is no conclusive information given that evidently indicates HPS would be used as an independent predictor of knowledge gains in prelicensure nursing students

There is no direct link between HPS and knowledge gains

The literature review only gives an assumption and does not clearly show any direct link between knowledge gains and HJPS

There is also some form of bias in the literature review

It clearly puts it that there is no sufficient research that has ben done in this topic however HPS is still ben incorporated into curriculums.

This is clearly a form of bias whereby facilities assume that since HPS has been used in other forms of training it can also be used as a predictor of knower gains in prelicensure nursing students.

Question 5

The literature review gives an analysis and synthesis of the sources that have been sited

For instance from the Revert source that has been sited clearly brings out what research has been previously done on the topic.

This gives an insight of what has been achieved so far on the topic and hence gives a platform where further research can begin from.

Reference

Literature Review on Underlying Causes That Can Create a Serial Killer

Literature Review on Underlying Causes That Can Create a Serial Killer

Sayrey-Sothea El

University of Houston

Dr. Bravo

Serial killing or serial murder involves the murder of more than one person, usually with a “cooling off” period between the murders. These crimes usually have no apparent motive and involve strangers who are murdered over extended periods of time. The U.S. has a higher percentage of serial killers than any other country in the world, with nearly 25% of all serial killings worldwide taking place in America (Pace, 2019).

Based on FBI investigations, many serial killers suffer from a combination of personality disorders which are often inconspicuous. The three major categories of personality disorders include Paranoid, Schizoid, and Psychopathic. Many psychologists believe that serial killers fall into the last category. Psychopathy is a mental disorder in which a person has an antisocial, sadistic or psychopathic disposition with poor impulse control. A person who suffers from a form of psychopathy may display superficial charm and intelligence while hiding deep-rooted problems with their behavior and emotions. According to the FBI Behavioural Science Unit, serial killers have an innate ability to manipulate others, give them someone to talk to, and trust them with sensitive information.

Serial killing is one of the most complex and challenging forms of crime to investigate as there is rarely any forensic evidence left behind in cases that do not involve sexual assault or armed robbery; police rely heavily on knowledge about typical patterns to link cases together and identify likely suspects for questioning.

The standard theory is that serial killers share a long term obsession with violence, however few cases of serial homicide have been directly named as such, some of which include: John Reginald Halliday Christie (killed at least 12 people); Charlie Lyke (39 victims); Henry Lee Lucas and Ottis Toole (17 victims); Aileen Wuornos (7 victims) (Deepak & Ramdoss, 2021). Theories about the “Mackenzie painting” are based on the observation that all five of the known cases of serial homicide involve small town American males that were around 20-30 years old.

In the United States, there has been a slight increase in the number of serial killers since the mid-1990s. The increased publicity and media coverage of these cases may be responsible for this increase. Additionally, in areas that have experienced serial killings, such as the so-called ‘killing fields’ along Route 40 near Green River, Utah and Nevada, it has also become more likely that there will be a killer or killers available to police before any bodies are found.

The first notable US serial killer is usually considered to be H.H. Holmes, who killed 11 people over 18 months between 1896 and 1897 in Chicago. Holmes is also believed to have had a hand in the highly publicized murder of his own wife, who disappeared from the home the couple shared. Holmes was never tried for his crimes due to a hung jury, and later escaped from jail. He was eventually captured, confessed to his crimes and was hanged in Philadelphia on May 7, 1896.

The United States has produced many notable serial killers, including Richard Trenton Chase (“The Vampire of Sacramento”), David Berkowitz (“Son of Sam”), Patrick Kearney Mitchell (“The Milwaukee Monster”), Ted Bundy and Aileen Wuornos. Some killers have become infamous because of the gruesome circumstances of their crimes, the total number of victims, or the length of time during which they eluded capture. Others, such as those who have committed mass killings or those whose crimes have earned them a place in popular culture, are noted for their fame. Some serial killers have even been researched and written about to such an extent that they have become synonymous with murder itself. Theodore Robert Bundy is one example. He was a serial killer who was active in several states throughout the 1970s and confessed to killing thirty women. He once said that he could “go out and kill anybody between one day and six months from now.

One of the best-known cases involving a string of serial murders was that of Ed Gein. Gein was convicted and executed in 1957 for the murder of a total of two women and a teenage girl. He was known to have been obsessed with the concept of body parts, particularly skulls and femurs, which he would retain from his victims. Another local man, Driver Ed Kearney (a pharmacist) confessed to Gein that he had killed two women and an illegitimate son for insurance money, but later recanted the confession. Another man also confessed to killing several people in a similar way but later recanted as well.

Also of note is Ottis Toole who murdered five females in Florida between 1974-1976. Toole was a drifter who worked for victims and stole their money, jewelry, and personal effects. He kept the skull, skins, bones and hands of all five women. He was arrested in 1977 after police traced a stolen money order from one of his victims to his mother’s home in Fort Myers (Toates & Coschug-Toates, 2022).

Many serial killers move from area to area to find new victims. Some are quite organized in their efforts to find new victims or avoid being caught by the law. Some killers perform violent acts to attract their victims, while others choose a method of killing that is less personal. Most serial killers are male but women are also known to be serial killers and some have been sentenced to life in prison with no chance of parole. We know what causes a person to become a serial killer but how many of these individuals will commit serious violence and murder? It’s estimated that there are around 400-500 active serial killers in the United States alone and they kill approximately 3000 people every year (Call, 2019). This number is based on the FBI definition which is any person who has killed three or more people within a year or killed one victim up to four times during the same time frame.

References

Call, C. (2019). Serial entertainment: A content analysis of 35 years of serial murder in film. Homicide studies, 23(4), 362-380.

Toates, F., & Coschug-Toates, O. (2022). Understanding Sexual Serial Killing. Cambridge University Press.

Deepak, S. A., & Ramdoss, S. (2021). The life-course theory of serial killing: A motivation model. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 65(13-14), 1446-1472.

Pace, A. N. (2019). Serial killers in popular media: A content analysis of sensationalism and support for capital punishment.

Literature Review Part 3 Sample Submission

Literature Review Part 3 Sample Submission

Name: Rolando Carol

Research Topic: Power Dynamics and Conformity

Caveman Outline

Paragraph 1: Topic Introduction

Gabbert, Memon, & Wright (2006)

Meade & Roediger (2006)

Paragraph 2: Why conform?

Define informational and normative influence

Campbell & Fairey (1989)

Gabbert, Memon, & Wright (2007)

Asch (1955)

Paragraph 3: Power

Define types of power

Keltner, Gruenfeld, & Anderson (2003)

Galinsky, Magee, Gruenfeld, Whitson, & Liljenquist (2008)

Paragraph 4: Power affects conformity

Brinol, Petty, Valle, Rucker, & Becerra (2007)

Eaton, Visser, Krosnick, & Anand (2009)

Morrison, Rothman, & Soll (2011)

Paragraph 5: Knowledge Gap

Skagerberg & Wright (2008)

Paragraph 6 (Final paragraph): Purpose, Design, and Hypothesis

Restate research purpose/goal

Design

Hypothesis

Middle Paragraph (Paragraph 4)

Most research on social power and conformity suggests that those in powerful positions should be more resistant to social influence than those in less powerful positions. Research on social power and persuasion, for example, has shown that power can validate an individual’s existing views (Brinol, Petty, Valle, Rucker, & Becerra, 2007) and is associated with endorsing resoluteness and resisting attitude change (Eaton, Visser, Krosnick, & Anand, 2009). Power may be an impediment to experiencing empathy (Galinsky,Magee, Inesi, & Gruenfeld, 2006) and increases the psychological distance that one feels from others (Smith & Trope,2006) while motivating one to act in accordance with one’s own disposition or attitudes (e.g., Chen, Lee-Chai, & Bargh,2001; Galinsky, Gruenfeld, & Magee, 2003; Galinsky et al.,2008). Finally, powerful individuals have been shown to perceive less need for input from others, even when advice could help them perform better (See, Morrison, Rothman, & Soll, 2011). For these reasons, one would expect powerful individuals to exhibit less memory conformity than less powerful individuals.

Last Paragraph

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of work place social power on memory conformity between dyads. Participant-actor pairs will first see 50 images on a computer screen. Next, they will be randomly assigned to one of three social power combinations: Manager-Subordinate, Subordinate-Manager, or Collaborator-Collaborator. After these role assignments, pairs will be tested on whether each of 100 images (50 old and 50 new) had or had not been shown previously. Actors will always respond before participants so we can measure participants’ memory conformity toward their partners. In line with prior findings on social power and memory conformity, I predict that subordinates will display significantly more memory conformity than both managers and collaborators.

Literature Review Research Matrix

Literature Review Research MatrixPlease note that the first row of data is meant as an example. Please read the example article (Garriott, Hudyma, Keene, & Santiago, 2015) as a guide for how to dissect each article assigned.

Reference Main Themes/Constructs Research Questions Theoretical Framework or Model Population & Sample description & “N=” Methodology and Design Summary of Findings

Garriott, P. O., Hudyma, A., Keene, C., & Santiago, D. (2015). Social cognitive predictors of first and non-first-generation college students’ academic and life satisfaction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 253–263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000066 Academic Progress, academic satisfaction, college outcome expectations, college life efficacy, environmental supports, life satisfaction, positive affect. What are the predictors of students’ academic and life satisfaction? Lent’s model of normative well-being. N=414

Students from two 4-year universities. Quantitative, Quasi-Experimental, Multiple Measures. Results suggested the hypothesized model provided an adequate fit to the data while hypothesized relationships in the model were partially supported. Environmental supports predicted college self-efficacy, college outcome expectations, and academic satisfaction. Furthermore, college self-efficacy predicted academic progress while college outcome expectations predicted academic satisfaction. Academic satisfaction, but not academic progress predicted life satisfaction.

Adams, T. L., & McBrayer, J. S. (2020). “The lived experiences of first-generation college students of color integrating into the institutional culture of a predominantly white institution.”

http://library.capella.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fscholarly-journals%2Flived-experiences-first-generation-college%2Fdocview%2F2394539724%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D27965First-Generation, College Students, Culture, Integration, Students of Color, Predominantly White Institution (PWI), Phenomenological Qualitative Research Design How do first-generation college students of color experience college at a PWI? No framework or model used No specific number of participants .

Currently enrolled first-generation college students of color Qualitative research design; phenomenological qualitative approach The findings supported the literature in that first-generation college students share a common set of challenges, such as being more likely to come from low-income families, identify as a racial minority, are less prepared academically for college, report more feelings of marginalization, and experience greater cultural difficulties and participants in this study expressed these same experiences.

Another finding is that participants value the relationships and connections they have formed at the institution, they raved about the quality of the education they were receiving, they were thankful for the opportunity to receive a higher education from a well-known institution, and they all expected to graduate from the university.

There was insinuation that the campus was segregated as a whole, but as well as among peers within their own race and ethnic group

Deng X. &, Yang Z. (2021). “Digital proficiency and psychological well-being in online learning: Experiences of first-generation college students and their peers.”

http://library.capella.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fscholarly-journals%2Fdigital-proficiency-psychological-well-being%2Fdocview%2F2544936308%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D27965Digital proficiency; psychological well-being; college students; information and communication technology; quantitative analysis; COVID-19 (1) How does digital proficiency explain the psychological well-being of first-generation college students and their counterparts?

(2) How do individual background factors explain the psychological well-being of first-generation college students and their counterparts? No framework or model used N = 309

The participants of this study were undergraduate and graduate students at a Business College at a four-year urban, public university on the west coast of the United States.  Surveys Study findings suggest that developing and strengthening college students’ digital proficiency is especially important for promoting their psychological well-being in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic when delivery of face-to-face instruction and physical classroom interactions are diminished.

Duran et al. (2020). “A critical quantitative analysis of students’ sense of belonging: Perspectives on race, generation status, and collegiate environments.”

http://library.capella.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fscholarly-journals%2Fcritical-quantitative-analysis-students-sense%2Fdocview%2F2396274639%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D27965 1. How does sense of belonging differ based on race, generation status, and the intersection of each?

2. What is the relationship between exposure to or participation in collegiate environments and sense of belonging?

3. How do collegiate environments relate to students’ sense of belonging when taking into consideration the intersection of race and college generation status? Astin’s input– environment–outcome (I-E-O) model N = 7,888

The 8 participating institutions were classified as doctoral universities with 1 of the private universities located in the Mideast, the other private university and 2 of the public universities in the Great Lakes region, 3 public universities in the Far West, and 1 public university located in New England Critical quantitative research; Survey  The study findings indicate that African American / Black collegians had significantly lower belonging

The study results also revealed the conditional effects of involvement and engagement on campus. Namely, continuing-generation African American / Black students did not experience the positive influence of cocurricular engagement on their belongingness compared to the entire sample.

Ellis et al. (2019). “Examining first-generation college student lived experiences with microaggressions and microaffirmations at a predominately white public research university.”

http://library.capella.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=2018-28120-001&site=ehost-live&scope=site Microaggression; Microaffirmation; First-generation college students; Lived experience; 1. How microaggressions shape the lived undergraduate experience of FGCS at a predominately White public research university

2. How communications and exchanges may empower and support the identities and experiences of undergraduate students who identify as an FGCS. Sue et al.’s microaggression framework N = 3,453

Enrolled undergraduate first-generation college students from the university Empirical Study; Qualitative Study; Quantitative Study The qualitative study revealed that FGCS experienced microaggressions and microaffirmations at a PWI, which shaped how FGCS felt connected to others on campus and dictated their decisions to engage with peers, faculty, and formal resources.