Author: admin

Clausen (1968) defines socialization as the “means by which social and cultural continuity are attained” (p. 5).

Socialization

Clausen (1968) defines socialization as the “means by which social and cultural continuity are attained” (p. 5). This implies that socialization is in fact a lifelong process through which humans inherit and circulate personal and cultural traits including norms, ideologies, and customs. It is the process through which human interaction and education take place. Infants acquire the required knowledge and skills to function as members of a society through socialization (Billingham, 2007, p. 336). It is an integral learning process that occurs through human interaction. Sociologists normally analyze socialization from five major perspectives namely functional, symbolic interaction, conflict, rational choice, post modernist perspectives.

Functionalism, also called functionalist perspective, views all aspect of a human society, including socialization as being interdependent with each other. It is this interdependence that enables a society to function as a whole (Gerber & Macionis, 2010, p. 14). Famous social theorists associated with functionalism include Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer and Auguste Comte. A common example provided by functionalist’s is the role the government plays in provision of education to its citizen’s children while parents pay taxes to enable the government or state continue providing such core services. In a functional perspective, socialization occurs when all parts of the society work perfectly to produce order and productivity.

Symbolic interaction perspective is largely attributed to the works of George H. Mead, an American philosopher, though the whole concept can be traced to Max Weber’s claim that humans behave according to their peculiar interpretation of the world. The perspective asserts that people first attach meanings to symbols then interact with others according to their interpretation of the symbols. For example socialization occurs through verbal conversations which employ words as symbols.

The conflict perspective originated from Karl Marx’s writings that addressed class struggles in the society. Unlike other sociological perspectives such as functionalist and symbolic interaction that focus on societal attributes that positively contribute towards its stability, this perspective views the negative aspects of human socialization (Gerber & Macionis, 2010, p. 15). Conflict perspective encourages change in the society by all means including social revolution in a bid to eliminate the status quo in an ever changing world. Socialization is dictated by a social order imposed on poor and weak people by rich and powerful individuals. Attributes such as democracy, humanitarian efforts, and civil rights are considered as capitalistic efforts aimed at controlling the masses rather than preservation of social order.

Rational choice theory is a theoretical paradigm commonly used in social and economic studies. Friedman (1953) gives a concise definition of rational choice as the natural impulse for individuals to balance costs against benefits for every action they perform in order to arrive at a choice that provides the greatest advantage (p. 15). Rational choice perspective views socialization as an economic interaction in which individuals seek to maximize benefits at the lowest costs possible. Common patterns of behavior emerge in the society as a result of this kind of cost versus benefit interaction.

The post modern theoretical perspective is opposed to modern ways of socialization such as formal knowledge, sciences, realism, materialism, and dogmatism among others. Post modern theorists believe that what many perceive as realities of life are actually social constructs which are subject to change as the society evolves. The perspective is also opposed to binary classifications in the society such as male and female, black and white races, and straight versus gay relations among others. Social realities which govern human socialization, according to post modernism, are never static but subject to change since there is no absolute truth (Krug & Krug, 1993). Post modern ideas have largely influenced many aspects of human interaction such as in business and marketing, law, and religion since the beginning of the 21st century.

Through these perspectives, sociologists are able to come up with explanations on specific aspects of human social interactions. The perspectives seek to explain behavior patterns and beliefs in the society through theoretical frameworks that address concepts such as the functional relationships between different aspects of the society, the role of symbols in human interaction and learning processes, control of the weak by the elite, and post modern liberal ideas.

References

Billingham, M. (2007). Sociological perspectives. In Stretch, B. & Whitehouse, M. (Eds.),Helath and Social Care Book 1 (pp. 336). Oxford: Heinemann.

Clausen, J. A. (Ed.). (1968). Socialization and society. Boston: Little Brown and Company.

Friedman, M. (1953). Essays in positive economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Gerber, J. & Macionis, L. M. (2010). Sociology (7th ed.). Toronto: Pearson Canada.

Krug, L. D. & Krug, E. L. (1993). The new debate: Post modern analysis of the debate activity.Retrieved from http://www2.edutech.nodak.edu/ndsta/krug.htm

Clean Energy

Clean Energy

Student’s Name

Institution Of Affiliation

Instructor

Course

Date

Clean Energy

Due to pollution witnessed in the world a lot of people have taken towards making sure they make sure that they are doing what is right in terms of clean energy. This is because energy is a very big focus of a lot of people since it is one of the most aspects that bring pollution to the environment in the world. Energy refers to the fuel used to run machines, vehicles and generally almost everything in the world. Due to overdependence on fossil fuels, there has been an awakening as people want to change to green energy which is also referred to as clean energy and not just themselves from the effects of the fossil fuels but also from the destruction of the planet (Alola et al, 2017). This paper discusses the concept of clean energy with a close reference to how Tesla company is trying to bring forward clean energy in American homes.

A lot of people and majorly governments have been a very big player towards making sure that clean energy is given a way to be infused into the economy. A lot of governments especially in Europe and united states have given subsidies and other methods have been put in place for companies that tend to introduce green energy into the market while on the other side fining companies that are using fossil fuels and they are producing a very high rate of pollution to the environment. For instance, Bristol company was fined $20,000 for air pollution among other companies. Therefore, the world economy has realized that green or clean energy is the way to go and there is a very high need for clean energy.

Tesla has played a very big role in this (Kittner et al, 2017). When it began as a vehicle company it was making cars only and the cars were supposed to be all electrical vehicles (EVs). Even though it suffered great challenges it has risen recently to be the most valued car company with orders for a whole year. This means that a lot of people are realizing the importance of their role in making the world a better place by purchasing such cars that do not have any negative effects to the environment. Not only tesla but other companies that are working towards making sure that clean energy is available they are greatly supported. Therefore, clean energy has been appreciated by a lot of people and indeed it is the best way to beat global warming as other types of energy and majorly fossil fuels have a lot of negative effects on the environment. Tesla has also invested into solar energy which is picking up pretty well. A lot of people are having their homes connected to tesla solar energy and this is another example of clean energy apart from the cars (Matthews et al, 2020). This means that with time a lot of people will go to green energy and the other types of fuels will have no place in the economy and thus they will decline very fast.

In conclusion, these efforts and advances towards green energy is what is required for the world to be a better place. It is the very desire of governments, organizations and a lot of other promoters for climate change issues. Therefore, with time a lot will change for the good in terms of more people acquiring clean energy which will reduce pollution and make the world a better place.

References

Alola, A. A., Ozturk, I., & Bekun, F. V. (2021). Is clean energy prosperity and technological innovation rapidly mitigating sustainable energy-development deficit in selected sub-Saharan Africa? A myth or reality. Energy Policy, 158, 112520.

Kittner, N., Lill, F., & Kammen, D. M. (2017). Energy storage deployment and innovation for the clean energy transition. Nature Energy, 2(9), 1-6.

Matthews, T., Hirve, M., Pan, Y., Dang, D., Rawar, E., & Daim, T. U. (2020). Tesla Energy. In Innovation Management in the Intelligent World (pp. 233-249). Springer, Cham.

Climate change can also be referred to as global warming

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Climate change can also be referred to as global warming is the significant alteration in the average weather pattern of a region or the earth as a whole. Climate change is a major challenge that is currently facing the human race. The following is a list of important things to know about climate change; temperature rise, change in wildlife population and their habitats, rising sea levels, man-made climate changes, extreme weather events, increased carbon emissions in the atmosphere and solutions to climate change.

Rising temperatures causes some of the most severe climate change impacts such as intense heat waves and droughts as have been experienced in different parts of the world. It also leads to the melting of the polar glaciers, expanding the oceans and raising the sea levels. The increase in carbon emission in the atmosphere is linked to temperature increase. Most of this adverse climatic changes are as a result of human activities such as deforestation and uncontrolled industrialization.

Vested interests are personal reasons that make an individual want to engage in an activity. Measures like the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions would negatively affect many large and successful corporations. The global economy is also dependent on exploitation of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil. Such corporations campaign on misinformation of the public on the impacts of climate change. These corporations and their lobbying groups are responsible for delay of policies and legislations and also shape those are passed.

Environmental inequality is the exposure of the minority and disadvantaged to environmental hazards. For instance, in the United States , African Americans, native American and Latinos have for long have been exposed to hazardous living conditions and activities. For example working in farms that use corrosive pesticides and also in coal mines.

CMC Case Question 4

CMC Case Question 4

Author’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

CMC Case Question 4

The case provided by Kerzner (2013) evinces that Concrete Masonry Corporation (CMC) based its cost estimates on the top-down costing framework. The top-down cost estimation approach entails measuring a project’s costs by estimating the inputs that go into each part of the job from information or project pricing knowledge from previous similar projects. Expert judgment and experiences of individuals involved in cost estimations can also form the basis for top-down cost estimates. At CMC, the estimator would feed the cubic feet and span of the prestressed concrete needed into the computer that generated the cost predictions (Kerzner, 2013). This provided an effective approach to cost estimations as the influence of production and sales personnel would not be introduced in the estimator. As Exhibit II shows, the information used for top-down cost estimation at CMC came from labor history, expert judgment, material cost projections, experience, and annual planning. I think that CMC developed project budgets for each of its projects based on the same model.

References

Kerzner, H. R. PhD. (2013). Case: Concrete Masonry Corporation (CMC). In Meredith, J. R., & Mantel Jr, S. J. (2011). Project Management: A Managerial Approach: A Managerial Approach. John Wiley & Sons.

Coding of the Interview and Theme Analysis

Coding of the Interview and Theme Analysis

Name

Professor

Institution

Course

Date

Coding of the Interview and Theme Analysis

List of codes developed for the interview transcript

0-irelevany

1 –less important

2- important

3- Relatively important

4-important

5-highly important

Work process

The research was mainly on analyzing the competitiveness of the firm and the general strategies that the firm uses to increase it sales volume and the guiding principles in the company quest for Creating and maintaining customer relationships. The research question was also geared at determining the correlation between successful relationships and revenue at Hewlett Packard Company.”

Along this line the researchers considered the factors that are most important to the company in its quest and awarded them the highest value in weight. For example, Creswell, (2002), states that those factors and statement that were more important to the company in achieving its objectives were awarded either 3 or five depending on the scales. In a scale of 1 to 5, the researcher awarded 5 to the most important factor such as customer focus and 1 to irrelevant factors that may not contribute to the success of the company (Babakus, & Boiler, 1992). For those scales between 3 and zero, the researcher awarded code 3 to very important factors and 0, 2 to not so important, and 1 to less important factors. However, for those factors which the respondent is not so sure about or just neutral or does not know, the researcher indicated that the respondent should check neutral coded 0 due to lack of weight or value to the research process.

Small-Scale Qualitative Research Project—the Perugini Interview

Interview for Michael Perugini- Director of Sales, Hewlett Packard Company, Incorporated

Interviewer: What are the principles of the HP Corporation on the issue of appropriate business ethics, especially in sales?

Perugini: HP takes the issue of ethics very seriously. We have been sure to put measures in place to enforce that, and it begins with the quarterly certification process all employees must complete. As you know, we mandate that every employee must certify, on a quarterly basis, that they have not operated in an unethical way. We also have leadership training sessions and must also certify that we are not aware of you guys doing anything you are not supposed to.

0230505In a scale of 1 to 3 what is the principle of HP Corporation on the issue of appropriate business ethics, especially in sales?

1-not serious

2 serious

3 very serious

In a scale of 1 to 3 what is the principle of HP Corporation on the issue of appropriate business ethics, especially in sales?

1-not serious

2 serious

3 very serious

Interviewer: How has the company’s management structured the principles to cater for its customers’ specific needs?

Perugini: Well, we always put our customers first, at least we are supposed to. I believe that if you do the right thing by your customer, you will have a customer for life.

19050207645Consider the following points and chose appropriately, what are the main things that the company has done to ensure that its principles on ethics are used to met the need of its customers?

1. Capital planning and execution

2. Operational excellence

3. Customer focus

4. Superior customer relations strategy

Consider the following points and chose appropriately, what are the main things that the company has done to ensure that its principles on ethics are used to met the need of its customers?

1. Capital planning and execution

2. Operational excellence

3. Customer focus

4. Superior customer relations strategy

Interviewer: How long have you been involved with the sales department within the company?

Perugini: I have been at HP for 3 years now. Wow, time flies. I also spent close to 20 years in the industry with some of HP’s largest competitors

-12382540640How long have you been involved with the sales department within the company?

Long time (more than three years): 3

Short time (between two and three years): 2

New (less than one year): 1

How long have you been involved with the sales department within the company?

Long time (more than three years): 3

Short time (between two and three years): 2

New (less than one year): 1

.

Interviewer: How does a good customer relationship affect general revenue to the company?

19050321945How does a good customer relationship affect general revenue to the company?

1: It highly affects the general revenue of the company as we invest a lot on customers

2. Does not affect, the company does not make provision for customer entertainment

0. I don’t know/ Neutral

How does a good customer relationship affect general revenue to the company?

1: It highly affects the general revenue of the company as we invest a lot on customers

2. Does not affect, the company does not make provision for customer entertainment

0. I don’t know/ Neutral

Perugini: I think this is the single largest piece of the puzzle. In our world, if you

do not have the relationships, you will never have the sale. At the end of our quarters, we can never afford not to have the sale. That’s why I was so lenient on expenses around client entertainment. Take them out to dinner, shows, and drinks, whatever. Get to know these guys and spend time with them. That is the only way to get things done in our world. Make the sale. Whatever it takes.

Interviewer: What does it mean to the company’s performance when the customers are satisfied with its products and services and hence consume them abundantly and more frequently?

1428752540What does it mean to the company’s performance when the customers are satisfied with its products and services and hence consume them abundantly and more frequently?

5. More profits

4: Increased sales volume

3. Increased repeat purchases

2. Reduced

1. Stability

What does it mean to the company’s performance when the customers are satisfied with its products and services and hence consume them abundantly and more frequently?

5. More profits

4: Increased sales volume

3. Increased repeat purchases

2. Reduced

1. Stability

Perugini: Well, we will obviously see an increase in software use, which should, in theory, drive additional revenue for us. A happy customer is a customer that keeps buying our software. At the end of the day, that why we are all here, right? To sell software and make a lot of money.

Interviewer: How well is the company prepared for the challenges posed by its major competitors who may also apply the same remedies to entice customers so that they remain relevant in the software industry?

-3810060960How well is the company prepared for the challenges posed by its major competitors who may also apply the same remedies to entice customers so that they remain relevant in the software industry?

3. Very prepared to go to any length to please their customers

2. Still preparing to meet the challenges that would be posed by competitors

1. Not prepared

How well is the company prepared for the challenges posed by its major competitors who may also apply the same remedies to entice customers so that they remain relevant in the software industry?

3. Very prepared to go to any length to please their customers

2. Still preparing to meet the challenges that would be posed by competitors

1. Not prepared

Perugini: I always thought of our industry as a boxing match. Are you old enough to remember Muhammad Ali? The “Thriller in Manila?” That is our industry. You battle. Sometime you get hit with a few hard shots that stagger you, sometimes you are the one making the shots. You go back and forth until there is a winner. Hopefully it is you. You have a hundred vendors calling on a single company CIO. This guy gets hundreds of calls every week to go to dinners, lunches, and baseball games with people he could care less about. Why should he go with you? I mean, you are not that good looking. No offense. A good guy, but no model. You have to show him you add value. Working for HP is a huge advantage. Everyone knows us, and it is easier to get the appointment, but then it is up to you.

Interviewer: Where do you see the HP Company in the next five years in terms of their competitiveness and maintenance of business ethics?

-4762560960Where do you see the HP Company in the next five years in terms of their competitiveness and maintenance of business ethics?

5. Very stable and developing

4 very stable but not developing

3. Not stable but developing

2. Not stable and not developing

1. has been making loses and is likely to close shop

Where do you see the HP Company in the next five years in terms of their competitiveness and maintenance of business ethics?

5. Very stable and developing

4 very stable but not developing

3. Not stable but developing

2. Not stable and not developing

1. has been making loses and is likely to close shop

Perugini: We are a big company, and the fact is we will not be going anywhere anytime soon. I think we did around $126 billion last year. We have the revenue to sustain us through any market fluctuations. We have industry leading products, and strong innovation. Did you see the new HP computer we just unveiled? All touch screen. It is amazing. Innovations like that is what will allow us to remain the market leader for years to come.

Interviewer: Thanks Mike, it looks like our 20 minutes are up. Thanks again for your time, I really appreciate it.

Perugini: Anytime. Hope you get an “A.”

References

Black N, Brazier J, Fitzpatrick R, Reeves B. (1998).Customer relations questionnaires. In: corporate Research Methods—a guide to best practice. London: BMJ Books,

Creswell, J. W. (2002), “Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods Approaches” 2nd Ed. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Babakus, E. & Boiler. G. (1992) “An empirical assessment of the SERVQUAL scale” Journal of Business Research, Vol. 26 No. 6, pp. 253-68.

Cold War Outbreak

Name:

Professor:

Course:

Date:

Cold War Outbreak

Introduction

In 1940’s, American community experienced change due to expansion of Soviet Union threat or communistic ideals that caused the state take a stand that led to Cold War. Despite the war not involving direct fight with other nations, it affected domestic policy and American society. It had negative impact on America leading to livelihood threat, enlarged nuclear threat and affected domestic policies. The cold war effects on domestic policies were expressed in three forms namely, politically, economically and socially. Socially, indoctrination of American persons resulted to social reforms regression. Economically, huge growth urged by industries linked to war received aid through heavy regime expansion. This led to economics new deal feeling the greatest cold war consequence. This study focused on US policies despite the nation’s intention of avoiding cold war occurrence. America was far aggressive in provision of military, political and economic aid to nations of Europe and viewed by Soviet Union security as direct threat. Due to response of justification by Soviet Union, cold war emerged.

Causes of the cold War

Cold war causes were formed on four main underlying disparities. First of all, the ideologies that were employed by Soviet Union and United States of America (USA). The United States had capitalism democracy as governance form whereby freedom was valued (Harper P6). The USSR embraced communism kind of governance that was governed by dictatorship in which state needs were emphasized than individual human rights. The USA feared communism ideology thus state had to counter their movement. The ideologies were not only conflicting but also for expansionist and militant (Harper 12). They all considered that any alternative ideology pose a threat towards their own mode of life. In that the only means for the world is a peaceful place was through their specific ideology to control the world. The aggression and fear were as a result of different ideologies between Russia and America, the country’s foreign policies invaded and affected by their beliefs.

The second was differences in aims between Russia and America. The USA and British needed to guard democracy and assist Germany recover. This was due to fear that most part of Eastern Europe could fall under Soviet Union control (Immerman and Goedde 16). On the other hand Stalin aim was to acquire reparations in Germany and create a barrier of friendly nations to defend Soviet Union from being attacked again.

In addition there was resentment on History between USA and USSR that promoted cold war. The USA and British recalled on what Stalin signed with Germany regarding Nazi Soviet in 1939. The USSR could remember when USA and British tried to wipe out Russian Revolution in 1918 (Lightbody p18). These resentments created differences between America and Russia. They also offered weapons in war of propaganda where both sides strive against one another.

Lastly, apart from the aims, ideologies and resentments in history, there were succession of events that dwindled down alliance and converted friends of war into foes. The point of trusted disappeared in all parties (Immerman and Goedde P23). This is because each side viewed each event on a different note and thought they were right while other side was moving in wrong direction. Hence each action they partake increased hatred amongst them.

America’s Cold War policies

In the rise of influence and supremacy on the world stage for American capitalism and USSR communism, during cold war USA perceived communism as a threat to freedom of their mode of life. This fear exaggerated into obsession that resulted in civil liberties compromising. During cold war era, USA foreign policy in regard to Soviet Union was characterized with an essence need to guard its allies and itself against possible threat of expanding communist ideology (Lightbody p25). The American was totally willing to provide support to any state just in the name of being against communist. The USA leaders constantly committed themselves on supporting and helping likeminded capitalist states against communist states.

The USA policy on foreign states during Vietnam era may be explored through investigating a number of phases whereby different approaches have been used in dealing with any threat communists states pose that is USSR and China (Olesen p203). In each of the phase there was an indication of containing communism in their present boundaries. Each phase had to capture policy leaders doctrine more so the first three president.

In 1947 there emerged development of Containment principle considering American foreign policy in the early period of cold war prior to American and Australian engagement in Vietnam (Olesen p196). The USA policy was to support individual who resisted being subjugated with armed minorities to uphold peace of the world. This was in aim to prevent communist expansion mostly in Asian states where it posed a great threat.

The USA policies for economic aid in European states commonly known as Marshall Plan were created intentionally to separate West and East Europe to warring nations (Immerman and Goedde p45). This was an antagonistic move to counter communist expansion resulting in increased tensions which led to Cold War. It was the main aggressive action taken by USA against USSR communism in Eastern part of Europe.

Policy Criticism

America applied policies ending Second World War by antagonizing communism globally that resulted to retaliation of cold war outbreak; the applied policies had minimal effect than collective security. The historians’ argument that the cold war was unavoidable result of an irreconcilable conflict of interest between the Soviet Union and the United States seems invalid after analyzing the intentions and conferences behind actions. US policy decisions like second front opening, victory treaties and atomic policies had minor function on tensions of cold war in comparison to policies of collective security.

The America’s policy of later second front opening for preservation of US livelihood had a lesser depressing impact on relations of US- Soviet but not a key contributor to cold war. Russians had requested support from US to ease pressure on their nation brought by German. This led Russia to be frustrated as US intentionally delayed strike claiming that their reason was valid. The American Army was not prepared for attack thus; it would have affected their Second World War attack if they attempted previous attack.

In addition, America had policies intentionally not provocative to cold warfare, but gave geopolitical climate tense resulting to misinterpretation, which led to disaster. Even though aggressive policies of collective security provoked USSR in responding back, Second World War discussions accepted cordial discussions performance and reduction of tensions.

Conclusion

Cold war had vital influence on all spheres of American community. Cultural aggressiveness between Soviet Union and USA had negative and positive consequences. The fear among these two nations resulted in political confrontations that almost caused world war. Disparity in economic ideologies led opposing claims on what freedom refers to and economic struggle resulted into substantial military spending in both USA and Russia. In the essence of its broad power, cold war influenced most of event in the mid-20th century to an extent that all USA domestic and foreign policies decisions were altered. These policies have degenerated to military instead of attaining its earlier mission of political objectives. The USA interventions in the whole world have led to deaths of more people than its goal of political influence in the world for instance in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Works Cited

Harper, John L. The Cold War. Oxford UP, 2011.

Immerman, Richard H, and Petra Goedde. The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War. Cambridge UP, 2013.

Lightbody, Bradley. The Cold War. Routledge, 2013.

Olesen, Thorsten. “Under the national paradigm: Cold War studies and Cold War politics in post-Cold War Norden.” Cold War History, vol. 8, no. 2, 2014, pp. 189-211.

Jared Diamond (born on September 10, 1937) is an American geographer

Name:

Instructor’s Name:

Course Number:

Date:

Book Review

Jared Diamond (born on September 10, 1937) is an American geographer, a student of history, anthropologist, and writer most famous for his well-known science books. Initially trained in physiology, Diamond is known for drawing from an assortment of fields, including humanities, nature, geology, and evolution science. He is also a teacher of physiology at the UCLA Institute of Medication. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies is a nonfiction book by Jared Diamond.

Guns, Germs, and Steel won awards in 1998 for presenting a more logical clarification on ethnic and cultural variances in ancient human societies to date. A genuine and convincing assessment concerning the explanations behind the nature of select cultures thriving since humanity’s evolution. This book is also considered massively open to the layman. The book is distinguished overwhelmingly in the fields of evolution science, and biogeography represents a prompt clarification for the different grouping of human fate that is satisfactorily kept up by data from various disciplines of scientific investigation.

Maybe the most astonishing accomplishment Guns, Germs, and Steel achieve that of giving a ceaselessly amazing clarification for ethnic and racial complexities than can biased individual hypotheses of humankind’s history. The scope of the book is extensive coverage from the earliest civilizations from thirteen thousand years ago till today over the whole world. While no single landmass or society is recommended, its most essential depth, Australia and nearby regions as the most significant extent of the investigation. Since Diamond experienced more years in these areas, he can provide a genuine assessment. Diamond’s remarkable ability to portray to the world in the small details helped make making his hypothesis of history tasteful to the overall pursuer.

The central topic Diamond focuses on is how did the Europeans manage to colonize the majority of the world, including Local Americans, Africans, and Native Australians rather than the vice-versa. The fitting response, as indicated by the author, lies with fundamental approaches of distinct conditions from which diverse societies rose—arguing that sustainable food creation is essential for a general populace to manage other people to expertise in different sectors. Likewise, the community would achieve more prominent individuals that provide military assistance, especially by massive numbers in times of war.

Diamond explains the effects of the uneven spreading of domesticable plants and livestock around the globe. The subsequent approach of parts affected the changing pace of spread and improvement on the knowledge in various landmasses. Eurasia, with its strategic location and ample land and ecological regions, saw a far sharper speed of the spread of arranged sustenance sources, conditions, and advances than did Africa and the Americas, with their more remote locations. The third factor affected disperse, and improvement between landscapes; the moving degrees of detachment between continents have impressively influenced the development rates. What’s more, another difference in the sections, include contrasts in the area and population density between the societies. It impacts the probability that civilization would invent and handle inventions or be incorporated by their neighbors (Diamond 20).

The “guns, germs, and steel” title of the proposed weapons, illnesses, and advances, whose improvement and spread are subject to the four blueprints of components Diamond follows. They are the basic models that explain the book. At the base of Diamond’s pyramidal question is large-scale food production and storage. He acts as a brilliant watchman for history being driven by natural possibility elements of geography, a record of inequitable distribution of resources.

Along with scientific research carried out in certain regions, Diamond also cites several historical writings. However, some of them are not extremely reliable as individual stories appear exaggerated. He relies on outside sources for areas he was unable to perform data collection. Still, the book focuses on Australia and New Zealand, areas where more research was conducted. Diamond manages to explain why specific populations in other regions succeeded and multiplied while others were completely wiped out. He included ecological factors along with the spread of information and proximity to other civilizations as significant factors.

The book is relevant to me in explaining different factors as to how many dynasties came to power. Additionally, it gives an appealing history lesson on the evolution of civilizations and cultures up to what they are today. Also, a lot of research has been put into the works of Diamond. Many scholars use his text to conduct research in their area of expertise and see if there is any correlation between data. His work is famous in the fields of geography and geology concerning history.

The theory explained in the book is well defined, in my opinion. Diamond can elaborate on many different reasons the Eurasians were able to thrive. The language is also simple enough for any laymen to understand the information provided. His argument is against the belief that certain peoples or races are superior genetically to others. Guns, Germs, and Steel will appeal to anybody intrigued by the documentation of man since the early civilizations. This book is recommended for people interested in the history of humankind.

Works Cited

Diamond, Jared M. “Guns, germs, and steel: the fates of human societies.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 43.4 (2000): 609.

Travel Article

Name:

Instructor’s name:

Course:

Date:

Purpose and Audience

Purpose can be termed as the writer’s or author’s intention/target when writing an article for a particular audience. Purpose is normally brought out in articles when the writer wants the reader to see what he saw, feel what he felt, and hear what he heard among other targets. Audience refers to the final consumers of the art or work by various authors. The audience can take many forms; a single person, general audience and group audience. This article demonstrates the understanding of audience and purpose through the development of ideas, language features and structures by making links between them. It does so by narrating a short story about teenage friendship which commands attention in its use of imagery, explanations, analyses, explorations, critique, details, examples and a range of viewpoints CITATION Bry09 l 1033 (Bryan Station High School, 2009).

Friendship is always there but we do not go for it. It is God-given and many still take it for granted. A time comes, which comes, but rarely in history to forget the past and focus on the new. It was cold in Sue and the dark came very early. The fluorescent lights came and the streets became pleasant by their look through the windows. There was much play hanging outside the shops as children ran about. Snow powdered the feathers of birds, chicken and the fur of foxes. The wind blew their tails and turned their feathers. At the same period, Linda and I were going through thick and thin in our gradually blossoming friendship. Initially, the friendship had suffered a fracture when her parents discovered the secrete love affair between the two of us. Linda faced deadly threats from her parents. She was ordered to cast her dreams of ever being with me into the abyss. This brought a halt to our relationship and we stopped seeing each other for almost a month. It was not until this beautiful Sunday that we realized that we could never avoid suppressing the burning desire deep inside our hearts; the desire to be together was more than the need for our lives. Do ideal relationships take such a course? People who truly love each other go to the extent of dying for each other CITATION Tee13 l 1033 (Teena, 2013). Was I ready for this?

I must admit that the church hall was out of bounds by six o’clock in evening. At the gate to the church, a woman sold roasted chestnuts, and there we met every evening and were very polite and interested in what was the matter, and sat on the concrete slab there that was to bind our differences together. It was warm standing in front of the charcoal fire and the chestnuts were warm afterwards in the stomach. Linda was very young and very beautiful. Her love was the only thing I could kill for. She defined the meaning for love to me and I could not refuse to do anything for her even if it meant wrestling with an angel. Such promises usually come with friendship commitments. Many relationships are kept alive by the promises that the partners have in store for each other. It is hard to come by relationships that are devoid of promises. This was normal for our relationship CITATION Alo13 l 1033 (Alonna, 2013).

On this Sunday evening, a hush fell over Sue’s church hall. Linda and I were the only people present there. The eloquence silence in the church’s vicinity was one that could only be heard by the dead. As we sat with Linda on a wooden bench trying to mutually exchange our feelings for each other, something terrible happened. It was the turning point of my life. Linda began complaining about a headache then followed by other myriad problems that I could not decipher. Unable to make a decision on what to do, I resorted to wailing just to awaken help from nearby homesteads. Linda was quickly rushed to the hospital and I was arrested for interrogation. Seriously speaking, what could you have done? The only option, I think, is to suffer the same fate as mine CITATION Bri13 l 1033 (British Broadcasting Corporation, 2013).

Immediately after my arrest, Linda’s parents were breathing down my neck. They could not tolerate my innocent pleas. They were determined to have me jailed so as to ensure that their daughter was out of danger. They had warned me severally against associating with their daughter. The reason why they could not believe in my innocence was Linda’s condition. She had succumbed to a coma and could neither speak nor talk. My parents fought tirelessly to soften the enmity that had grown so big as a result of my connection with Linda’s state of the mind. Their struggle was all in vain as Linda’s parents could settle at nothing other than seeing me spend days behind bars until the doctors could say something better concerning Linda’s fate. Moreover, the only way I could be released was through Linda’s gain of consciousness and an utter of no harm from me.

After a week, Linda was able to regain her mental faculties. However, she could not tell anything about her admission to the hospital. Doctors only said that traces of pneumonia were present in a close scrutiny of her blood. This served to tighten the grip that her parents had on my detainment. The turning point of my life came when Linda asked about my whereabouts and demanded that I be availed in the ward she had been admitted. This was the most trying moments in my life because she wanted to see no one else except me. When I reached there, our faces graced each other happily. She could not help but fall for my ever positive expression. She let out a charming grin that led me to spoil for a hug from her. I reached out for her slender beautiful arms which were eagerly waiting to for their perfect partners. As we hugged one another with lots of relief, she muttered what seemed impossible to me, “I will stick by you forever”. The mention of forever did not hit me because reflecting on the past experiences we had come through with her could not exude any form of hope in me. Critically speaking, after such frustrations, no one would still have urge of keeping such a relationship CITATION The12 l 1033 (The Writing Center, University of California, 2012).

The paper has demonstrated the understanding of audience and purpose in its narration of a short story. The story has enshrined a lot of stylistic devices which serves to command attention from the audience and maintains their interest through suspense. Imagery is a common device with that spans the structure of the narrative. Most importantly, the paper has developed ideas and made links between them throughout the paper by use of a short story that describes teenage friendship.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Alonna, S. (2013). Arts and Culture. My Destination .

British Broadcasting Corporation. (2013). Theb influence of Style, Purpose and Audience on Text. English .

Bryan Station High School. (2009). Author’s Purpose and Exercises. Purpose and Audience Powerpoint .

Teena, M. (2013). Imagery Surruonds You. Love Toknow .

The Writing Center, University of California. (2012). Audience. The Writing Center .

Judicial Reform for Juveniles

Name:

Judicial Reform for Juveniles

Recently, Cyntonia Brown who had been convicted of murder at the age of 16 was granted clemency by the Tennessee governor and will be released from prison. She had been sentenced to serve 51 years and while giving her the parole, the Governor noted that her sentence may have been too harsh. Brown’s case has garnered a lot of national attention especially on the judicial reforms needed. More often than not, teenagers commit certain crimes that get them really long sentences that they may actually miss their teen years in a world full of freedom. There are several criminal justice reform advocates that have pointed out concern to judgments and sentences granted to teenagers bearing in mind most are not often completely developed and their actions may have been influenced by certain aspects of their life unlike an adult who may clearly understand what he/she is doing.

Brown’s case where she killed a man who wanted to have sex because she felt unsafe is a case where at times sentencing may be too harsh. Brown was a victim of human trafficking and on that said day, her boss referred to as “cut throat” had sent her to the streets to get him money. She had been living with “cut throat” for a while after having to escape from her home a clear indication she was a troubled child. The US judicial system seems too often punish offenders although I believe this should not be the case and while sentencing decisions are made the aim should be rehabilitation. Although we cannot justify Brown’s killing of Allen, I agree with Governor Haslam that the sentencing was too severe for a girl who was just in her teenage years and was a victim of a manipulative drug dealer who had turned her to a prostitute (Mattise, 2019).

According to a report by the Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency and Prevention, hundreds of thousands of young girls are often arrested. There have been reports of the dangers these young girls may face while in prison. There have been reports of sexual assault if these young girls especially by the staff members. States that are worst affected by these cases include Ohio, Georgia, South Carolina and Illinois. When most teenage girls are sentenced to these prisons, they are often defenseless and look up to the prison law enforcers for protection. However, some these officers are taking advantage of these young girls probably because they know they may get easily scared and they have no one to run to. There should be measures put in place to ensure these acts do not happen in the prisons. According to research more than 80% of girls in the juvenile system have at one point experienced violence in their home. Most of these girls are often victims of abuse at home or trafficking (Gwynne, 2015). Some young girls have been sentenced for running away and most of the time they are often running from their abusers.

One concern from the case is placing of teenager especially those at 16 in adult prisons. It is sad that a 16-year-old is placed in a cell with individuals over 30 years’ old that have also committed serious crime. A person at the age of sixteen is still a child trying to figure out their life unlike a full grown adult. Most have argued that 16-year olds are little adults but we need to embrace the fact that these are still children and should be placed in juvenile cells. Rehabilitation in juvenile prisons is far much better than in an adult prison and this is evident in the case of The Central Park Five. Korey wise who was 16-years old and sent to adult prison had the most trauma than the rest who were sent to juvenile prison. In a juvenile prison a teenage girl may be accorded education and better amenities. There are states that still send teens to adult prisons for committing certain crimes such as murder and sexual offences. Despite the fact that the offences may be serious, the teenagers ae still young children who may not get the proper guidance in an adult orison as compared to a juvenile system (Ford, 2019).

Prison system are meant to help victims in rehabilitation and not to condemn them. Most teenagers who commit a crime at a young age are often victims or violence, made decisions without really understanding the consequences or have been misguided by an adult. In passing sentences to such cases a lot should be considered including number of years they can serve. Brown was to serve for 51 years before getting a parole meaning without the governor’s mercy she may have remained in prison till she was 67. All juvenile sentencing should be allowed parole hearing after a reasonable period and sentencing should also be fair.

References

Ford, C. (2019, August 30). ‘Children Are Different:’ Sentencing Juveniles as Adults. Retrieved from https://pulitzercenter.org/blog/children-are-different-sentencing-juveniles-adults.Gwynne, K. (2015, September 29).

Girls in juvenile detention are often the victims of family violence, report finds. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/sep/29/girls-us-juvenile-detention-family-violence-sexual-abuse.

Mattise, J. (2019, January 8). Correction: Teen-Life Sentence-Clemency story. (2019, January 8). Retrieved from https://apnews.com/199ec93abff34bf2a6c79b0ec385419b.