1) A certain human population is scored for the PrPc prion locus and f

1) A certain human population is scored for the PrPc prion locus and f

1) A certain human population is scored for the PrPc prion locus and found to have the following genotype frequencies: MM = 0.16 MV = 0.80 VV = 0.04. What is the frequency of the M allele?Question 1 options:a. 0.16b. 0.40c. 0.56d. 0.80e. 0.96SaveQuestion 2 (1 point)2) The HERC2 gene is one (among several) determinant of eye color variation in humans. There are two common alleles A and G, with GG homozygotes usually having blue eyes and AA homozygotes or AG heterozygotes usually having brown eyes. Suppose a human population contained 91% of brown-eyed individuals and 9% with blue eyes and that this variation was entirely due to the HERC2 locus. Under the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions, what is the frequency of the A allele in the population?Question 2 options:a. 0.30b. 0.405c. 0.70d. 0.90e. 0.91SaveQuestion 3 (1 point)3) Which of the following random mating populations is most likely to be under directional selection? The three numbers give the frequencies of the A1A1, A1A2, and A2A2 genotypes, respectivelyQuestion 3 options:a. 0.81 ; 0.18 ; 0.01b. 0.30 ; 0.20 ; 0.50c. 0.36 ; 0.48 ; 0.16d. 0.21 ; 0.42 ; 0.49e. 0.64 ; 0.32 ; 0.04SaveQuestion 4 (1 point)4) Which of the following is an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg model?Question 4 options:a. Mutations arise irrespective of needb. Mating depends on genotypec. All genotypes have the same fitnessd. Populations are smalle. None of the above is an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg modelSaveQuestion 5 (1 point)5) A population contains N diploid organisms. A mutant allele is present as a single copy. This mutant allele has identical fitness to all other alleles at this locus. What is the probability that this mutant allele will eventually go to fixation?Question 5 options:a. 0b. 1/(2N)c. 1/(N)d. 1e. It cannot be determinedSaveQuestion 6 (1 point)6) Which of the following is true of evolution by both genetic drift and directional selection?Question 6 options:a. They help populations become better adapted to their environmentb. They are random processesc. They remove genetic variation from populationsd. They are more effective is small populationsSaveQuestion 7 (1 point)7) Here is the result of 10 identical simulations run in the program RedLynx. All started with an allele frequency of 10%. Which of these settings is most likely to have yielded such a pattern?Question 7 options:a. Selection for A1 = 0.01 in a large (>10,000) populationb. Selection for A1 = -0.01 in a large (>10,000) populationc. Selection for A1 = 0.00 in a large (>10,000) populationd. Selection for A1 = 0.01 in a small (>100) populatione. Selection for A1 = -0.01 in a small (>100) populationf. Selection for A1 = 0.00 in a small (>100) populationSaveQuestion 8 (1 point)8) Which of the following annual plants is the fittest?Question 8 options:a. Plant A is 25cm tall, it attains a biomass of 800g, it makes 20 flowers, it produces 50 viable seedsb. Plant B is 20cm tall, it attains a biomass of 850g, it makes 10 flowers, it produces 70 viable seedsc. Plant C is 18cm tall, it attains a biomass of 600g, it makes 30 flowers, it produces 30 viable seedd. Plant D is 19cm tall, it attains a biomass of 550g, it makes 28 flowers, it produces 75 viable seedsSaveQuestion 9 (1 point)9) What is the contrast between mutation and directional selection?Question 9 options:a. Mutation creates variation within a population, directional selection removes variation from populationsb. Mutation creates random variation, directional selection creates non-random variationc. Directional selection increases the rate of beneficial mutations and decreases the rate of deleterious mutationsd. Selection is random, mutation is deterministice. Mutations occur when needed, selection occurs all the timeSaveQuestion 10 (1 point)10) In coral, a certain gene, P, is only expressed in sperm and plays a role in helping sperm live at different salt levels. Sperm with the P1 allele have lower fitness than those with the P2 allele when salinity is greater than 3.5%. Imagine a population living in a salinity of 3.7% that currently has a P1 allele frequency of 0.25 and a P2 allele frequency of 0.75. How would you expect the allele frequency to change over many generations?Question 10 options:a. The frequency of P1 will not changeb. The frequency of P1 will increase to ~0.5 and then stay there indefinitelyc. The frequency of P1 will decrease to nearly 0.0, but some of few alleles will be retained in case the population experiences lower salinity in the futured. The frequency of P1 will decline to 0.0 and the allele will be lostSaveQuestion 11 (1 point)11) Suppose, that in the presence of kuru, the relative fitness of three PrPc genotypes are: MM = 1.0 ; MV = 1.5 ; VV = 1.0. Over multiple generations, what would tend to happen to a population exposed to kuru that began with an M allele frequency of 0.95?Question 11 options:a. There is a 95% probability that M will go to fixationb. There is an ~100% probability that M will go to fixationc. The frequency of M will tend to decrease to ~0.5 and stay there indefinitelyd. The frequency of M will tend to decrease and eventually be lostSaveQuestion 12 (1 point)12) The pesticide malathion reduces insects? ability to reproduce even when applied at a sub-lethal dose. It is known that a mutation of the MdalphaE7 protein, changing residue 251 from a Tryptophan (W) to a Serine (S), confers dominant resistance to malathion in house flies. What is the expected result of repeatedly spraying a sublethal does of malathion on a population of house flies?Question 12 options:a. The rate of W to S mutations increases, resulting in the population showing more and more resistance to malathionb. If at least one W to S mutation occurs, the mutant (S) allele will increase in frequency because individuals with the S allele have higher fitnessc. Individuals gradually adjust to the higher levels of malathion and eventually can tolerate the pesticide even if they have the W alleled. The population will probably generate resistant individuals to avoid extinctionSaveQuestion 13 (1 point)13) Which of the following best summarizes the role of population size in affecting the rate of fixation by genetic drift?Question 13 options:a. Larger populations show more rapid fixation by drift because they contain more allelesb. Larger populations are less affected by genetic drift because chance changes in allele frequency between generations will tend to be lessSmaller populations are more subject to drift because they experience less selectiond. Population size does not affect the rate of fixation by driftSaveQuestion 14 (1 point)14) Suppose, that in the absence of malaria, the relative fitness of three hemoglobin genotypes are: AA = 1.0 ; AS = 0.9 ; SS = 0.2. Over multiple generations, what would tend to happen to a large, malaria-free population that began with an A allele frequency of 0.95?Question 14 options:a. The frequency of A will not changeb. The frequency of A will decrease to an intermediate value and stay there indefinitelyc. The frequency of A will drop to zerod. The frequency of A will increase to 1.0 and the S allele will be lostSaveQuestion 15 (1 point)15) Suppose, that in the presence of malaria, the relative fitness of three genotypes at the HemoglobinA locus are: AA = 1.0 ; AS = 1.3 ; SS = 0.2. Over multiple generations, what would tend to happen to a large, malaria-exposed population that began with an A allele frequency of 0.99?Question 15 options:a. The frequency of A will not changeb. The frequency of A will decrease to an intermediate value and stay there indefinitelyc. The frequency of A will drop to zerod. The frequency of A will increase to 1.0 and the S allele will be lost