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Debate between Teleological Arguments and Theory of Evolution

Main Lines of Debate between Teleological Arguments and Theory of Evolution

Debate has been rife for several centuries regarding logical explanation for the existence of the universe, particularly with regard to existence of life. Teleological arguments and evolution theory have widely been studied to offer some of the most acceptable reasoning perspectives for the debate. Explanation has been sought to validate the position held by proponents of the debate, which fall on the opposing side. The main lines of debate can be discussed as follows.

Teleology Lines

First, temporal orderliness of the universe acts as one of the main support points of the teleological proponents of the debate (Swinburne, 154). According to the author, the universe happens to follow some form of order which cannot be assumed to occur just by chance. Guided by positions held by great theologians such as Thomas of Aquinas, the author is of the opinion that such happenings can only be explained by existence of “someone with awareness…we call God,” (Swinburne, 155). It is clear that the apparent orderliness that exists in the universe must be under the control of some being, a comparison of which mush be a deity. This position finds easy acceptance into the debate, perhaps better than any other.

Another argument is the probability of existence of the high orderliness in both universes, Godly and Godless which shows that there is a high probability that the laws of nature that the universe follows must be set out by some being (160). The author states that objects in nature follow some predictable behavior only in a Godly universe as Humean theory explains. We can draw an inference from this theory that the universe is under directions from a deity.

In addition, spatial order, a fact of the universe can be argued only in a perspective that recognizes regularity therein. Co-presence as well as succession can not be explained in exclusion of God (167). These regularity perspectives that denote a well ordered universe complement a Godly universe argument with all respect. Alternatively, beauty of the universe that complements its orderliness is more reasonable when an explanation is sought from Godly presence (190). Using the spectacular regularity depicted by the universe, it is logical to attach a deity to the best explanation sought on its beauty.

Consciousness and mentality analysis gives an array of arguments that strongly support the position that were it not for the existence of God in the Universe, certain innate features of the universe would not exist (198). It is certainly possible to lose meaning of morality in human beings without telos, which explains the position held by God in the universe (Fahlbusch, 328).

Evolution Lines

Linnaean Taxonomy appears to solve the problem of the structure of life forms into a family tree. It is easily possible to trace the origin of life forms due to the universe’s incredible consistency in organizing life into the family tree. It is possible to practically demonstrate the origin of life forms from a common ancestor using the family tree (Wong, 1)

death sentence abolish

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Introduction

Capital punishment has for a long time been one of the most controversial subjects in the entire world. It mainly involves handing an individual a death penalty for a heinous crime such as murder, child rape and robbery with violence among others (Banner and Banner, 13). In the state of Florida, the execution is carried out using a lethal injection that was allowed by the legislature in January 2000 (Tucker, 3). Alternatively, an individual may be executed using the electric chair in the execution chamber situated at Florida State Prison (Tucker, 6). However, questions have emerged pertaining to the efficacy of the death punishment. There has been controversy as to whether a death sentence serves any positive purpose or whether it should be abolished. In my opinion, capital punishment or the death penalty should be abolished.

First, it is worth noting that judges can err in their judgment as far as the determination of the guilt of an individual. This underlines the fact that, there are instances when an innocent individual will be condemned to capital punishment or the death penalty simply because he or she cannot prove his innocence (Pojman and Reiman, 22). It goes without saying that the inability to prove one’s innocence does not necessarily underline his guilt. This raises the question as to whether justice would have been done in such instances (Pojman and Reiman, 24).

It is worth noting that once a miscarriage of justice has been done, as is the case of capital punishment, it cannot be undone. Death is always irrevocable in which case there would be no way of undoing the injustice of executing an innocent person. Philosophers have always stated that it is more preferable to free a thousand guilty people than to kill an innocent person. In essence, I think it would be preferable that these people are given life sentences with or without the option of parole to prevent the killing of innocent people.

In addition, death penalty seems to single out the poor. This is because they may not have sufficient financial muscle to hire proper lawyers, in which case they have to rely on the attorneys appointed by the court (Bedau, 24). In most cases, courts do not have sufficient capital to appoint appropriate representation, in which case the poor may end up being punished for wrongs that they did not commit. In fact, court-appointed attorneys are paid less than the minimum wage, in which case they are not motivated to invest sufficient effort in uncovering the truth about the cases (Pojman and Reiman, 34). The rich, however, can afford to hire qualified lawyers to argue their cases, as well as dig for justice. For example, O.J Simpson could afford a team of highly-qualified lawyers and even finance DNA testing thereby exposing the errors in the DNA evidence of the prosecution. This, however, is unlikely to have happened without the assistance of the attorneys.

In addition, the main reason for any sentence should be to compensate the wronged parties in a fair manner and possibly deter such actions in the future. In the case of death penalties, it goes without saying that the wronged parties would not in any way be compensated by the execution of the presumed wrongdoer.

Of course, proponents of the death penalty opine that it gives the victims a feeling that justice has been done. However, this is not the case. For example, in instances where an individual is presumed to have raped a child, killing him would not compensate the wronged party (Pojman and Reiman, 28). Moreover, how just would it be if an innocent person is executed just to satisfy the will of the wronged parties? In such instances, it would be preferable to follow the suggestions of sociologists, who opine that such individuals should be handed a life sentence where they would work to support the wronged parties. In fact, such measures would offer criminals a chance to reform their ways, which should be the fundamental pillar for law (Bedau, 55).

In addition, proponents argue that the death penalty is the only way that can effectively deter people from committing violent crimes. However, this theory has been proven wrong and inaccurate by statistics. Statistics show that after the lifting of the ban on death penalty in 1976 by the United States Supreme Court, states that have the highest rate of executions also had higher rates of violent crime than states that had lower rates of executions (Pojman and Reiman, 56). For example, from 1982 to 1991 Texas witnessed a rise in the rates of crime by 24% and the rate of violent crime by 46% after reenacting the death penalty statute. It is worth noting that at this time, Texas had executed around 355 people. California, on the other hand saw an increase of crime rate by only 5% yet it had executed only 11 people. This underlines the fact that death penalty does not serve as an effective deterrent of violent crime (Pojman and Reiman, 67).

These points underline the need for the abolishment of the death penalty. It is improper to execute an individual especially considering that human beings can make an error of judgment, thereby executing an innocent person. This is complemented by the fact that death is irreversible, in which case the execution of an innocent person would be a permanent and irrevocable miscarriage of justice. In addition, it does not serve as an effective deterrent of crime, nor does it serve as sufficient compensation to the wronged parties.

Works cited

Banner, Stuart and Banner, Stuart. The Death Penalty: An American History. New York: Harvard University Press, 2003. Print

Pojman, Louis P. and Reiman, Jeffrey H. The Death Penalty: For and Against. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998. Print

Bedau, Hugo Adam. The Death Penalty in America: Current Controversies. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Print

Tucker, Kenneth S. Florida Department of Corrections: Death Row Fact Sheet. Web retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.dc.state.fl.us/oth/deathrow/” http://www.dc.state.fl.us/oth/deathrow/

(Bedau, )

Niccolos book

Niccolo’s book

Introduction

The book was written by Niccolo. It reality they were instructions to a prince on how he was to govern. That was in the year 1531. The letter might have been addressed to Prince Lorenzo de Medici, as at that time Lorenzo was the Prince. It was at a time when Italy was divided, and foreign powers were conquering one state after the other. The taking over of state after state inspired Niccolo to write to the king detailing the steps he was to take in order to keep the Kingdom together.

The tactics that were given to the Prince to remain in power were not ethical and at times brutal. One such tactic that was considered as a means to stay in control was the act of conquering a territory maintaining the law and rules, but making sure the entire family of the Prince is eliminated. By killing the family the Prince would be able to merge the new Kingdom much easily with the old to become one. Even though that was deemed necessary at the time as by eliminating the family there was now minimal chances of a revolt (Niccollo 120). The killing of an entire family which might have included children, women, and the old who are innocent is unethical. This is evident when the Prince is given instructions to conquer colonies within the same country or that shares the same language. The prince is given examples of such states that had been conquered such as, Burgundy Normandy, and Gascony.

To conquer a colony, a great army is needed, but that is not enough. To be successful in conquering q state one needs the support of the people. King Louis was able to occupy Milan as a result of the support of the people but it was the same people that opened the gate for Duke to win back Milan. In order to gain the support of the people the prince had to lie to the people by promising a better life and future. At the end, the people will realize that the ruler is even worse than the leader they had before (Niccollo 150). The other tactic that was used was, use of devastation to help keep possession. The use of force, destroying the newly acquired colony thus making it desperate as it will have to depend on the new ruler. By that the Prince will not be able to face opposition as the people would not rebel against the new ruler. In making the people desperate was a sure way of gaining the loyalty of the people, and a sure way of remaining in power.

Use of violence in order to stay in power was another tactic that was suggested to the Prince. This was to be used on the most rebellious states, even though it was to be fast. In doing so the Prince would have gained control by instilling fear in the people (Niccollo 180).

Most people tend to turn to religion in times of difficulty, and knowing that, the prince is advice to turn to religion to help secure power. By influencing the religious leaders to support the ruler of the time, this is done by providing help to the religious institutions. In so doing the people are convinced that the ruler is religious, and in that more people tend to support the leader (Niccollo 200).

In case problems arose from the newly acquires states, that had different language, and language, the Prince was advised to go and live in the newly acquired states. By living in the states, the prince would be able to stamp authority. The prince would also be able to deal with any problem that might arise on the spot, or remedy them. The Prince presence would also deter the officials from looting the newly acquired state (Niccollo 180).The presence of the Prince would also create more fear in the people who are not on his side, and more respect for the people on his side. The presence of the Prince was also important as it made the Prince easily to the people. The Prince would be able to know the problems facing the people, and solve them in time, and in so doing gain the trust of the people (Niccollo 190).

The Prince is advised further to remain at war all the time. The need for war at the time was necessary as it was the determinant if a Prince was powerful or not. The Prince had to fight to gain more land, and territory. Fighting was also necessary to help the Prince Keep possession of the territory. In taking the advice the Prince was to be at war all the time even with the neighbors in the bid to gaining more land, and territory (Niccollo 220).

Conclusion

As a leader, one sometimes has to do certain things to make sure that the leadership is respected. From the book the Prince had to do what was necessary in order to remain in power. Even though some of the methods cannot be considered ethical in the modern times, back then it was necessary for survival.

Work cited

Niccollo Machiavelli. The Prince(Special Student Edition), SoHo Books, 2010.

Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince is a blunt political pamphlet concerning the various kinds of principalities, military affair

Niccolò Machiavelli’s The Prince is a blunt political pamphlet concerning the various kinds of principalities, military affairs, the qualities of a Prince, and Machiavelli’s views on Italy’s political status during the Renaissance. Machiavelli uses many specific examples throughout the text both ancient and current to Renaissance era.

To understand the book more completely and Machiavelli’s reasons for writing The Prince, it is necessary to understand Machiavelli’s life and the times he lived in. When Niccolo Machiavelli was born in the spring of 1469, Italy had attained a high spot in the European community, but it would not last. By the time Machiavelli had reached the age of twenty-five, King Charles VIII of France had driven the ruling Medici family out of the city of Florence, the last resisting Italian principality. The Florentines would not stand for this; they ousted the new ruler out of the city and founded the Florentine republic. Machiavelli soon started work as clerk under Adriani, head of the Second Chancery. Four years past by and in 1498, Machiavelli became Chief Secretary of the Florentine Republic, and then later that year, he succeeded Adriani as head of the Second Chancery.

While in this position as Chief Secretary, he went on many diplomatic missions and observed many foreign governments in action. From these experiences, Machiavelli would later draw the conclusions, he writes about in The Prince. He was entrusted with numerous missions to France, ally of the Florentine republic, to meet with King Louis XII in the years 1500, 1504, and 1510. In 1502, Niccolò Machiavelli married Marietta Corsini and traveled to Romagna, where he observed the incidents that led to the murder of Cesare Borgia. Machiavelli’s study of Cesare Borgia, his actions and the events leading to his death greatly influenced his political beliefs. Machiavelli returned to Florence in January of 1503, later that year he witnessed the election of Pope Julius II. In December of 1506, Machiavelli submitted his plan to organize a Florentine militia to Pierre Soderini, leader of the Florentine republic. Soderini accepted his request and created the Nove di Miliz. After organizing the Florentine infantry, Machiavelli envoyed in 1507 to meet with Emperor Maximilian II, who was preparing his invasion of Italy. The Florentine militia fought at the capture of Pisa in 1509. Machiavelli went on his last mission to France in 1510. Pope Julius II allied himself with Spain and Venice, together they conquered France, the Florentine’s ally. Then in 1512, the Spanish army invaded Florence and defeated the Florentine militia. The Medici family returned to power and deponed Machiavelli from his station. The Medici family accused Machiavelli of participation in a conspiracy against them; they imprisoned him for a small time. After the election of Giovanni de Medici to the papacy as Leo X, they released Machiavelli.

Machiavelli retired to a small farm in San Casciano, where he would write his arguments on politics. He began writing The Prince and his other lesser known work The Discourses in 1513. In 1515, he wrote a comedy, La Mandragola, a satire on seduction. The Medici family consulted Machiavelli in 1519 on a new Florentine constitution. In 1520, he wrote The Life of Castruccio Castracani, a narrative essay on the life of man, who founded the state of Lucca in Tuscany, in the fourteenth century. Machiavelli published seven books in 1521 entitled The Art of War. The seven books contain Machiavelli’s ideas on war tactics and the superiority of national troops over mercenaries. The Medici family used Machiavelli’s services again in 1525; they commissioned him to write The History of Florence. A year later in 1526, Pope Clement VII, a Medici, contracted Machiavelli to survey the defenses at Florence and then sent him to meet with historian Francesco Guicciardini. In 1527, the imperial army invaded and defiled Rome. Following this desecration of Rome, the Florentines removed the Medici from power and established a second republic. Machiavelli did not return to office, for he was a suspected ally of the Medici. He became very ill and died June 20, 1527. Niccolo Machiavelli is honorably buried at Santa Croce, the church of Florence.

The first several chapters of The Prince explicate the four types of princedoms and the methods in which they are acquired. Chapter I states that all governments are either republics or princedoms. From there, all princedoms are hereditary, mixed, new, or ecclesiastical. Then, Machiavelli goes on to say that hereditary princedoms are easily maintained, granted that the prince not diverge from his ancestors policies. Mixed princedoms arise when hereditary princedoms acquire new territories. These princedoms are not as easily kept, for two reasons. The first is that the people will replace their leader if they feel it would better conditions. Machiavelli gives five defenses for this situation. The first and best is to reside in the new province. Secondly, a prince should set up colonies to serve as connections to the mother country. A prince should then become the chief defender of the less puissant adjacent territories. Then, he should weaken his more powerful neighbors. For no reason, should a prince allow any foreign power to enter the province. The second reason mixed princedoms are hard to maintain is a prince cannot satisfy the anticipations of those who helped him take over, and he does not want to use excessive actions because he requires the backing of the people.

Chapter IV is entitled Why the Kingdom of Darius, Conquered by Alexander, Did Not, On Alexander’s Death, Rebel Against His Successors, the answer to the question lies in the different style in which the state was governed. The Kingdom of Darius was ruled in an autocratic style common to Asia during Alexander the Great’s time unlike the feudal system common to Europe. This autocratic style was present in the Kingdom of Turkey during Machiavelli’s time, where in Turkey the prince is the master of everyone and everything. Everyone is his slave; he transfers his governors around at a whim. This form of government is difficult to conquer because everyone who assists the king is dependent upon him, but is easily maintain after the prince’s family is subjugated. The precise inverse is the feudal system in the Kingdom of France where the nobles are loved by their own people and the king would only depone a noble at his own risk. Conquering a feudal government like this is easily done, when the nobles are turned against the king.

There are three methods to retaining a newly acquired territory. The first and most definite, is to destroy it. The second is for the prince to go and reside there. Thirdly, the prince may elect to allow the territory to live under its own laws. This method is not the surest way, although it keeps the people happy. The only way to be sure is to first, destroy it, and second, reside in it.

Chapter VI – IX clarify the four types of new princedoms, grouped by how they are acquired. When a prince acquires a new princedom by his own arms, the difficulty of maintaining his station depends solely upon his ability. Although good fortune may be involved, fortune is worthless without virtue. Princes who acquire their princedoms by the aid of others and good fortune, do not maintain power easily. The best of example of this is Cesare Borgia, whose father, Alexander VI, aided Cesare in conquering Romagna. However, when his father died and Julius II became pope, Borgia was ruined. Princedoms that are acquired through wickedness bring only disrepute to their princes not honors. Civic princedoms can be attained in two manners, by the support of the people or by the assistance of the nobles. Those princes, who come to power by the assistance of the nobles, are less powerful than those who come to power by the love of the people are. For the nobles think they are equal with the prince, but the people are his loving subjects, ready at his command.

Chapter X introduces military affairs, especially military might as the measure of the strength of the state. Princes need to have strong armies and those who do not need strong defenses and abundant supplies. Machiavelli asserts that military power alone is not adequate, a prince must have the love of his people. For a prince loved by his people and that has strong fortifications can outlast any siege attempt.

Ecclesiastical princedoms are governed by religious ordinances. These religious states often have immense secular power. They are troublesome to take over, but easily maintain thereafter, for they prince derives his power from a higher being in the eyes of his followers. The pope, during Machiavelli’s time, was not only a religious leader, but also an enterprising secular prince. The papacy lost some of its secular power after the reformation in the early 1500’s.

Chapters XII – XIV deal with the types of soldiers, Machiavelli’s distrust towards mercenaries, and the obligations of prince involving the military. The four types of soldiers mentioned by Machiavelli are mercenaries, auxiliary, native, and mixed. Machiavelli considers mercenary and auxiliary troops to be useless and dangerous. He maintains that mercenaries will give way in the moment of trial on the battlefield. Auxiliary troops should not be relied on either, due to the fact they not under the direct rule of the prince. Native troops, whether they are the citizens of a republic or the subjects of a princedom, make the best choice. They fight for national causes not a meager wage or an ally. Mixed troops result from blending mercenary and national troops. Mixed troops are better than mercenaries or auxiliary troops, but native troops are incomparable. Machiavelli blames the foreign domination of Italy on the use of mercenaries that were hired to stop Charles VIII in 1494. War is the great equalizer, it can allow a prince to maintain his princedom, and can raise an average man to a seat of power. A prince should study the history of war, imitate the actions of victors, and examine the reasons for defeat.

Chapter XV begins the section of the book dealing with the qualities of a prince. Princes are people; they have good and bad qualities. Machiavelli points this out, he understands their will never be an ideal person. Machiavelli suggests that princes should strive to show those qualities, which would help him maintain his state, and curtail those qualities that would deprive him of his state.

A prince should not be liberal because it requires heavy taxation of the people to maintain the reputation of being liberal. The people will slowly start to dislike the prince, as he requires more taxes. On the other hand, if a prince is miserly, as his princedom grows, he will require less and less taxation on the people. He will present himself, as increasingly liberal and gain favor with is people.

The quality of mercifulness is not an adverse quality for a prince, but he should be alert as not let anyone abuse his mercy. Cruelty can be used for good, like when Cesare Borgia unified Romagna. Cesare Borgia’s cruelty restored Romagna to peace and order, while on the contrary the Florentine’s mercy allowed Pistoia to be destroyed. Princes in the company of soldier should not avoid the reputation of being cruel, because clement generals often lose control of their armies. When a prince uses cruelty, he should do so in a way that he incites fear, but not hatred.

Machiavelli declares that princes are above the moral code for the good of state. Princes must keep a good exterior; they should appear religious and honorable. They must avoid hatred, for a prince who is hated is destined for ruin. A prince should not take property of his subjects or disrespect their women. Princes should maintain a good strong military and good allies to defend from external foes. To protect against conspiracies, he should gain favor with subjects and avoid hatred and disrepute. Machiavelli exhorts the best method to maintain respect for the nobles and to satisfy the people is to create a parliament.

A prince of a new princedom should never disarm his subjects and if he discovers them disarmed, he should arm them. The only instance, in which a prince should disarm his subjects, is just after he has annexed a newly acquired territory. In this instance, he should disarm only his newer subjects to avoid rebellion. A prince should never build a fortress to protect himself from his own subjects. Rather, he should befriend them and avoid hatred.

Chapter XXII presents techniques for a prince to attain admiration and esteem. The first technique is to have an unfaltering foreign policy; an example is Ferdinand of Aragon who unified Spain under the name of Catholicism. A prince can gain a reputation by domestic policy, exemplified by Messer Bernabò of Milan, whose domestic policies of rewarding and penalizing attained him a far-reaching reputation. Princes should avoid declaring neutrality; they should be either true ally or true foe. However, a prince should never ally himself with a powerful leader, to avoid becoming his prisoner. A prince should be a patron of the arts and sciences, and encourage his subjects who prosper and add to the greatness of his princedom.

Princes should be very discriminating when they select their secretaries. He should select people who are wise and prudent, who will freely speak their mind, and not flatter him. A prince’s counselors should give advice only when asked, and should tell the truth at all times. Once a prince has heard the advice of his counselors, he should make a decision and carry it out. A prince’s secretaries are significant choices because princes are judged by the people surrounding them. This chapter concerning the choice of secretaries concludes the section of The Prince pertaining to the qualities of a prince.

The last several chapters of the book discuss Machiavelli’s views on Italy’s political situation and his reasons for writing the book. In chapter XXIV, Machiavelli examines the reasons the princes of Italy have lost their princedoms. The first reason given, they all lacked native troops. They hired mercenaries and used auxiliary troops. Their faults have already been stated. The second, the princes did not pacify and befriend their people or they did not limit the power and protect themselves from the nobles. Chapter XXV explains how princes can control their fortune by comparing fortune to a woman. Chapter XXVI, the last chapter, is an essay on how a prince should unite Italy and liberate the Italians from foreign rule

The dedication and last chapter of book define Machiavelli’s motivations for The Prince. Machiavelli dedicated the book to Lorenzo di Piero de’ Medici the Magnificent. He did this to gain favor with Medici family and return the public life in Florence. His second motivation lies in the last chapter, where Machiavelli elucidates his hope that a prince will unite Italy, under one sovereign ruler, as Machiavelli observed on his missions to France. Machiavelli believed that redeemer would come from the Medici family and urges the Medici to use the knowledge from his book to redeem and unite Italy.

Niccolò Machiavelli was an intelligent politician who defined the science of politics. His book, The Prince, was the first of its kind. It explores not only the obtaining of power, but also maintaining power, which defines a strong leader from the rest. Machiavelli clearly writes about present human conditions not some ideal utopia. He uses logically arguments, is realistic in his approach, and reveals his deep understanding of the autonomy of politics. Many of his ideas still hold true today, and have proven themselves true in the 20th century.

NFC Detailed Introduction and Operation

NFC: Detailed Introduction and Operation

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Applications of NFC

Near Field Communication provides massive abilities for diverse and wide utilization cases. NFC application is mainly based on prevailing RFID infrastructure which is cheap, fast acceptable and marketability (Coskun, 2013). NFC is applicable in mobile payment and mobile Ticketing. NFC is utilized in mobile payment, which is faster and easier payment at the underlying Point of Sale in places such as the supermarket checkout and ticket vending machine (CARDIS, Grimaud & Standaert, 2008). The POS also offer proper amount of invoiced money, change of need and scrabbled together. NFC capable phone utilized reader device that enforced payment which store personalized discount coupons and bonus cards (Resatsch, 2010). NFC mobile payment also are utilized include Google Wallet that offer card and compromise and record personalized vouchers and corresponding loyalty cards through means of a service known as Google Offers (Zhong, 2013). It also Offer Company owned commodities such as Google Maps and Google Places. NFC mobile payment also utilized ISIS Consortium and SIMpass Technology. Consortium is mainly constructed upon a partnership amidst major players of the US mobile communication market such as AT & T,T-Mobile and corresponding Verizon Wireless. SIMpass Technology offer diverse approaches for the mobile payments that is mainly based on an external NFC antenna that are manually placed amidst the battery and the back case of the prevailing mobile phone that is linked to the special RFID-SIM card (Zhong, 2013). For NFC based P2P Payment both users are normally demanded to possess an account at PayPal and to install the application of the Android NFC phones, Via a Request Money widget on the phone, the payee enters the favorite amount, shunts the phone of the corresponding user and buzz appearance (Resatsch, 2010).

NFC is also utilized in Mobile Ticketing via application of the Oyster Card, DB Touch and Travel, Movie, Concert and Hotel Ticketing (Resatsch, 2010). Oyster Card function with numerous smartcard for the prepaid mobile ticketing since it is equipped with RFID readers that customers utilized at the buses entrance and corresponding departure gates of the subway and train stations (Coskun, 2013). It automatically debits suitable fare from the card depending on the travelling type and duration. DB Touch and Travel is mainly based on the best price principle utilizing check-in and check-out sections at the train stations which the customers know in order to trace their journey (CARDIS, Grimaud & Standaert, 2008). NFC is applicable in the Movie, Concert and Hotel Ticketing that is tag advertisement poster and is redirected to a corresponding website that aids in buying ticket online.

Application of the NFC technology is also used in access control, P2P Data Transfer, Product Information System, Location-based Wikipedia, Indoor Navigation System and Educational Systems.

Security Concerns

NFC normally deals with complex data such as credit card numbers, bank account details, account balances, custom-made tickets and individual data. Therefore, data storage and corresponding wireless transfer security is fundamental for NFC. This is because it offers numerous mechanisms security and immunity (Coskun, 2013). NFC technology offers data transfer amidst dual devices and corresponding tagged object distance amidst the dual items falls below a particular range though certain physical security due to the underlying touch-to-connect principle (Resatsch, 2010). The transmit power of the radio frequency and the obtain sensitivity of the NFC readers that accomplish the ISO specifications that is robust to function to a certain centimeters. Thus, supermarket checkpoint the client requires setting the phone directly above the prevailing reading device. Data skimming that is responsible for capturing and intercepting transferred data by the distant attacker is not possible thereby making its misuse to be possible in the form to relay attacks. Moreover, the attacks are ideally achieved through an attacker serving as the underlying man-in-the-middle that forward transmission data amidst a reader such as the NFC payments and corresponding target transponder (CARDIS, Grimaud & Standaert, 2008). An attacker places their altered NFC phone on the top of the NFC reader at the underlying POS.

Wireless channel communication in regard to the NFC does not ensure secure encrypting mechanisms. Nevertheless, elevated layers of the NFC applications can be utilized industry-standard cryptographic protocols such as SSL/TLS based on the underlying methods that encrypt the prevailing data that are transferred over the air and stored within the secure element (Resatsch, 2010).

3. Challenges

The extent definite standards for the NFC services are currently missing. There is also lack of an ultimate conclusive strategy for the advancement of the NFC services originates within a fundamental conflict amidst numerous involved chief actors encompassing mobile phone manufacturers, network operators, banks and other supplementary service providers (Coskun, 2013). This means that each party normally strive to enforce interest and corresponding needs that play main role within the flow of the application scenario and relation acquisition of massive money (Zhong, 2013).

Moreover, third-party providers such as banks and financial institutions strive to host NFC applications within the neutral space on the handset whilst the network operators that can charge customers for offering services hoisted within secure environment on the prevailing UICC (CARDIS, Grimaud & Standaert, 2008). Conversely, the mobile phone manufacturers have decided kind of the NFC hardware, which is an alternative form of dedicated Secure Elements chips that are executed within the handset (Resatsch, 2010).

Conclusion

Dependability and usability of the NFC applications are likely the most significant elements of the user experience in the day to day utilization of the NFC technology and thus significant component for its accomplishment (Coskun, 2013). In comparison to the underlying alternative technologies, NFC provides massive merits. Fundamental basement of NFC have been established and effectual field trials have been finished (Zhong, 2013). Based on the accomplishment of partnerships and corresponding collaborations amidst the stakeholders the applications with good user knowledge require to be published. Moreover, the experience of the NFC applications has resulted to motivation of the handset manufacturers to be incentivized to the production of the NFC capable smartphones (CARDIS, Grimaud & Standaert, 2008). This makes NFC technology to the probable technology that is capable to play a big role in the people’s future day to day life.

References

Coskun, V. (2013). Professional NFC application development for Android. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.

CARDIS (Conference), Grimaud, G., & Standaert, F.-X. (2008). Smart card research and advanced applications: 8th IFIP WG 8.8/11.2 international conference, CARDIS 2008, London, UK, September 8-11, 2008 ; proceedings. Berlin: SpResatsch, F. (2010). Ubiquitous computing: Developing and evaluating near field communication applications. Wiesbaden: Gabler.

International Conference on Information Engineering and Applications, & Zhong, Z. (2013). Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Engineering and Applications (IEA) 2012: Volume 4. (Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Engineering and Applications (IEA) 2012.) London: Springer

Newspapers analysis in Goliad County

Newspapers analysis in Goliad County

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Newspapers analysis in Goliad County

The county of Goliad has several and many newspapers that contribute to the public’s knowledge about social, economic, political, and religious matters. Most of these newspapers cover the local content, state content, as well as national content. Some of these newspapers include the Goliad advance-guard, Goliad TX, news break Goliad TX and victoria VA advocate. All of these have a reporting mainly of the local news about Goliad County. The different newspapers have different ways of new representation, and they make it possible for the local people to get to know the news about the county. Even though the newspapers are not very many there is still a need for the local people to get more info and information about everything that goes on in their county, state, and the United States of America.

Looking at the newspaper by the name of Goliad advance guard there is a lot of content about local news, ranging from government administration, politics, religion, sports and so many other categories represented in the newspaper. An indication of this is the view of the website when a person opens it. It displays most of the local news, which is impressive as it gives the locals knowledge about their environs, what opportunities are available, and what risks are there that a person should avoid. This is one of the most important things about getting local news and knowing what is happening. When a person opens Goliad’s website, the familiar titles and sub-titles include; Abatement brightens hopes for plant project (Lefler, 2021), Fancy fundraiser eyes education (Lefler, 2021). Others have; Tigers lift weights, each other (Lefler, 2021), and many more topics on news heading. All these stories and news are about Goliad County, and therefore this is an indication that the newspaper is concerned about the residents of the area.

Looking at the letters to the editor, we also realize the real issues that affect the county and how the residents want them to be solved and even why they should be addressed and brought to the public’s knowledge. Some of the editor’s letters include; an eyesore (Zermeno, 2021), Goliad County Outreach community thank you (Kouba, 2020), etc. Zermeno complains of the railroad underpass which he states are dirty and needs to be cleaned. Kouba extends gratitude towards the people who helped the organizations that had partnered together to support the Covid 19 pandemic period. This is a happy moment, and therefore Kouba wishes that the newspaper act bring the whole county together to support each other.

Other newspapers like Goliad TX also address almost similar issues even though differently. When a person opens the newspaper’s website, the first headlines are 2021 elections, news flash which has several subtitles, national weather service, city council meeting information, monthly utility bills information, etc. how this newspaper is organized generally gives information about the county and the administration in particular. It tries to make the residents of the county not miss an important event or activity.

The news break newspaper also has several issues addressed and brought to the viewer’s knowledge and the residents of the county of Goliad. The first page or the cover of the website displays topics like the arresting of three in county burglary exercise, striking weather statement, newsbreak local advertising. On this page, there is also the weather information. The newspaper has many categories of news which include; crime, accident, government, coronavirus, sports, local living, entertainment, business, etc. even though the newspaper is extensive and it has a lot of information to the point of international news it still covers Goliad to a significant extent. This is a great step taken, and it can be said to be very important for newspapers to be like this because this opens up one’s world to new things. This kind of news makes one know what is happening globally and how to deal with it. Even though the letters to the editor of newsbreak are emailed to the editor and not readily available, the concerns addressed in the Goliad advance-guard are almost similar to those addressed here in this newspaper.

Another newspaper is the victoria VA advocate. This begins the front page by describing the county location and population according to the 2010 census. This gives necessary information about the county, and therefore it is essential information to anyone, be it the residents or the visitors to the county. The newspaper also gives vital links for the county residents like Goliad sheriff’s office, appraisal district, chamber of commerce, Goliad history, etc. Some of the top stories reported in this newspaper include; approval of tax abatement with a solar company (Rosenberg, 2021). The new sheriff at Goliad’s willingness to change how laws are upheld in the county for the better, especially on the issue of reinforcement.

Some of the letters to the editor for victoria VA advocate include, Biden’s executive orders not restoring economic stability and not resolving coronavirus pandemic and spread. Another note talks about how vehicles should respect hospital zones and how pro-lifers continue their fight to protect life.

Therefore these newspapers display and bring information to the residents, which are essential to them. The newspapers are an indispensable ingredient in the formation of society, especially in informing the general public.

References

Victoria Advocate, (2021) Accessed on 13/02/2021from https://www.newsbreak.com/texas/goliad.Edna, J., (2021) accessed on 13/02/2021 from https://www.victoriaadvocate.com/opinion/letters_to_editor/.Lefler, T., (2021) accessed on 13/02/2021 from https://www.mysoutex.com/goliad_advance_guard/news/.

Newsletter Billiard Lifestyle

Newsletter – Billiard Lifestyle

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Billiards

For better home recreation industry, billiards plays a significant role and enjoys a wide range of fans worldwide. Billiard is such a useful public resource that enhances social and public image. For improved sporting and more helpful advertising, there is an improved billiard that is designed for this. Billiard has had dynamic impression on the lovers of the game. The table is really innovative and natural making it more user-friendly. The new improved billiard is focused, effective, pleasant and innovative. For good relaxation after a hard day work or weekends, go for billiards. Anyone who loves technology will definitely accept the new improved billiards as the best. Billiard provides pleasure, respect, trust and transparency amongst the participants. The picture below is an extract from Del Webb (2011) and shows how Billiard room looks like.

Billiards are designed in a way that they can fit pool halls, fraternal organizations, senior centers, home table, bars and college student unions where the facility is used on a regular basis. Billiards are also made in such a good way that any player can enjoy be it beginners, intermediates and even the most qualified players. For more information about our billiards you can communicate with our customer care on our telephone number or email at the end of the newsletter.

Quality

Our quality is the best and currently takes the lead in the market. The reputation regarding our products is awesome especially our finishing of the billiards tables. The quality of wood is hardwood which is carefully chosen and combined with high quality rubber cushions that enables meticulous bouncing of the ball. The rubber used on the table takes several years before ageing and the original body justifies the billiards long life warrantee. Any repair is guaranteed from our workshops because no other workshop can make our quality.

We provide all the riches of the range which contributes to harmony and freshness. Our billiards is completely handcrafted made and assembled in our workshops. Overly our billiards proves our innovativeness and is based on the business of sports as well as understanding of the consumer behavior. The billiards is very comfortable when placed in coastal houses, high-status hotels, villa and cottages in the mountainous areas or any other place where they present honor. The makers of this billiards were purely guided by great imagination, attractiveness and honor.

Where to get

Our billiards is sold globally such as in Harrods in London and other huge malls in UK, Dubai, France. The billiards is bought mostly by either individuals or luxurious hotels for their better quality, designs and beauty. Royal families and rich politicians are some of the common customers of our billiards. The billiards plays a major role and has a place in the prestigious places such as royal homes and luxurious hotels. It is also easy to reach us through our websites or social media. The picture below was extracted from American Leisure (2013) and it shows one of the royal houses where our billiards retains its high class nature.

Our billiards is the most high-tech billiards found in the market. We deliver the billiards at the customers’ doorsteps anytime of the day. We also do overseas delivery at the shortest time possible with full pack of accessories.

References

American Leisure. (2013).Retrieved http://www.americanleisure.com/locations/residential_lifestyle_properties

Del Webb. (2011). Billiards Room. Retrieved http://www.delwebborlandoinfo.com/Montecito_Clubhouse/Billiards_Room.htm

News Briefing Quest Assignment

News Briefing Quest Assignment

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News Briefing Quest Assignment

The article selected for the assessment is “Congress has a massive voting rights bill in its grasp. It must pass it, now,” written by Dennis Aftergut. The author focuses on how the elections clause in the Constitution makes it difficult for a considerable number of people in conservative states to vote. This fundamental argument made is that the clause provides Congress with the power to override the measures in federal elections. Conversely, he provides information on how the Freedom to Vote Act could change voting in the U.S. For instance, the adoption of the bill would allow former convicts to vote, provide 15 days of early voting to voters, avail absentee voting universally, and assist in leveling the campaign financing arena. All the other freedoms of individuals living in the U.S. are protected by the right to vote. In this regard, electing responsible individuals into office ensures that the officials pass bills that protect all the other freedoms enjoyed by Americans.

Traditionally, for voters to be qualified to participate in elections, states determined the qualification instead of the Federal Government. However, the 15th Amendment gave Congress the authority to guarantee people’s right to vote regardless of their racial backgrounds (Blackmun, 1985). The article covers some of the elements included in the Freedom to Vote Act, consequently comparing the provisions of the bill with the 1965 Voting Rights Act that provided the federal government with different rules that would be followed for registering to vote. The passing of the Freedom to Vote Act would be a step towards fixing enforcement at Federal Election Commission. The enforcement process would be vital to ensuring that the work of the commission would be inclusive of investigating potential violators of the law devoid of being thwarted by partisanship. By description, the federalism doctrine does not explain the regulatory dynamics existing between the states and Congress regarding the federal election Clause. The article provides this distinction substantively.

In my opinion, Congress should pass the Freedom to Vote Act essentially to promote election security. In this regard, the bill could prevent the subversion of the American electoral process. The Act represents a significant step towards the push for enacting legislation that would improve the democracy of the country, including the promotion of racial justice and equity. If passed, the Act would prevent the assault the voting rights of individuals in some states. In addition to the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act, it would be presumed that the Freedom to Vote Act could be the regarded as the most comprehensive law to be enacted in the country in decades. Considering the ongoing redistricting of Congress, including the 2022 midterm campaigns that are set to begin early in the year, Congress should pass the bill urgently. The act will provide individuals in the country with a baseline national standard for individuals to access voting and expand the opportunities for individuals to vote.

References

Aftergut, D. (2021). Congress has a massive voting rights bill in its grasp. It must pass it, now. Retrieved 23 September 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/sep/22/congress-must-pass-voting-rights-bill

Blackmun, H. A. (1985). Section 1983 and federal protection of individual rights-will the statute remain alive or fade away. NYUL Rev., 60, 1.

News Articles Analysis 1

News Articles Analysis 1

Article 1

This article is about several trends in the supply chain in the year 2012.Throughout 2012 there were evolutions in the supply chain technology due to companies’ realization that a supply chain that is highly visible is necessary for success in the business climate today. Generally, IT trends like big data; cloud and mobile have greatly impacted the supply chain industry. Apart from these IT trends there are specific trends which were in the forefront in 2012.All these trends are related to various aspects of the supply chain.

These trends are; improvement of the levels of customer service over cutting costs. Supply chain costs are continuously going down since recession started four years ago. The focus of companies is the improvement of the service levels of supply chain and at the same time reducing the costs. Execution is also been seen to be moving ahead of the planning of demand and supply. Planning for demand and supply has been the ultimate focus since o=it is a crucial part of success in supply chain. Contingency planning has also resurged, supply chains are becoming leaner (Riley, 2012).Reduction in the level of inventory require organizations to be able to react quickly incase of occurrence of abnormal events such as stock outs. Companies focus on the development of contingency plans, their execution and checking if the plans are effective.

There should also be partner communication from end to end as well as collaboration in execution. This means that there should be collaboration among all partners in supply chain from retailers to those who provide raw materials. Supply chain partners now are acting together on the basis of transparency. Finally big data has become mandatory, there has been combining of data from supply chain partners and transforming the data and using the data for reacting and execution. This data is often a lot and requires big data solutions alongside complex solutions for processing to digest the data.

This article is very informative as it clearly shows the trends in supply chains in 2012.the trends show that the supply chain management is moving towards service improvement in all possible ways available.

Article 2

This article talks of the importance of visual identification technologies in supply chains as a mean of revolutionizing logistics operations. There has been a lot of progress made in visual identification technologies which have potential of big implications for the logistic systems in supply chain. The idea behind the increase of cameras as well as other software in identification is similar to the bar code system that has been in use. Product identification under the VIT system is based on the image characteristics of the product or specific markings made. The photo or video analytics are now being used in the supply chains. An example is given of a displayed robotic system in the National Retail Federation show which helps in managing planogram compliance in retail shops. The camera robot equipment moves around the shelves capturing correct planogram, and the correct set up of the shelves in the store .The robot then re-travels back through the aisles at a frequency that is determined by the merchants (Supply Chain Digest ,2013).

This is very important in the supply chain as it helps in the management of logistics in the supply chain. This is achieved due to the high speeds realized with the application of the visual identification technologies. Their speeds are much higher as compared to the traditional scanners. They also reduce the problem of no reads which were common with the traditional scanners. This will ensure that the supply chain is in full control of its logistics. In the long run most supply chains will eventually replace the bar code system as it will be so effective and hence desired by virtually all supply chains.

The article is very important since it brings out a new technology that is being slowly adopted into the supply chains. This is important as it related to management of logistics in supply chain. Therefore, adoption of this system will make supply chains effective in their operations particularly in their logistics.

Article 3

This article is on IT investments that are being undertaken by most supply chains. Most companies are now rethinking of IT investments in their companies. The supply chain industry has been through a period of reduction and downsizing when it comes to IT. This articles calls for the executives to rethink the investment strategies their companies are using. This is particularly because of the dominance in cloud computing, the web and social media. The companies should think of investing in supply chain software. The main goal of supply chain software is enabling supply companies and their partners to detect as well as respond as quickly to any changes. These changes can be on product characteristics, demand for particular products and, supply of raw materials for the products. After detecting the changes they are responded to ensure that the products always meet the needs of the consumers at costs that are optimal.

There are basic components of the supply chain management software and they are; demand management also known as forecasting gives an insight of future demands. Product life cycle management keeps a track record of products from the idea of its creation to R&D and finally production (Handfield, 2011).Product planning managers the ability of a production company in terms of their inventory and product demand. Supply chain event management ensures that ca control is crated for the execution of critical parts of the supply chain process. Supply relationship management ensures that there is management of information flow between suppliers and manufacturers .Warehousing ensures that there is tracking of the movement of inventories into production and out of production as well as between distribution centers. Therefore, every supply chain organization should ensure that they invest in IT as this will enable them be consistent when it comes to semantics that are around the supply chain management.

This article is very important as it shows clearly the importance of IT investment in supply chain business. The integration of IT in supply chain ensures that the risks within a supply chain are management as there is early detection of any problem which can be a potential risk factor.

Article 4

The article is about leading change when it comes to supply chain management. It talks about General Motors as a leading supply chain manager all over the world. Companies on a mission of the implementation of supply chain management which is integrated are aware of the challenges that come with it. Among the greatest challenges is changing the organization structure that will ensure that there is redesigning of the supply chain. It is often a difficult task to try and recondition people into accepting the change especially in organizations where there have been particular mindsets for a very long time. When looking out for the appropriate change to be made in supply change management one needs to look at top ten supply chain organizations in the world. Examples of such organizations are General Motors which has had a radical culture change that had a great impact on their supply chain (Hadfield, 2004).

GM has always been exemplary to other organizations when it comes to their archaic management structure, suppliers and dealer relationships that are arms-length and processes which are dysfunctional.GM is committed to focusing on agility in their supply chain. Over the last five years there have been changes undergone by GM in its global management structure. Most companies are applying e-business as a strategy to make improvements in their supply chains.GM has gone ahead to create a strategy that will ensure it supports the organizations intentions of applying internet technologies in their supply chain. The strategy used by GM involves the use of the web in buying, building and designing new vehicles that are innovative. They also already have a global supply chain structure in place to ensure the realization of the new strategy. Therefore any company that intends to make changes in their supply chain management should ensure that they use the appropriate tools that will help them realize effective changes.

This article is very appealing as it gives information on the success of a very big supply company GM. It shows the changes that the company employed to ensure that they are among leaders in supply chain management. It will help other small companies adopt some strategies that will steer them forward in the supply chain management.

Article 5

This article is about Wal-Marts plan of making the organization a green supply chain. The large retailer announced that it would ct down on close to 20 metric tons of the green house gases that the supply chain releases by 2015.This goal is to be achieved through the focus on popular products like meat, clothing, milk and bread .This will be done through urging their suppliers to think through their process of sourcing, manufacturing, packaging, and eventually transporting these goods. Wal-Mart is asking its suppliers to ensure that they carry out an examination of the carbon life cycle of the products that the supply from the raw materials that are being used to the actual process of manufacturing until the recycling phase ( Rosenbloom, 2010).Sustainability suppliers in Wal-Mart should ensure that they work with these suppliers in helping them to figure out the exact measures they should apply. They should ensure that the costs they used in production process should be energy efficient. An example could include redesigning of the packages being used or the use of different fertilizers .This will be a responsibility of the suppliers but not Wal-Mart.the only role that Wal-Mart will play is ensuring that the suppliers ensure their production processes are green in all possible ways.

This initiative is not only good for the environment it is also god for Wal-Mart as an organization. If costs are driven from the supply chain then Wal-Mart will make some savings which can be passed to the customers. This will ensure that the organization keeps their reputation of offering low process. Participation for suppliers in reduction of green house gases will not be forced .However; Wal-Mart clearly states that it will only be involved with suppliers who are working towards the efforts of reduction of greenhouse gases.

This article is very important as it shows that the supply industry has not been left behind when it comes to provision of safe products. The world is going towards green products this means that the supply chain industry has not been left behind in these initiatives of making the world a greener and hence safe place.

Reference

Hadfield, R. (2004). Leading Change in Supply Chain Management. Retrieved April 19, 2013 from http://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/leading-change-in-supply-chain-managementHandfield, R. (2011). The Supply Chain IT Investment Enigma: Companies are Rethinking IT Investments. Retrieved April 19, 2013 from http://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/the-supply-chain-it-investment-enigma-companies-are-rethinking-it-investmenRiley, S. (2012). Five Supply Chain Trends That Shaped 2012.Retrieved April 19, 2013 from http://www.scmr.com/article/five_supply_chain_trends_that_shaped_2012/ Rosenbloom, S. (2010).The New York Times. Wal-Mart Unveils Plan to Make Supply Chain Greener. Retrieved April 19, 2013 from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/26/business/energy-environment/26walmart.html?_r=0Supply Chain Digest. (2013). Supply Chain News: Could Visual Identification Technologies Revolutionize Logistics Operations? Retrieved April 19, 2013 from http://www.scdigest.com/ONTARGET/13-04-09-2.PHP?cid=6918&ctype=content