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Submit a 1,000 – 1,250 word paper that identifies and examines various legal

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Submit a 1,000 – 1,250 word paper that identifies and examines various legal, ethical, and managerial elements as they apply to employee monitoring.

Employee monitoring refers to any method of tracking the activity of employees at work. Keeping a constant watch on the work of employees while he is at work is known as employee monitoring

In today’s scenario employees monitoring has become much easier due to the use of new technologies. From the view point of employers, use of monitoring devices to track the work of employees increases the efficiency and productivity of employees but at the same time employees feel that continuous monitoring reduces the efficiency and loses the privacy.

However there are certain ethical, legal and managerial implications of employee monitoring which are discussed as follows:-

There are many legal issues involved in employee monitoring. The electronic Communications Privacy Act 1986 does not allow interception of various electronic communications unless certain conditions have been met. The exemption under the act is provided to service organizations. In many countries like Canada it is illegal to perform employee monitoring unless it is proved that monitoring is necessary and no other alternative is available. Wiretap Act which has been amended to include electronic and computer communication prohibits the intentional interception of any information. There are two exceptions provided under the wiretap act which are: a) when party has agreed to perform the interception b) when the interception is related to legitimate business reasons. The exemption under the act is provided to service organizations. In many countries like Canada it is illegal to perform employee monitoring unless it is proved that monitoring is necessary and no other alternative is available. However there are certain legal uses of employee’s information obtained during employee monitoring. In other words some of the uses of employee information which are considered to be legal are discussed as follows:-

Extracting needed information related to business.

Check against the offensive mails

Check on installation of illegal software

Investigation regarding complaints filed for harassment

Employee monitoring has emerged as a necessity and employers are more concerned with the proper behavior of employees during working hours. Some employees are not satisfied with the process of employees monitoring because they feel that too much monitoring destroy the privacy. It is not necessary that employees will always use the internet facilities of employer for business work because they are sometimes anxious to know about the performance of their stock and sometimes about the safety of their family if any unwanted event occurs. Need is felt to explore the ethical issues because employers feel that excess use of internet for private purposes may distract the mind of the employees during work and will increase the cost to the company. Ethics are principles which direct the people towards right act. Ethics involve value and morals. Values are worthy act and morals refer to character and behavior which is acceptable in the society as a whole. Due to emergence of new and advance technology employee monitoring is considered to be an ethical issue. As employee monitoring is emerging as an ethical issue there is a need to establish ethical standards for a company and the ethical application of those standards along with ethical treatment of shareholders.

 

Ethics and morals are disappearing day by day with the advancement of technologies although the new technology is making the lives of people easier. With the increased use of internet computers email and voice mails, people do not adopt face to face interactions. In the coming years people have to deal with ethical issues due to the wide use of internet and web technology.

These activities are performed during periods of time when they are being paid by their employer. The individual is called a cyber loaf.

Cyber Loafing is the act of employees using their company’s internet access for personal purposes during work hours.

Causes of cyber loafing includes:-

Diversion of responsibility

Efficiency is reduced because contribution cannot be measured.

The relationship between an individual’s input and the group’s output is clouded.

 

Lim, 2002 concluded after cons of internet that leaders and managers should understand the effect of cyber loafing to work for the company against the company.

Another Ethical issue involved is the loss of privacy at work. But the fact is that reading private emails and messages without the permission of employers are against the ethics of the company. From the point of view of employer the private use of company’s assets may be prevented if a check and continuous monitoring is placed on employers. Legislation has taken steps to solve such ethical issues. One such step is introduction of Capital One Ethical Policy which states that company has right to access emails or read delete and receive any communication.

Certain Managerial implications are also involved in the case. To fully understand the managerial implications, need and reasons of employee monitoring should be considered. Managers should try to develop code of conduct. Code of Ethics should be taken as priority by all the companies.

To develop positive employee relations following five strategies should be considered:-

Educate the employees about the ownership of the property that computer system and services are property of the employer

Company reserves the right to monitor employees emails and internet information

Reasons related to business for monitoring should be clearly understood

Penalty clause should be inserted in the policy and penal provisions in case of policy violations should be imposed.

Positive reasons for monitoring should be explained in a legitimate manner so that they are acceptable to employees

Policy should prohibit personal use in a reasonable manner because it is impossible and impracticable to establish a stringent policy

Legal implications with regard to obtaining consent of employees before monitoring private telephone calls, messages should be discussed.

On the basis of code of ethics focus should be placed on following 10 areas:-

Dignity

Privacy

Confidentiality

Informed choice

Access to services

Social needs

Freedom of association

Lodge a complaint • Internal • External • Advocacy

Express ideas and opinions

An agree standard of care

Although there are certain legal ethical and managerial issues involved in employees monitoring which are discussed above, proper understanding about it will help to resolve such issues.

Reference

http://www.huizenga.nova.edu/Jame/articles/employee-monitoring.cfmhttp://books.google.co.in/books?Legal,+ethical,+and+managerial+elements

Trumps trade war

Trumps trade war

A trade war is a situation where nations try to destroy each other’s trade by obtruding tariffs or allocations on imports. It happens when a country goes against another by raising import duties or placing restrictions on another country’s imports. This is done to protect domestic industries and the creation of jobs.

President Donald Trump in his efforts to create more jobs has started a trade war. His strategy of decreasing the U.S trade deficit which stands at $621 billion has led him to impose tariffs on imports which has caused multiple battles with several countries particularly China.

The first battle involving Solar Panel and Washing Machine. After President Trump approves defense tariffs on imports of solar panels and on washing machines it caused a stir. China and South Korea reacted against this. The second battle on steel and aluminum included tariffs affecting mostly Canada, EU, Mexico, South Korea, and China, which was later lifted on a few countries due to retaliatory tariffs of other countries. Trade war with the EU being the third battle, EU responses to US tariffs by threatening 25% tax on US imports which has caused a tussle between the two nations for a long time. The battle on tariffs on Mexico happened after Trump threatened to impose 5% tariffs on all US imports from Mexico to cater to “the emergency at the southern border, “which was later lifted after discussions in the reduction of illegal migrations. The battle between the US and China which began when the US put a 25% tax on Chinese exports which led to the nations imposing debts on each other till an agreement is reached.

The trade war has had vast effects;Companies have made loses due to the increase in taxes, the employment rates have dropped due to increasing input costs, housing rates have increased to about $1,245 a year for the average American, a crucial indicator of manufacturing freight rail traffic has slowed down drastically.

A trade war can have a few positive effects on a nation’s trade but not long term. In the long run, it can have immense effects on economic growth. The US is in war with Mexico, China, Canada, and the EU affecting America since the countries will sign trade agreements with other countries. Trades should be equally beneficial to involved parties to avoid conflicts and in-depth problems caused by trade wars.

Source #7

Social media Source #7

Social media is a tool that has been in the contemporary society used to improve communication. It is as well been attributed to the enhancing cohesion as people of different cultures, races, backgrounds and countries are brought together. Such as the campaigning against discrimination with promotion and development of movements such as black lives matter. Pg. 106.

Social media impact on millennials Source #2

The article by argues against the general perspective of people who view millennials negatively due to their behaviors that allows on their phone. Being a generation that grew with technology advancement, social media has been revolutionized such that ads can be sold as well as the millennials can gain knowledge. She emphasizes on the revolution of E-commerce by the millennials as well as the transparency ideas in elections whose results are streamed. N. pg Cyberbullying source #6

The article elaborates the aspect of bullying in the digital age. People on social media are being attacked on their age, appearance, race or even class. Many youth and teens often have negative things to say about their fellow peers which often leads to depression. Many kids often commit suicide as a result of depression they suffer from the trolls of cyberbullying. N. page

Cyberbullying source #3

In the journal of adolescent health, Gamez shows the relationship between cyberbullying, depression and substance abuse. He clearly states that the days when fists were used as a form of bullying are somehow Gone as cyberbullying takes its place. People are often trolled with characteristics that are well known to be negative and the likelihood of others adopting the troll is high. The journal shows that people are likely to be depressed and involved in the abuse of substances if cyberbullying is prolonged.

Pg. 446

Behavioral addictions Source #1

The journal of behavioral addictions helps in showing how the smartphones relate to depression, anxiety and the quality of sleep. In many circumstances, the smartphone devices are the disruption of the sleeping patterns among the youths. They often result in sleeping and eating disorders that create depression in the aftermath of pg. 85

Depressive symptoms Source #10

A research carried out focusing on children suffering from depression on what changed and what is commonly pointed to immediate use of smartphones. the increased depressive symptoms are high among the youths due to the use of the screen and social media. Pg. 5-17

Cyberpsychology Source #11

The article of cyberpsychology shows that the increased viewing of the screen and social media increases depression rates among the young adults and youths as they tend to compare their lives with those who are constantly posting. As much as social media has been a great part of technology that link people together it as well is the leading cause of depression pg. 584

Smart innovation Source # 5

The article celebrity studies articulate the rise of social networking sites and social media influencers. Different advancements have been seen to transform day to day activities of businesses as the society tends to rely upon the internet for their day to day schedules. They impact different fields with increased accuracy and efficiency that makes them reliable. Business as well as use online person to person communication to improve annual affiliation ideas. Pg. 200

Social relationships Source #9

In the New York times article talk to each other, Turkle deftly elaborates that advancements of technology are often misunderstood by the notion that they are the fuel in the destruction of social relationships. However, it all depends on the nature of the involved party as some people with or without the use of mobiles would be boring and anti-social. Hence people should acknowledge and embrace the role technology plays in brings people together rather than blame technology for failed social relationships N. page

Social media impressions Source #4

The young people gradually get in touch with social media developing different forms of impressions. Most of these impressions are amazing as they make things a little bit easier for them, however, the awful impressions often have an antagonistic impact on people. For example, false information often leads to dissatisfaction, wrong business affiliation influences productivity. As much as the web life is beneficial people often should not be over-reliant as the media should be used in the obligatory matter. Pg. 78

River Yangtze is the third longest river in the world, and longest in china. It is 6,300 kilometers long

YANGTZE RIVER

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Introduction

River Yangtze is the third longest river in the world, and longest in china. It is 6,300 kilometers long. Its source is on the western side of Geladandong Mountain, the main peak of the Tangula Mountains on the flat land of Geladandong southwest of china. The most attractive part of the river is the gorges. This include the Qutang, Xling, Wuxia gorges also known as the Sanxia.

Qutang Gorge

The gorge is eight kilometers long; it starts from Baidicheng in the county of Fengjie to Daxizhen in the county of Wushan. It is the shortest of the three gorges, and the most magnificent. Immediately the raging river gets into the gorge it comes together with the daunting Kuimen Gate. The Rocky Mountains stand straight on both sides of the river, narrowing the river to 100 to 200metres, with the narrowest section measuring a few meters in breadth as it gets to the gorge. The raging waters flowing into the gorge makes the most glorious scenes. There are numerous, attractive sites in the gorge. On top of the hill on the northern bank lies Baidicheng town. On the southern banks is the legendary Meng Liang’s Ladder.

Wuxia Gorge  

The gorge is approximately 45 kilometers long. It begins in Danning River in the county of Wushan to Guandukou situated the county of Badong, Hubei province. The deep and peaceful scenes make the gorge a main attraction. The most beautiful is the twelve peaks found on both sides of the river banks. There are numerous historical sites too. Zigui town receives many tourists as it is the homeland of the beautiful Wang Zhaojun and the famous poet Qu Yuan. On the western entrance, of the gorge is flanked by unusual peaks such as the Dicui, Bawu, and Longmen with some going up into the clouds presenting an extraordinary sight.

 Xling Gorge

It is the longest of the three gorges. It starts from the west all through to the east and is approximately 76 kilometers long. It starts from the Xiangxi River in Zigui, in the province of Hubei to Nanjing. The gorge is split in two sections; the western section is consists up of the military Book, Sword Gorge, Lung gorge, Kong ling gorge, and Bulls Liver gorge. The east section consists of the Shadow Play gorge, and the yellow Cat Gorge also called the Yinchuan in the Hubei Province. There are various ancient sites on the gorge which includes the Huangling Temple, Luyou Fountain, and the Visitors cave.

Pollution

In the recent past, the Yangtze River has been under threat due to pollution. It absorbs 40 percent of china’s waste water with 80 percent being untreated. The major culprits of polluting the river are industries, agricultural pollution, and waste from ships. It was found that most industries dumped untreated waste into the river. Chemicals being used by farmers are being washed into the river. Shipping vessels also dump untreated waste in the river. Some local people are also ignoring the damage to the river, most of them are still continuing with activities causing pollution like ship building, chemical making, and other harmful activities.

Conclusion

People living along the river should take the initiative of protecting the river themselves as it is their source of water. Local governments should take the necessary steps to deal with the people who are polluting the river, and put in place tough measures to discourage other people from polluting the river. The community living along the river should be educated on the importance of keeping the river clean.

Aloian, Molly. The Yangtze: China’s majestic river. New York: Crabtree Pub., 2010.

The Carnival is arguably the largest party on the planet, and Brazil is the proud host country

Introduction.The Carnival is arguably the largest party on the planet, and Brazil is the proud host country. For most of the local youth as well as tourists visiting the country, it is a period of celebrations and fun. The samba being the feast’s trademark dance is quickly learned, and preparations are made for four days of feasting, dancing and making merry. However, the festival has a religious connotation. Carnival is a period just before Lent, during which meat is eaten in preparation for the fast. After the commencement of Lent, meat is not consumed in this traditional Catholic country. During Carnival, many Samba troupes – called ‘blocos’ – compete before a jury for the prestigious title of best dance group. Use of evocative costumes and floats is common in establishing and advancing each bloco’s theme. Most of Brazil closes up during this festival that attracts tourists from many parts of the world in their hundreds of thousands, even millions, come to witness, participate, and enjoy what many accept to be the largest festival in the world. Brazilians out of their country, either as emigrants, students or tourists on work or business, have been instrumental in introducing Carnival to the countries they reside in. The United States provides a good example of such a country. This paper seeks to look into Brazil’s tourism industry from a festival, and parade perspective. Carnival provides the best option to do this.

Brazil at a glance.As the 5th largest country in the world, and the second largest on the American continent, Brazil enjoys a wide geographical region. It is divided into four main regions, namely; the Paraguay basin, Amazon basin, two depressions and a long coastline. Large parts of the country are unpopulated, especially the Amazon basin, and large populations reside in the urban regions – especially large cities, as reported by Greenberg (1993).

Brazil has an estimated population of 171 million people, divided into several ethnicities. 55% are of European descent, 38% are mullato, and 6 % are African. This translates to origins of Brazilians being; Portuguese, Spanish, Germans, Japanese, Amerindians, and Africans. Portuguese language is the official language, but Spanish, English, and French are used locally.

Brazil is one of the fastest growing countries in the world from an economic perspective. Being the largest producer of oranges and coffee, the country also performs splendidly in terms of soybeans, rice, sugar cane, corn and animal products. However, agriculture accounts for less than a tenth of its GDP, with the manufacturing industry contributing 33%, and service industry more than 55%. Chemicals, textiles, metal ore and shoes products from most of the industrial products.

Brazil’s tourism pull-factors.

Brazil’s tourism industry is a vibrant affair, as millions visit the country every year bringing in billions of dollars in revenue. Some factors have been identified that are integral in promoting this industry. Soccer is perhaps the most famous, since one cannot mention Brazil without thinking of soccer. Being the only country to have won the world cup four times, Brazil is touted as one of – if not – the best team in the world. Pele, one of the best football players in history is Brazilian, as are Kaka, Roberto Carlos, Ronaldinho, and Ronaldo. These, and the Maracan – the largest football stadium in the world – make Brazil a tourist attraction that sees millions travel to the country each year.

According to Selby (1998), the Amazon is the largest natural rainforest in the world. This vast belt of flora and fauna is large and diverse, attracting an equally vast array of tourists ranging from adventure- driven individuals, to scientists and explorers. It is estimated that more than 15 thousand individual species of animals and plants are yet to be identified, as well as a few human tribes, and scientific phenomena. The Amazon –longest river in the world – also flows through Brazil’s Amazon’s part of the Amazonia, bringing in throngs of adrenaline driven, nature-conscious, and conservation-driven tourists. Many more come to just awe at the sight of the world’s largest natural park.

The Carnival is characterized by numerous parades and festival throughout the country, but the ones at its capital city are the largest and most glamorous. The Guinness Book of World Records reports that as the largest festival, as attendance exceeds a million people. In 2013, the attendance in Rio de Janiero alone was estimated at 1.3 million according to the Tourism Company of the Municipality of Rio. In addition, an interesting aspect to this fact is that a third of the attendees were foreign tourists.

The entire country’s revenue from this year’s festival is reported to be more than US $ 2.9billion. This is from the 6.2 million people who attended the entire country’s parades and festivals. Such figures portray the event’s importance as an important contributor to the country’s domestic and foreign tourism industry.

History of the Brazilian Carnival.Immigrants from the Portuguese islands of Acores, Madeiras, and Cabo Verde are the earliest reported sources of the culture that precipitated Carnival. In 1723, they introduced ‘Entrudo’, a parade that involved throwing lime and water on the streets. Historical accounts present a case of a lady arrested in 1855 after throwing lime at Don Pedro’s escorts. That is stated as the first arrest of an unlawful attendee of the Carnival. Jose Nogueira de Azevedo also contributed to the inception of the Carnival through his street parades. He would march in the streets, tambourines, drums and pans in hand as he welcomed everyone to the fun.

In contrast to the informal setup if earlier Carnival parades, the Great Societies was a more organized parade that involved a number of aristocrats in masks, luxury costumes, and flowers. In the presence of the Emperor, these eighty individuals danced and three groups stood out as the best. These are; ‘Fenanios’, ‘Democraticos’ and ‘Tenentes do Diabo’, and were considered the origin of blocos. A couple of decades later, in the 1870’s, concepts such as poverty, aristocracy, witchcraft and religion, were introduces into the now popular festival. Masks formed using papier-mache, and portraying all the themes were worn

Local investors identified the potential of such festivals and parades, and started sponsoring the events. A brewery in Hanseatica sponsored the works of the Bahia group in popularizing the Carnival’s festivals. Based on the popular culture of drinking during the same, such investment paid off for their donors, and played an integral role in familiarizing the parades to other parts of the country and world. Beatie (2004), points out how the 1940’s and 1950’s, Samba became the trademark dance of the Carnival. Later, Samba schools were set up, and competition encouraged leading to the modern Carnival.

Factors influencing the Carnival and tourism in Brazil.

Carnival’s largest parade, the Rio de Janiero one, is a major tourist attraction as stated by the country’s tourism governing body. Some factors have been identified as important contributors to this great festival, and are also directly responsible for Brazil’s tourism growth.

The transport infrastructure in Brazil is quite advanced and supportive tot tourism. Its national airline, Varig, has direct flights to all major cities in America, Asia and Europe. This makes coming to either Rio de Janiero, or Sao Paulo very easy. Brazil being the fifth largest country in the world, makes travelling on the land an arduous affair. Thus, internal flights are also a common means of travelling. This demand has led to the emergence of a booming regional jet manufacturing industry in the form of the Embraer Company. Most roads are surfaced and the existence of good coach service complemented by a good railway system make it easy to move around Brazil. All these facilities are important in moving the millions that visit Brazil especially during the Carnival.

Accommodating more than 6 million tourists for less than a week for the Carnival is a tricky affair. The range of services available for tourists ranges from bed and breakfasts installations, to five and seven star luxury facilities. Many of the international heavy weights in terms of hospitality are present in Sao Paulo, as well as Rio de Janiero, making attending the Carnival easier.

Brazilian cuisine plays an important role in attracting and retaining tourists. During the period preceding Lent, which is when Carnival takes place, meat dishes are commonly consumed in anticipation for the fast and abstinence from meat foods, according to Karoff (1989). Feijoada is a dish that presents a wide variety of meats with beans and other accompaniments.

Sea food is also common during the parades, with fish in tangerine sauce as the favorite. These coupled with other common dishes, such as fruit cake and spicy sauces complement the general atmosphere that engulfs millions during this period of festivity. Numerous cocktails, liquors and beers are consumed alongside the dishes. Rum, Wines and other alcoholic beverages are the mainstay.

Political stability supports development, which in turn provides conducive environments for social activity, including tourism. Brazil gained independence in 1822, after which the country underwent a long period of military regimes and oppressive dictatorships. In the middle of this century, the country changed regimes and started fair democratic processes, which are supported the current social, economic and technological development. Tourists coming for the Carnival or any other activity are convinced that their safety is guaranteed on seeing the currently stable, political scenario.

Problems associated with Carnival and tourism in Brazil general.

Over 6million tourists visited Rio de Janiero alone this year for the Carnival festival, precipitating an already bad overpopulation problem. Rio is a city already overflowing and suffering under the burden of sustaining more inhabitants than its infrastructure and resources were designed for. The Carnival pits these happy revelers against disgruntled locals in celebrations that make managing such large crowds virtually impossible.

A large gathering such Carnival bringing together high spirited, young and old people presents the best scenario for law breakers to carry out all sorts of evils. Anything from urinating in the streets, to pilferage, muggings and even stabbings have been reported as the party and festivities carry on. Military police officers have to be deployed to assist normal policing instruments, and even these fail in trying to curb the wave of crime that hits Brazil each time the Carnival takes place. Most of the lawbreakers are charged with indecent behavior, automotive infractions and dumping, but these are simple crimes compared to rape, abduction, murder and sexual slavery cases that get reported each year, dampening the spirit of potential tourists.

Social-economic problems brought to light during the Carnival include; homosexuality, indecency, drug use and abuse, racism and difference in social class. Albuquerque (2004), reports that homosexuals and transsexual individuals openly display themselves thus portraying Brazil – a traditionally Catholic country – as a supporter of the same. Drugs are peddled and used during the parades leading to increased crime. Racism, a common problem in multiethnic Brazil, comes to the limelight as the minority Black and mullato individuals are shunned by whites. Poverty is also demonstrated by the numerous street families residing in the alleys as the affluent foreign and domestic tourists enjoy themselves, oblivious of the suffering around them.

Pollution levels from the festivity and parade activities are another problem, as tones of garbage are produced on a daily basis. Those attending Carnival on the street level consume hundreds of thousands of liters of juices, beer and water. These are packaged in plastic containers that are most often dumped irresponsibly. Estimates put daily waste at more than 700 tones of such according to Rossi (2013), a concern for the country in times when global efforts to conserve and recycle are in high gear. In addition to these, urination and defecation present another major problem since amenities cannot cater for the sudden influx of millions in a city already struggling to handle its domestic waste. Numerous cars are used during the Carnival adding a large portion to Rio’s already large carbon footprint.

The current global economic hardships present another problem that faces the Carnival. The Rio City government has had to dig into its pockets for some years now since tourists numbers have been on a steady decline, rendering the city unable to meet the costs of the large Carnival. Large Brazilian companies are also pulling out of the Carnival as stated by Nlemar (2013), leaving the city government with the large burden of handling the large deficits involved.

Conclusion.Carnival continues to be an integral part of Brazil’s tourism industry, supplying the large Latin American nation with millions of eager tourists annually. As a festival that has been present for more than a century, Carnival has undergone numerous changes from its early years as an informal dance in the remote parts of colonial Brazil, to the current phenomena. Brazil’s economical welfare depends on tourism among other industries as has been demonstrated.

However, these important festivities come at a dear price. Carnival has been associated with sexual slavery, as abducted foreigners are forced into this heinous industry affecting the image of the country. Rape and murder are more crimes that occur during the 4 days that Brazil closes its normal operations, as well as the normal vices associated with such gatherings; muggings, robbery, stampedes, dumping, indecency and looting. Pollution, overpopulation, and congestion present more problems for the local authorities.

Reference list.Greenberg, A. (1993). Brazil On Your Own. Lincolnwood, Chicago: NTC Publishing Group

Hofstede, G. (1997). Cultures and Organizations, Software of the Mind. Untied States of America: McGraw-Hill

Karoff, B. (1989). South American Cooking, Foods & Feasts form the New World. Berkeley, California: Aris Books

Selby, N. (1998). Lonely Planet, Brazil. Hawthorn, Australia: Lonely Planet Publications

Internet

“Carnival Time in Brazil: Busiest Tourist Season.” The Epoch Times 1.1 (2013): 1. http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/s/business/. Web. 2 Nov. 2013.

B, Nlemar. “whenthenextdaycomes.” whenthenextdaycomes. Version 1. wordpress.com, 1 Jan. 2013. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. <http://whenthenextdaycomes.wordpress.com/2013/01/01/case-study-the-carnival-in-rio-de-janiero/>.

Beattie, Peter. The Human Tradition in Modern Brazil Issue 7 of Human tradition around the world. Sao Paulo: Rowman & Littlefield, 0. Print.

Albuquerque, Severino. Tentative Transgressions: Homosexuality, AIDS, and the Theater in Brazil. Pittsburg: Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004. Print.

Terry v. Ohio

Terry v. Ohio

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Terry v Ohio

Terry v. Ohio was a landmark decision made in the Supreme Court of the United States whereby the court ruled that it is not a defiance of the Fourth Amendment, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures for public members who the police officers stop for cross-examining and pat-down probe. The dominant themes of this case are searches and seizures, “Terry stop-and-frisk,” the exclusionary rule, the right to privacy included in the Fourth Amendment, and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (as the foundation for the exclusionary rule). The case resulted from the action of a police detective known as Martin McFadden from Cleveland searching for an armed robbery. On the afternoon of October 31, 1963, McFadden showed a pat-down search on three men he presumed to have had plans to defraud a particular store. John Terry and Richard Chilton were the two men out of three who McFadden found to have carried pistols. As a result, they were tried and convicted for being found in possession of concealed weapons. The suspects moved to the court of Appeal, whereby they appealed that the police obtained the evidence used to convict them in an illegal frisking search. 

The Supreme Court of the United States argued Terry’s case in 1967. The Chief Justice by that time, known as Earl Warren, wrote the opinion of the majority that McFadden had the authority to conduct a pat-down search for weapons and drugs because the suspects were seen taking part in suspicious behavior that warranted inquiry by the police. According to him, the search did not break the Fourth Amendment, prohibiting unreasonable searches or seizures. The court rejected the argument that pat-down search was a pretty indignity to anyone subjected to it. The Supreme Court’s ruling favored the state of OHIO and the Cleveland police who conducted stop and frisk of a suspect named Terry. It held that the limited search that happened, in this case, was not a constitutional violation of the 4th Amendment right to privacy since the search was done with reasonable suspension that the suspect had taken part in criminal activities. On the other hand, the frisk was done with reasonable cause to believe that the suspect was armed and needed a protective pat-down. The court’s verdict distinguished a “search incident to a lawful arrest” from a “stop-and-frisk,” remarking that a “search incident to a lawful arrest” would need the raised standard of likely cause to conduct an arrest which is a form of seizure.

William O. Douglas being the only dissenter, took his independent stand and argued that the police were being provided with more legal authority to conduct searches by the court than a judge would issue a court order authorizing an investigation or a seizure. Douglas held his stand that police searches should remain under control or restricted by the standard threshold of probable cause. After making its ruling, the court did not create a separating category of police actions that did not meet the probable constitutional cause. The court investigation focused on whether the officer’s action was reasonable and justifiable other than McFadden disregarded Terry’s constitutional protections against unreasonable pat-down search. Stop, and frisk was regarded to detect concealed weapons and drugs on the person than collecting pieces of evidence for a crime committed or about to be executed. (Swartz, 2017).

The participants of this case were Justices Warren, Black, Harlan, Brennan, Stewart, White, Fortas, Marshall. These were the majority. The one who was dissenting was Justice Douglas. The petitioner was John Terry. This case’s decision was a ruling in favor of the appellees grounded on the court’s verdict that the law enforcement agency had sensible reason to be sure that Terry was carrying weapons. For the police to protect the citizens from Terry, he had the right to do a limited search of him for weapons. The Law court decided to state that the law enforcement agency had a right to “stop” him because they had a reasonable doubt of criminal activity and that they could, therefore, make “judicious investigations” on that basis. The court of law settled that such a limited and “reasonable” search was consistent with the Fourth Amendment right to privacy and that any private possessions grabbed during that search could suitably be used as evidence and must not be subject to the exclusionary rule.

This case has shaped criminal justice because the court considers pat-down searches for persons believed to have weapons constitutional since they do not disregard the Fourth Amendment on the ban for unreasonable searches and seizures. This case had great significance, and in the modern days, it provides guidance on cases similar to Terry v Ohio. In the modern days, the court can refer to this case when referring or when stuck in deciding on similar cases. Terry v. Ohio case determined the legality of stop-and-frisk whereby it established that police officers would stop passersby on the street and inspect them for illegal contraband. The Supreme Court established that the practice was lawful under the Fourth Amendment if the police show that he had a “reasonable suspicion” that the suspect was armed and dangerous. In the majority’s opinion, Terry’s conviction declaration shows transparency and integrity in the courts. The police have legitimate authority, which corresponds to criminal justice by ruling that public and questioning members’ stoppage does not defy the Fourth Amendment. Still, it serves as a detection method for concealed weapons, thus a crime prevention practice. (MacFarlane, 2018). There should be a drawn authority that allows reasonable search for munitions by police officers, once the suspect they are dealing with an armed and a dangerous person. And this acts as a crime prevention practice. It is not the aim of the police officer to specific an individual is armed.

    In summary, Terry was convicted even after appealing that an illegal search provided the proof used to convict him. The court ruled out that the police can stop an individual from interrogating and pat-down whenever they suspect him/her of being in possession of armed and dangerous weapons. It is constitutional because it does not violate the Fourth Amendment proscription of unreasonable searches and seizures. Thus, the court discovered that stop and frisk is a search and seizure under the Fourth Amendment and certain conditions because it acts as a crime prevention practice. The court provided the police with more legal authority in reasonable search on persons suspected to be armed; to detect any concealed weapons. Hence it is a rule to allow valid search for weapons by police officers. Besides, the court ruled that the search of the petitioner’s outer clothing and his cohorts was appropriately limited in time and scope in order for him to determine the presence of weapons and neutralize the danger posed.

References

MacFarlane, K. (2018). Introduction: Terry v. Ohio at 50: The Past, Present, & Future of Stop and Frisk. Idaho Law Review, 54.

Parr, C. K. (2018). The Trimvirate’s Stranglehold on Our Constitutional Rights: The Loophole within Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial Dist. The court, Terry v. Ohio, and Utah V. Strieff That Shields Police Misconduct. SUL Rev., 46, 80.

Stoughton, S. W. (2017). Terry v. Ohio and the (un) forgettable frisk. Ohio St. J. Crim. L., 15, 19.

Swartz, J. D. (2017). Terry v. Ohio at 50: What It Created, What It Has Meant, Is It under Attack and Is the Court Opening the Door to Police Misconduct. N. Ill. UL Rev., 38, 44.

Two issues that arise after reading

Two issues that arise after reading this article is that not all states monitor for nitrates in the drinking water, and this is something that needs to be changed, because people should know what they are drinking. The other issue is that even when state governments do monitor for nitrates, the findings can be inaccurate.

This article has a lot of information about nitrate levels in drinking water and how it is related to income level, race and location. Residents in a majority of counties across the United States are exposed to potentially unsafe levels of nitrate from drinking water.

It is also vital to note that disparities in drinking water exposures to nitrate are quite common in both rural and urban communities and persist even after accounting for differences in income, age, race/ethnicity, education and other factors.

Many of the disparities are attributed to differences in the percentage of African Americans- and Hispanics- among residents within the same county. In addition to race/ethnicity, disparities may also be associated with location. In one study, nitrate concentrations differed by up to threefold between areas of a county with high rates of poverty and those with low rates of poverty.

Futhermore, Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the organisation that monitors and regulates drinking water quality, has deemed the general population to be exposed to nitrate concentrations in excess of 10 ug/L, the level where all health effects from ingestion, inhalation and skin contact would be expected to occur.

In most cases, nitrate levels were found in excess of that level for both African Americans and Hispanics, but not as large a disparity between African American and white residents.

The SDWA limits states to setting a maximum nitrate concentration in drinking water of 10 ug/L.

SURVEY #3

SURVEY #3

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Professor’s Name

Course

Date

Discuss three significant changes in race relations (i.e., laws, amendments, labor arrangements, working conditions, migration patterns, and socioeconomic changes) that resulted from the reconstruction.

During the age of American Imperialism in America, reconstruction led to various changes in race relations regarding amendments, working conditions, migration patterns, laws, labor arrangements, and socioeconomic differences. For instance, historical researchers indicate that one of the significant changes that reconstruction brought to America was the thirteen amendments, which advocated for the abolition of slavery, especially for African Americans (Bouzitoune et al., 2020).

The Fourteenth Amendment advocated for equal citizenship rights and protection law. Finally, the fifteen Amendment for democracy for all people abolished racial discrimination in voting rights based on race and color. Enslaved people that Blacks, both men, and women, were now entitled a right to exercise their democratic right to vote (Nelson, 2009).

Through these amendments, African Americans, both men and women could experience freedom from their slaveholders. And as a result, the Freedom of Bureau was formed that was aimed at helping freedom enslaved people to settle peacefully in society, and they could seek jobs in various parts and work in good working conditions. Research indicates that some formerly enslaved people quickly moved to the neighborhood, while others remained to be wage laborers for their slaveholders. This is because African Americans could make their own decisions based on where they labored (Bouzitoune et al., 2020).

Describe two consequences of industrialization on American politics and society.

Industrialization in America had a significant impact on American politics and society at large. This is because industrialization led to the movement of people from their families to urban centers in search of jobs. Through massive migration of people to urban centers, there was available and cheap labor to work in various industries at a lower price. That movement changed American society since it led to the rapid growth of American cities (Stearns, 2020).

Research done by various historical researchers indicates that the availability of cheaper labor in urban centers where industries were situated contributed to lowering the high cost of living. And as a result, it led to a price reduction of primary or essential products such as clothing, and household goods, among other products.

Moreover, industrialization in America had significant changes in American politics. This is because it led to emerging of the United States as the global economic power, the passage of labor-associated legislation, and a clash between the traditional culture and new modern progress (Stearns, 2020).

Explain the rise of the progressive movement by describing the role of religion and social morality in promoting progressive reforms.

Historical research indicates that the Progressive movement in America was a political movement around the beginning of the 20th century that specifically was concerned with the advancement of social and political change or revolution, reducing or curbing political corruption that was facilitated by the political machine and restricting political impact or sway of big businesses. The progressive movement was started by protestant leaders and Christian progressives named social gospel in 1970. Social gospel promoted progressive reforms based on the principle that all church leaders should be involved or participate in social reforms. When this initiative began, many church clergy members became politically active and ultimately assisted in passing legislation promoting labor rights and other social reforms. It was thought that battling social injustice would usher in a kind of Heaven on Earth and bring about personal redemption (Mattson, 2010).

During this period, it was mainly defined by significant reforms. For instance, the Anti-prostitution campaign progressive led to the Mann Act, which prohibited women from trafficking for immoral reasons or intentions. Another reform that could define the progressive era was women's suffrage, which gave women the right to vote as law and participate in national or local elections (Connelly, 2018).

Moreover, the progressive movement significantly impacted American politics because it led to social liberalism. This is because, through progressive movements, various amendments and legislation led to the representation of the ordinary people's interests that led to political change and support of government actions (Haveman et al., 2007). And as a result, it contributed to establishing a more transparent and accountable government primarily concerned with American society.

Explain the role of American imperialism in leading the United States into World War 1 and

American imperialism led the United States into World War 1 through the expansion of European nations as empires, which led to increased tensions among the European countries (Ninkovich, 2001). For instance, Britain and French increased pressure through the expansion of their empires. Research indicates that tensions increased since many colonies were acquired through coercion, and some nations never wanted to lose their territories. And as a result of British and French expansionism, they inserted tension into opposing empires, leading to World War 1 (Ninkovich, 2001).

Research indicates that American imperialism contributed to the Spanish-American war in 1898 (Řepová, 2021). This was facilitated by Cuba's struggle for independence from (their colonizers) Spain. The sensationalist American journalism of the Cuban conflict and the mysterious decline of the American Navy battleship enabled the Spanish-American war. This was because the United States was actively involved in helping other countries gain independence and defend its democratic ideals. When Spain noticed losing its colony, it began fighting the United States, which resulted in the Spanish-American war (Řepová, 2021).

References

Bouzitoune, K., Nezzar, K., & Filali, B. (2020). The Anguish of the 19th century race relations African Americans post-reconstruction.

Connelly, M. T. (2018). The response to prostitution in the progressive era. UNC Press Books.

Haveman, H. A., Rao, H., & Paruchuri, S. (2007). The winds of change: The progressive movement and the bureaucratization of thrift. American sociological review, 72(1), 117-142.

Mattson, K. (2010). Creating a democratic public: The struggle for urban participatory democracy during the progressive era. Penn State Press.

Nelson, W. E. (2009). The Fourteenth Amendment: from political principle to Judicial doctrine. Harvard University Press.

Ninkovich, F. (2001). The United States and Imperialism. A Companion to American Foreign Relations, 79.

Řepová, V. (2021). The Spanish-American War of 1898.

Stearns, P. N. (2020). The industrial revolution in world history. Routledge.

Describe two consequences of industrialization on American politics and/or

Open Innovation Strategies

Open Innovation Strategies

Name

Institution Netflix Uses an Outside-in Open Innovation Strategy

The American company, Netflix, embraced a publicly open innovation strategy to handle some of their complex problems and encourage the development of its products and services. Netflix Prize is the process innovation challenge that Netflix used to encourage the general public to compete in the generation of a suitable filtering algorithm that would improve user series or movie suggestions by about 10 percent. Precisely, the competition was open for every person other than those professionally linked with Netflix. Accordingly, Netflix would offer a grand prize of one million USD for the winner.

In less than two years, more than 40, 000 teams from at least 186 nations had participated in the competition. Subsequently, Netflix found the most effective solution within three years after the participation of 51,051 contestants. Besides, two teams provided suitable solutions, but only one won the prize. However, Netflix opted to utilize an alternative solution that attracted, and improvement rate of 8.43 percent since adoption of the algorithm of the grand-prize winner was too costly. Therefore, Netflix emerged victorious by using talented programmers from a wide pool of individuals in the public domain.

Even so, the participants in the project embraced the use of teams to facilitate better creativity and innovation. Professional programmers gained synergy for developing and refining their algorithms by working in teams. Luckily, the relatively large number of contestants suggests that the public open innovation strategy enjoys contributions from a wide array of professionals. Besides, Netflix managed to acquire an appropriate solution on time because contestants had the freedom to choose their most preferred partners.

Serko

Serko is a New Zealand firm that relies on inside-out intercompany open innovation strategy to facilitate the development and resolution of problems. In July 2019, Serko sought support and contributions from FaceMe to develop a digital travel assistant. The two companies teamed up to develop a better solution for handling travel services. Luckily, each firm made vital contributions following its expertise and competence in their different areas of specialization. Serko strives to develop the most appropriate solutions for handling corporate travel and management of expenditures. On the other hand, FaceMe focuses on digital human technology. Consequently, the team created a digital, visual representation of a human assistant.

Serko used its original online travel booking platform called Zeno as the baseline for the new development. Accordingly, the innovation would effectively work with the existing infrastructure. Fortunately, the digital human assistant communicates and interacts with travelers in a human-like version. Specifically, FaceMe’s Intelligent Digital Human platform powers and improves Zeno’s functionality. Thus, the team emerged victorious by developing the first digital human travel assistant that offer personalized booking services.

Hence, it could be impossible for either Serko or FaceMe to develop a working digital human travel assistant since each firm has unique capabilities. The innovation demanded contributions from a firm with advanced skills and knowledge in Artificial Intelligence (FaceMe) as well as in the tours and travel industry (Serko). Accordingly, Serko offers Zeno, a next-generation online booking tool that processes over 20,000 bookings per day with lots of efficiency and accuracy.

Effectiveness of Netflix’s Publicly Open Innovation Strategy

Netflix realized its target goal of developing a suitable algorithm for filtering recommendations by its clients. Moreover, the company reached out to numerous persons, thus expanding its popularity. Therefore, the publicly open strategy (outside-in) could serve as a marketing tool for firms that target the general public. However, Netflix is not a hundred percent successful because it (Netflix) chose an algorithm that compromises the privacy of customers.

Effectiveness of Serko’s Intercompany Innovation Strategy

Serko’s intercompany inside-out innovation strategy is highly effective because it resulted in the development of a digital human travel assistant that integrates well with its existing online booking platform. Besides, Serko’s corporate clients are enjoying seamless booking services and better interactions and communications. Likewise, FaceMe enjoys an improved reputation following its contributions on matters about Artificial Intelligence. Moreover, each firm finds hidden expertise in their partners. Serko could probably not understand and appreciate FaceMe’s expertise in AI, if not for the engagement. Similarly, FaceMe could perhaps not apprehend and acknowledge Serko’s expertise in online booking systems if not for the joined venture. Fortunately, the two companies gain synergy by exploring their collective knowledge.

Netflix financial result based on its innovation strategy

Very little can be attributed to Netflix's finances in regards to its outside-in public open innovation strategy. It can also be notable that Netflix had planned to hold the innovation challenge annually. However, Netflix's prize was canceled after a multi-million dollar suit was brought against them in California for privacy invasion. This lawsuit came as a result of them embracing an outside-in open innovation strategy where they lacked an in-house team who knew what to do within the limits of the law. It is therefore advisable for any organization to use inside-out innovation strategy as they use their research and development department that is well aware of the full effect of the law.

Still, Netflix's choice of process innovation as the type of innovation strategy did little to reduce the cost of operations. The team that won the Netflix prize provided a complex inapplicable model that prove challenging to implement in real life. So in a way, the organization spent money that they probably would not recover.

It is also arguable that since the competition was open to the public, there were several entries which had very little to do with the competition hence a lot of operational costs incurred by judges who either accept or rejects entries.

Serko financial result based on its innovation strategy

Serko has been able to reap benefits from its inside-out approach. Its financial resources have been used to enhance the simple online booking system; hence most of their clients have benefited. Moreover, Serko enjoys high-financial prosperity with operating revenue growth of 28 percent. By the end of 2019, Serko was working with operating revenue of $23.4M, which attributes to their intercompany strategy. With success on the human digital online booking system, Serko has been able to manage 20,000 bookings accumulating over 4.5 billion dollars annually, with total estimated operating revenue at the end of March 2020 expected to have risen by 20%.

Serko has also seen an upward shift in its share price from $4.44 to $5.23 in four days in December 2019. A clear indication of excellent quality performance possibly derived from using its resources and competence to develop Zeno.

Comparison between Serko and Netflix

Serko (Inside-out, product innovation intercompany strategy) Netflix (outside-in, process innovation public strategy)

The development team has several resources at its disposal. Since the development team is from members of the public, it will be hard to find enough finances to use in product development.

Mainly not customer-centered. Since members of the public are engaged, they try to adopt the publics’ idea.

Easy to adapt to changes as the organization quickly adopt the critical changes with speed, as of late implementation result in loss of opportunities Very difficult to embrace changes as the product developed has to be tested and piloted to see if its application is economical to the organization.

Beliefs that customers don’t know what they want and try to provide any want that the consumer may wish to. Beliefs that every consumer knows what they want, and can provide a clear view of the same.

Enhance well-established distribution channels. Expect growth and development of new distribution channels.

A well-established product by the company’s effort result in significant profit for the firm. An in-depth analysis of the market needs and wants the result to reasonable profit for the firm.

Well improved product. A well-improved method of production.

Conclusion

An organization should embrace a balanced combination of inside-out and outside-in approach as when the two are effectively utilized, and they result in maximum yields. The reason is because of outside-in figures out what consumer wants, the value each consumer derives from the product, and the consumers’ cultural demographics. Whereas an inside-in approach mainly uses organization resources, competencies, and talents to the attainment of a new or improved product, services, delivery method, marketing styles, and designs. The two ways of open innovation are essential and provide the best output when using hand in hand.

In regards to the type of innovation, it is crucial to use the product innovation method as it concerns improving the product that the customers consume. An improved product tends to get a broader market compared to a normal product despite changing the process of innovation. Like in the case of Serko, Serko was able to achieve high profit and are likely to continue with the intercompany open innovation strategy because they were focusing on product enhancement. Netflix, on the other hand, through its Netflix Prize, was only able to get a new way of selecting optional programs for their customer. As that is just a delivery concept and not the product or service, it is hard to get any reasonable financial gain from it.

The use of intercompany strategy also provided Serko with high capital (in terms of money and even machinery), competency (relevant skills and know-how), and personnel that Serko might have lacked in respect to FaceMe digital Human Interface. So it is therefore advisable for companies to try and embrace a model that allows it to have access to enough funds, skilled workforce and the right technology. Still, there is a specialization that leads to comparative advantage enabling Serko to produce in large quantities what it is known for and expected to provide.

References

Bell, R.and Koren, Y. (2007). Lessons from the Netflix prize challenge. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 9(2), p.75.

Business Travel Executive | News. (2020). Business Travel Executive | News. [online] Available at: https://www.businesstravelexecutive.com/news/serko-and-faceme-to-unveil-digital-human-for-corporate-travel [Accessed 19 Feb. 2020].

Eriksson Lundström, J., Wiberg, M., Hrastinski, S., Edenius, M. and Ȧgerfalk, P. (2013). Managing Open Innovation Technologies. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

The Netflix Prize: Crowdsourcing to Improve DVD Recommendations – Digital Eriksson Lundström, J., Wiberg, M., Hrastinski, S., Edenius, M. and Ȧgerfalk, P. (2013). Managing Open Innovation Technologies. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Many of us have a long list of memories

Many of us have a long list of memories, a slew of childhood or present stories and experiences that we feel are relevant to who we are at this present moment. Some of these instances can be positive or negative, however we wouldn’t be who we are unless we went through those obstacles in life. There are many events in my life that I feel shaped me into the woman I am today but specifically it would be watching my mother take on the roles of many while managing her main role as mom. She may not know this but shadowing her has allowed me to pick up and respect her independence, patience, and possession of a loving spirit. I am the baby girl of six children and the remaining are all males so you can only imagine how tough that would be for a mother, but she wore her superhero cape at all times. She raised us all on her own and made it look easy. This is where I picked up on her independence trait. I witnessed my mom do it all and there were times she’d be told no and to, “do it yourself” and she often did do just that. Often, she’d reflect that same lesson on me and tell me “put your big girl pants on” just so I’d have the confidence in knowing I could do things myself as well.

My mother displayed before me, the definition of independence and my hat has been off to her since I reached the age of understanding. Living in a house of seven, patience is key. My brothers were all heavily involved in sports. They were rough and dangerous; I guess just being boy. We all have different personalities, so that comes with differences and which result in disagreements and fights. The boys were boys and always hurt and banged up so I spent most times watching my mom handle each delicately as a doctor would with the upmost patience. If my mother could do everything, managing a household of six all on her own I should have no excuses. Respect was one of the first words I learned to spell and understand. My mom held no tolerance for disrespect no matter who or what the case was. Later she led me on to understanding when you give respect that respect come back to you. She raised us all to respect each other’s time, space, and differences. Respect others by watching your words, tone, and body language. I learned everyone wasn’t raised with such beliefs and that’s fine but when dealing with who I am today, if the conversation is to continue, there’s going to be a understanding of respect and how it goes both ways before it gets too far. My mother deserves a medal for her commitment to being the best woman and mom she can be, and I don’t think I’m being biased when I give her the credit I do. Truthfully, there’s no amount of credit I this lifetime that could come close to what she deserves. There have been countless amounts of times where I wanted to give up after many failed attempts and discouraging moments, but I used my mom as a reference and motivation to keep myself levelheaded and going. A mothers’ influence on there child(ren) holds more weight in that kids’ life than you can imagine so to have someone as light hearted, kind, patient, transparent, and independent as my mother is the most amazing feeling in the world. My mom didn’t aim to be a role model, her main focus was to raise my siblings and I the best way she knew how, with what she learned through her parents and preparations based off the shock of her own experiences. I couldn’t thank my mother enough for passing her work ethic and dedication on to me, especially during times like today. I’ve been tested on my patience and dedication the last six-months. Remaining calm in hectic situations is a talent and gift I received from my mother. With having switching schools and moving back to my home state mid-semester, things get complicating and frustrating. I didn’t want to even think about another class once I finished my summer classes, because the toll the previous weeks took over me prior to such. If my mom weren’t there to comfort and remind me daily what I’m working towards, I would’ve lost it. Having to change your whole life routine unexpectedly, hasn’t been the easiest and I think I’m speaking from everyone’s perspective. My mom has made no signs of frustration yet due to all the changes lately, she just adapts and keeps it moving which I admire so much. Having to remain calm in situations because you have younger generations looking up to you must be so draining and comment her for doing such for so long. Watching her all my life and still struggling to figure out how she does it will always be a challenge for me, but I’ve mastered it to some point. My mom teaches me lessons and gives me that guidance every day and I thank her so much for it.

Within life comes many obstacles and you either fall under or rise above. My mom taught me dedication is more about self-decline than any other behavior. You have to want something within this life for the better of yourself. No one can do things for you forever nor want it for you, with that being said I keep the circle going within myself. I think it’s safe to say I wouldn’t be the young woman I am without my mother’s influence. She’s a role model, leader, and my most favorite, a Mother. I can only wish to pass down such great qualities and teachings my mother gave to me, to my later kids. They say, “you’ve never helped someone until you’ve helped someone who can’t help you back”, and my mother can truly say she’s helped someone.