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Kojic, N., Goyal, P., Lou, C. H

Annotated Bibliography-Needle-Free Diabetic Care

Student’s name

Institutional Affiliation

Kojic, N., Goyal, P., Lou, C. H., & Corwin, M. J. (2017). An innovative needle-free injection system: comparison to 1 ml standard subcutaneous injection. AAPS PharmSciTech, 18(8), 2965-2970.

Published in May 2017, the article was authored by Nikola Kojic, Pragun Goyal, Cheryl Hamer Lou, and Michael J. Corwin. Nikola Kojic is a co-founder and CEO of Oryon Cell Therapies Inc., a startup in the field of regenerative medicine while Pragun Goyal is an inventor and Senior Mechanical Engineer at YRobot Inc. Currently, Cheryl Hamer works as a teacher at Glendale Unified in California. Dr. Michael J Corwin of Slone Epidemiology Center-Boston has interests in the physiology and epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome. In this context, the article describes an assessment comparing two-needle systems; needle-free and the traditional injection system. The article demonstrates the role of needle-free care in improving compliance, satisfaction, and reducing anxiety among patients in need of frequent injections. Particularly, the text compares the perception of pain between portal instruments’ innovative needle-free injection and the 27G needle system. The intended audience for the article was patients in need of frequent injections, doctors as well as members of the public. The authors employed a unique method to arrive at their conclusions. They injected 40 healthy volunteers with two injections using the portal injection system and two using the 27G needle. They then used a visual analog scale to measure the perception of pain and assessed injection sites at 2 minutes and 30 minutes after injection. Kojic et al. concluded that a 1.0 mL saline injection can be administered using less pain than using a 27G needle. This is because 60% of the participants preferred portal injections as they are needleless. The main argument is that needleless injections are more advantageous than traditional needle systems because they are pain-free which makes compliance easy.

Ji, L., Gao, L., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Ma, Z., Ran, X., & Shan, Z. (2020). Insulin delivery with a needle-free insulin injector versus a conventional insulin pen in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 16-week, multicenter, randomized clinical trial (the FREE study). EClinicalMedicine, 23, 100368.

The article concerns a 16-week randomized clinical trial comparing insulin delivery between the convectional pen and needleless insulin injector among Chinese patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. The trial measured the compliance, patient satisfaction, tolerability, and glucose-lowering effect of insulin treatment using a needle-injector and compared it with a traditional convectional insulin pen. Ji et al enrolled 427 type 2 diabetes patients in a randomized study and randomly assigned 1:1 for a 16-week treatment. They found that patients that received insulin using the needle-free injection recorded higher treatment satisfaction scores compared to their counterparts that received insulin with the pen. Ji et. al. concluded that needle-free injector insulin therapy had enhanced patient satisfaction and a glycemic lowering effect that is non-inferior. Further, they concluded that the needle-free injectors have an enhanced safety profile. This text is useful as it provided valuable insight that can be used to enhance diabetic care. It points to increased compliance of medication uptake in the treatment of diabetes as well as an increased diagnosis because of the elimination of needles in administration of insulin.

Xing, Y., Xie, X., Xu, J., Liu, J., He, Q., Yang, W., … & Ji, Q. (2019). Efficacy and safety of a needle-free injector in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with basal insulin: a multicentre, prospective, randomized, crossover study. Expert opinion on drug delivery, 16(9), 995-1002.

This research focused on evaluating the safety and efficacy of needleless insulin injectors in Chinese patients presenting with type 2 diabetes. All listed authors played a part in the production of the text with everyone contributing to the discussion and reviewing the manuscript for critical content. As regards the method, the authors enrolled 62 type 2 diabetes patients in a crossover and randomized study where they either received insulin via glargine pen or needle-free injector for 7-14 days. The use of needleless insulin injectors was linked with less pain and less phobia of injection than the use of glargine pens. Xing et al. concluded that using needleless injectors significantly reduced the insulin dose needed to attain glycemic control as well as fear of injections and reactions needed to improve patient compliance. The text targeted diabetes patients and medical professionals in this field. This text is relevant as it can be used to develop more needleless gadgets that are safe in administering insulin hence saving the lives of people.

Yale, J. F., Dulude, H., Egeth, M., Piché, C. A., Lafontaine, M., Carballo, D., … & Guzman, C. B. (2017). Faster use and fewer failures with needle-free nasal glucagon versus injectable glucagon in severe hypoglycemia rescue: a simulation study. Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 19(7), 423-432.

Published in July 2017, the article compares the injectable glucagon and needle-free nasal glucagon among caregivers for ease of use in the management of severe hypoglycemia episodes. This is owing to the fact that diabetic people always need the help of other people during the treatment. The study involved 16 caregivers and 15 non-instructed acquaintances that administered injectable glucagons to manikins simulating during hypoglycemia episodes in unconscious people. Yale et. al concluded that it is easier for nonmedically trained people to inject nasal glucagon. This is because 90% of the participants managed to inject full nasal glucagon doses while 0% and 13% of acquaintances and caregivers only delivered full injectable glucagon doses. The text is reliable because the research was undertaken recently, in 2017, making the information up-to-date. Additionally, the fact that the article was published in the Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics Journal, a renowned journal, makes its content reliable. The text is useful as it points to the advantages of needle-free diabetic care; fewer failures and faster use, information that can be used to advance diabetes treatment.

Kojic, N., Goyal, P., Lou, C. H.,

Annotated Bibliography-Needle-Free Diabetic Care

Student’s name

Institutional Affiliation

Kojic, N., Goyal, P., Lou, C. H., & Corwin, M. J. (2017). An innovative needle-free injection system: comparison to 1 ml standard subcutaneous injection. AAPS PharmSciTech, 18(8), 2965-2970.

Published in May 2017, the article was authored by Nikola Kojic, Pragun Goyal, Cheryl Hamer Lou, and Michael J. Corwin. Nikola Kojic is a co-founder and CEO of Oryon Cell Therapies Inc., a startup in the field of regenerative medicine while Pragun Goyal is an inventor and Senior Mechanical Engineer at YRobot Inc. Currently, Cheryl Hamer works as a teacher at Glendale Unified in California. Dr. Michael J Corwin of Slone Epidemiology Center-Boston has interests in the physiology and epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome (Kojic, Goyal, Lou, & Corwin, 2017). In this context, the article describes an assessment comparing two-needle systems; needle-free and the traditional injection system. The article demonstrates the role of needle-free care in improving compliance, satisfaction, and reducing anxiety among patients in need of frequent injections. Particularly, the text compares the perception of pain between portal instruments’ innovative needle-free injection and the 27G needle system. The intended audience for the article was patients in need of frequent injections, doctors as well as members of the public. The authors employed a unique method to arrive at their conclusions. They injected 40 healthy volunteers with two injections using the portal injection system and two using the 27G needle. They then used a visual analog scale to measure the perception of pain and assessed injection sites at 2 minutes and 30 minutes after injection. Kojic et al. concluded that a 1.0 mL saline injection can be administered using less pain than using a 27G needle. This is because 60% of the participants preferred portal injections as they are needleless. The main argument is that needleless injections are more advantageous than traditional needle systems because they are pain-free which makes compliance easy.

Ji, L., Gao, L., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Ma, Z., Ran, X., & Shan, Z. (2020). Insulin delivery with a needle-free insulin injector versus a conventional insulin pen in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 16-week, multicenter, randomized clinical trial (the FREE study). EClinicalMedicine, 23, 100368.

The article concerns a 16-week randomized clinical trial comparing insulin delivery between the convectional pen and needleless insulin injector among Chinese patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. The trial measured the compliance, patient satisfaction, tolerability, and glucose-lowering effect of insulin treatment using a needle-injector and compared it with a traditional convectional insulin pen (Ji, Gao, Chen, Wang, Ma, Ran, & Shan, 2020). Ji et al enrolled 427 type 2 diabetes patients in a randomized study and randomly assigned 1:1 for a 16-week treatment. They found that patients that received insulin using the needle-free injection recorded higher treatment satisfaction scores compared to their counterparts that received insulin with the pen. Ji et. al. concluded that needle-free injector insulin therapy had enhanced patient satisfaction and a glycemic lowering effect that is non-inferior. Further, they concluded that the needle-free injectors have an enhanced safety profile. This text is useful as it provided valuable insight that can be used to enhance diabetic care. It points to increased compliance of medication uptake in the treatment of diabetes as well as an increased diagnosis because of the elimination of needles in administration of insulin.

Xing, Y., Xie, X., Xu, J., Liu, J., He, Q., Yang, W., … & Ji, Q. (2019). Efficacy and safety of a needle-free injector in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with basal insulin: a multicentre, prospective, randomized, crossover study. Expert opinion on drug delivery, 16(9), 995-1002.

This research focused on evaluating the safety and efficacy of needleless insulin injectors in Chinese patients presenting with type 2 diabetes. All listed authors played a part in the production of the text with everyone contributing to the discussion and reviewing the manuscript for critical content. As regards the method, the authors enrolled 62 type 2 diabetes patients in a crossover and randomized study where they either received insulin via glargine pen or needle-free injector for 7-14 days (Xing, Xie, Xu, Liu, He, Yang, & Ji, 2019). The use of needleless insulin injectors was linked with less pain and less phobia of injection than the use of glargine pens. Xing et al. concluded that using needleless injectors significantly reduced the insulin dose needed to attain glycemic control as well as fear of injections and reactions needed to improve patient compliance. The text targeted diabetes patients and medical professionals in this field. This text is relevant as it can be used to develop more needleless gadgets that are safe in administering insulin hence saving the lives of people.

Yale, J. F., Dulude, H., Egeth, M., Piché, C. A., Lafontaine, M., Carballo, D., … & Guzman, C. B. (2017). Faster use and fewer failures with needle-free nasal glucagon versus injectable glucagon in severe hypoglycemia rescue: a simulation study. Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 19(7), 423-432.

Published in July 2017, the article compares the injectable glucagon and needle-free nasal glucagon among caregivers for ease of use in the management of severe hypoglycemia episodes. This is owing to the fact that diabetic people always need the help of other people during the treatment. The study involved 16 caregivers and 15 non-instructed acquaintances that administered injectable glucagon to manikins simulating during hypoglycemia episodes in unconscious people. Yale et. al concluded that it is easier for nonmedically trained people to inject nasal glucagon. This is because 90% of the participants managed to inject full nasal glucagon doses while 0% and 13% of acquaintances and caregivers only delivered full injectable glucagon doses (Yale, Dulude, Egeth, Piché, Lafontaine, Carballo, & Guzman, 2017). The text is reliable because the research was undertaken recently, in 2017, making the information up-to-date. Additionally, the fact that the article was published in the Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics Journal, a renowned journal, makes its content reliable. The text is useful as it points to the advantages of needle-free diabetic care; fewer failures and faster use, information that can be used to advance diabetes treatment.

References

Kojic, N., Goyal, P., Lou, C. H., & Corwin, M. J. (2017). An innovative needle-free injection system: comparison to 1 ml standard subcutaneous injection. AAPS PharmSciTech, 18(8), 2965-2970.

Ji, L., Gao, L., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Ma, Z., Ran, X., & Shan, Z. (2020). Insulin delivery with a needle-free insulin injector versus a conventional insulin pen in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 16-week, multicenter, randomized clinical trial (the FREE study). EClinicalMedicine, 23, 100368.

Xing, Y., Xie, X., Xu, J., Liu, J., He, Q., Yang, W., … & Ji, Q. (2019). Efficacy and safety of a needle-free injector in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with basal insulin: a multicentre, prospective, randomized, crossover study. Expert opinion on drug delivery, 16(9), 995-1002.

Yale, J. F., Dulude, H., Egeth, M., Piché, C. A., Lafontaine, M., Carballo, D., … & Guzman, C. B. (2017). Faster use and fewer failures with needle-free nasal glucagon versus injectable glucagon in severe hypoglycemia rescue: a simulation study. Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 19(7), 423-432.

Kojic, N., Goyal, P., Lou, C. H., &

Annotated Bibliography-Needle-Free Diabetic Care

Student’s name

Institutional Affiliation

Kojic, N., Goyal, P., Lou, C. H., & Corwin, M. J. (2017). An innovative needle-free injection system: comparison to 1 ml standard subcutaneous injection. AAPS PharmSciTech, 18(8), 2965-2970.

Published in May 2017, the article was authored by Nikola Kojic, Pragun Goyal, Cheryl Hamer Lou, and Michael J. Corwin. Nikola Kojic is a co-founder and CEO of Oryon Cell Therapies Inc., a startup in the field of regenerative medicine while Pragun Goyal is an inventor and Senior Mechanical Engineer at YRobot Inc. Currently, Cheryl Hamer works as a teacher at Glendale Unified in California. Dr. Michael J Corwin of Slone Epidemiology Center-Boston has interests in the physiology and epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome. In this context, the article describes an assessment comparing two-needle systems; needle-free and the traditional injection system. The article demonstrates the role of needle-free care in improving compliance, satisfaction, and reducing anxiety among patients in need of frequent injections. Particularly, the text compares the perception of pain between portal instruments’ innovative needle-free injection and the 27G needle system. The intended audience for the article was patients in need of frequent injections, doctors as well as members of the public. The authors employed a unique method to arrive at their conclusions. They injected 40 healthy volunteers with two injections using the portal injection system and two using the 27G needle. They then used a visual analog scale to measure the perception of pain and assessed injection sites at 2 minutes and 30 minutes after injection. Kojic et al. concluded that a 1.0 mL saline injection can be administered using less pain than using a 27G needle. This is because 60% of the participants preferred portal injections as they are needleless. The main argument is that needleless injections are more advantageous than traditional needle systems because they are pain-free which makes compliance easy.

Ji, L., Gao, L., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Ma, Z., Ran, X., & Shan, Z. (2020). Insulin delivery with a needle-free insulin injector versus a conventional insulin pen in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 16-week, multicenter, randomized clinical trial (the FREE study). EClinicalMedicine, 23, 100368.

The article concerns a 16-week randomized clinical trial comparing insulin delivery between the convectional pen and needleless insulin injector among Chinese patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. The trial measured the compliance, patient satisfaction, tolerability, and glucose-lowering effect of insulin treatment using a needle-injector and compared it with a traditional convectional insulin pen. Ji et al enrolled 427 type 2 diabetes patients in a randomized study and randomly assigned 1:1 for a 16-week treatment. They found that patients that received insulin using the needle-free injection recorded higher treatment satisfaction scores compared to their counterparts that received insulin with the pen. Ji et. al. concluded that needle-free injector insulin therapy had enhanced patient satisfaction and a glycemic lowering effect that is non-inferior. Further, they concluded that the needle-free injectors have an enhanced safety profile. This text is useful as it provided valuable insight that can be used to enhance diabetic care. It points to increased compliance of medication uptake in the treatment of diabetes as well as an increased diagnosis because of the elimination of needles in administration of insulin.

Xing, Y., Xie, X., Xu, J., Liu, J., He, Q., Yang, W., … & Ji, Q. (2019). Efficacy and safety of a needle-free injector in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with basal insulin: a multicentre, prospective, randomized, crossover study. Expert opinion on drug delivery, 16(9), 995-1002.

This research focused on evaluating the safety and efficacy of needleless insulin injectors in Chinese patients presenting with type 2 diabetes. All listed authors played a part in the production of the text with everyone contributing to the discussion and reviewing the manuscript for critical content. As regards the method, the authors enrolled 62 type 2 diabetes patients in a crossover and randomized study where they either received insulin via glargine pen or needle-free injector for 7-14 days. The use of needleless insulin injectors was linked with less pain and less phobia of injection than the use of glargine pens. Xing et al. concluded that using needleless injectors significantly reduced the insulin dose needed to attain glycemic control as well as fear of injections and reactions needed to improve patient compliance. The text targeted diabetes patients and medical professionals in this field. This text is relevant as it can be used to develop more needleless gadgets that are safe in administering insulin hence saving the lives of people.

Yale, J. F., Dulude, H., Egeth, M., Piché, C. A., Lafontaine, M., Carballo, D., … & Guzman, C. B. (2017). Faster use and fewer failures with needle-free nasal glucagon versus injectable glucagon in severe hypoglycemia rescue: a simulation study. Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 19(7), 423-432.

Published in July 2017, the article compares the injectable glucagon and needle-free nasal glucagon among caregivers for ease of use in the management of severe hypoglycemia episodes. This is owing to the fact that diabetic people always need the help of other people during the treatment. The study involved 16 caregivers and 15 non-instructed acquaintances that administered injectable glucagons to manikins simulating during hypoglycemia episodes in unconscious people. Yale et. al concluded that it is easier for nonmedically trained people to inject nasal glucagon. This is because 90% of the participants managed to inject full nasal glucagon doses while 0% and 13% of acquaintances and caregivers only delivered full injectable glucagon doses. The text is reliable because the research was undertaken recently, in 2017, making the information up-to-date. Additionally, the fact that the article was published in the Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics Journal, a renowned journal, makes its content reliable. The text is useful as it points to the advantages of needle-free diabetic care; fewer failures and faster use, information that can be used to advance diabetes treatment.

Synthesis Essay Brainstorm Homework

Annie Peralta

Catalina Roa

Carlos Gonzalez

Synthesis Essay Brainstorm Homework

Before you write your assignment, answer these questions to help you organize a strong start for your synthesis essay.

What is the climate change solution your will be focusing on? Please explain this in detail. (1-2 sentences)

I would be focusing in tropical forest restoration. This specific solution discusses protecting the 5 percent of landmass that is left by means of releasing the land to let nature work itself up, and having means of protection to speed up the process.

How does your climate change solution decrease or slow down climate change? Or, how does your solution reduce or trap greenhouse gases from entering the atmosphere? (2-3 sentences)

This approach would help to decrease significantly climate change if it done at a larger scale other thank focusing in just one region. By restoring these tropical forests things such as animal vegetation, habitat, water cycles, and many other resources. How it would take effect on climate change, though, it would remove all the excess of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Why/how is your climate change solution accessible to most people in Miami-Dade County? (2-3 sentences)

People in Miami-Dade County have access to the everglades, which is a connection of tropical wetlands and forests connected to a river. The Everglades have been harmed throughout the time by the altering of landscape, causing major harm on its habitat and functions. People in Miami- Dade county could take action into protecting the best way possible what is left of the Everglades and bring it back to life.

Why/how is your climate change solution feasible or easily done by most people in Miami-Dade County? (2-3 sentences)

From my perspective, this solution could be easily done by people in the Miami-Dade County because people can do simple things as sign petitions and use less hot water. Other things we can do as a community is finding ways to ensure this ecosystem is being protected and let alone for its restoration.

Why/how is your climate change solution low-cost for most people in Miami-Dade County? (2-3 sentences)

In general, in order to protect this ecosystem as a community we could come together and do basic stuff that is good in every aspect. Those things could be such as using cars less, recycling using less hot water, planting trees, and keeping electronic devices off and unplugged while visiting the Everglades.

Sources:

Please list out the title and website of your first source:

Project Drawdown / https://drawdown.org/solutions/table-of-solutionsRestoration of Degraded Topical forest Landsacpe

https://science.sciencemag.org

content/sci/310/5754/1628.full.pdf?casa_token=9K04L16jf-kAAAAA:I34MCExoiwXjFR38Vd6H-eAteKDt4NJmJVxUHowpLZhQa5NPyDUnuVzSL2n84KEvBmwE3PJMb7Ft2Kc

How/why is this source credible and recent? (1-2 sentences)

Every source I was able to collect not only supported their main point with data, but come from groups that are actually in charge of taking care of this ecosystem.

How/why is this source helpful to identifying a solution to climate change. (2-3 sentences)

The first source discussed how this solution might be a good way to fight climate change, and it explained how tropical forests are needed for human and habitat resources. However, the other source explained further why the restoration of ecosystems is effective.

Please list out the title and website of your second source:

Why is Important to Restore the Everglades / https://www.epa.gov/everglades/why-it-important-restore-evergladesWhat You Can Do to Protect the Florida Everglades Ecosystem https://www.evergladesholidaypark.com/what-you-do-protect-everglades/

How/why is this source credible and recent? (2-3 sentences)

The first source is from November 2020, which still discuss major harms the everglades is going through. The credibility of this source can also be proved by noting all the information comes from an organization of environmental protection.

How/why is this source helpful to identifying a solution to climate change. (2-3 sentences)

The sources explained how this solution applies to an issue within the community. Also, the second source comes from the actual Internet page of the Everglades which is suggesting various steps to contribute to the restoration of the Everglades.

Nature vs. Nurture

Angel Taylor

February 15, 2019

Research Proposal

Nature vs. Nurture

I chose the topic Nature Vs Nurture because we were having a debate in my Psychology class on which has a greater impact when analyzing someone’s behavior, nature or nurture. This topic is also one of the oldest debates on physiological issues. When speaking of nature, nature is what we think of as genes and hereditary factors that have an impact on who someone is as an individual and other biological factors such as our appearance and or our personality. Nurture is what we are exposed to after conception, being our environment influences who we are as a person such as things we experienced during our childhood, how we were raised, the company we keep, and the culture.

Different parts of psychology have different focuses, biological psychology focus on the importance of biological influences and genetics. Then you have behaviorism which focus on the impact and different influences one’s environment have on its behavior. When my psychology teacher presented this question in class some argued that nature played a big role and the other side argued that nurture had the most important impact on behavior.

During this research I hope to find out do genetic factors or environmental factors have a larger influence on behavior. Is it the thing that you inherit or could it be life experiences that have a larger impact when it comes to defining who you really are as a person?

Being that experience is one of life biggest taught lessons. Being a behavior analysis major, I would have to say that my personal beliefs on this topic would have to be, that nurture has the biggest influence on a person’s behavior. I side with this decision because I feel that we as humans, we react on things based off experience. I believe that how we were raised and what we surround ourselves by influence us on how we answer, approach, and react. I feel as if when we are speaking on nature, or genes and what inherit from our parents or ancestors that plays a small portion of who we are but it doesn’t really determine our personality.

For example, I grew up in what some will call a lower class environment with a broken family. My mom is very outgoing, hardworking, focused, conservative, well-rounded and a college graduate. She raised us up in ways no one would’ve ever known we lived in the projects. My mom has no criminal background record and has never been in trouble with the law. She has two children, myself and my brother. We are total opposite of my mother, my brother is a high school dropout, has an extensive record, he’s been in and out of trouble with the law since he was 15, he’s super lazy, and doesn’t have any work ethic. Myself, I carry some of my mom traits, I am also very outgoing, conservative but ghetto as hell, I’m easily distracted, no criminal background record, and I’m also pushing towards being a college graduate. I say all of this to get you to see my view on why I chose to side with nurture. Our appearance and personality (nature) doesn’t shape us as a person, I feel like the way we respond to situations and the life experiences we learn, as well as the company we keep define us as a person. My mom could be a sweet quite successful person but if I surround myself with loud, party going, bubble gum popping criminals, then myself will soon pick up those bad habits and I will then be classified as the same.

During this research I can already predict that I will run into many contradictions upon myself because while just describing my mom and us, I also asked a few of my peers, “How would you define me as a person?” Mostly some spoke on my appearance and my personality and only just a few spoke on me as an individual and how a respond to things.

Even though this is one of the oldest debates today, it is said to believe that majority of experts believe that both nature and nurture impact behavior and development. But somehow this is still an ongoing issue in many areas of life, such as the debate of homosexuality and intelligence of a person. Even being, they also stated that nature and nurture interact in important ways all throughout life.

We shall overcome

AN ANALYSIS OF WE SHALL OVERCOME BY JOAN BAEZ

Name

Course Title

Instructor’s name

Date

We shall overcome

We shall overcome

We shall overcome, someday

Oh, deep in my heart

I do believe

We shall overcome, someday

We’ll walk hand in hand

We’ll walk hand in hand

We’ll walk hand in hand, someday

Oh, deep in my heart

We shall live in peace

We shall live in peace

We shall live in peace, some day

Oh, deep in my heart

We shall all be free

We shall all be Free

We shall all be free, someday

Oh, deep in my heart

We are not afraid

We are not afraid

We are not afraid, TODAY

Oh, deep in my heart

We shall overcome

We shall overcome

We shall overcome, someday

Oh, deep in my heart

I do believe

We shall overcome, someday

Introduction

We Shall Overcome became popular in the 1960s after Pete Seeger learned, adapted, and taught it to audiences during the American civil rights movement. The song expanded and evolved over half a century before Joan Baez recorded it in 1963 after which it became an anthem in the movement. The melody dates back to No More Auction Block For Me a song that existed before the civil war. The original lyrics of the song were “I’ll Overcome Someday” which links to the hymn composed by Philadelphia’s Reverend Chares Tindley. In Monteagle, the Highlander Folk school’s director often asked workshop attendants to teach songs. The workers sang the song titled “I’ll Be Alright” and director Horton was captivated with one of the verses that repeated “I’ll overcome” and the union workers urged her to rewrite it to make it more collective. It later emerged with the title “We Will Overcome” but the version was much drawn out, slower, and emphasized every word. Pete Seeger visited the school a year later and Horton taught him the song which he also changed will to shall before adapting it for use for his audience and shows. The current lyrics are attributed to Pete but shares copyright with Carawan, Horton, and Frank Hamilton. The song relates to civil rights in that it contributed to the labor movement, is plain, and is used to date around the world where people gather in the name of justice and freedom.

Meaning

We Shall Overcome is a song that offered comfort, courage, and hope to protesters who came out to confront hate and prejudice in the quest for equal rights for people of color during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. The lyrics say, ” deep in my heart, I do believe that one day, we will live in peace, we shall all be free, we are not afraid, we shall overcome”. This is a clear indication of the struggles and suffering of African American people at the time. The main theme evident in the song is hope, suffering, and courage; the song served as an awakening for people to pay attention to the inequality that existed then. Even Martin Luther King used the phrase “We Shall Overcome” in his Memphis speech, four days before he was assassinated. The song was actively used by striking workers from Charleston as they engage in long strikes that lasted months to protest the unfair wages they were paid at the tobacco factory they worked for.

Audience

The intended audience for the song was the members of the general public. The song targeted the wider population particularly the African-American population who were oppressed and treated as second class citizens; they were denied education and voting rights2. To understand and appreciate the song, the listener needs to be familiar with the civil rights movement and the oppressing conditions under which people of color existed. One ought to be familiar with the racial segregation that existed at the time of the civil rights movement. The lyrics say ‘we are not afraid’; a depiction that they always lived in fear but finally they overcame it.

Viewpoints

The song presents the viewpoint that every person was familiar with the inequality that people of color were subjected to. It presents the world as an unequal and harsh place for various groups of people particularly marginalized groups such as women and people of color. The composer of the song assumes that the listener belongs to the groups which are oppressed. He assumes that the audience are people of color and that they oppose inequality the same way as the composer. This is because all along and throughout the song, the composer uses the pronoun ‘we’ pointing out that the people singing the song share common problems and beliefs.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the song “We Shall Overcome” is a rather meaningful and sentimental song that strives to pass across a clear message about inequalities and oppression. The musical arrangement is quite catchy and the lyrics simple but sturdy. The lyrics employ repetition to emphasize the message in the song. The protestors used the song and chanted it whenever they had demonstrations. It helped draw attention making them be heard. There are similar songs that were used to pass across similar messages about patriotism, oppression, and inequality. An example of a similar song is Alright, a song released in 2015 by Kendrick Lamar. The song has a similar impact with We Shall Overcome. Lamar said that he saw children in the streets chanting a “we gon’ be alright” and that the song brought hope and feeling. The song addresses systemic oppression and touches the Black Lives Matter movement.

Bibliography

Mortara, Elèna. “How the Winds Are Blowing: Joan Baez & Bob Dylan: a Personal Medley of Music, Memories, and Visions.” How the Winds Are Blowing: Joan Baez & Bob Dylan: a Personal Medley of Music, Memories, and Visions (2020): 103-112.

Otfinoski, Steven. The Selma Marches for Civil Rights: We Shall Overcome. Capstone, 2018.

International Trade Short Response

Americans purchase of products from foreign nations made using cheap labor is very different from allowing the immigration of low-cost labor into the U.S. Immigration impacts the supply of labor in a country. This is because it increases the employees or workers in a given sector of the economy. Immigration also increases competition for the existing jobs in some sectors. Increasing the pool of labor in the US means that the competition for existing job opportunities is higher. It would also mean that there would be a decrease in the amount of skilled labor in the market. In the short run, wages would be reduced as employers would prefer low-cost labor over the existing expensive employee pool. Additionally, allowing low-cost labor into the country would reduce the levels of skilled labor in the economy.

Undocumented workers offer little risk to employers. These employers are under less scrutiny because they help in reducing the cost of production. Undocumented workers are in the country illegally, and therefore are more likely to be treated differently. Overall, employers help t sustain the economy through production in various sectors of the economy. The government must keep them happy to keep the economy running, as opposed to treating them worse than the undocumented immigrants.

Response to Peer 1:

I agree with your assertion that buying products made in foreign countries using cheap labor is different than allowing low-cost labor to immigrate to the United States. The host economy is changed in terms of culture and economic activities. These elements are important to the American population. I agree with your position that America’s racial past predisposes immigrant groups, leading to a need for foreigners coming in adding on to the array of culture in the nation. Therefore, purchase of foreign products is significantly different from bringing in cheap labor from foreign nations.

Similarities and differences of the populist and progressive movements

American History

Student’s Name

Institution of Affiliation

Date

Question 1: Similarities and differences of the populist and progressive movements

Populism and progressiveness tend to be similar in that both claim to be acting for the good of everyone, especially ordinary people. Also, both political movements tend to promise the enrichment of the lives of ordinary people, and therefore, they promise to make legislations that directly affect their lives positively (Yack, 2019).

Despite the similarities, populism and progressiveness tend to have various differences. In regard to origins, the populist movement originated from farmers who formed the political party to help the farmers drive economic change. Progressiveness on the other hand was a movement of the elite, originating from the urban middle class who united against the political system. In regard to the goals of formation, the populist movement was formed to help reform the economic system, while the progressive movement emphasized political reforms as they were against the political system. In regard to the time period, the populist movement arose in the last decade of the 19th century, but the progressive movement was founded in the early 20th century (DeWitt & Pearson, 2017). Based on this, the populist movement was founded before the progressive movement.

Another difference between the populist and progressive movements regards ideas. The populist movement was founded on the ideas on reforms in the economic sector which included regulation of banks and industries, reforms in the civil services, and eight hours of work for labor. The populists believed that bankers and industrialists negatively influenced the government, and therefore, most of the policies driven by them were against the farmers to destabilize them economically. The progressive movement, on the other hand, was founded on political reforms as well as the associated vices such as inflation and corruption in the business class. Progressives are more inclusive and thus are more genuine in helping each member of the society to have an equal chance to be successful – promotes democracy, unlike populism which emphasizes what makes us different – violates democracy (Waisbord, 2018).

Question 3: Reconstruction

The reconstruction failed due to various reasons. For example, lack of unity in the government took away the focus of reconstruction, and these distractions led to its failure. Also, individuals entrusted with managing money for the reconstruction efforts misused them, and thus, it could not be a success without the essential resources. Another major reason for failure is that the Southern states were too poor to manage the reconstruction programs. Finally, the Republicans made radical legislations, which failed to protect former slaves from white persecution, and by this, it failed to redress the inequalities of slavery in the South (Jones, 2018). Despite the failure, the Reconstruction brought some positives, especially on the African Americans. For example, African Americans experienced rights and freedoms which they had previously been deprived of. They could vote, file lawsuits, own property, hold a political office, legally marry and sign contracts and finally, they could receive an education.

Another positive feature of the Reconstruction is that it restored the United States into a unified nation (Bateman, Katznelson & Lapinski, 2018). All the former confederates were involved in the drafting of the new constitution and pledged their loyalty to the unified government. Also, the Confederates acknowledged the 13th, 14th, and Fifteenth Amendments. The Reconstruction was a partial success and a failure. It failed to bring both social and economic equality for the former slaves and this can be attributed to Lincoln’s plan which was considered to be too lenient. Lincoln planned to reintegrate the Confederates states back to the Union through the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, granting the Southerner’s presidential pardons except for political leaders who took an oath of allegiance to the Union. Another obstacle is the government conflict between the legislative and executive branches that halted the progress on the status of freed slaves.

References

Bateman, D. A., Katznelson, I., & Lapinski, J. S. (2018). Southern nation: Congress and white supremacy after reconstruction (Vol. 158). Princeton University Press.

DeWitt, B. P., & Pearson, S. A. (2017). The progressive movement: A non-partisan comprehensive discussion of current tendencies in American politics. Routledge.

Jones, M. S. (2018). Birthright citizens: A history of race and rights in Antebellum America. Cambridge University Press.

Waisbord, S. (2018). Why populism is troubling for democratic communication. Communication Culture & Critique, 11(1), 21-34.

Yack, B. (2019). Of Scribes and Tribes: Progressive Politics and the Populist Challenge. Critical Review, 31(3-4), 440-453.

The California gold was discovered by James Marshall, a carpenter at Sutters Mill in the Sacramento Valley prompting miners f

American History

Name

Course

Course Instructor

DateThe California gold was discovered by James Marshall, a carpenter at Sutter’s Mill in the Sacramento Valley prompting miners from China, Australia and Europe. This was after the Mexican war that saw America ending up with Texas, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and California. The wave of 49ers who were fortune seekers came from all over the world and greatly influenced the economy and social life of California and America at large. Although a few of the 49ers made fortune out of the gold, some of them found other means of living particularly after the gold became scarce (Lewis, 2010).

Discovery of gold in California and Nevada drew thousands of miners to join the Gold Rush and the mining equipment was moved from one location to the other. It was one of the greatest adventures in human history that contributed to the development of California. The Gold Rush largely improved America in terms of trade, shipping and communications such as railroad lines built to the Pacific Coast ( Lewis, 2010). Additionally, the event changed the culture of America particularly the faster settling of the west that sealed the doom of the Indians west of the Mississippi. The diversity of young intelligent men from around the world brought in different ways of gold mining.

I chose the 1849 Gold Rush because of its association with the development of both California and America. The Gold Rush has brought in new ideas and cultural change that has greatly influenced America. Having toured California and the gold mining site, I felt that 1849 Gold Rush was alive and worth talking about.

Compromise of 1850

The compromise included a series of bills passed to address slavery issues where the slavery matters were to be decided by popular sovereignty in admitting the new states. Moreover, the bills prohibited slave trade in Columbia settled a Texas boundary dispute as well as establishing a strict fugitive slave trade. By 1950, many slavery disagreement issues tainted the relationship between the Northerners and the Southerners. There were tensions whether the newly acquired western land after the Mexican War would allow slavery. The Congress further passed Fugitive Slave Law that decreased the number of slaves escaping to the North annually but the North was unhappy with the law (Stegmaier, 2012).

Compromise of 1850 was very significant in the American history since it contributed to the Civil War. The Southern and Northern politics were heightened during this place and the compromise seemed to undermine a divided nation on the slavery issue. Slavery was a serious issue in America and addressing it was very sensitive in congress. The Compromise of 1850 showed how concerned some legislators were in addressing the plight of the slaves. It further showed how southerners strongly defended the issue of slavery. It attempted to settle the slavery question though it allowed the slaves to work for the South although it prohibited slave trade in Washington DC (Stegmaier, 2012).

The Compromise of 1850 played a significant role in heightening the tension between the Southerners and the Northerners that finally contributed to the Civil War particularly the introduction of the Fugitive Slave Act. The north was not impressed and they had to stop the act and they felt that the slaves should be returned to their rightful owners who escaped from the Underground Railroad. The south wanted to have the slaves back but they had to prove that they were the rightful owners because lack of evidence would lead to freeing of the slaves. This agreement was either temporal because the South later wanted to separate from the North. Crisis continued to pile due to the increased level of dissatisfaction that prompted anger that turned to rage and rage to violence. Southerners were always alert to protect their peculiar institutions even after the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) and the struggles that followed over the bleeding Kansas where the group began to shoot.

However, Compromise of 1850 rather delayed the civil war by trying to create peace between the two factions. It succeeded in accomplishing its intentions at that particular moment of holding the union together even though it was a temporary solution. The Compromise of 1850 led to more other bills such as the Kansas-Nebraska act although this was largely disliked and it led to violence in Kansas. However, it delayed the Civil War by delaying the splitting of the biggest Union that was hugely feared by Americans (Stegmaier, 2012).

The Compromise of 1850 is very significant today in referring to the developments of the Civil War. It reminds Americans on the seriousness of the slavery in America and the division that was not only based on political parties but on the slavery issues in the Congress. The Compromise of 1850 is an evident of the role the political class can help in saving a situation such as tension between regions, both locally and internationally. It reminds Americans on the compromises people can always arrive into to create peace.

References

Lewis, F. (2010). Gold rush, 1847-1850. S.l.: Xlibris Corp.Stegmaier, M. J. (2012). Texas, New Mexico, and the Compromise of 1850: Boundary dispute and sectional crisis. Lubbock, Tex: Texas Tech University Press.

United Flight 232-Aircraft Accidents Are Avoidable

Aircraft Accidents Are Avoidable

Aircraft accidents are a tragic thing however many people may argue that all are avoidable. When considering that all are avoidable, one must always remember there is an element that is in all accidents, Humans. Humans are involved in every aspect of flight such as, design, maintenance and as mentioned earlier piloted by. As long as humans are in 100% control of an airplane there will be accidents. However, a good side to an accident is it is thoroughly investigated and researched by the NTSB. (National Transportation and Safety Board). From a majority of the accidents, something can benefit aviation in general such as re-design, increased/specialized training, or as in this situation, re-evaluating current limitations to a safer level.

The focus of my project is going to be on a particular accident that took place on July 19, 1989 when a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 (Ref fig 1) aircraft crashed in Sioux City, Iowa. Not only the accident and why it happened but to delve into the root cause of the accident, the failure of the number two engine and why it happened. This particular type of aircraft, at the time of the accident, had been in production for about 18 years. The United Airlines jet was bound for Chicago when the tail-mounted engine a GE CF6-50C (ref figure 4) failed and managed to escape the engine containment case and severed the aircrafts main hydraulic lines. Without hydraulics, the aircraft wouldn’t be able to maneuver and landing would be another difficult task. This meant trouble for United Airlines flight 232 with 285 passengers and 11 crew- members on board.

On July 19,1989 a United Airlines DC-10-10 passenger plane took off Stapleton International Airport in Denver Colorado. The plane was scheduled to make a quick stop in Chicago, Illinois and then continue on to Philadelphia, PA. After an uneventful hour of flight a loud thump was heard, followed by a violent shaking of the aircraft. The flight crew observed the tail-mounted engine was not operating. While performing an engine shutdown procedure, the crew noticed that the fuel lever wouldn’t move to the closed position. They also observed that the hydraulic fluid quantities were all at zero. When the co-pilot tried to maneuver airplane it confirmed the loss of fluid when the airplane did not respond to his commands. The crew then radioed to the air traffic controller that they needed emergency assistance to the nearest airport. Sioux City Iowa was found to be the almost straight-ahead so it was chosen. After the captain briefed the passengers of the up-coming trials, a United Airlines DC-10 pilot instructor asked if he could be of any assistance. The captain asked him to see if there was any damage that he could see. The instructor found that the flight controls on the wings weren’t moving and that the horizontal stabilizer had damage to the left and right side. The horizontal stabilizer is the part of the aircraft that controls elevation and what is known as yaw. (Right and left turning) Without hydraulics the crew was limited on how to control the aircraft so the instructor pilot recommended the use of engine power to maneuver the airplane. The idea appeared to work when tried and being that all other options were few, the crew adopted this plan of action.

When flight 232 was about eight miles from the airport they lowered the landing gear. To their dismay they learned from the air traffic controller that they were lined up on a runway that was closed for repairs. The captain elected to stay on course because of the difficulty to turn the airplane. The air traffic controller said that the runway was 3000 feet shorter but they shouldn’t have any trouble landing due to the repairs. During the final approach the flight crew felt they were on course to make the landing. However they were a little faster than normal, due to not being able to lower the proper flight controls known as the flaps and slats. These two controls allow the airplane to sustain lift and fly at a lower speed. At about a hundred feet above the ground, the pilot reported that the nose dipped considerably and the right wing dropped also. Both pilots called for a reduction of power but the instructor pilot said that he needed to continue using the engine power to try and control the decent.

The airplanes right wing tip was the first to touch the runway, followed by the right main landing gear. Eyewitness accounts said the airplane ignited and cart wheeled upon impact. Figure 1 shows the final resting places of the different aircraft parts. In all, 111 people died. Amazingly, the remaining 155 people escaped with recoverable injuries.

The National Transportation and Safety Board (NTSB) now needed to understand why the accident occurred. Since the tail section was the potential cause of the crash, they transported the tail section parts to a nearby hangar and began to reconstruction of the tail. Once the tail section was completed this puzzle was starting to piece together. The left side of the horizontal stabilizer showed no damage that could have cause the crash. (See figure 2-3) However, the right side was a different story. The right side of the stabilizer indicated that approximately seventy pieces of metal had pierced through the skin. When aircraft engines are designed, the design engineers know they must be able to contain a sizable failure. The CF6-50 has what is called a containment case. (Ref figure 4) Like its name, is designed to contain an engine during failure. However, the engine involved in the Sioux City crash exceeded its design capabilities. When the tail mounted engine failed, metal debris violated the containment case and destroyed the number two hydraulic system lines. Metal debris also extended into the aircraft skin and severed the number 1 and 3 hydraulic system lines. Remember, this aircraft has three independent hydraulic systems. In this case, all three systems were damaged.

An uncontained failure was not something that was new to the aviation industry in 1989. In fact, there have been 14 uncontained failures since 1970. That doesn’t say too much when the jet engine was first introduced into commercial aviation in the 1960’s. One of the uncontained failures happened on November 3, 1973. A DC-10, powered by GE CF6-6 engines, had an uncontained failure on one of the wing engines. The fan disk struck a cabin window and a passenger was ejected from the aircraft and the aircraft subsequently decompressed. The fan disk had only 274 flight hours which is remarkable low, since the recommended life on a GE CF6-6 fan disk is 18,000 flight hours. It to say the least, uncontained failures aren’t something new to the aviation industry.

The next phase of the investigation was now focused on why the engine failed. It was known that number two engine had failed but there was a problem. The investigation team couldn’t find the front section of the engine, particular the fan disk. (Ref fig 5) It wasn’t until three months later in a cornfield in Alta, Iowa, the fan disk was found. Reference figure 6 which shows the fan disk and the reconstructed blades attached. The NTSB had now narrowed there root cause to the Stage 1 fan disk. They new that this had cause the uncontained failure, buy why? After evaluation of the pieces of the fan disk, it appeared that a flaw was present in the titanium which was probably had been there since it was originally forged. First, it must be understood that there are three primary steps in manufacturing of titanium alloy fan disks, such as the one on the GE engine. The processes are material processing (making the material) forging (forming the material to a particular shape) and final machining (taking the part to specified measurements.) (Ref figure 7) Titanium alloys are known for their strength and light weight which makes them ideal for use in aircraft engines. However, during the forging process three major types of melt related abnormities occur: Hard Alpha inclusions, high density inclusions and segregation. After extension evaluation of the stage 1 fan disk it was determined that the disk had a “hard alpha inclusion” which in lamens terms is an area of the disk had an enriched are of nitrogen or oxygen. Hard Alpha inclusions have melting point significantly higher than the normal remaining structure does. To help prevent these kinds of inclusions, a process known as triple melt is done. The material is heated to a temperature much higher than required, usually three times to ensure all inclusions are gone. Obviously something went wrong in the forging process of the material of the fan disk. This area, if not corrected, will become very brittle. When a brittle area is continually placed in high pressure situations, will eventually crack or break apart, as did the fan disk in this crash. Typically, records of the manufacturing process are not detailed enough to tell investigators enough about how it happened. The records only record the serial number. When a records search was done at General Electric Aircraft Engines on the fan disk serial number, there was a problem.

The fan disk involved in the accident was listed as S/N MPO 000385. GE records showed two different stories for MPO000385. One of the serial numbers was shown as to have been rejected for abnormalities in the disk. A paper trail shows that the part was set aside and eventually sent to a third party for evaluation and was eventually discarded by GE in November of 1972. GE maintains that the disk was discarded however no record of a credit to GE from the original material vendor existed. The second serial number shows a completely serviceable disk and that is was installed on an engine in January 1972.

Regardless of how the faulty material managed to get passed GE, the Fan disk was subsequently tested at several shop visits by what is known as NDT or Non Destructive Testing. (Ref figure 8) When the engine comes in for heavy maintenance, all life limited parts are tested using a variant of NDT. NDT testing is very important because oftentimes defects are not visible with the naked eye and to make the defects cracks) visible, NDT is required. To better understand how cracks can propagate, you must first understand how the forces are exhibited on them. When disks are rotated at high speed, a centrifugal force produces a stress that results in a strain or growth of the disk. If stressed within in its elastic region, the disk material returns to its natural form when the stress is removed. If the stress was of a sufficient magnitude, a small portion of the tensile strength is lost and the material will eventually fatigue and a crack initiates, propagates, and ultimately burst.

There are many variants of NDT but a process that is known as Florescent Penatrant Inspection is commonly used on LLP’s. (Life limited Parts) The part is dispensed in a florescent fluid and then placed under a ultra-violet light. If a surface or sub surface crack exists, it would be visible. Much of the effort in NDT has gone towards identifying when and where cracks have developed in rotating hardware. In a jet engine, rotating parts are inspected at regular intervals. Another form of NDT crack detection is a process known as eddy current testing. Eddy current testing is a better (safer) process than FPI due to the fact that eddy current can protrude through the entire part unlike FPI which can only do the surface and sub-surface testing. The major drawback to eddy current testing is the testing equipment can only be for a specific or localized area unlike FPI, which doesn’t require special testing equipment.

Finally, something had to be done to assure this type of situation would not happen again. The NTSB determined that United Airlines “had failed in giving adequate consideration to human factors which resulted in the failure to detect the crack.” McDonnell Douglas was asked to come up with a hydraulic system safeguard, given the same circumstances that total hydraulic system depletion wouldn’t occur. McDonnell Douglas designed two new safety guards: One, an electrically operated shutoff valve that would close if fluid levels dropped below a preset limit in the main hydraulic system, also known as a hydraulic fuse. Two, a sensor to detect the fluid loss that would trigger a light in the flight deck alerting the crew of the actuation of the valve. Looking at this accident from a distance it shows many remarkable things. The way the crew pulled together to come up with a plan of how they were going to land is absolutely remarkable. However, there is more to this story if one looks closer. To examine the flight crews’ actions would be unfair. In fact, the exact scenario was given to pilots in a DC-10 simulator and not one of them could come close to landing the airplane. As a result of the research and analysis conducted, the following conclusions were developed. First, if General Electric would have caught the flawed material, none of this would have ever happened. GE should have had safe guards to not allow this type of”quality escape” to occur. Next, is the United Airlines maintenance facility According to the analysis done on the disk, at the time of the last inspection, a crack would have been visible approximately one half of an inch in length. The inspector should have found the crack. Had he done so, the stage 1 fan disk would have not been deemed serviceable. To make sure that the disk had truly be tested using FPI, a chemical analysis was done on the disk. The disk showed residue of the penatrant, which leads one to believe it truly was tested. Finally, McDonnell Douglas should have installed the hydraulic fuses when the aircraft was initially made. An after thought is sometimes not good enough. The possibility of this type of failure was somewhere around a million to one but it happened. However, design engineers cannot predict every mechanical failure possible. If they put extra parts in for possible failures, then the aircraft would have a lot more parts, which means more maintenance and ultimately more cost to the customer.

Bibliography:

REFERENCES

NTSB. [No date] United Airlines Flt 232 McDonnell Douglas D-10-10 Sioux Gateway Airport Sioux City Iowa. Available: [online] http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR90-06.pdf [08/15/03]

Religoustolerance.org [no date] Apa Format (American Psychological Association) Available: [online] www.religioustolerance.org/int_cita.htm [8/15/03]