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Interpersonal Self

Interpersonal Self

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The idea of self is unique to each person. What makes me who I am is not what makes defines another person.

The following traits are unique to my idea of self:

Female

African American

Plant lover

Nurse practitioner

Cat lover

Vegetarian

Christian

Environmentalist

Millennial

College student

The above groups tend to influence my ought self in numerous ways. My ought self is not much different from my ideal self. However, in some cases, I tend to deviate from my ideal self on specific aspects. Traits such as my gender and race have not influenced my ideal self in any way because these are traits about myself that I cannot change. Worth noting, for the larger part, I tend to conform to the rules and expectations of the specific groups that I belong. For instance, because I am a female, I dress according to the societal expectations of a girl’s dress code. I dress in skirts and dresses and look neat and polished at all times, as is expected of any girl. Additionally, I have always wanted to lead a healthy lifestyle, so I choose the vegetarian route. Being a vegetarian has not influenced my idea of self as this is something I always wanted for myself, which is why I remain dedicated to this journey for a long time. The same applies to the plant lover, cat lover, and environmentalist categories. These are things that I am passionate which is why they describe my true and ought self. The instance that I tend to deviate from my ideal self has to do with religion. Being brought up in a Christian home, I have always practiced Christianity, however, that is slowly beginning to change. Although I remain a believer, I no longer consistently practice religion. I do not attend church as often as I used to and am less involved in religious activities like tithing and attending service.

Being a member of the above-named groups has affected my idea of self-preservation in one way or another. For example, because I practice Christianity, there are certain boundaries that I cannot cross. For instance, actions like lying and stealing are prohibited in the Bible, so I try as much as possible to avoid indulging in such activities. While I come across friends engaging in such activities, I try not to judge them as it makes me a hypocrite knowing that I am not perfect.

Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal Communication

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Interpersonal Communication

Effective communication skills are an essential aspect of the life of any individual. It is through communication that an individual can pass critical messages. Interpersonal communication represents the process of conversing between parties (Turistiati, & Poernomo, 2020). Interpersonal skills are vital since it allows an individual to communicate effectively with other people. Interpersonal communication refers to how individuals communicate, evaluate, and coordinate messages to establish shared meaning, achieve social goals, maintain personal identity, and carry out their relationships (2.2 Perceiving Others – Communication in the Real World. 2016). Interpersonal communication aims to perform a specific purpose, depending on how it is conveyed: to inform, entertain, convince, or impact or persuade. The most important of all the above four goals of interpersonal communication is passing down information. This is because information is critical for every aspect of our society.

References

2.2 Perceiving Others – Communication in the Real World. (2016, September 29). Pressbooks. Retrieved from

https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/2-2-perceiving-others/Turistiati, A. T., & Poernomo, B. (2020). The Role of Interpersonal Communication in Students’ Self-control to Avoid Substance Abuse. Ijtimā’iyya: Journal of Muslim Society Research, 5(2), 84-94. Retrieved from

http://ejournal.iainpurwokerto.ac.id/index.php/ijtimaiyya/article/view/4156

Interpersonal Communication in Nursing

Interpersonal Communication in Nursing

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Interpersonal Communication in Nursing

Good relationships do not just occur overnight. They take significant effort, compromise, and commitment. The connections we establish with others are crucial to physical, emotional, and social health (Holt-Lunstad, 2017). Specifically, interpersonal relationships are essential in nursing, for example, improving longevity and decreasing the risk of suicide and depression. Relationships refer to a social affiliation or connection between two individuals or more. Relationships such as those involving co-workers, patients, and other individuals are significant in nursing in bettering patient care.

There are various ways that I am ensuring success in the current relationship topic concerning nursing. As a future nurse, I am developing healthy interpersonal relationships with colleagues. The relationships are significant. I have become aware of maintaining relationships, which has helped me develop a support system that offers me strength as I cope with life’s numerous challenges. In addition, I have established and maintained healthy boundaries in my relationships.

I have multiple ways in which I can improve my relationships. First, I want to ensure good communication with my colleagues and various patients in healthcare; this is essential in all relationships. Also, I can ensure active listening in my relationships to make them better (Jones et al., 2019). It involves being part of the conversation my partner is talking about. I can also provide emotional validation and support through listening to my patients. Therefore, this can contribute to better relationships with co-workers and patients.

Moreover, in order to gain more success in relationships as a nurse, I will employ various practices from the readings. I will avoid judgements or voicing opinions in my relationships with colleagues and patients. Thus, I will always inquire than make judgments. Also, I will avoid interrupting the other individual while in a conversation (Wiemann & Knapp, 2017). I will also ask open-ended questions to my patients for better relationships. In addition, I will be open; this involves an urge for mutual give-and-take in sharing information, especially with patients, to form and keep strong bonds.

Lastly, there are various ways in which I might be able to assist others. Relationships can have psychological and physical health benefits for other individuals. Hence, in nursing, I can ensure strong relationships with others to combat their loneliness to help them with psychological benefits. Also, I can validate other people’s feelings and be honest to ensure successful relationships, especially with patients. Therefore, I will ensure openness, active listening, and healthy boundaries to maintain strong relationships in my nursing career.

References

Holt-Lunstad, J. (2017). The potential public health relevance of social isolation and loneliness: Prevalence, epidemiology, and risk factors. Public Policy & Aging Report, 27(4), 127-130.

Jones, S. M., Bodie, G. D., & Hughes, S. D. (2019). The impact of mindfulness on empathy, active listening, and perceived provisions of emotional support. Communication Research, 46(6), 838-865.

Wiemann, J. M., & Knapp, M. L. (2017). Turn-taking in conversations. Communication theory, 226-245.

Inter-Office Email

Inter-Office Email

To: Acme Petroleum CEO

Date: October 11, 2022

Subject: Public relations strategy to handle resistance to tank farm

Dear Madam,

I have put together an interdepartmental team pursuant to your request that my office create a public relations plan to handle resistance to tank farms. I have called a team meeting to examine the situation and come up with a workable solution. I also suggested a public forum to the Victoria Advocate and told Acme staff to direct any enquiries about the proposed tank farm to me, the communications director.

Thank you for your time in this matter.

Sincerely,

Communications Director, Acme Petroleum.

Internet market recommendation for Sprout Stack company

Internet market recommendation for Sprout Stack company

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Internet market recommendation for Sprout Stack company

Introduction

Sprout Stack company is a firm producing agricultural products through technological means of vertical hydroponic farms in upcycled shipping containers. It has a website that provides information on how it operates, its produce, benefits of the product to the human body, and the contact information. The website is an appropriate medium for internet marketing as it reaches a broader market through the internet. The internet beats all other mediums of promotion due to up to date availability information and content (Olanrewaju & Deborah, 2016).

Right Medium

However, the company should apply the use of the Search Engine Optimization (SEO) method ensures that the website and the company are easily identified by the search engines, making it available for interested consumers. The objective of the process is to increase consumer awareness of the products produced. SEO involves the creation of relevant content, with keywords and phrases that consumers are used to and which is more likely to be used when searching for information. It introduces more internet content and challenge page ranking of search engines (Xing & Lin, 2006). Therefore, any consumers who wish to have fresh produce and searches through online search engines will find the sprout stack website and could purchase from them.

Within the SEO, a link can be provided for a video, providing evidence for the information given on the company’s website. This information includes not applying any pesticides in production and producing locally. The proof in the SEO will aim to convince consumers of the fresh and safe products for consumption with no chemical additives. Providing a video that explains the process along with shots of the process and environment for growth shows enormous flexibility of the business and is fully revealed through watching.

Right Customers

Finding the right consumers increases the chances of marketing and marketplace success (Hoffman et al., 2010). Sprout stack customers produce agricultural products that are consumed by vegetarians and a healthy product recommended for healthy living. Therefore, the consumption of the products is high, especially among people of various ages, the young children and old. With the rise in diseases caused by the intake of a lot of fatty and processed foods, most individuals are moving to green consumption. People are purchasing more vegetables and reducing the intake of animal products and processed foods. Therefore, the target market for the company should be vegetarians, and individuals are moving to green consumption.

With the identification of products to consume, the readily available medium is the internet, where they would search for vegetable products of their choice. Since vegetarians only consume greens and those green products are perishable, shopping will be more frequent. Technological advancement has also increased the need for e-commerce where consumers order online, and delivery is made to them. This technique makes consumers purchase more through digital means. Examining the acquisition, usage, and disposition determines the decision points of consumers in finding sustainability in consumption (Ruchs et al., 2011). The consumers’ decision before a purchase is to get safe products hence find sources with quality products. The continuous availability of the product is also a factor considered. After using the internet medium to find suppliers, the consumers gauge the level of satisfaction from the consumption of the products. Therefore, the company should aim at making products available and providing quality according to consumers’ expectations.

Right messages

The SEO will involve the operations of the company and the methods used in producing its products. Since the objective of marketing is to create awareness, the message will be informational. The informational message presents facts on the product and production methods used in clear and concrete terms (Tafesse & Wien, 2018). The aim is to inform the consumers of the benefits they will receive after the consumption of vegetable products. Therefore, in the SEO, keywords such as healthy, safe, free from pesticides, and locally produced will directly lead the consumers to the company’s website. Apart from the benefits, the SEO will include the process of production, from planting, fertilizers used, watering, harvesting, and packaging, to when it gets to the consumers. This information is of interest to vegetarians and also the consumers wishing to go green. The objective of going green is to have a healthy living; hence the procedure for production is necessary.

Since the SEO is also providing the link to a video that shows the process, the consumers will be more interested in the products. As searches are done on vegetable products, Sprout stack becomes among the first to be found, and the information provided satisfies the target consumers, which leads to purchases. The internet offers adequate access for customers and enables immediate communication with the target consumers (Corley et al., 2013). To create awareness of the vegetable products to vegetarians, the production process is essential in guaranteeing no use of pesticides or chemicals that may affect the body or lead to other diseases.

Budget

SEO involves onsite and offsite scope. Onsite includes activities such as the creation of content required by the company and technical responsibilities such as site optimization. The offsite roles involve managing the website, seeking out links, and publishing for social use, to make the content available for target consumers. Also, the site needs to be audited periodically to prevent hacks and ensure consumers have access to the site. These activities can be done by an internal SEO specialist, or one can be outsourced. However, for Sprout stack company, hiring an internal specialist may be more convenient due to the familiarization of the company and the objectives set. This option will help in creating content that aligns with the aims of the company, and also to find more consumers.

The budget will focus on salary for hiring and costs required for maintenance and acquisition of resources to keep the site running. The budget is for the whole year, incorporating the yearly salary for the SEO specialist hired.

Activity Costs Hiring an SEO Specialist Advertisement $100 Interview $200 Orientation $100 Total Hiring cost $400

Salary $60,000

Costs for Resources Seeking out links $400 Publishing social $300 Web Video $600 Total Cost for Resources $1,300

Total Budget for SEO $61,700

Measure, Evaluate and Define Success

Effectiveness and efficiency are measures of success. Effectiveness is the foundation of success, while efficiency is a requirement for survival after the achievement of success (Gao, 2010). Measurement of the effectiveness of the website will be done by checking the website’s statistics. The data includes the number of visits and the duration on the website. The number of visits shows the number of people interested in vegetable products and who google searched to get to the site through the SEO developed. The number of visits shows the measurement of awareness created to target consumers, which can also be transformed into sales. Duration on the website also shows the content that the viewer could have acquired. Reading through the content and watching the video provides information on the products and company. The duration may measure the number of individuals who took the time to read through the material. Also, the top site pages provided by google in traffic volumes will show the effectiveness of the SEO content and keyword use.

The outcome can be evaluated through the use of goal completion rate metrics. This technique measures the SEO efficiency by comparing the website number of visits, before and after its development. If the number of visits has increased, it shows that the website has effectively performed the objective to create awareness to more people. In the long term, acquisition, satisfaction, and retention can be used to evaluate the efficiency of a method. This metric shows the rate at which information gets to targeted consumers; the potential consumers are transformed to customers and how they have been retained to keep purchasing from the company. These metrics show the effect of SEO on achieving the creation of awareness goals.

The objective of internet marketing is to create awareness for a larger population of the benefit of consumption of the company’s products and also increasing sales of a company through provision of internet purchasing (Grubor & Jaksa, 2018). In this case, the company aims to create awareness, thus, measuring success will involve calculations of the ROI using the net profit and the total investment. This formula will be the net profit divide by the total investment used. When the return on investment is positive, it shows that the internet method was useful in making individuals aware of the existence of the company as well as the quality of the product, which then led to higher purchases.

Combining online and offline marketing strategies provides efficient synergetic effect which creates an objective outcome (Bobalo, 2018). Offline marketing should involve a tracking response using offline campaigns. It can be done through creation of a URL for a campaign in that a person visits the website; it leads them to the campaign, which then reflects through the URL. The metric will keep information on the visits and the conversion rate of potential consumers to actual customers.

References

Bobalo, O. (2018). FUTURE OF OFFLINE MARKETING AHEAD OF THE RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF ONLINE MARKETING. Baltic Journal Of Economic Studies, 4(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-3-1-7Corley, J., Jourdan, Z., & Ingram, W. (2013). Internet marketing: a content analysis of the research. Electronic Markets, 23(3), 177-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-012-0118-yGao, Y. (2010). Measuring marketing performance: a review and a framework. The Marketing Review, 10(1), 25-40. https://doi.org/10.1362/146934710x488924Grubor, A., & Jaksa, O. (2018). Internet Marketing as a Business Necessity. Interdisciplinary Description Of Complex Systems, 16(2), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.7906/indecs.16.2.6

Hoffman, D., Kopalle, P., & Novak, T. (2010). The “Right” Consumers for Better Concepts: Identifying Consumers High in Emergent Nature to Develop New Product Concepts. Journal Of Marketing Research, 47(5), 854-865. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.47.5.854Olanrewaju, O., & Deborah, O. (2016). Evaluating the use of internet as a medium for marketing and advertising messages in Nigeria. African Journal Of Marketing Management, 8(2), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajmm2015.0459Ruchs, M., Rose, R., Naylor, R., & Caitline, J. (2011). Journal of Research for Consumers. Journal Of Research For Consumers, 1(19). Retrieved 12 June 2020, from.

Tafesse, W., & Wien, A. (2018). Using message strategy to drive consumer behavioral engagement on social media. Journal Of Consumer Marketing, 35(3), 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1108/jcm-08-2016-1905Xing, B., & Lin, Z. (2006). The impact of search engine optimization on online advertising market. Proceedings Of The 8Th International Conference On Electronic Commerce The New E-Commerce: Innovations For Conquering Current Barriers, Obstacles And Limitations To Conducting Successful Business On The Internet – ICEC ’06. https://doi.org/10.1145/1151454.1151531

Internet and data privacy

Internet and data privacy

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Introduction

Even though the internet is a great invention and has had many positive impacts on businesses in every part of the world it also has its negative side. In comparison to Europe whereby there is a system that collects business data and makes sure that the business environment is safe when it comes to the use of it and that there are crimes taking place among different businesses related or unrelated. Some of the illegal activities some businesses carry out through the internet and which are good for the business but illegal are spying, eavesdropping on what businesses plan to do through the internet and generally any kind of the use of internet which is not in line with business restrictions and laws of that specific country like the US. These businesses, therefore, try to use the internet to benefit themselves and do not focus on the effect of their practices concerning state law and the business environment.

According to the United Nations report dumped “Measuring the impact of ICT use in business,” (2008), in Thailand internet has been present for many years and it has had its negative and positive share into the economy as well as to the business sector specifically. According to this report internet in Thailand was being used by the year 1987 and by the year 1994 all state universities had internet access and could conduct online studies or had a website. This concerning the United States of America tells us of how advanced internet usage has come from the years when it began till now when we are embracing artificial intelligence in businesses to help business people and especially those in top management to make decisions. Even though with internet presence for so long other countries like China, Singapore, and Korea has surpassed Thailand’s internet usage in recent years.

It is good to look into this report in comparison to the united states internet privacy laws and internet usage within the business sector, its pros, and cons. By doing this it will be easier to establish what is faulty and needs correction as well as appreciate what is apt in the use of the internet and generally it in the business world. Therefore this paper looks into these issues and explains how the laws regarding the use of it in business evolved in the USA and their general impact on businesses.

History of it use in us businesses

Between the years 1960 to 1982, there was a development which was known as electronic data interchange which helped to improve the business world in a great manner. It was a method used mainly by business partners and it was mainly used to transfer such things as business orders and invoices. At this period it was a great manner in which business would be done.

The first person who invented the use of e-commerce in business was known as Michael Aldrich and he was an entrepreneur as well as an Englishman. He invented the use of it in business one day as he was going to a supermarket with his wife and he thought of how tv can be connected to the supermarket to bring products to the person who needed them.

Berners Lee is the man who invented the internet as we know it today. They started the building of the internet through the creation of the world wide web and this managed to get several users. There was a ban on commercialized internet usage but the ban was lifted in 1991. In the future shop book, snider talks of the expectations to be accorded to the business world changing along with internet use. (Snider, 2008). He also talks of how confused people had become with the introduction of the internet into the business and he talks of how this is a critical and important issue that needs to be looked into so that businesses do not get into problems with internet usage. People always fear change and the introduction of the internet into the business had its opposition from the first time it was introduced.

Due to many cases and concerns about the privacy of information transferred through the internet which was business-related, Netscape developed software that was supposed to protect the safety of customers as well as businesses when they were engaging in their business relations and activities. The software had the name Secure Socket Layers (SSL) and up to date, this is one of the most trusted security protocols when using the internet.

“Dotcom” era

This era was characterized by people who were involved in business while not following business principles and the businesses through which they wanted to make faster money flopped and it was a great lesson for most people as well as other investors and customers who would have wanted to take a similar route.

Few companies continued to thrive after the recession caused by the dot com bubble and they include e-bay and amazon. These two have retained their business and have continued growing over time.

Tech start-ups

Of late there has been an increase in investment in technology and this has been due to the popularity of mobile apps. The good about this kind of investment is that small businesses can be connected throughout the world, having customers and products consumed all over the world. This helps and makes businesses reach a wide range of potential customers. Even though there are fears already expressed that this might be another bubble very many people continue investing in this technological advancement and especially Silicon Valley IT gurus.

Data privacy laws in the USA

With the increasing usage of the internet, there have been concerns as to why and how businesses can protect their data from people who are not authorized to get this information. This is because businesses and with the increasing competition levels make every other business have the urge to overcome the other one in the manner in which they do their work and dominate the market. With this, there have been developments of laws regarding how businesses can be protected from unauthorized business data access by third parties who have malicious reasons for accessing this data.

Personal data privacy laws can by extension apply to business firms and organizations because it is through this that businesses have a ground to operate. Us state governments have been addressing the issues of privacy of late mainly regarding the following four tenets;

personally identifiable information privacy

Data disposalBreach notifications

Data security

Data security

This mainly concerns the way or how businesses collect, store, and the ways used to keep the data safe for their customers. Apart from just data storage and safekeeping, this law says that the people who use the data and how the data is used are very essential elements to be looked into. This applies strongly especially with technology and in a sector like the health sector having HIPAA which the authorized staff of a hospital can access data. In this situation, they have to use the data for the correct purposes and not for wrong purposes as some people tend to do.

Breach notifications

By the year 2005 California state had enacted a law to make sure that companies and firms who held their customers’ data made sure to inform them if their data had been compromised. According to ((OCR), 2013), “A breach is, generally, an impermissible use or disclosure under the Privacy Rule that compromises the security or privacy of the protected health information.” This definition lying heavily on the health sector can also be used for other purposes and in this case privacy laws regarding any business operations. An example of this kind of a is situation whereby customer data was lost to a criminal organization in 2005 by ChoicePoint which is a financial data collector. It lost data of over 144,000 people and in this incident; they only notified their customers in California State because at this time this was the only state which had enacted the law regarding this issue.

Since then all the 50 states of the United States of America have tried to enact this law and it has worked for all the states including the Virgin Islands District of Columbia, Guam, and Puerto Rico. Some states have stricter laws while others have less strict rules regarding the privacy of a person’s information. An example is a situation whereby the state of Massachusetts defines personal data as a personal name in combination with his/her driving certificate number, state identification card, and social security number while a state like new york city defines personal data as any information that can be used to identify that person like symbols, numbers, marks, etc.

Data disposal

In this section for data protection laws, it is stated that every business that is engaged in the use of a customer’s data it should be able to dispose of it in such a manner that the data will not be able to land into third party organizations, businesses or individuals who might use this information for the wrong purposes. This means that the information should be disposed of in a manner that a person cannot comprehend or rather be destroyed completely if it will never be used again. For this work, some businesses go for third party options which help them to destroy this data while others do it for themselves, and in this case, if they go for a third party company the business is liable for any information which might be disclosed by the third-party business about the information of the customers.

Personally Identifiable Information Privacy

In this section of the law in some of the states of America, it states that the businesses have to use the data they get or have about their customers in a proper manner and not in a manner likely to compromise or give some sensitive information to third parties who might need the data for malicious purposes. Therefore this section provides on how to use some data which is considered sensitive. This is determined by the different states.

Spying

According to (GeoSurf, 2017), spying is the act of obtaining information about a person, business, or institution without the permission of that entity. The information may be for personal, economic, political, or military purposes on the side of the person who is collecting the information. The commonly used methods of spying on other people include; the use of the internet mainly through malicious software, like spyware and Trojan, proxy servers, etc. these ways may make the computer of a person or their other devices misbehave and thus through the process the person who wants to steal data they steal the data about the person. Spying can be for different purposes and through how a person does it the reason can be related.

Some people spy to steal while others spy for their security. Stealing might involve ideas, information about tangible items like money, and others which a person can only get a clear photo of when they have information about the place where such items are stored.

Almost all spying activities are illegal and if found out a person can be prosecuted and if found guilty jailed in the United States of America. However, at times the government uses this method for security reasons.

Legal Cases Concerning Internet and Data Privacy In USA

In us, there have been several and many cases whereby the data and privacy of individuals, as well as that of companies, have been violated and this has made many people go to court for justice concerning their privacy violation. Some of the cases which concern privacy include the following;

Carpenter v. the United States Supreme Court case of 2018

The USA hacked by a Russian, the case of $10 Million Hack, 1994

Botnet Operation Disabled by the FBI

DNS malware

Manhattan Community Access Corporation v. Halleck case

The above issues and cases are very essential when it comes to looking at how internet security has been achieved as well as the progress and development which has been in existence.

Carpenter v. the United States Supreme Court case of 2018

This is a case whereby a person was charged being guilty of organizing robbery based on the location of his mobile phone. This is a case that was heated and the carpenter got justice at the end against the country. This is because even though he might have been close it does not mean that he automatically was involved in the crime. The accessing of his information had many loopholes that were exposed during the judgment. This is because accessing his information does not just help the investigators know of how he was involved in the crime but also opens doors for them to know about his private life like where he slept on a certain date where he was on Sunday whether he attended church or not. This is because in the case the information collected was about his GPS location for 127 days and therefore this was not in line with privacy laws.

This kind of case and its judgment has a lot of impact in the business world because even though customer information might be needed for investigation purposes there is a need to develop guidelines in the manner in which this information is used and who accesses this information. After all, if anyone can access the information then it means that it is not being used correctly and that the person being investigated is exposed to other dangers that are against his/her rights as a citizen of the United States of America.

The USA hacked by a Russian, the case of $10 Million Hack, 1994

In this case of 1994, a young mane hacked a bank in the United States and began transferring money to other banks in the world and he compromised the bank systems by accessing the institution’s cash management computer system and compromising valid user ids and then doing harm which was intended.

In this case, the court ruled and for the sake of avoiding severe capital punishment, the person involved pledged guilty and was then sentenced to imprisonment. This acted as an eye-opener that people could hack systems nd therefore from then the USA has always tried to protect the privacy of their citizens as well as the organizations which serve the public.

Recommendations

Great work has been done in most of the states regarding this issue of privacy and therefore the suggestions here below are to try to reach the ideal situation concerning privacy and especially internet security.

The states which have not approved laws regarding the protection of the individual as well as company or group data to do that

For people to take responsibility for their actions and avoid engaging in risky activities which may make their data accessible by people with illegal intentions

Education to the public about the importance of data and internet security and safety

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is safe to argue that internet security has always been a great concern for people who are engaged in business as well as for personal use. It is good to look keenly and develop methods of prevention of data stealing and loss to third parties with illegal purposes and also to look into ways of criminalizing activities related to this subject.

References

Weber, R. H. (2010). Internet of Things–New security and privacy challenges. Computer law & security review, 26(1), 23-30.

Sadeghi, A. R., Wachsmann, C., & Waidner, M. (2015, June). Security and privacy challenges in the industrial internet of things. In 2015 52nd ACM/EDAC/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.Harrop, W., & Matteson, A. (2015). Cyber resilience: A review of critical national infrastructure and cyber-security protection measures applied in the UK and USA. In Current and Emerging Trends in Cyber Operations (pp. 149-166). Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Hughes, C. E. (1966). The Supreme Court of the United States (Vol. 67). Columbia University Press.Henderson, S. E. (2017). Carpenter v. the United States and the Fourth Amendment: The Best Way Forward. Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J., 26, 495.Karatgozianni, A. T. H. I. N. A. (2010). Blame it on the Russians: Tracking the portrayal of Russian hackers during cyber conflict incidents. Digital Icons: Studies in Russian, Eurasian, and Central European New Media, 4, 127-50.

International Strategy and Organization

International Strategy and Organization

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Lecturer:

Organizational structures

There are different types of organizational decision making structures. The major types of these structures include the independent, decentralized, centralized decision making structures. The advantage of independent decision making structures is that it has low communication requirements. The disadvantage of independent structure is that they can neither take the advantage of economies of scale nor pool resources in a simpler manner. In addition, the independent structures are characterized by relatively uninformed decisions as they do not know what takes place elsewhere due to failure to learn from people’s experience in different places (Malone & Team, 2013).

The advantage of centralized structures is that individuals can regularly make excellent decisions when more information is used. The managers can also share finest practices between stores, be able to recognize the best suppliers as well as capturing the economies of scale. In other circumstances, fresh technologies makes it is likely for the personalized, home-grown decisions to be carried out at national level. The disadvantage of this structure is that it has considerably higher requirements for communication hence costly. Another problem is that the stores for the individuals tend to vary greatly in terms of colors and sizes that are sold. Decentralized structures also have the advantage in that decisions can be made based on vast amount of remote information that exist via networks or electronic media. They at times cooperate with one another in addition to competing some other times thus resulting to quality results (Malone & Team, 2013).

The role played by a firm’s strategy in determining organizational structure

In this case, the firm’s strategy of fresh technology implementation which transforms the structure of the management process as well as enhancing the capacity to center on customer service. This implementation of fresh technology comes with relatively low cost and personal computers having sophisticated software and operating systems that are graphically based. This reduces the danger or risk of the change process for the firm (Yetton, Johnston & Craig, 2012).

Meaning of horizontal differentiation and its possible implications to how managers design the company structure

Horizontal differentiation is a situation where by the equilibrium prices goes up whenever the disparity of population goes down. This can help the managers to enhance the effectiveness of the design structure in addition to affecting the design of the hierarchy of the organizational structure (Gabszewicz & Wauthy, 2012).

References

Malone, T. W., & Team, L. Y. (2013). Is empowerment just a fad? Control, decision making, and IT. Sloan management review, 38(2).

Yetton, P. W., Johnston, K. D., & Craig, J. F. (2012). Computer-aided architects: a case study of IT and strategic change. Image.

Gabszewicz, J. J., & Wauthy, X. Y. (2012). Nesting horizontal and vertical differentiation. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42(6), 998-1002.

International Strategy and Organization (2)

International Strategy and Organization

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Lecturer:

Organizational structures

There are different types of organizational decision making structures. The major types of these structures include the independent, decentralized, centralized decision making structures. The advantage of independent decision making structures is that it has low communication requirements. The disadvantage of independent structure is that they can neither take the advantage of economies of scale nor pool resources in a simpler manner. In addition, the independent structures are characterized by relatively uninformed decisions as they do not know what takes place elsewhere due to failure to learn from people’s experience in different places (Malone & Team, 2013).

The advantage of centralized structures is that individuals can regularly make excellent decisions when more information is used. The managers can also share finest practices between stores, be able to recognize the best suppliers as well as capturing the economies of scale. In other circumstances, fresh technologies makes it is likely for the personalized, home-grown decisions to be carried out at national level. The disadvantage of this structure is that it has considerably higher requirements for communication hence costly. Another problem is that the stores for the individuals tend to vary greatly in terms of colors and sizes that are sold. Decentralized structures also have the advantage in that decisions can be made based on vast amount of remote information that exist via networks or electronic media. They at times cooperate with one another in addition to competing some other times thus resulting to quality results (Malone & Team, 2013).

The role played by a firm’s strategy in determining organizational structure

In this case, the firm’s strategy of fresh technology implementation which transforms the structure of the management process as well as enhancing the capacity to center on customer service. This implementation of fresh technology comes with relatively low cost and personal computers having sophisticated software and operating systems that are graphically based. This reduces the danger or risk of the change process for the firm (Yetton, Johnston & Craig, 2012).

Meaning of horizontal differentiation and its possible implications to how managers design the company structure

Horizontal differentiation is a situation where by the equilibrium prices goes up whenever the disparity of population goes down. This can help the managers to enhance the effectiveness of the design structure in addition to affecting the design of the hierarchy of the organizational structure (Gabszewicz & Wauthy, 2012).

References

Malone, T. W., & Team, L. Y. (2013). Is empowerment just a fad? Control, decision making, and IT. Sloan management review, 38(2).

Yetton, P. W., Johnston, K. D., & Craig, J. F. (2012). Computer-aided architects: a case study of IT and strategic change. Image.

Gabszewicz, J. J., & Wauthy, X. Y. (2012). Nesting horizontal and vertical differentiation. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42(6), 998-1002.

International Psychology

International Psychology

Student’s name

Institution

Course

Tutor

Date

International Psychology refers to the psychology of the individual that occurs within a cultural context. The field is consistently growing and evolving. From the perspective of those with an interest in psychology, we view this as a positive thing because it allows us to learn more about how people think and behave worldwide.

There are many reasons why someone would want to attend International Psychology at Arizona State University, but I will give you three examples of what I found attractive: 1) The close-knit student community 2) The opportunity to study abroad and explore other cultures 3) Interdisciplinary approach which allows students to broaden their perspectives by learning different academic theories or methods of research.

I think that the psychology field is more interesting when you consider how variables such as culture and language (and many other factors) can influence who a person is and how they think and live. To me, studying International Psychology at ASU will allow me to develop a diverse perspective which I can apply to my own personal interests.

As an international student experiencing myself first-hand the difficulties of studying an undergraduate degree in English, I see a program like this one as an opportunity to gain the tools I need to succeed in the field of Psychology. I would like to begin my career as a clinical psychologist with a global outlook, and I think that ASU’s International Psychology program could help me achieve that goal.

I personally want to be in the position of aiding people in a way that understands their needs and consider cultural context. By understanding the psychology of culture, I believe you can provide better support and care for people. Those who wish to work with children will particularly benefit from international psychology at Arizona State University because it will give them the skills they need to understand how their client’s culture may influence their behavior in different contexts.

My future career interests can be traced back to my desire to work with children. I want to work with children who are at risk, whether it be because of poor home conditions or other challenges they are facing. For example, I want to work with families that have suffered the pain and loss of a child and how they cope as a family. This is something I think I can only achieve if I understand the impact culture has on behavior.

ASU’s International Psychology program provides many unique features which could help me develop into a competent psychologist. First of all, ASU has the Intercultural Center which allows students to learn about different cultures (including the U.S.) through interactive and immersive experiences such as conference trips, internships in hospitals and clinics and more.

I believe that these sorts of experiences will help me become a more culturally aware psychologist. I also believe that the interdisciplinary nature of ASU’s psychology program will allow me to study and find inspiration in other areas, including economics, law and other related fields.

The department itself is more focused on research than many other institutions, and this is important to me because I not only want to learn how to be a good practitioner but also how to apply my knowledge in the way of research. The faculty from International Psychology are experienced teachers and researchers, and the program is led by professors who have done work in this field. One of my favorite professors, even has a new book which is about cross-cultural psychology. He has always been available to talk with me about anything that I am interested in, and I find his research fascinating.

Finally, there are opportunities for students to study abroad which can be particularly beneficial if you want to work in an international setting later on. There are a large number of places where one can study abroad including Bolivia, New Zealand, Costa Rica and Tuvalu (just to name a few). I think studying in another country will help me understand better the cultural differences between people.

International Political Economy

International Political Economy

Q. 1.

The trade and production structure is a set of relationships amongst international organizations, states, NGOs, and international businesses. Together, these entities influence and control international norms and rules relating to production, where production takes place, who produces, who is the market, and lastly at what price. Economics of trade and its politics are inseparable. International trade has enlarged in value as well as in volume partially, as a manifestation of production internationalization. Progress in communication technology has precipitated a disintegration of production, with organizations outsourcing segments of the production process to diverse parts of the world. As a result of the mobility of capital, foreign direct investment demonstrates growth although much of it is concentrated in the developed economies. Trade encourages political, economic, and social interdependence among trading partners (Salvatore, 2009).

Q. 2.

In regard to comparative advantage, while one country may be less efficient than another country in the production of two commodities, there would still a foundation for mutually advantageous trade. The first country should focus in the production and export of the commodities in which it has comparative advantage, and import the commodities in which it has a greater absolute disadvantage. Comparative advantage is established by contrasting relative prices or the opportunity costs across nations.

Nations would always specialize depending on their comparative advantage. Competitive forces direct nations towards specialization depending on comparative advantage. International resources are utilized more efficiently, as total global output rises with specialization depending on comparative advantage. With trade and specialization, the consumption value increases in each country. Comparative advantage is an easier way of illustrating the trade patterns. Prices of commodities in foreign as well as domestic markets as well as the exchange rate assume secondary significance when it is implicit that comparative advantage provides a more fundamental illustration of trade (Salvatore, 2009).

Q. 3

Economic Liberals

The liberal ideas in regard to trade are influenced by David Ricardo formalization of the theory of comparative advantage. According Ricardo, trade is not based on who can produce the most of any given good (absolute advantage) since limitations of scarce resources mean that no nation can produce as much as it wants of all goods and services. Opportunity cost should as a result be considered. The theory of comparative advantage holds that a nation should produce those the same goods produced in other countries. Finally, a nation should import goods if the price of the import (terms of trade) is less than the opportunity cost of home production (Salvatore, 2009).

Mercantilists

Although trade itself makes all nations better off, changes in the terms of trade can make one nation better off and another worse off. Also, mercantilists view the theory of comparative advantage as incomplete because it does not take into account other factors that affect trade and national welfare.

Structuralists

In the perspective of structuralists, trade helped mother countries dominate and subjugate undeveloped colonial territories. Contemporary structuralists emphasize the extent to which international trade reflects the exploitative relationship that exists amongst core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral nations. Several structuralists point out that while trade has generated economic growth; the benefits in developing countries have been distributed very unevenly, promoting greater inequality (Salvatore, 2009).

Q. 4.

The approach of the Mercantilists best accounts for the relationship of the Northern industrialized nations to the Southern developing nations when it comes to trade. The approach perceives that states can intentionally create and can also easily gain comparative advantage by adopting strategic trade policies and having new technology, skills and other resources like cheap labor. Another political reality is that, in democratic nations, it is the state’s duty to protect society and its businesses from the negative effects of trade. Trade protection is also associated with a fear of becoming too dependent on other nations for certain goods. Then some neo-mercantilists are concerned that the protectionist trade policies of a regional trade alliance like NAFTA, EU are designed to help local industries, might either intentionally or unintentionally disrupt another country. Often this disruption is followed by an assortment of defensive or retaliatory neo-mercantilist policies like tariffs, import & export quotas, export subsidies, currency devaluation, non-tariff barriers, dumping, etc. that counter the original measures with the other state (Salvatore, 2009).

Q. 5.

In the 1980s trade accounted for an increasingly higher percentage of GDP in the industrialized states, generating demand for new protectionist policies. This led to the Uruguay Round of GATT multilateral trade talks in 1986. Strategic trade policies grew in importance, especially in the 1980s and 1990s. The Uruguay GATT Round (1986-1993) attempted to deal with a number of newer trade issues including services and intellectual property rights (IPRs). Domestic support for agriculture and LDCs was also issues dealt with in the Uruguay Round, but that had not been dealt with effectively (or at all) in previous GATT Rounds. Agriculture remained an especially sticky issue throughout the negotiations and held up the talks several times. Agreement was finally reached on agriculture, opening the door to agreements on services, IPRs, and other issues. While the Uruguay Round did make progress on these and other issues, many of them remain for the WTO to either deal with or solve.

The Doha Round

Both the EU and United States face tremendous domestic political pressure to leave agricultural protections in place to safeguard local farmers, in spite of the incentive these policies create for overproduction and dumping, which depress global prices for agricultural commodities. No subsequent proposal has been agreeable to all sides, and once again agriculture is poised to derail the Doha Round. One possibility is a “Doha lite” agreement that would not require nations to give up so much. There is great fear that failure to reach some agreement will damage the credibility of the WTO as an institution. In the meantime, many states are putting new energy into bilateral and regional trade agreements to advance the objective of trade promotion.

Q.6.

Three different international monetary and finance systems

The Bretton Woods System

The Float or Flexible Exchange-Rate System.

The Classic Gold Standard system.

The Bretton Woods System

The Bretton Woods System was created following World War II with the objective of promoting the cooperation required to rebuild Europe. It was seen as imperative to create a currency regime that would prevent the competitive currency devaluations that had precipitated tit-for-tat retaliation during the Great Depression. John Maynard Keynes proposed the “Keynesian compromise” which gave nations the ability to regulate their own domestic economies, but permit the IMF to collectively manage global financial policies to avoid another Great Depression. The IMF would provide temporary assistance to debtor nations in paying back wartime debts. This system restored confidence since all currencies were theoretically convertible into gold. The system subsisted on the basis of a bargain between the United States and Western Europe where the United States consciously accepted its hegemonic role of providing collective goods (like the dollar as a reserve currency, and security), in exchange for military and diplomatic support from Europe (Salvatore, 2009).

The Float or Flexible Exchange-Rate System.

Following the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the major powers authorized the IMF to widen the trading bands so that changes in currency values could more easily reflect the supply and demand of currencies. The oil shocks of the 1970s helped preserve the dollar’s status as top currency, as OPEC demanded ever-greater quantities of dollars to purchase OPEC oil. OPEC nations placed many of these “petrodollars” in Western banks. Petrodollars were loaned out to developing countries, which substantially increased their debt. Stagflation (concurrent inflation and slow economic growth) during the 1980s prompted the U.S. to raise interest rates to combat domestic inflation, which contributed to global recession. Concerns about the growth of communism in Latin and South America, the IMF and World Bank under U.S. pressure provided opportunities for developing countries to reschedule their debts.

Q.7.

The new global security structure can be perceived as a three-tiered structural arrangement made up of a relatively small number of great or major powers at the top, a bigger number of minor powers in the middle of the framework, and a large number of weak powers or poor states on the bottom layer. On the top layer states are preoccupied primarily with realist concerns of national defense and war when it comes to security. IOs are important to the extent that they serve the interests of their creators, nation-states. And NGOs have relatively little influence at this level. Third-tier states represent the great majority of poorer countries that lack both hard and soft power capabilities. They wrestle not only with territorial issues but also with a wide diversity of security concerns such as immigrants, refugees, minorities, human rights abuses, epidemic diseases, and environmental issues. UN peacekeeping forces and NGOs are quite active and play major roles at this level. Actors such as the United States tend to be involved in security issues in all tiers given its interests, capabilities, and global influence. Actors at all levels are connected by formal treaties, conventions, and other arrangements (Salvatore, 2009).

The Top Layer: Power Politics and the State-System Order

The focus of defense officials in these states is on preparation to fight wars or the protection of national borders. Realism usually prevails as the outlook that shapes official views about security. The basic principles of realism are summarized. The major powers and hegemons have global interests, one of which has been the balance of power. Three schools of thought about polar configurations of power are identified and discussed (Salvatore, 2009).

The Second Layer: The Changing Role of IOS

Minor powers usually focus on protection of the homeland, but because of their limited hard power capabilities are more likely to seek assistance from IOs when it comes to security. NATO has been and is still looked to by many minor powers for protection. Many of these states are strong supporters of a new International Criminal Court (ICC) to, in part; hold accountable those who commit war crimes.

The Third Layer: The Coming Anarchy?

Third-layer states are relatively weak states, and not as capable as the other two layers of states in dealing with security issues. They exhibit a good deal of domestic violence and conflict related to lack of economic development and persistent poverty. These states are quite dependent on IOs such as UN peacekeeping forces and NGOs like the Red Cross and Red Crescent to help them solve many of their security issues.

Q.8.

The relationship of security to development in poor nations is a hotly debated topic. For economic liberal development experts, security issues prevent or help delay economic development by wasting resources. Security issues in these nations are linked to heavy debt to international banks and finance institutions, overpopulation, poor infrastructure, and environmentally threatening issues. Some poor states adopt measures to grow their economy that may violate a group’s human rights. Support for terrorists can often be in failed states, while urban violence is linked to slum areas around large cities. Many developed nations ship arms to the poorer states in consideration of major power security but also economic interests. Many poorer states must look to IOs and NGOs for assistance when it comes to security issues (Salvatore, 2009).

Q. 9

IPRs are lawful tools to control access to innovation. IPRs therefore are an issue in the interaction of markets and nations in the IPE. IPR are the rights to control use of intellectual property – an invention or a creative work such as a novel or poem. Patents are issued by government and bestow exclusive rights to create, utilize or trade in an invention for a time usually ranging from 15-20 years. The trademarks are symbols registered by manufacturers or merchants to identify services and goods. Protection is generally granted for a decade and is also renewable. The copyrights protection is granted for inventive works of authorship such as artistic, literary, and scientific works. It is also issued for software and databases. Protection last for the author’s lifetime, plus fifty years (Salvatore, 2009).

Three Perspectives of Intellectual Property Rights

Liberals perceive IPRs as necessary to generate a mutually advantageous market for intellectual property.

Mercantilists perceive IPRs as an approach to acquire an advantage for local firms over foreign competitors. It may also be a way to control the increase of military technology that may be significant to national defense.

Structuralists perceive IPRs as another approach of exploitation. They view enforced IPRs as producers of dependency and underdevelopment (Salvatore, 2009).

Q. 10.

Three significant trends are;

Power and wealth increasingly rely on technology and knowledge.

The rate of technological transformation has increased.

The level of technological transmission has increased.

Q. 11.

Mercantilists perceive IPRs as an approach to acquire an advantage for local firms over foreign competitors. It may also be a way to control the increase of military technology that may be significant to national defense.

Liberals perceive IPRs as necessary to generate a mutually advantageous market for intellectual property.

Structuralists perceive IPRs as another approach of exploitation. They view enforced IPRs as producers of dependency and underdevelopment.

Q.12.

The Product Life Cycle (PLC) phenomenon is the markets response to a product. It largely judges when one phase in the life cycle will diminish and the next phase set in. The product life cycle exemplify how innovations happen, multiply, and ultimately are transferred in foreign countries. The production structure is influenced strongly by the changing trade. High-tech (knowledge) industries are termed “Schumpeterian” to indicate that only firms with monopoly power have the incentive and ability to invest in risky, costly, and long-standing research and development projects (Salvatore, 2009).

References

Salvatore, B. (2009). Theory & Problems of Global Economics. N.Y: McGraw-Hill.