Introduction
Similarities are based on the geographic settings, the portrayal of racism, and the specifics of the court case
Body
Geographical setting
Similarity in Portrayal of racism
Similarity in the specifics of the court cases
Conclusion
What entails moral courage and the summation of Tom Robinson and Scottsboro boys’ case
safety policies in aviation Industry in USA
Introduction
Safety concerns are the most relevant in all aviation establishments. The fact that a considerable number of human lives are always at stake makes it worth all the attention. The U.S government, through Federal Aviation Agency(FAA), extends their monitoring and control of the aviation industry. The organization’s mandate is to develop and oversee implementation of safety policies. Safety is not only a professional and noble responsibility,but also a law.
Pilots’ Shortcomings
Quite a number of aviation accidents occur due to human errors. Failure to maintain professionalism is a major undoing for pilots. Professionalism in aviation requires pilots to oversee flight endeavors in the best way possible. Flight details, such as airspeed and control functions, should remain under close watch. It is the pilot’s responsibility to acknowledge that human lives depend on their actions. Pilots should have a full time awareness regarding air and flight conditions. Pilots shortcomings are diverse and range from incomprehensibility, invalidity, plain biases and faulty suppositions and analyses. Incomprehensibility referes to general failure of pilots to understand emergence of risky issues. Plain biases implies that pilots fail to prioritize the sensitive safety issues and instead focus on others not as urgent.
Visual Related Conditions
The aviation industry is highly dependent on weather conditions. Bad weather conditions affect visibility which is a key factor in air transportation. The aviation industry is well aware of the challenges posed by bad weather conditions, but these conditions are uncontrollable. Ways to deal with visibility issues such as flight route diversification and aviation area forecast are in place. There are low visibility procedures set to allow flight takeoffs and landings under unfavorable conditions. Safety measures intend to place aviation activities beyond interruption from weather conditions.
Mechanical Problems
It is practically inevitable to have mechanical troubles in the aviation industry. Mechanical hitches usually jeopardize security measures and safety control mechanisms. Aviation monitoring agencies such as the FAA recommend maximum attention to flight mechanical issues. Safety oriented and experienced aircraft maintenance engineers help in resolving mechanical problems. These professionals should have certified operating licenses from aviation regulatory bodies. Air crafts should also have automated systems to detect mechanical problems.
Safety Training
Total maintenance of safety measures requires continuous education, orientation and awareness. These essential aviation qualities equip aviation workers with the knowledge to promote a culture of safety maintenance. Safety training enlightens workers and flight engineers on the techniques to avoid accidents. It keeps them at bay with recent safety tips and practices. Safety training is a basic practice considering that technology changes happen rapidly. Safety training recognizes the need for the aviation industry to keep up with technological changes.
Natural disasters have very huge negative impacts on the environment
Introduction
Natural disasters are as happenings that are generated by natural phenomena like earthquakes, tsunamis and global climate. Interest on the three natural phenomenon (earthquakes, tsunamis and global climate) was rekindled in the past years due to their impact and how they occur. Earthquakes and tsunami are sudden and one‐time event and their impact is quite lethal and hazardous while global climate develops over time and its impact is not heavy compared to the instant ones.
Effects of the disasters
Natural disasters have very huge negative impacts on the environment. Many people have lost their lives and property due to these disasters.
Earthquake
This is one of the most caustic and dangerous natural phenomena. It is initiated by the rapid vibrations of rocks close to the earth’s surface .It is considered to be the most frightening of all the natural phenomena and has bred fear ever since due to its abrupt and unpredictable occurrence and massive capability of destruction. Earthquakes usually last for a very few couple of minutes or even seconds, its tremors normally shakes the earth .Earthquakes are initiated mostly by the rupture of geological faults, volcanic activities, nuclear experiments ,landslides, and mine blasts.
Earthquakes can generate lots of damage to both human and animal life and even destruction of properties. When and where earthquakes take place, many people usually lose their properties lives and that of their loved ones. The rumbling effect produced by earthquakes causes destruction of structures like bridges, buildings and dams. The effect also generate landslides. Earthquakes are random and causes much devastating acts of nature.
Tsunami
Tsunami is a Japanese word meaning harbor wave. Tsunami is caused by ocean waves generated by earthquakes or landslides in the underwater. It is more devastating phenomena just like earthquake and it is also unpredictable the only difference being it takes place in water. The impact tsunami brings to the affected people is also outrageous. Tsunami has led to the great loss of lives in the affected area. It causes deaths by drowning people. Other related risks are contamination of drinking water, flooding, and massive destruction of infrastructure such as buildings, bridges and roads. It also have negative economic effects such as washing away of crops from the farms that are engulfed by flood leaving behind a barren land that cannot support crop growth due to saline conditions left in the soil, fishermen also suffer a blow from such flooding
Global climate
Climate change is an unavoidable phenomenon that globally is being experienced in many forms like temperature rise, Sea level rise, drought etc.
Global climate has a weighty effect on both human and animal health and well-being. Extreme climatic conditions can sometimes have negative impacts such as diseases and in most cases can even cause death .This has mostly been witnessed in too hot and too cold environments. Medical illnesses like peptic, bronchitis, glaucoma, ulcer, are associated to periodic variations in temperature. Diseases like pneumonia are mostly associated with extreme cold climate. Humidity also has a huge effect on health because it aids the body to cool itself by evaporation of perspiration. This sometime may be dangerous since extreme dehydration may lead to death
The effect of Global warming cannot be ignored due to its impact on environment.it is responsible for rising of sea level which has a negative impact to the economy and displacement of people who live in the affected seashores
How the phenomenon are monitored.
The natural disasters has stretched its magnitude of the damage to the affected areas. This is mostly due to the unpredictability of most of them. The effects are so severe just because of its instantaneous occurrence and the inability of people living in disaster-prone areas to prepare in advance for it and resist it. In the past years, efforts to monitor these disasters risk have been focused to give early warning systems so as to provide timely and real information that enables the people living in the prone areas to respond and take necessary action when it hits.
There are many websites that has been displaying up-to-date information related earthquake monitoring. Websites like http://www.noaawatch.gov/themes/quake.php are known for monitoring and giving latest information about earthquakes. According to the website, the latest earthquake info dated October 2013 exhibits the rate of earthquakes in Oklahoma that amplified remarkably since the mentioned date by about 50 percent – considerably increasing the accidental damaging capacity to 5.5 or greater quake in central Oklahoma. The use of Seismometers which can predict the magnitude of the earthquake, and then submits the number to the Richter scale to define its magnitude.
The Technology Resources for Earth quake Monitoring and Response
(TREMOR) is designed to tackle this problem. It involves two prototype systems integrating space-based and ground technology. The pilot implementation is focused in three countries that are vulnerable and frequently affected by earthquakes – Japan, China, and Peru – it involves the development and launch of two tiny satellites to monitor ionospheric and electromagnetic precursors. It is then blended with ground precursor finding, the gathered information is used to improve the available information of Earthquake-related phenomena.
Lynching was an essential thing was used by the white supremacists so as to have absolute
Introduction
Lynching was an essential thing was used by the white supremacists so as to have absolute power over black in early 20th and late 19th century Lynching was popularized by many reasons, much of which included terrorism so as to make the whites a more feared society .among the difficult things was the black resistance against the whites although the whites found it easier to resist because they were more powerful communally. However, all through the lynching history the whites used different ways to control the life of the black’s .Politically, socialy, economically and later lynching to crash the black uprisingA major factor that lead to the increase of lynching was the fear among the white male who saw the blacks as being danger to their families. False accusations was one major way the whites used against the black male, the crimes varied and most of the time the black male would be charged with rape and many men were convicted without any concrete evidence and at times even without being taken to court Such like act s of killing without approval most of time was viewed by the whites as an acceptable behavior as it was a way of eliminating wrong doers who most of the time were innocent Most of the sentences were be carried out by hanging, or sometimes worse disfigurement such as being set ablaze alive and also castration. The most ridiculous thing was that no white man was ever accused of such crimes the white society perfected the act of depriving the blacks all of the basic human right like even the right to life the men even went further to portray the black man as rapists that would rape the white women unless away devised on how the white woman would be protected. The reason the white man portrayed the black man as rapist was a way for the whites to gain total control over the black man and also to give the white society al the reasons to lynch the black man without raising eye brows and it worked as the rest of the world had been made to believe the black man was very bad.
Another reason why lynching becomes established was because of the ending of the Civil War, once it ended. As the fact that slavery had come and the slaves given freedom to make a living on for themselves some white people still felt the black society had to be controlled in someway coupled with fact that the black movement that already furthermore some whites had personal problems with the black especially towards the black man .After the civil war came to an end some whites agitated by the fact the black society could now live amongst them and do anything just like the whites, some were just disappointed that they had no more power over the blacks some whites also felt the blacks had no right to live among the whites, black society also was rising fast and the more reason the white man hated the black man more and the Blackman had to be controlled before the numbers became unbearable, still others just the black society as a threat for could now make own decisions and some whites thought the black man could not argue out to an extent of saying what is right and wrong and to suppress the black the whites resulted to lynching. The support of the society was another cause why lynching became ever more fashionable, and the absence of opposition from the blacks encouraged the white to continue terrorizing the black. The entire white community was in support of social accord, which allowed the blacks to receive punishment as well as becoming subdued. Considerably different from the usual public mobs giving their views openly, the medium was also contributed helped to the rising figure of lynching. They focused on cases involving black offenders against a white, sometimes they would speak to the community and offer suggestions to the community, recommending what actions needed to be imposed to ensure white power. The media would give comments as powerful as saying that lynching ought to happen for the reason of revenge and to discourage the black beasts against committing such an act again. Some politicians in most cases would promote lynching and racial violence. The political factors contributed to the increase of lynching during these two centuries. The three elections in 1892, 1894 and 1896 which brought on average of 17 lynching every year during the campaigns. And also Louisiana which was a famous state encountered increased numbers during the campaigns. Political parties that seemed to be perceived as detrimental to the dominance of the white race did not receive any recognition, Conservatives were worried about the black power which was fighting against the mistreatment of blacks so once more lynching became common and rose to even more terrorizing owing to the reality that the black political movement never achieved much furthermore they were punished for making efforts. The African repression continued to reign with the predominance of lynching, the blacks now started becoming violent despite the fact that lynching was on the rise and the blacks were also been weakened. Racial injustices is another immense cause why lynching thrived as well, the white people concerned for killing the blacks knew they would go scot free even if they killed a black man even when a black man acted in self defense and ended up injuring or sometimes killing a white man the guilty was always the black man be punished for accusing a black man or putting him to death. Lynching became more common as a communal show; people were accepting the brutal killing of a black man in public. The terror that the black faced was brought about by lack of social protection from police.
Conclusion
Lynching that took place in the 19th and 20th centuries was never studied properly to understand the impact it had in the lives of the blacks who lived during that period, while there are numerous instances where life become unbearable. Obviously being in a state of regular fear, experiencing the sense of denial, lack of one civil rights and importantly the taking of life. The predominance of lynching was at times because of support of the very people who were supposed to stop the terror, who would have thought that one of could stoop so low, to the extent judging people because of biological characteristics instead of seeing what they have to offer. The past is behind but power is still an issue which elicits emotions.
Introduction
Interview GuideOpening Remarks: I appreciate you for having given me an opportunity to interview you on the issues of your nutritional adaptability here in Australia. The interview is intended to understand your needs and find ways of helping you to adjust to Australian eating habits.
Do you prefer to cook meals for yourself or buy from restaurants?How long did it take before you adapted to the foods offered in Australia?
Why do you think it took so long/or why so quick (as appropriate)?
What types of foods do the international students prefer than the others?
How the university did support you in understanding Australian food?
Do you think that the school administration ensures that the nutritional needs of international students are met?
In places where preferred foods are unavailable, what steps are taken to ensure that the students are provided with other meals?
Is there need to come up with a team that will be in charge of affairs of international students in Australia?
Finally, is there anything else you can tell me about how living in Australia has impacted your diet and eating that we haven’t talked about yet?
Ethics FormFlinders University
SOCIAL AND BEHAVIOURAL RESEARCH ETHICS COMMITTEE Office Use Only
Project No.
APPLICATION FOR ETHICAL APPROVAL OF SOCIAL OR
BEHAVIOURAL RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN SUBJECTSIMPORTANT – refer to the ‘Application Submission Process’ and ‘Application Submission Guidelines’ documents available from SBREC Guidelines, Application Form and Templates web page before completion of the form.
New Ethics Application
Χ Response to Deferral Notice
Project Number Research Involving Children or Vulnerable Adults
If you are intending to conduct research involving children or vulnerable adults you are required to have undergone a Criminal History Check. A set of procedures has been agreed between the University and the Department for Communities and Social Inclusion (DCSI) Screening and Licensing Branch. For specific information about these procedures please refer to the Research Involving Children or Vulnerable Adults webpage and the Criminal History Check Procedures webpage.
Accordingly, Section H (Certification and Signatures) asks whether the research will involve children and vulnerable adults and if yes, asks for confirmation that a current Criminal History Check is in place.
A. PROJECT TITLE and TIMEFRAME
A1.Project Title
Foreign students dietary adjustments
A2.Plain language, or lay, title
How do foreign students adapt to changes in diet?
A3.Period for which approval is sought
Projects may not commence until formal written notification of final ethics approval has been provided.
Date data collection is due to commence: 06/05 /2013
Or following approval: Date data collection is expected to be completed: 06/05/2013
Date project is expected to be completed: 13th June 2013
B.RESEARCHER / SUPERVISOR INFORMATION
Correspondence regarding ethics approval will be emailed to the Principal Researcher with copies to all other researchers listed on the application unless otherwise indicated. Please note that is a requirement that all supervisors receive a copy of all correspondence relating to the project.
Principal Researcher (student or staff member)
Title: First Name: Family Name:
Status: Staff: Χ Flinders Uni Student: Associate: Flinders Uni Student No.
(Principal researcher only) Degree enrolled in:(please do not use acronyms) Supervisor(s)
(also list as researcher below) Flinders Uni School/Department or Organisation: Postal Address: (students only) Phone: Principal Researcher Email: Researcher 2/Supervisor
Title: First Name: Family Name:
Status: Staff: Flinders Uni Student: Associate / Other: Copies of correspondence required Yes No Flinders Uni School/Department Postal Address: Phone: Email:
Researcher 3/Supervisor
Title: First Name: Family Name:
Status: Staff: Flinders Uni Student: Associate / Other: Copies of correspondence required Yes No Flinders Uni School/Departmentor External Organisation: Postal Address: Phone: Email:
Researcher 4/Supervisor
Title: First Name: Family Name:
Status: Staff: Flinders Uni Student: Associate / Other: Copies of correspondence required Yes No Flinders Uni School/Departmentor External Organisation: Postal Address: Phone: Email: Researcher 5/Supervisor
Title: First Name: Family Name:
Status: Staff: Flinders Uni Student: Associate / Other: Copies of correspondence required Yes No Flinders Uni School/Departmentor External Organisation: Postal Address: Phone: Email: Researcher 6/Supervisor
Title: First Name: Family Name:
Status: Staff: Flinders Uni Student: Associate / Other: Copies of correspondence required Yes No Flinders Uni School/Departmentor External Organisation: Postal Address: Phone: Email: NOTE – If there are more than six researchers/supervisors involved in the project
please copy and paste the researcher details boxes above.
ALL QUESTIONS SHOULD BE ANSWERED IN THE SPACES PROVIDED.
ATTACHMENTS IN LIEU OF RESPONSE (WITH NOTATIONS TO ‘SEE ATTACHED’) ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE.
C.PROJECT DETAILS
C1.Brief outline of:
Athe project:
The project is aimed at establishing how foreign students adapt to changed dietary offerings in the host countries and the support systems available to them.
Bsignificance:
Foreign students in Flinders University are not accorded a structured system for cultural and dietary change assistance. The study will seek to find if there exists need for such a structure.
Cresearch objective(s):
No. Research objective
Establish the factors that affect how students adapt to changes in dietary offerings
Establish how well the students adapt and the time it takes
Define the sources of information on cultural and dietary changes for foreign students and whether these sources are sufficient
*Note: tab across to add new rows for additional research objectives.
C2.Medical or Health Research involving the Privacy Act 1988
Is the research related to medical or health matters?
Yes X Place letter ‘X’ in the relevant box
No
If YES, to question (A) below; if NO, go to item C4.
AWill personal information be sought from the records of a Commonwealth Agency?
Yes No X
If YES, complete Part A of the Appendix ‘Privacy Legislation Matters’ that relates to compliance with the Guidelines under Section 95 of the Privacy Act 1988.
If NO, go to question (b) below.
BWill health information be sought from a Private Sector Organisation or a health service provider funded by the State Department of Health?
Yes No X
If YES, complete Part B of the Appendix ‘Privacy Legislation Matters’ that relates to compliance with the Guidelines under Section 95 of the Privacy Act 1988.
If you answered ‘NO’ to both (a) and (b) above go to item C4.
C3.Health Research Involving or Impacting Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander PeoplesDoes your project comprise of health research involving Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander peoples?
Yes No X
IMPORTANT Proposals to conduct health-related research involving Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander peoples or communities in South Australia must also be submitted to the Aboriginal Health Council of South Australia (AHCSA).
C4.Project Information and Data Type
Publication
Y or N
Publication Intend to publish results?
(e.g., article, book, thesis) N
Data Type
Is DATA to be obtained primarily Quantitative Qualitative Is information to be sought by Questionnaire Interview X If OTHER, please state:
Experiment Computer / Online Focus Group Secondary analysis of data Other Recording / Observation If YES, outline what will be recorded or observed below
Will participants be video, audio recorded, photographed or observed? Video Audio If YES, please place a letter ‘x’ in the relevant response box or boxes and outline what will be recorded or observed. Photographed Observed X
C5.Research MethodOutline of the research method, including what participants will be asked to do
WHO will be recruited?The Study will be carried out on Saudi Arabian students who are Training as Paramedics in Flinders University.
SOURCE of participantsThe study’s participants will be drawn from members of the Saudi Paramedics Association.
RESEARCH METHOD – participants will be asked to:
RECORDING – Audio / video recording / photographs
WHERE will each component of the research be conducted?
The Participants will be interviewed at a place of their convenience.
C6.Research ObjectivesBriefly describe how the information which will be requested from participants addresses the research objectives outlined in item C1(c)
The researcher will only seek to draw from the experience of the paramedics on issues related to stress and its causes.
D.PARTICIPANT INFORMATION
D1.Brief outline of:
AIdentity and Basis for RecruitmentWho will the participants be? What is the basis for their recruitment to the study? What component of the research will each participant group be involved in?
The research will only seek to recruit Saudi Paramedic students. The other desired qualification is that they should have worked for a substantial length of time as Paramedics.
Participant Type Basis for Recruitment Component of Research Involved In
(e.g, survey, interview, focus group, observations)
BParticipant Numbers Approached and Population PoolPlease specify the number of people that will be approached (or an approximation if the exact number is unknown) AND the size of the population pool from which participants will be drawn.
The study will only seek to examine four (4) respondents.
Participant Type / Group Population Pool Numbers to be approached Expected / Required No.
CSource of ParticipantsFrom what source will participants be recruited (e.g., public, department, organisation)?
The participants will be sourced from Flinders University.
Participant Type Source of Participants
DConflict of InterestPlease specify whether any of the researchers involved in the project have any role, or relation to, the source from which participants will be recruited (e.g., organisation). Please indicate whether there may be a potential for a conflict of interest that may exist (financial or other interest or affiliation).IF a possible conflict of interest may exist, please explain how this will be managed.
The researcher is also a student of Flinders University but no conflict of interest is expected.
Researcher(s) Name
(ALL Researchers) Possible conflict of interest? If YES, explain how this will be managed.
EParticipant AgeWill any participants be less than 18 years of age? IF YES, please indicate the age range or potential participants and confirm whether information has been presented in a manner and format appropriate to the age group of participants.
Yes No X
Please note: that 17 year old Flinders University students may participate in research without parental consent. Participants recruited outside of the University under the age of 18-years will require parental consent unless a compelling argument can be made to the Committee.
Age range of each participant type / group Information presented in a manner / format appropriate to age group and participants? Yes/No
FInformed ConsentDo participants have the ability to give informed consent? If YES, please explain how participants will indicate willingness to be involved (e.g., completion of questionnaire, return of consent form etc). If NOT, please explain why not. If participants will be aged under 18 indicate whether they will be given the opportunity to assent to research participation (e.g., sign parental consent form).
Participants will be able to give informed consent during the time they agree to a face to face interview.
D2.Cultural and/or Religious BackgroundIndicate whether the participant group will be comprised of people from a specific cultural or religious background (for example, Indigenous and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples, Greek people etc) OR if any such categories are likely to form a significant proportion of the population to be sampled.
The research is primarily on Saudi students.
D3.LanguageWill there be any issues with language? If YES, please explain what the issues are and whether information will need to presented in a language other than English.Please also indicate whether anyone other than the researcher will be involved in translation of participant responses. If YES, explain how anonymity and confidentiality matters will be managed.
Yes No X
If YES, (a) explain what the issues are and (b) whether information will need to be presented in a language other than English
Overtype response here
WHO will translate information and how will anonymity and confidentiality matters be managed if translation will be conducted by someone other than a researcher?
Overtype response here
D4.Participant Contact and Recruitment
AContact and RecruitmentPlease provide a detailed explanation of how potential participants will be contacted and recruited. For example, if making direct contact (e.g., face-to-face, in class, telephone) HOW will contact details be obtained and how will participants indicate their willingness to be involved in the project?
The researcher being a member of the Saudi paramedic association will use the association to contact potential participants.
BVerbal ScriptIf potential participants will be approached directly (e.g., face-to-face, in class, on telephone) please provide a verbal script of what will be said by researchers or a third party who will recruit on the researcher’s behalf.The Committee recognises that a verbal script cannot predict all the possible responses or questions from potential participants and does not expect that the researcher will read directly from it during interaction with participants as this would impede open and natural communication. The verbal script should be an explanation of the key points that will be communicated to participants during contact and recruitment so that the Committee can be confident that participants will receive a complete picture of what the research entails to ensure that informed consent can be given
‘I am interested in conducting a survey on the causes and effects of stress among paramedics. It is desired that the respondents for this survey be Saudi Paramedic students who have previous working experience. I am proud to inform you that you fit the specifications of the study and if it were possible, I would like to arrange a face to face interview with you so we can go through the issues and I be able to get your views on the issus”
CEmail TextIf potential participants will be approached via email, provide the text that will be emailed. If participants will be contacted via email please provide the text that will be used in the email sent to potential participants to ensure that informed consent can be given.Important – email text for student projects should be written by the supervisor to act as a Letter of Introduction for the student.
Nat Applicable
D5.Information given to participantsWhat information will be given to participants? For example, the letter of introduction, information sheet, consent form, survey, debriefing or feedback information. Please clearly outline when this information will be provided to potential participants. Please note that letters of introduction, information sheets and consent forms must be provided before a decision is made on whether or not to participate.
What information will be given to participants and/or recruiting organisations? When will information be given?
D6.Direct Recruitment ApproachesDoes recruitment involve a direct personal approach to potential participants (e.g., face-to-face, classroom, telephone) by the researchers or by other parties/organisations to be involved in contact and recruitment?
Yes No If YES, please (1) justify why a direct recruitment approach is required and (2) explain how the researchers will address any real, or perceived, coercion felt by potential participants?
Overtype response here.
D7.Confidentiality and AnonymityIndicate any confidentiality and anonymity assurances to be given to potential participants and explain the procedures for obtaining free and informed consent of participants.Please note that where the sample size is very small, it may be impossible to guarantee participant anonymity and confidentiality. Participants involves in such projects should be clearly advised of this limitation in the Information Sheet.
Please answer the following questions: Y or N Will participation be anonymous? ImportantIf answered ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ to any questions, please ensure that potential participants are advised accordingly in the Information Sheet to ensure informed consent can be obtained.
Will participation be confidential? IF a lecturer / topic coordinator be involved in participant recruitment will they know who has participated? Overtype more detailed response to item D7 here
D8.PermissionsIndicate any permissions that may need to be sought to conduct the research, recruit specific people, access existing data sets or post advertising material and attach correspondence requesting permission AND granting permission. If this correspondence is not yet available please respond that a copy will be submitted to SBREC on receipt. For example, permission may need to be sought from parents or guardians, teachers, school principals, DECD, Head of School, organisational Head to recruit employees, Head of a University department or school, data custodians, community organisations etc).
Please note that permissions should be sought, in the first instance, from the Chief Officer or Head of the peak organisation or governing body unless adequate justification can be provided that contextual circumstances require a different approach.
Please note for class projects where permission letters are required to conduct the research, permission letters will need to be provided for every student.
Permission will be sought from: Permission request attached? Correspondence granting permission attached?
D9.Incidental PeopleIndicate whether anyone may be incidentally involved in the research (e.g., members of the public, colleagues, family members, children etc). In certain professional studies consideration may need to be given how such people will be informed about the research and how consent may be obtained for their incidental involvement. An oral statement given to a person / group incidentally involved prior to the commencement of the research may be sufficient.
Overtype response here.
D10.Time CommitmentIndicate the expected time commitment(s) by participants AND the proposed location(s) for every component of the research (e.g., survey, interview, focus group, observation). This information should be clearly conveyed to potential participants in the Letter of Introduction and/or Information Sheet.
Component of Research
(e.g., questionnaire, interview) Expected Time Commitment Proposed Location
E.RESEARCH CONDUCTED OVERSEAS
E1.Recruitment of Overseas ParticipantsWill any participants be recruited from overseas or will the research be conducted outside of Australia? Please note that regardless of the physical location of the researcher, if participants recruited will be located overseas the NHMRC considers it to be ‘overseas’ research.
Yes No If YES, please ensure you are familiar with the University’s Policy on Travel, Accommodation and Subsistence available from http://www.flinders.edu.au/ppmanual/policySecretariat/travel.html which states that all travel is prohibited to Level 5 regions (see section 7). Please be reminded that all travel to level 4 areas requires approval from the person responsible for authorising travel in your area and the Cost Centre Head.
If ‘YES’, go to item E2. If ‘NO’ go to section F.
E2.Identity of Overseas CountryIf research participants will be recruited from overseas indicate from which country or countries they will be recruited from.
Overtype response here.
E3.Overseas Ethics Approval ProcessesIndicate whether there any ethics approval processes, relevant to the research, in the country (or countries) where research will be conducted.
Yes No If ‘NO’ go to item E4.
If ‘YES’, indicate whether the ethics approval processes are mandatory.
Yes No Give a brief explanation of how the ethics approval process functions and the values and principles on which they rely.
Overtype response here.
E4.Student SupervisionIf the researcher is a student, explain how their academic supervision will be maintained while they are in the field, with particular reference to the wellbeing of both the applicant and research participants.
Overtype response here.
E5.Overseas Co-researchersWill co-researchers be recruited in the country, or countries in which the research will be conducted?
Yes No If ‘YES’ continue with item E5. If ‘NO’ go to section F.
If YES, how will their expertise and capacity to conduct the component of the research they will be involved in be determined?
Overtype response here.
No. Co-researcher full name and title Role in research
F.SPECIFIC ETHICAL MATTERS
F1.Project Value and BenefitsOutline the value and benefits of the project to the participants, the discipline, the community etc.
Overtype response here.
F2.Burdens and/or RisksNotwithstanding the value and benefits of the project (listed above), outline any possible burdens and/or risks of the project for research participants, researchers and incidental people.
If illegal activities may be disclosed by participants during the course of the research please explain how this will be managed and clarify whether the researcher is a mandated reporter. Please note that even if a researcher is not a mandated reporter that researchers could be held criminally liable if they fail to disclose information to authorities relating to serious indictable offences (e.g., murder, rape child abuse) under S241 of the Criminal Law Consolidation Act of South Australia.
Overtype response here.
F3.Management of Burdens and/or RisksIF any issues were raised in item F2 (above), explain how the researcher will respond to each identified burden and/or risk. IMPORTANT
If there is any possibility that research participation may cause some participants to experience emotional discomfort (e.g., anxiety, distress, embarrassment) the Committee recommends that contact details of free support services (e.g., counselling, Life Line) are included in the Information Sheet to be provided to respondents prior to a decision being made about whether or not to participate.
If the researcher(s) are mandated reporters or it is possible that illegal activities could be uncovered or disclosed, participants should be advised in the Information Sheet that although information will be treated with the strictest confidence by the researcher, that disclosure of information either must be reported to relevant authorities or cannot be safe from legal search and seizure.
Overtype response here.
F4.ConcealmentWill the true purpose of the research be concealed from participants?
Yes No X
If YES, outline the rationale for, and provide details of, the concealment.
Overtype response here.
F5.Feedback and/or DebriefingDescribe any feedback or debriefing to be provided to participants that may be relevant to the research, including how participants will be informed of any deliberate deception or concealment. Please provide copies of any information to be provided to participants.
Overtype response here.
F6.QuestionnairesIf participants will be required to complete a questionnaire indicate what the arrangements will be for the secure and confidential return of questionnaires to the researcher (e.g., sealable self-addressed envelope, collection by researcher or someone other than researcher, secure collection box etc).Please also indicate how participants will be informed of the arrangement (e.g., verbal instruction, information sheet, information listed at end of questionnaire etc).
WHO will distribute the questionnaire / survey to participants?
HOW will participants return completed questionnaires / surveys?
WHO will collect completed questionnaires / surveys?
HOW will participants be informed of the arrangements?
F7.Participant Reimbursement
Is it the intention of the researcher to reimburse participants? Refer to the Application Submission Guidelines available from the SBREC Guidelines, Application Form and Templates web page for guidelines on participant reimbursement.
Yes No X
If YES, how much or what will participants be given as a reimbursement? Please also provide a justification for the amount or item provided as reimbursement.
Overtype response here.
F8.Data Transcription
Indicate whether data may need to be transcribed. If YES, please indicate who will transcribe the data (e.g, researcher(s), secretarial assistance, professional transcription company). If anyone other than the researcher(s) will transcribe data, confirm whether they will be asked to sign a confidentiality agreement, a template for which is available from the SBREC Guidelines, Application Form and Templates web page.
No
F9.Participant Control of Data
Indicate what control participants will have in the immediate reporting and future use of data collected for the purposes of the research. Will participants have the ability to view individual transcripts (if relevant) and/or the final report for comment and/or amendment prior to publication? If YES, explain how participants will be given this access and/or opportunity in the Information Sheet.
No
F10.DATA STORAGE AND RETENTION
Note that the data should be retained in accordance with the Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research and Flinders University policy.
F10(a)Data Transmission ProtocolsDuring the research project:
What protocols will be used for the secure transmission of data (if required) to e.g., transcribers, interpreters or other members of research team? If transcription or interpreter services will be used will the data received be deleted by transcribers / interpreters on completion of services? F10(b)Data TypeOn completion of the project, data will be stored:
In writing X On Flinders University computer server On audio tape/CD On video tape/DVD Other (please indicate):
Please note that audio tapes should be retained as they may be required for the verification of results and/or secondary data analysis unless written transcriptions have been reviewed and agreed to be participants.
F10(c)Data De-identificationWill data be stored in a de-identified form?
Yes X
No If YES, please confirm whether this means: ‘X’
that the data cannot in any way be linked to an individual or organisation (non-identifiable data); OR X
that the data has had all identifying information removed but the means still exists to re-identify an individual and/or organisation (re-identifiable data). If NO, explain how any relevant anonymity and confidentiality standards will be met for data storage.
Overtype response here.
F10(d)Data Storage LocationClarify where the data will be stored securely. Wherever possible, research data should be held in the researcher’s department or other appropriate institutional repository, however researchers are permitted to hold copies of research data for their own use, and for data to be stored in locations other than Flinders University.If data will not be stored at Flinders University, explain why and indicate where and how long it will be stored for in accordance with the retention periods listed below (see Australian Code for Responsible Conduct of Research, paragraph 2.1, 2.2.2 and 2.2.3).
Overtype response here.
F10(e)Data Retention PeriodData will be stored securely at location listed above for:
X At least 12-months after the completion of the project if the research project is for assessment purposes only, such as class research projects completed by all students.
Note: Applies to research projects which include a whole topic list of students on one application, not for projects that include one or a few student researchers.
At least five years from the date of publication
At least seven years if the research involves a South Australian Government Department from the date of publication
Permanently if data relates to work that has a community or heritage value, preferably within a national collection
G.OTHER MATTERS
G1.Other Ethics CommitteesIndicate any other centres involved in this research AND/OR any other Ethics Committee(s) being approached for approval of this project including the approval status of each. If copies of approvals cannot be provided at the time of application submission please confirm that copies of all approvals will be submitted to the Committee on receipt.IMPORTANT
Please note that Flinders University and the Southern Adelaide Local Health Network (SALHN) have agreed that ethics approvals granted by an SA Health Human Research Ethics Committee will be accepted by Flinders University without further scrutiny. If this applies to your project please refer to the SBREC multi-site research web page for further information.
Other Centres and Ethics Committees to be approached for approval? Ethics Approval Attached?
Please note that if other Ethics Committees
Introduction
In “Financialization and income inequality: bringing class struggle back in”. Yair Kaldor discusses the association between indicators of financialization and income inequality. Yari Kaldor is a researcher who works in the department of sociology at the university of Haifa, Israel. He has a Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison: Madison, Wisconsin, US. Although its writing style is convoluted, Kaldor (2022) writes an effective article because of its clearly stated main argument and sufficient evidence.
Summary Paragraph
Kaldor (2022) states that both financialization and individual income inequality are strongly related to statistics. To start, the author begins examining the relationship between economic and income from the perspective of the struggle between the working class and the capitalist class, he proposes that financialization has an impact on worker’s income because of class struggle. Then the author expands that by describing the harm of inflation to investors and financiers, the author reflects the direct relationship between financialization and class monetary inequality from the side. After that, he describes the story of Volcker as chair of the Federal Reserve, referring that the policies implemented by the state for economic situations, such as reducing inflation by lowering workers’ wages also has an impact on workers’ income. In the End, the author concludes that income inequality brought about by financialization is inextricably linked to the struggle between the working class and the capitalist class
Evaluative
Although the article is effective, the author’s writing style is complicated. In more detail, the author often uses complex sentences and delicate words to modify and describe the topic. For instance, when the author is explaining why he uses various evidence to proof his argument in the article, he states that: “This is not meant to deny the insights provided by existing approaches, but to incorporate them within a broader perspective that can better account for the impact of financialization on the distribution of income.” (Kaldor, 2022) Evidently, the author is using complex sentences to suggest that analysis of the impact of financialization on income distribution should be observed and analyzed from a broader perspective. However, such complex sentences are too long to read, thus causing the reader to forget the main point the author was trying to emphasize. In addition, the article also highlights: “The economic recessions that followed the Volcker Shock combined with the high level of debt already carried by NFCs gave rise to the novel phenomena of concession bargaining in many U.S. industries.” (Kaldor, 2022) For this reason, this reveals that in the process of presenting evidence, the author frequently uses many professional terms and words to describe the national financialization decision impact on income, such as “NFCs”, “novel phenomena”. Moreover, these complex and unfamiliar words will drive the reader to lose interest in the article, or even make the reader give up reading. Therefore, despite the fact this article is valid, its writing style is complex, and it contains convoluted patterns and unfamiliar vocabulary.
However, one of the most important elements about the article is how it effectively uses references and extant research on a variety of subjects and issues. The utilization of references and prior study by Kaldor (2022) is designed to assist him in making sense of the situation and gaining a better understanding of its complexities. In addition to this, he is able to demonstrate the fundamental distinction between his perspective on the subject, the manner in which meaning is created, and the manner in which references are drawn from study that has previously been carried out. This article makes effective use of references, which makes it simpler to read by illustrating how many subjects are related to one another and how they are distinct from one another. Kaldor (2022) makes use of references to previous research in order to assist in the construction of a comprehensive information network, a thread in which each individual piece of knowledge is linked to the next. For instance, Kaldor (2022) quotes a number of academics who state that ever since the economic crisis that occurred in 2008, there has been a greater focus placed on the connection that exists between the evolution of the financial sector and the degree of income disparity. The researchers addressed by Kaldor (2022) also demonstrate that there is a robust statistical connection between indices of financialization and measures of income inequality at various levels of analysis. This is done by comparing data from different countries.
Also, a notable element of the paper is that it clearly identifies and works toward bridging an identified research gap. Every research must be conducted as a way of identifying a research gap and then working towards covering the same gap. Identifying areas where further study is needed is a valuable strategy for accelerating the learning process in general. Finding a hole in the existing body of knowledge and then being able to fill it through the conduct of an exhaustive and extensive study could be very satisfying for the researchers who are involved in the project, not to mention the fact that the results of the study might be of use to the community as a whole. According to Kaldor (2022), the number of explanations for the connection between growing income disparity and financialization is still limited, and these theories do not lay a significant focus on workers. As a consequence of this, the author takes a novel approach in the essay by investigating financialization and income inequality through the lens of how class struggle has developed in the economy of the United States over the course of its history. It demonstrates that the economic crises of the 1970s, which led to financialization, were intimately tied to the escalating labor-capital confrontations, in which the state became a more prominent battlefield (Kaldor, 2022). The article very articulately addresses this problem.
Conclusion
Kaldor discusses the association between indicators of financialization and income inequality. He states that both financialization and individual income inequality are strongly related to statistics. Although the article is effective, the author’s writing style is complicated. In more detail, the author often uses complex sentences and delicate words to modify and describe the topic. This is a huge problem because it means that the study is only suited to professionals and those that are familiar with the jargon used in the article. However, one of the most important elements about the article is how it effectively uses references and extant research on a variety of subjects and issues. The utilization of references and prior study by Kaldor is designed to assist him in making sense of the situation and gaining a better understanding of its complexities. Also, a notable element of the paper is that it clearly identifies and works toward bridging an identified research gap. Finding a hole in the existing body of knowledge and then being able to fill it through the conduct of an exhaustive and extensive study is not only satisfying for the researchers who are involved in the project, but also to the community and research body that benefits from the results of the study.
References
Kaldor, Y. (2022). Financialization and income inequality: bringing class struggle back in. Critical Sociology, 48(3), 381-396.
Introduction
Homes that have addiction cases are often painful to live in, which is why the family members are often left traumatized through experience by various degrees. Broad shifts, from one side of the psychological, behavioral, and emotional spectrum to the other, all too often signify an addicted family structure. Family members living with addicts are often put under unusual stress. It affects normal routines by undergoing frightening or unexpected experiences that are part of living with addiction. What is often communicated mostly does not relate with what is felt or seen in front of the eyes or beneath the surface by the family members.
The family members, as well as drug users, may manipulate, bend, and deny reality as they try to maintain family order that they sense is slipping away. The whole system becomes engulfed by the problem that is gradually getting out of hand. Big issues are minimized while little things are maximized as pain is sidelined. This essay will mostly centralize on trauma as one of the factors that promote addiction within families. It looks at the causes and general nature of trauma, a particular type of trauma, its mitigation modes, and possible causes. Attempts will be enacted to analyze some of the practical and theoretical ways of trauma treatment. Reliable spiritual and academic sources will be used throughout the article to support the analysis.
Trauma: its Causes and Nature
Living in this type of intense emotional atmosphere during the early childhood period can set up feelings of fear or those of attachment that are filled with ambivalence and anxiety. Children of drug peddlers or alcoholics during their youthful years may be over by powerful feelings that they lack the sophistication development and family support to understand and balance their predicaments. Due to this they may end up increasing their defense, such as denying there is a problem, shutting down their feelings, over controlling, rationalization, self-medication, and withdrawal symptoms as a way of controlling the inner turmoil they feel. These phenomenal developments make people face life resulting to trauma and depression.
When drugs or alcohol is introduced into the family structure, the ability of the family to control its behavioral and emotional functioning is significantly changed. The disease can subsume the family members to such an extent that they lose their normalcy senses. Their life centers on lies, preventing the truth from their children, themselves, and their false world. Faith and trust in a predictable and orderly world can be disputed as their family life becomes chaotic, their friends and family depended upon become untrustworthy, and promises are broken.
Both adults and children in this family may lose their sense of what or who they can rely on. Since the disease is advancing, members of the family quickly settle into routines of communication that progressively become dysfunctional. Such families often leave the children to fend for themselves, the members may compete for the little attention and love or retreat into their own world. Since there are no reliable adults, children may take up the parental role and attempt to provide the comfort and care that is missing for each other. Often the trauma refers to the persistent or continual negative effects of experiencing extremely distressful actions. These adverse effects include; psychiatric disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, distrust and resentment that are personal psychological orders (Allen, 2001).
Happenings that are traumatic objectively may be events such as experiencing a near death event like being in an accident or feel helpless while about to die. The painful experiences do not only come because of the disaster. Undergoing these disturbing events in life could result in a person exhibiting symptoms of trauma (Allen, 2005; Pearlman et al., 1995).
Socially factors that can cause trauma include political/ war violence; which is prolonged, severe, unpredictable or repeated. In addition seeing, events that are life-threatening or executing violent actions towards others can be disturbing violation of human rights example in severe cases as torture, kidnapping, rape, or criminal violence; which are the biggest (PSTD) Posttraumatic Disorders contributors. In marriages, the most significant causes of trauma include domestic violence; kicking, slapping, beating, sexual abuse and rape.
One’s emotions can be greatly affected by trauma. Naturally, avoiding emotional distress is possible, but it can malfunction, but blocking emotions can be sidelined by intense internal emotional disruptions. Therefore, it is advisable to nature one’s feelings and develop them effectively and control them before they get uncontrollable. Sentiments such as panic, anxiety, and fear play an important aspect in trauma. Nurturing awareness of these feelings allows one to implement defense structures before they get uncontrollable (Allen, 2005; Fahrion 1990). Since every person has a deferent reaction to the situation, it is important to know the signs associated with trauma. It can fuel or stir up feelings such as fear, anger denial, or guilt. On other occasions, it can have destructive results in life such as having compulsive or obsessive behavior, withdrawal symptoms, and drug abuse.
It can be easy to recognize a traumatized person if you are aware of the symptoms. Often, these are categorized into cognitive, physical, and behavioral responses or symptoms (Heraman, 1992; McMahon). The physical symptoms include fatigue, pain, aches, heightened or lessened appetite, low energy, or lack of sleep. Whether a person has physical injuries or not these signs will are seen. Emotional signs of trauma include fear, depression, shock, anxiety, grief, disbelief, sadness, and guilt. These reactions make the patient stunned. In the aftermath of emotional trauma, stress may change how a person relates and communicates with others. The person may realize late that they are withdrawn or isolated from others, they are easily frightened by the slightest noise, increase drug abuse, be disrespectful or distrusting to others.
A person thought pattern may change after a traumatic experience. Cognitive signs seen include; confusion, decreased concentration, forgetfulness, lowered alertness and difficulty in decision-making. These reactions may happen after hours or immediately after the occurrence. It might take a duration maybe years to fully recover from a disturbing event and be normal.
Psychological Trauma
So far, the article has demonstrated that trauma is the result of a tremendously stressful event and occurrence that leaves the person with unbearable haunting reflections. Trauma makes you feel helpless, lonely and deprives your emotions of security and safety. Any event or action that may not cause actual physical injury but leaves you mentally affected is traumatic. Life dissatisfactions; as a result of death, midlife crisis or any other event are all factors that directly can lead to psychological trauma. In 2008 wellbeing Bolton of the wellbeing clinic categorized trauma into six main groups, namely blunt force trauma, physical trauma, psychological trauma, penetrating trauma, childhood trauma, and post- cult trauma. The nature and designs of psychological trauma will be the focus of this article.
Extremely stressful adverse events and happenings that leave the individual lonely, insecure, and helpless are the main causes of psychological trauma. This makes you feel helpless in a defenseless world. If this condition continues, you are probably going to change your behavior, for example, start isolating friends, engage in drug abuse, and become hateful among others. Traumatic experiences commonly involve a threat to the safety, life and security, but any occurrence that is probably going to make you feel alone, and overwhelmed is traumatic even if it there is no evident physical injury. It is not the events objective aspect that determines whether it is traumatic or not but the emotional, subjective experiences of the events.
The more helpless and insecure you feel, the higher the probability that you will be affected. Stressful events will be traumatic if it happens suddenly since you are unprepared for it, you cannot prevent it, perhaps it happened frequently, in childhood or instigated intentionally. Single incidence can also cause psychological trauma, relentless stress, horrible accidents, ailments, natural disaster or broken relationships can instigate psychological and emotional trauma. In accordance with the person, not all traumatic events lead to an extended psychological trauma.
Even from some of the most traumatic experiences some people recover quickly. Experience overwhelms others that on the surface may seem less traumatic (Blackeney & Creson, 2010). Negative experiences are likely to traumatize a person if they are under other stress factors. Analysis also points out that people who have undergone traumatic experiences initial example while young are more open to new attacks. Some of the sign of psychological trauma are mood swings, anger, blame, feeling disconnected, sadness and many others.
Psychologists and researchers also argue that traumatic experiences while young are more likely to have long lasting impacts that extend to adulthood. Children affected while young see the world as dangerous, unfriendly, and scary (Eth, 1994; Terr, 1991). If such situations are not fixed, it multiplies and transits into adulthood setting the conditions for possible future shock. This can fasten the family and addiction experience. Sexual assaults, separation from parent, neglect, or bullying are some of the possible psychological trauma contributors.
Psychological trauma signs may wither away within months or days after the event. It is possible to feel emotions triggered by an image, sound, anniversary, or problems of painful memories or situations that remind them of the unfortunate experience. Weeping is the most natural and common way people react to traumatic experiences. Survivors are encouraged to go through the process of grieving with others for sharing experiences and comfort.
(PTSD) Post-traumatic stress disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder is considered as a primary type of emotional and psychological trauma. It develops after the unfortunate experience. The peak of the PTSD is undergoing the same adverse event in reminder response of the event. Symptoms of PTSD include nightmares, flashbacks, and memories. Recalling things that can instigate feeling of fear, helplessness, and insecurity can cause unbearable and intense reactions (Rose, 1993; Wellbeing, 2008). Knowing how to distinct the current from the past is a major issue in handling trauma.
Factors to consider while coping with trauma
Through the experiences, people instill meaning into their lives they instill and experience their life choices through these stories. They tell and make about themselves. The life story is not just a platform for telling oneself or others about life, but an avenue by which a person’s identity shapes (Giddens, 1991). The design of one’s story is structured by several factors that may be psychological example their culture, values, personality, norms or situation. Therefore, to effective cope these cognitive factors should be considered. The ability to retain stability and consistency at a particular trauma level and ordinary level of life is thought as a better sign of recovery (Bruner, 1990; Wigren, 1994). This capability should project itself and be evident to the survivors re-telling their ordeal.
Constructing a meaning of life is also another important aspect in mitigating trauma. Coping process effectively incorporates a profound search for meaning of life on the survivor’s side. Questions like; what have I achieved? why now? What needs to be accomplished now? What have I learnt through these events? Are examples of a survivor’s strategies to get meaning to their life (Crossley, 2000; Frankl, 1984). Self-evaluation is also another suggested means of mitigating trauma. Divergent modes of self-assessment associated with the trauma event are an effective means of effectively coping or maintaining a sense of self-control. Feeling active, guilty, responsible or passive are some of the factors that can happen when coping begins (Steptoe, 2000).
Spiritual leaders and psychologists suggest that one should implement one or more of these methods of handling trauma. These include; regular exercise, taking care of the body regardless of physical harm or not, getting enough good sleep. Physical actions like running or jogging can help lift one’s spirits and reduce stress. Restructure of the support system by making connections with others and sharing the experiences. Telling others about it helps you understand the aspects of your emotions that need immediate change. Keeping the usual routine, do not withdraw or isolate yourself from the normal activities work, socialize and exercise frequently. This will help in re-setting your usual sense of order and routine in your life.
Have fun; enjoy yourself through spontaneous and creative functions such as painting, cooking, singing, or gardening will help restore happiness into your life. Getting support and help; it is advisable to seek aid from a professional, may be a counselor, psychiatrist or church pastor or any person in a position to offer some assistance. Players and meditation; is also recommended by the spiritual leaders such as priests and pastors. Seeking spiritual answers can help you find and understand your questions and life better.
Avoid drugs; under situations that are stressful, an individual can get involve with drug abuse, example illegal drugs and excess alcohol. It may be appealing and attractive to take drugs that can interrupt your capacity to manage. They can possible help you delay the trauma. Relaxing; taking some time off from your activities, taking a soothing and warm bath, walking around the park, clear your moods and thoughts or listening to music. Spending quality time with loved ones; take a meal with friends, play with children, those social communications inject new energy and perspective back into your life. Humor and laughter can take out fear, maintain a feeling of relaxation, and restore a peaceful mindset. Regardless of whether it is a trauma or a midlife crisis, these events can help you set and re-analyze life.
Practical and Spiritual Approaches of Treating Trauma
Trauma as already shown involves both emotional and psychological changes. An effective means of trauma treatment is one that can treat restore the meaning of life and peace of mind to the survivor. Both practical and spiritual approaches in treating trauma are encouraged. Members are encouraged by the religious leaders to take trauma and depression seriously. They guarantee us that with prayers, anything can be achieved, but additional attention may be needed for trauma. Trauma in Christianity is believed to be induced spiritually by feeling guilty of wronging or hurting others, or a sense of having lived out of what God required of us can instigate a traumatic experience. Fear of dying can also cause trauma.
In such situations spiritual things, prayer and meditation can bring up bring about a sense of wellness and in mitigating the shock. We are encouraged spiritually to accept frustration and discouragement, not to get defeated. As temptations and problems come when we are at our lowest point, when in despair and believe there is no way out, we are encouraged to believe in a higher power. Another way to get out of trauma and depression spiritually is through confessions. Spiritual mitigation of trauma and depression has a lot of justification, but in this territory, leaders encourage their followers to view life in a more practical and use experts for sorting the issues.
Options of Trauma Treatment
It is advisable to tackle the massive memory related issues that have been pending to mitigate the dangerous effects of trauma. Treatment of trauma relieves troubled thoughts and emotions that weigh heavily on your mind. It is a nicer option and good decision to heal trauma. Sometimes it is re-traumatizing to treat the condition. Conditions that demand seeking a professional include; when having difficulty forming and sustaining credible relationships, when having problems functioning, avoiding things that can remind you of the trauma, when experiencing depression, dissatisfaction, and anxiety.
Choosing a specialist that you are comfortable with goes a long way on the treatment success. Healing and treating trauma should include; processing trauma-related memories and feelings, regulating and effective learning strong feelings, re-building and developing the confidence to believe in others and to release all that stored energy effectively.
Treatment Approaches; Trauma Therapy
In mitigation of emotional and psychological trauma the below approaches are implemented (Pearlman et al., 1995; Allen, 2005).
Many of the people-undergoing traumas implement somatic experiencing that uses the ability of the body to self-heal. Body sensation is the focus of this therapy as compared to thoughts or memories that instigated the issues this aids you release trauma, concentrate on your body, and release the trauma pent up tensions and energy. A strategy of natural survival effectively releases and takes over the stored energy.
A combination of behavioral and cognitive therapy through the implementation of (EMDR) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing helps mitigate the trauma. Focus is on memories and traumatic emotions while following using your eyes to follow the therapist’s finger. Negative emotions and memories are believed to be freed through the finger movements and consecutively giving the patient a chance to handle them. CBT or (Cognitive-Behavior therapy) is designed to help you process and evaluate your thoughts and feelings. The psychological impacts may not be sorted through CBT, but it can help when incorporated with other body therapies like EMDR.
Conclusion
The scope of trauma studies is quite extensive; there may be divergent ways of viewing what cause the issues, effective ways of handling it, its categorization, best ways to cope with it and possible practical and spiritual ways of effectively coping and treating it. This analysis has suggested a combination of both practical and spiritual resources that give us a guide on how to treat, cope, and understand the trauma. It has offered a familiar as well as a strategic way of handling the issues. Regardless of the trauma cases, the above information can apply in all cases.
management functions and roles
Introduction
Health care institutions are some of the most important in the framework of any country. Though they have a simplified façade on the outside, you would acknowledge that their administrative structures bear an element of complexity. There are various aspects of leadership that hold these institutions together ensuring their smooth running as well as enhancing the efficient allocation of the available resources.
Significance of leadership in healthcare institutions
The importance of leadership as far the smooth running of the healthcare institutions is concerned cannot be gainsaid. Though the role played by this particular aspect in the healthcare facilities remains unexplored on the larger part, you would appreciate its particular function.
To start with, leadership has everything to do with setting the goals of the organization. There has always been a conflict of interest in healthcare organizations as to whether the main focus should be profit making or enhancing the quality of the services provided. Setting the goals of the organizations determines the allocation of the available resources. This is because; leadership entails commanding resources, whether human, physical or financial towards the achievement of a common goal.
In this endeavor, the leadership allows for prioritization, or making choices amongst conflicting alternatives in the healthcare facility. Top on the agenda is the cultivation of respectful relationship within the organization’s staff as well as coming up with ground rules which provide a basis for decisions that set the priority, provide the context, choice as well as information necessary for making appropriate decisions on the running of the organizations.
Current activities and the skills neededLeadership pertains to the act of influencing resources whether human, physical or economic towards a common goal. One of the activities relating to leadership would be fostering the vision they have. In this case, the vision would mobilize all the stakeholders into a united direction, set the boundaries as well as the limitations on the realistic goals and set goals. In addition, it would set agendas for consolidations and efficiencies and form a basis on which shared values are built.
In this endeavor, prioritization and management skills would be necessary in order to set the time frames within which the vision will be attained and therefore align the stakeholders to the goals set.
Key challenges to leadership
Leadership in any organization is faced with numerous challenges. Healthcare facilities are definitely not left behind. As indicated, leadership entails uniting all factors necessary towards attainment of a common goal. In health care facilities, it is definitely very challenging to motivate as well as retain workers. Motivation has a definite bearing on the productiveness of the healthcare facility workers.
In addition, you will note that retention of workers in the healthcare organization has a bearing on the productivity as well as profitability of the organization. With a high turnover, the health facility would have to spend even more resources in the recruitment and training. This definitely underlines the importance of the ability of leadership to enhance team-building in order to motivate the workers.
Leadership styles would also play a part in enhancing team building. Workers would definitely be motivated when they feel that their opinion is put into consideration. In this case, allowing for participatory leadership would make them feel part of the decision making and therefore they will own the process and be more connected to it.
Strategies in combating the challenges
Challenges pertaining to motivation of workers have everything to do with the leadership style that the leader inculcates. It would be important that the leaders in the health care facilities focus their energies on ensuring cohesion through more team building. This would definitely improve the productivity of the team. In this endeavor, it would be imperative that the leaders reach out to their staff and help them find solutions to their problems by empowerment.
Delegation of tasks is always an important strategy as it allows the staff to come up with solutions pertaining to the problems. The delegation should help them figure out the impediments to their success and therefore come up with solutions in their own accord. The leader should only step in, in cases where they are needed.
Conclusion
Leadership in health facilities is a very contentious issue. It has a bearing on the smooth running of the health facility. Understanding the challenges and the ways to tackle them would be imperative in order to enhance the efficiency and productivity in these organizations.
http://www.utoronto.ca/cpsrn/html/documents/PSleadershipHEALTHPOLICY.pdfLeadership and priority setting:
The perspective of hospital CEOs
David Reeleder a,∗, Vivek Goel a, Peter A. Singer b, Douglas K. Martin c
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-most-common-leadership-challenges.htmhttp://www.leadership-expert.co.uk/leadership-challenges/http://www.wisegeek.com/topics/leadership-challenge.htmhttp://www.leadership-expert.co.uk/leadership-styles/
Introduction
Every status or level in the society comes with duties, responsibilities and roles for the individuals concerned. Right from one’s childhood to adulthood, duties and responsibilities take on dynamism in line with the demands of that particular level. While students are basically taken to be children, they have a role to play both in the society and in the institutions in which they are. However, higher education comes with relatively more roles and responsibilities for the students since they are basically considered as adults.
While there is no uniformity as to the roles of students in particular institutions, there are roles that students in higher education would be under an obligation to play not only in their respective institutions but also in the society. These include but are not limited to the following.
Dedicating all their efforts to furthering and attaining the highest levels of excellence for the better of the institution and the society at large. As much as students in every other institution are expected to play this role, the responsibility is more pronounced for students in higher education. This is because they have more freedom which definitely comes with more responsibility as to their affairs. In this case, furthering their knowledge and academic excellence in particular fields is their ultimate responsibility all in an effort to make the institution and the society better.
Orienting other or new coming students to the system in the particular higher education institution they are in- more often than not, there will be new students or at least some individuals who are not conversant with the system of the institutions. While it would be possible for such individuals to be oriented to these systems with time, the students play a critical role in fastening the orientation process. This has the effect of stabilizing the institution and ensuring that all processes run smoothly. This also ensures quick implementation of the policies and other fundamental frameworks that exist to guide the smooth running of the institution.
Contributing to improving the systems and structures of the institution in order to enhance efficiency- in many institutions, students play a very minute role in determining the systems within which they will be operating. However, this would be a bit farfetched as far as students in higher institutions are concerned. They are expected to come up with ideas on how the structures and policies guiding the operations of that institution should be made in order to ensure high levels of efficiency in delivery of services. In fact, this is recognized as the only way in which the students would feel part of the system or as if they own the system and therefore contribute to ensure it runs smoothly.
Observing the rules and regulations of the institution in an order to safeguard peaceful coexistence in the system both with the administration and the other students. As much as the students may not have contributed in the making of the existing rules and regulations, they are charged with the responsibility of observing them in order to safeguard peace in the institution and the society at large. This however, does not limit or undermine their duty to make the policies better or offer ideas on how these policies could be structured to make them better and align them with the current times.
Conclusion
While the role of students may not really be recognized in many education systems, it is important to acknowledge that they play a very crucial part in enhancing the excellence of the education system not only today but also in the future.
Roles of nurses
Introduction
Quality is one of the major areas of focus in healthcare facilities more so as pertaining to patient safety, quality improvement, quality assurance and regulatory quality. For all these aspects, the importance of nurses cannot be gainsaid as far as enhancing the smooth running of a particular institution is concerned. Right from the very first day, they assume a very responsible role in the healthcare system. This underlines the importance of knowing their roles and responsibilities in order to attain the highest level of integrity both for him/her and for the institution. While these roles change vary with the particular area of practice, there are some shared roles which crosscut every aspect of the career. These include the following
Care provider or caregiver- this is the most essential and traditional role of the nurse irrespective of the particular setting they operate in. They are charged with the responsibility of nurturing and provision of direct care in an effort to promote the comfort of the client. These roles involve knowledge as well as sensitivity to the things that matter and of importance to the clients. In this case therefore the nurse should be concerned with the welfare of the client and accept the patient as an individual.
Teaching- nurses are charged with the responsibility of providing information and assisting the clients to learn and acquire technical skills and knowledge pertaining which would help them in the healing process. In essence, they should encourage the patients to comply with the prescribed therapy and advise them on how to promote a healthy lifestyle. Interpreting information pertaining to the illness and therapy to the patients is also their responsibility.
Advocate of the patient- the nurse should show concern for and act on behalf of the patient in order to bring about any modification. In this case, the nurse should be promoting the clients’ best interests and ensuring that the needs of the clients are met while safeguarding their rights. On the same note, the nurse should be able to offer explanations in the language of the patient or client and support their decisions in line with their welfare. In essence, the nurse should be a change agent where he or she should initiate changes and assist the patients to make changes in themselves as well as the healthcare systems.
Researching- nurses play a role in the identification of considerable researchable problems. Basically, he or she participates in the necessary scientific investigation and is required to use incorporate the research findings in the practice. He or she should be aware of the research language and processes and be sensitive to the issues pertaining to safeguarding the rights of the human subjects.
Managing the affairs of the healthcare institution he or she is operating in- nurses are supposed to make decisions pertaining to the diverse issues that may crop up, coordinate the activities of other people, allocate resources and evaluate the personnel and the care provided to the clients. They are supposed to incorporate proper planning, direct the personnel under them, develop staff and monitor the particular operations taking place. They should also fairly reward their staff and represent the staff as well as the administration as required.
Conclusion
The roles of nurses are diverse depending on their areas of practice and levels of education. Some will be specialists, practitioners, midwives, anesthetists, educators, entrepreneurs and even administrators. Either way, they have a very important role to play in ensuring the quality of services in healthcare facilities.
References
Seymour, Daniel T. (1993), On Q: Causing Quality in Higher Education, Phoenix, AZ: Orxy Press, 42.
Gerdes, Hilary and Brent Mallinckrodt (1994), “Emotional, Social, and Academic Adjustment of College Students: A Longitudinal Study of Retention,” Journal of Counseling and Development, 72, January/February, 281-288.
Evans, N.J., Forney, D.S., & Guido-DiBrito, F. (1998). Student development in
college: Theory, research, and practice. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Astin, A. W. (1984). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher
education. Journal of College Student Personnel, 25, 297-308.
Schroer, K. 1991). Case management: clinical nurse specialist and nurse practitioner, converging roles. Clinical nurse specialist, 5, 189-194.
Siegel, E., & Bryson, S.C (1963). Redefinition of the role of the public health nurse in child health supervision. American journal of public health, 53, 1015-1024
Rose, S. B., All, A. C., & Gresham, D. (2003). Role preservation of the clinical nurse specialist and the nurse practitioner. The internet journal of advanced nursing practice, 5, 1-11.
social security and medicare programs
Introduction
At the center of social welfare programs is a need to reduce poverty. Actually, every key industrialized country has put in place some programs meant to transfer part of the country’s GDP to the populace in an effort to uplift the well being of individuals on the lower side of income distribution.
While these programs were meant to reduce the poverty levels, the contrary has actually happened. There are three reasons why this may be happening.
To begin with, while these social welfare programs were meant for the poor, most of it actually end up with the upper and middle classes. For example, over half of tax benefits and transfer payments dispensed in 1991 ended with individuals earning more than $30000.
Secondly, social welfare programs have been known to foster reliance on the benefits rather than encourage the people to work their way out of poverty. The welfare programs pay sufficient amount to keep these people alive but not to get them out of their condition.
Third, if you look at the programs on the broader economic perspective, social welfare programs are known to undermine the country’s economic growth. According to the theory of equality-equity tradeoff, higher progressive taxation rates and increased government benefits lower the incentive to work or invest. This undermines the reason they came to be in the first place.
Recent developments in the social security and Medicare raise doubts about the possibility of the programs being there in the next few years. Rather than use social security income, Cost of living Adjustment based on Chained CPI means eroding the Social Security Income’s buying power which would be detrimental to low income earners. In addition, the proposal to extend the age at which one starts earning raises doubts about the feasibility of the programs in the future. Also, the government’s ability to remit the Social Security and Medicare Benefits has been put to doubt by its inability to raise debt ceiling.
Conclusion
The future seems very bleak for the social security and Medicare programs. Going by the current developments in the government sphere as far as these benefits are concerned, chances are they won’t be there for long.
References
Friedman, Milton, and Rose Friedman. 1979. Free to Choose. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Crook, Clive. 1997. “The Future of the State.” The Economist, 20 September: S1-S48
Castles, Francis G., and Deborah Mitchell. 1993. “Worlds of Welfare and Families of
Nations.” Pp. 93-128 in Families of Nations, edited by Francis G. Castles.Dartmouth.
Proposed Cuts to Social Security and Medicare: What You Need to Know
Read more: http://moneywatch.bnet.com/retirement-planning/blog/money-life/proposed-cuts-to-social-security-and-medicare-what-you-need-to-know/4550/#ixzz1cNC5nyej