Blog

trends in education

Issues in the news

Marginalized communities living in poverty

Poverty can be described as the inability to have access to the basic needs such as food, shelter, and clothing and of basic education. Over 60 % of the world’s population has been reported to live under the poverty line with some families surviving on under1 dollar a day. This issue continues to spiral into a more serious problem that affects the development of the world as a whole. The level of poverty is unrealistic in that the gap between the rich and the poor continues to rise. This means that the world has enough resources to go around. A vast amount of resources is reserved for the wealthy minority living the majority of the population to succumb to extreme poverty which could be avoided if more effort was placed (O’Connor, 2000). As a member of this community, it is impossible for me to sit and listen to the news that reports the rising number of deaths that have arisen due to this situation. It is thus my responsibility to take on some of the load and make the situation known by writing on this issue.

This research paper focuses on a current issue in the news that speaks on a marginalized issue. The marginalized issue in this case is an article of communities that live in poverty. The research paper analyses credible articles that cover this situation by providing a summary, analysis of the article at hand. It finally provides concluding sentence where I address the personal meaning the article represents for me offering summary and recommendation on the way forward.

Global issues: Social, Political, Economic and Environmental that affect us all. (August, 17, 2011) Retrieved from www.globalissues.org/

Summary

Africa is the poorest continent in the world. The situation in Africa is so serious to the extent that 50% of the population goes to bed having eaten only one meal a day. Most of the poverty related issues in the country have arisen as a result of the corruption of most of the important sectors in the continent. This has led to the creation of a wealthy class of the elite who represent the minority and an alarming percentage of the poor who represent the majority of the population. For members of a community to become resourceful individuals, they need to have in place a system that supports their growth. Countries that experience a high rate of poverty have a problem producing motivated members of the society.

One of the problems poverty brings as an ignorant society. Ignorance is the lack of knowledge of current and past events that have had a big impact in the world. Lack of knowledge disables individuals in that they become closed minded. This in turn affects their reasoning to the extent that they become prisoners of their thoughts. If majority of the population are placed in this category, the growth of the population will be lower than average. This condition is not ideal for a young mind in that they are destined to follow on the footsteps of the adults in the society. For the authorities to stop these phenomena, they need to act quickly. This will involve providing education for the communities that have been marginalized in this area. Although these communities realize that there is a problem, they do not know the right way of approach. This can be credited to the lack of motivation by the authorities who have not used their influence to come up with solutions. This in turn has brought about a revolving system that sees issues like corruption compliment poverty which brings forth more corruption due to the lack of accountability in such communities.

One would think that people who live in the suburbs have it easy when it comes to the reception of the basic amenities. The article written on the living standards in the suburbs of Southern Chester County in the United States begs to differ. The poverty issue in this community begun more than fifteen years ago, recording staggering records of the poor living conditions of the members of the community. Most of the members of the community could not afford a decent healthcare plan and had on several occasions lied about their insurance so as to get free treatment in the local hospital. One of the major problems that the community has complained about is the housing conditions they live in. This has put their lives at a standstill to the extent that the children who come from such households have been affected in areas such as their studies.

Analysis

The article shows the living conditions of several African countries who share the same conditions in terms of living standards. One of the features that stand out in the article is the pictures they show that brings out the level of turmoil brought about by the uncontrollable rates of poverty (Silver, 2004). One of the factors that have been mentioned as a cause of poverty is corruption. For countries to realize their potential there needs to be a clear and equitable distribution of resources. Although many articles have been written on poverty, most of them have shown the extent of the poverty without giving viable solutions to the problems.

The reason why I chose this article is that it had depth in terms of displaying the extent to which the problem on poverty had spread throughout the world. It not only brought out the situation in the third world countries, it also addressed poverty experienced in the suburbs of United States. This article thus removes our ignorance about the living standards in the country. Most of the foundations that have been set up have been aimed at the third world countries ignoring the plight of fellow Americans. Showcasing the situations of Americans who are experiencing difficulty in acquiring the basic needs enlightens the society of the long way we have to go to bring about the distribution of resources (O’Connor, 2000).

Conclusion

Poverty continues to be one of the most serious global problems in the country. It is through the poverty that most of the problems arise in our societies. The creation of literature such as books, journals and articles create awareness of the issues that people face around the world. One of the marginalized social issues is the topic on poverty. Poverty is not only reserved for the people in the third world countries but spreads across developed countries like the United States. For the members of the society to tackle this problem we must first accept that this is a big problem. Through acceptance, each able bodied individual can come together so that they can contribute their resources to the less fortunate. If everyone takes personal responsibility of the current issues that affect the world, the stories that make the headlines would be less tragic thus creating a better environment to live.

References

Global issues: Social, Political, Economic and Environmental That affect us all. (August, 17, 2011) Retrieved from www.globalissues.org/

May, Fran. (Feb 27 2011). Daily local news suburban poverty is a big problem that is worsening

O’Connor, Alice. (2000). “Poverty Research and Policy for the Post-Welfare Era” Annual Review of Sociology.

Silver, H. (2004). Social exclusion and social solidarity in International Labour Review, 133 5-6.

Issues in the news, Marginalized communities living in poverty

Issues in the news, Marginalized communities living in poverty

Poverty can be described as the inability to have access to the basic needs such as food, shelter, and clothing and of basic education. Over 60 % of the world’s population has been reported to live under the poverty line with some families surviving on under1 dollar a day. This issue continues to spiral into a more serious problem that affects the development of the world as a whole. The level of poverty is unrealistic in that the gap between the rich and the poor continues to rise. This means that the world has enough resources to go around. A vast amount of resources is reserved for the wealthy minority living the majority of the population to succumb to extreme poverty which could be avoided if more effort was placed (O’Connor, 2000). As a member of this community, it is impossible for me to sit and listen to the news that reports the rising number of deaths that have arisen due to this situation. It is thus my responsibility to take on some of the load and make the situation known by writing on this issue.

This research paper focuses on a current issue in the news that speaks on a marginalized issue. The marginalized issue in this case is an article of communities that live in poverty. The research paper analyses credible articles that cover this situation by providing a summary, analysis of the article at hand. It finally provides concluding sentence where I address the personal meaning the article represents for me offering summary and recommendation on the way forward.

Global issues: Social, Political, Economic and Environmental that affect us all. (August, 17, 2011) Retrieved from www.globalissues.org/

Summary

Africa is the poorest continent in the world. The situation in Africa is so serious to the extent that 50% of the population goes to bed having eaten only one meal a day. Most of the poverty related issues in the country have arisen as a result of the corruption of most of the important sectors in the continent. This has led to the creation of a wealthy class of the elite who represent the minority and an alarming percentage of the poor who represent the majority of the population. For members of a community to become resourceful individuals, they need to have in place a system that supports their growth. Countries that experience a high rate of poverty have a problem producing motivated members of the society.

One of the problems poverty brings as an ignorant society. Ignorance is the lack of knowledge of current and past events that have had a big impact in the world. Lack of knowledge disables individuals in that they become closed minded. This in turn affects their reasoning to the extent that they become prisoners of their thoughts. If majority of the population are placed in this category, the growth of the population will be lower than average. This condition is not ideal for a young mind in that they are destined to follow on the footsteps of the adults in the society. For the authorities to stop these phenomena, they need to act quickly. This will involve providing education for the communities that have been marginalized in this area. Although these communities realize that there is a problem, they do not know the right way of approach. This can be credited to the lack of motivation by the authorities who have not used their influence to come up with solutions. This in turn has brought about a revolving system that sees issues like corruption compliment poverty which brings forth more corruption due to the lack of accountability in such communities.

One would think that people who live in the suburbs have it easy when it comes to the reception of the basic amenities. The article written on the living standards in the suburbs of Southern Chester County in the United States begs to differ. The poverty issue in this community begun more than fifteen years ago, recording staggering records of the poor living conditions of the members of the community. Most of the members of the community could not afford a decent healthcare plan and had on several occasions lied about their insurance so as to get free treatment in the local hospital. One of the major problems that the community has complained about is the housing conditions they live in. This has put their lives at a standstill to the extent that the children who come from such households have been affected in areas such as their studies.

Analysis

The article shows the living conditions of several African countries who share the same conditions in terms of living standards. One of the features that stand out in the article is the pictures they show that brings out the level of turmoil brought about by the uncontrollable rates of poverty (Silver, 2004). One of the factors that have been mentioned as a cause of poverty is corruption. For countries to realize their potential there needs to be a clear and equitable distribution of resources. Although many articles have been written on poverty, most of them have shown the extent of the poverty without giving viable solutions to the problems.

The reason why I chose this article is that it had depth in terms of displaying the extent to which the problem on poverty had spread throughout the world. It not only brought out the situation in the third world countries, it also addressed poverty experienced in the suburbs of United States. This article thus removes our ignorance about the living standards in the country. Most of the foundations that have been set up have been aimed at the third world countries ignoring the plight of fellow Americans. Showcasing the situations of Americans who are experiencing difficulty in acquiring the basic needs enlightens the society of the long way we have to go to bring about the distribution of resources (O’Connor, 2000).

Conclusion

Poverty continues to be one of the most serious global problems in the country. It is through the poverty that most of the problems arise in our societies. The creation of literature such as books, journals and articles create awareness of the issues that people face around the world. One of the marginalized social issues is the topic on poverty. Poverty is not only reserved for the people in the third world countries but spreads across developed countries like the United States. For the members of the society to tackle this problem we must first accept that this is a big problem. Through acceptance, each able bodied individual can come together so that they can contribute their resources to the less fortunate. If everyone takes personal responsibility of the current issues that affect the world, the stories that make the headlines would be less tragic thus creating a better environment to live.

References

Global issues: Social, Political, Economic and Environmental That affect us all. (August, 17, 2011) Retrieved from www.globalissues.org/

May, Fran. (Feb 27 2011). Daily local news suburban poverty is a big problem that is worsening

O’Connor, Alice. (2000). “Poverty Research and Policy for the Post-Welfare Era” Annual Review of Sociology.

Silver, H. (2004). Social exclusion and social solidarity in International Labour Review, 133 5-6.

Issues in the News 4

Issues in the News 4

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

The last reading assignment in class required us to study about adult education and the implications it has on numerous, different populations and globalization. The issue of adult education has become extremely essential in today’s world what with the numerous hardships in climate, and economy. The topic and issue of adult education is also highly significant to me and any other education practitioner as it is our responsibility to improve the society through educating and providing every one with an opportunity to obtain a meaningful education (Flannery, 1995). As it follows, this significance of education is going to be further explored in this paper through a review of an article in the news that is relevant to numerous cultures and diversity involved in adult education.

The author of the article East Meets West: Cross- cultural perspectives in Wisdom and adult Education begin the article by citing that adult education and wisdom has a meaning and a role in improving the quality of life in the society. The dialectical associations that exist between adult education and wisdom are also examined in the article. Numerous regions in the globe have different living conditions and cultures which have essential impacts on the way individuals define a fair life. At the crossroads of the globe, the early Greeks worked hard to obtain a living from trading with other individuals from different cultures. The Chinese, on the other hand, lived in environments that were harsh which forced them to get separated from other cultures and unite with each other. As it follows, these different conditions of life helped develop worldviews that were different (Shih-ying Yang).

The worldview of the ancient Greek was shaped on precise analysis and logical reasoning foundation. The Chinese were influenced by Taoism and lived in harmony with their surrounding environment. Scholars from the western part of the world emphasized abstract thinking and knowledge. As a result of this, their form of education became largely influenced by their hard work to obtain formal education and intelligence. However, the ancient Chinese emphasized more on building personal characteristics other than intelligence and knowledge. The author also points out that the concepts of ‘good life’ were different in both cultures and that they were dependent in the cultural backgrounds of the societies. The conclusions of the author are that wisdom manifestations are different in the East and the West. The author indicates that adult education can aid in wisdom pursuit by emphasizing more on wisdom that can be useful in helping individuals resolve essential issues in life. Numerous techniques can be utilized to motivate or encourage adult learners to fulfill and work harder for their self- defines goals and visions of life that is fair (Shih-ying Yang).

In the article reviewed, the author clearly indicates the meaning and role of adult education and wisdom in different cultures. She does this by mentioning the different intellectual inheritances and origins from Western and Eastern regions. It is clear from the article that different life conditions and cultural backgrounds have resulted to differences in manifestations of wisdom and awareness (Colin, 1994). Additionally, she also cites a number if methodologies in adult education and techniques. It is clear from the article that understanding cultural backgrounds and wisdom of different people is essential for activities in education (Ross-Gordon, 1991).

References

Colin, S. A. J., III. (1994). Adult and Continuing Education Graduate Programs. Prescriptions for the Future. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 61, 53-62.

Flannery, D. D. (1995). Adult Education and the Politics of the Theoretical Text. In Critical Multiculturalism: Uncommon Voices in a Common Struggle, edited by B. Kanpol and P. McLaren. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.

Ross-Gordon, J. M. (1991).Needed: A Multicultural Perspective for Adult Education Research. Adult Education Quarterly 42(1), 1-6.

Shih-ying Yang. East Meets West: Cross-cultural Perspectives on Wisdom and Adult Education

Issues in the News

Issues in the News

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

Issues in the News

It has been argued that the first decade of the twenty first century presents numerous challenges for the world society. Among some of these challenges are both the collective and individual demands on states, cities, and nations to improve their communities through training and educating their increasing numbers of individuals who are generally referred to as ‘low- class’ or the ‘underclass’, individuals who have been largely marginalized when it comes to the provision of basic training and education. I have realized from a number of publications and articles in the news that the old pedagogies and processes used to reduce and minimize poverty have not been effective enough in producing the desired results. I, hence, realized that without anymore, effective deliberate interventions, most of our societies with large numbers of these marginalized individuals will continue being at risk.

To complement my concerns about the issue, I, then, chose an article that addressed the same issue, among others, to try and sensitize my community about the issue. The article in question is by H. Manthoto Lephoto, and V. Mantina Mohasi which was published in 2009 in the Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education. The article is called Collaboration of stakeholders as an expanded learner support system for a distance learner: the case of Institute of Extra Mural Studies. The reasons why I chose to talk about this article are many. One of the main ones, however, was because of the fact that social problems and poverty continue to threaten our societies despite significant commitments of effort and resources at both national and local levels. The reason why I think that illiteracy of the less fortunate a=individuals is connected to the persistence of the issues is because of the risk the increasing number of illiterate individuals is continually putting our society because of the decreasing number of individuals with sufficient skills and knowledge to contribute to the global economy.

The second reason why I think this article is of importance is because of the social, ethical and human rights implications it has on our society. The authors of the article indicate that the distance learning for adult is not being funded any more by the government because the government deems that the programs are not included in the priority list for the programs funded by the government. This has numerous implications on the affected individuals. The low- class or the underclass, as they are often called, do not have sufficient financial support for them to cover the extra costs that come with distant learning, as most of them live in remote villages and far away from their schools. As a result, it becomes difficult for them to access school because they are unable to rent housing facilities near their schools, or even afford technologies that can give them access to class materials.

This denies them their right to learn and get some basic education, which, to me, is a violation of their human rights. It is not right for an individual to miss education just because they are poor, and the society should not marginalize these individuals just because they cannot afford the money to reside near their schools or attend classes. The article is extremely personal for me because I believe that everyone has a right to access education, no matter what their social status is. This is a contra indication for this class, since it is an educational class. It should be a challenge for both this education class and for the society, as well as, the government. This is so because it opens a window for improvement through research and implementation of the findings of the research. The class should come up with recommendations of how this issue can be addressed. The government and the society, on the other hand, can take up these recommendations and work on them to ensure that adults who are poor or unprivileged should not fail to obtain basic education because they are poor. Also, we should realize that as educators we have the responsibility to our students and to the society to ensure that we bring change to our communities through the provision of education and training for a better tomorrow.

Reference

Lephoto, H. M. & Mohasi, V. M. (2009). Collaboration of stakeholders as an expanded learner support system for a distance learner: the case of institute of Extra Mural Studies. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education 10 (4). Retrieved from http://tojde.anadolu.edu.tr/tojde36/articles/article_2.htm

Response to the Articles

The first article is by Matthew Jonathan Mundy and it is about the increasing number of homeless education in the US and especially Los Angeles. The author argues that numbers of students without home at the school are on the rise, and that this has become a significant challenge for them when it comes to attaining meaningful education. What the author of this article points out is that these students are living in homeless shelters that do not offer them the appropriate technological environment for them to accomplish their studies. He points out that, this is a problem for them as they cannot complete assignments without the technology. What he recommends is that educators take the responsibility to give these students accommodation that is favorable for them to study efficiently; he also advices students who are homeless to take up only the courses that they can adequately study for at their present environments (Mundy). I agree with the author of this article when he says that nobody should be left behind and that everyone has the right to obtain education. I also agree that education legislators must treat the issue of providing the marginalized with education.

The second article is by Latoya Simmons who talks about education of individuals with multiple disabilities. She argues that education for students with disabilities has been improving for the past few years, through advancements in technology and education. She states that education of the disabled before the 1960s was limited because of lack of the appropriate technology. I agree with her on this point because it is true that education for the disabled students has been improving. At our school, for example, there are numerous programs and technologies for individuals with disabilities that have enabled them to attain education (Simmons).

The third article is by Graham Nott which is about reverse redlining, discrimination and for- profit education. This article talks a lot about fraud and profit making in educational institutions. What becomes apparent in the article, and what I agree with mostly, is that regulations, ethics, and laws must be implemented and followed in educational institutes just like in any other organizations to prevent some individuals from taking advantage of others (Nott). From the fourth article, it is clear that the society has shown our female veterans their back by not acknowledging them or taking care of them as they have their male counterparts. Cassandra Countryman indicates, and I also think, that it is inappropriate and unconventional to let these women suffer as they do while the government and the society watches. These women must be well taken care of and observed after they serve to ensure that they are fine psychologically (Countryman).

References

Countryman, C. Traumatized Female Vets Faces Uphill Battle. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Health/female-veterans-traumatized-war-fight-battle-va-healthcare/story?id=9979866

Mundy, M. J. High and Dry: Homeless Education in Los Angeles and the United States. USC Digital Library. Retrieved from http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/assetserver/controller/item/etd-Mundy-20080417.pdf

 Nott, G. Reverse Redlining, Discrimination, and For-Profit Education. Retrieved from http://www.theojc.org/media/scott salmon graduation journal news may 15.pdf

Simmons, L. Severe and Education of individuals With Multiple Disabilities – Definition and Types of Severe and Multiple Disabilities. Retrieved from http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2415/Severe-Multiple-Disabilities-Education-individuals-With.html

Time Management

Israel Hernandez

English-1302

Setpember 19, 2020

Time Management

Aeon, Brad, and Herman Aguinis. “It’s about time: New perspectives and insights on time management.” Academy of management perspectives 31.4 (2017): 309-330. doi.org/10.5465/amp.2016.0166

Aeon et al.’s purpose is to assess time norms and time structures as predictors of time management. Apart from drawing from past literature to define key concepts related to time management, the researchers also study the influence of time management on two aspects; well-being and performance. They note that time management has been studied from several viewpoints such as education, sociology, and psychology with each discipline coming up with takes that meet their inclinations. In this paper, they attempt to synthesize the viewpoint to come up with conclusive findings that are accessible to individuals from all disciplines. Thus, their target audience is any person who is interested in the dynamics of time usage on a personal, organizational, and societal level. Anybody who seeks to improve their time management skills can gain insight from this article. The researchers use empirical evidence gathered from 19 experimental research reports (secondary sources) for each of the two dependent variables (wellbeing and performance) predicted by time management. They table the statistical findings from each report before discussing each one briefly giving. They integrate the data by giving additional input on key terms and likely causes for the discrepancies in the tabled findings. Moreover, the researchers discuss concepts that inform our time management practices and the reasons behind differing time usage. The article reports that the connection between time management, performance, and well-being is not straightforward. They point out that time norms and time structures greatly impact our perceptions of time management and therefore must be identified before developing a situation-specific evaluation of performance. They also noted the influence of individual differences and temporal decision making on performance and well-being as predicted by time.

Nayak, Shalini G. “Impact of Procrastination and Time-Management on Academic Stress among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Cross Sectional Study.” International Journal of Caring Sciences 12.3 (2019). Retrieved from: http://internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/18_nayak_original_12_3.pdf

The purpose of Nayak and Shalini’s article is to investigate academic stress among student nurses as predicted by time management skills. They point out that the nursing profession is highly dependent on good time management skills as characterized by prioritizing, organization, and never procrastinating. They approach the topic of time management as a crucial competency for the profession. The audience of this article is professional nurses particularly those doing their undergraduate studies. Moreover, the studies can be beneficial to instructors in nursing schools as well as hospital administrators when carrying out reviews on new and existing human resource for the nursing department. The study was carried out as a survey that used two scales developed by the researcher: The Procrastination Scale with 27 items on a five-point Likert scale and the Academic Stress Scale with 26 items on a similar scale. 201 participants almost evenly split from all four cohorts (grouped by year) in a nursing college. The results were then analyzed using relevant statistical methodology and were found to be both reliable and valid. The researchers report that procrastination and poor time management is a strong predictor o academic stress among nursing students. They also reported a reverse relationship between the variables whereby academic stress predicted procrastination and poor time management habits. These findings are consistent with similar research done in the past on the subject in other fields other than science.

Works Cited

Aeon, Brad, and Herman Aguinis. “It’s about time: New perspectives and insights on time management.” Academy of management perspectives 31.4 (2017): 309-330. doi.org/10.5465/amp.2016.0166

Nayak, Shalini G. “Impact of Procrastination and Time-Management on Academic Stress among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Cross Sectional Study.” International Journal of Caring Sciences 12.3 (2019). Retrieved from: http://internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/18_nayak_original_12_3.pdf

Isolation and Purification of Acid Phosphatase

Isolation and Purification of Acid Phosphatase

Name of Student

Institution Affiliation

Isolation and Purification of Acid Phosphatase

Results

Table 1. Piece Protein Assay

Fraction Number Total Volume (mL) Dilution Used Average A595 Protein Conc. Dilute Fraction (mg/mL) *10^-3 Protein conc. Fraction (mg/mL)

*10^-3 Total Protein (mg)

*10^-5

1 0.05 1 Data error 1.2850 1.2850 6.425

2 0.05 1 Data error 1.3037 1.3037 6.5185

3 0.05 1 1153.0173 0.9451 0.9451 4.7255

4 0.05 1 294.7100 0.3567 0.3567 1.7835

5 0.05 1 316.9231 0.3804 0.3804 1.902

3 0.05 1 1102.5018 0.9290 0.9290 4.645

3 0.05 1 1136.7230 0.9401 0.9401 4.7005

4 0.05 1 318.4715 0.3820 0.3820 1.91

4 0.05 1 308.3141 0.3713 0.3713 1.8565

5 0.05 1 225.1985 0.2797 0.2797 1.3985

5 0.05 1 268.9936 0.3288 0.3288 1.644

1 0.05 2 Data error 1.08911 2.17822 10.8911

1 0.05 5 847.9720 0.8128 4.064 20.32

1 0.05 5 875.2789 0.8281 4.1405 20.7025

1 0.05 5 901.4716 0.8421 4.2105 21.0525

2 0.05 5 663.0801 0.6914 3.457 17.285

2 0.05 5 710.5997 0.7256 3.628 18.14

2 0.05

5 745.9015

0.7496 3.748 18.74

Table 2. Acid Phosphatase Activity

Fract

# Total volume

ml Dilution

used Volume

Used in assay(mL) Avg. A405 [PNP]

in

Assay

(M)*10^-2 Total

PNP

(mol)

*10^-2 [PNP]

Dilute Fraction

(mole/mL)

*10^-2 [PNP]

in

Fraction

(mol/mL) Units

mL Total

Units

1-1 0.05 40 0.1 0.3610 1.9202 7.68 1.896 0.7584 0.7584 3.07152

1-2

0.05

40

0.1

0.3505

1.8644

7.4576

1.8414

0.737

0.737

2.98485

2-1 0.05 40 0.1 0.3504 1.864 7.456 1.841 0.7364 0.7364 2.98242

2-2 0.05 40 0.1 0.3488 1.8553 7.4212 1.832 0.7328 0.7328 2.96784

3-1 0.05 40 0.1 0.3663 1.9484 7.7936 1.924 0.7696 0.7696 3.117

3-2 0.05 40 0.1 0.3669 1.9516 7.8064 1.9275 0.771 0.771 3.12255

4-1 0.05 40 0.1 0.3596 1.9128 7.6512 1.889 0.7556 0.7556 3.06018

4-2 0.05 40 0.1 0.3976 2.115 8.46 2.09 0.836 0.836 3.3858

5-1 0.05 40 0.1 0.3102 1.65 6.6 1.63 0.652 0.652 2.6406

5-2 0.05 40 0.1 0.2970 1.58 6.32 1.56 0.624 0.624 2.5272

9. Calculation of the concentration of p-nitrophenol(PNP) from the corrected average absorbance reading.

A = Elc where A- Absorbance

l- Path length

c- Concentration

E – Molar absorptivity

Therefore concentration, C = A/El

= 0.3610/(1.88 * 10^4) * 1

=1.9202 * 10^-5

C = A/El

= 0.3505/(1.88 * 10^4) * 1

= 1.8644 * 10^-5

Repeating this for all the values yields the concentration of all the other fractions.

10. The total number of moles of the PNP is a product of its concentration and the total volume of the assay mixture. The volume in this case includes the volume of potassium hydroxide which is 4.0 ml

Therefore, Total moles = Concentration of PNP * Total Volume of assay

For Fraction 1, Total moles = (1.9202 * 10^-5 ) * (4.0 * 1000)

= 7.68 * 10^-2 moles

For fraction 1-2, Total moles = (1.8644 * 10^-5) * (4.0 *1000)

= 7.4576 * 10^-2 moles

For fraction 2-1, Total moles = (1.864 * 10^-5) * (4.0 * 1000)

= 7.456 * 10^-2 moles

For fraction, 2-2, Total moles = (1.8553 * 10^-5) * 4000

= 7.4212 * 106-2moles

For Fraction, 3-1, Total moles = (1.9484 * 10^-5) * 4000

= 7.7936 * 10^-2 moles

For Fraction, 3-2, Total moles = (1.9516 * 10^-5) * 4000

7.8064 * 10^-2moles

For Fraction, 4-1, Total moles = (1.9128 * 10^-5) * 4000

= 7.6512 * 10^-2moles

For, 4-2, Total moles = (2.115 * 10^-5) * 4000

= 8.46 * 10^-2 moles

For, 5-1, Total moles = (1.65 * 10^-5) * 4000

=6.6 * 10^-2 moles

For 5-2, Total moles = (1.58 * 10^-5) * 4000

= 6.32 * 106-2 moles

11. moles PNP/ml diluted fraction = Total moles / Amount of diluted sample

= (7.68 * 10^-2)/4.05

= 1.896 * 10^-2

To get the volume of the undiluted solution, the moles PNP/mL of diluted fraction is multiplied by the dilution factor of 40

Therefore, moles of undiluted fraction = moles of diluted fraction * 40

= (1.896 * 10^-2) * 40

= 0.7584

12. One unit of enzyme activity produces 1mole of PNP in 15 minutes at 300c.

0.7584

1 unit of enzyme activity is equivalent to 1mole of PNP

Therefore 0.7584 mole is equivalent to 0.7584 units

This is repeated through all the twelve samples

The total number of units is the product of the units/mole multiplied by the total volume

0.7584 * 4.05 = 3.07152

Table 3. Purification of Acid Phosphatase

Fraction Total Volume (mL) Protein conc. (mg/mL) Total protein (mg) Total Activity (Units) Specific Activity (units/mg) % Recovery Purification (fold)

1 4.05 1.2850 6.425 3.07152 0.4781 47.81 1.4781

2 4.05 1.3037 6.5185 2.98242 0.458 45.8 0.458

3 4.05 0.9451 4.7255 3.117 0.66 66 0.66

4 4.05 0.3567 1.7835 3.06018 1.716 100 1

5 4.05 0.3804 1.902 2.6406 1.388 100 1

Discussion

The acid phosphatase has been successfully purified and isolated. The specific activity obtained ha at first shown significant change in the trend and the recovery has nearly attained a specific activity of nearly 47.81%. In table 3, it is clear that with each fraction addition, there was a significant decrease in the total protein that was to be produced. This significant decrease is due to increase in the amount of unwanted proteins in each step that follows. The use of p-nitrophenol was used to test for the enzyme in order to cleave the phosphate group. In addition to that, the use of Potassium hydroxide ensured the reaction turned yellow in the long run for the observable change to be clearly visible. With each subsequent procedure, the specific activity tended to increase. The increase indicates that the process was successful and it is similar to the expected trends (Vallee).

Dilution analysis was put into consideration at each step of the overall process. It was necessary to report the overall activity in the entire fraction. However, each step was not effective. It may be due to there being unintentional and excess dilution. Excess dilution would significantly lead to errors in enzyme activity. Enzyme purification is a solvent-sensitive process thus explaining the sources of the discrepancies. The results therefore indicate a successful experiment due to increase in enzyme activity from one step to the next. The 100% is not the acid phosphatase as it is expected. This may be due to the presence of solid pellets at the bottom of the equipment.

Reference

Vallee, B. L. (2012, December). Zinc biochemistry: a perspective. In Biotechnological Applications of Proteins and Enzymes: Papers Presented at a Conference Honoring the Sixtieth Birthday of Professor Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir, Held at Kiryat Anavim, Israel, May 23-27, 1976 (p. 223). Elsevier.

Islamic state

Islamic state

Name

Institution affiliation

Islamic State terrorism

Formally known as ISIL or else ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and al Sham the Levant/Syria) or DAESH.This group is the largest group that has remain threat to united states as a country. It pedals north parts of Iraq and the Western parts of Syria, inside which it has molded its specific vicious regime that sanctions sharia rule. Founded by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the Islamic Government has approved out performances of brutality so cruel that even Al Qaeda has convicted it. The IS group consents fighters from all over the nation, and inspires them to relocate to “al Sham” or paradise on world. The group has an apocalyptic image in which they have faith in that by apprehending convinced corporal territory in the section they will escort in glory. They inspire terrorist bouts within Western republics and will receive the adherence of anyone who curses to them. The group funds himself through the selling of items, lubricant, drugs, and slaves. They have indorsed themselves seriously through communal media via efficiently shaped videos of horrible actions like executions.

Bibliography

Al-Tamimi, A. (2015). The evolution in Islamic State administration: The documentary evidence. Perspectives on Terrorism, 9(4).

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)

Name

Institution

Date

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)

The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan is a group of militias from Uzbekistan and thus can clearly understand where their name came from. The group can be dated back to 1998 and has been an active cell group since then. The group had actually been in existence before 1998, but before then they were not really organized and consisted of a couple of different groups each having a different name. The group was formed to overthrow the government that was in power then as the government was said to be pro-communist and was headed by President Karimov (Abdullaev, 2011). The group was formed by Thir Yuldashev who an Islamic Ideologue in collaboration with Juma Namangani was who was a former Soviet trooper. They felt it was time to overthrow the government and establish an Islamic state governed by sharia laws.

In 1999, the group conducted several attacks in Tashkent which was the capital of Uzbekistan as a way to destabilize the government and assassinate president Karimov. Karimov responded by becoming tougher on Muslim individuals especially to the conservant Muslims that stayed in Fergana valley. This, however, had adverse effects. More people joined the IMU and became stronger. From then they were able to conduct successful attacks. These raids impacted central Asia, and there was international pressure to expel IMU from their already established base. Russians flew Namangani and his soldiers to Afghanistan, Karimov saw this as a betrayal as he though the Russians were helping IMU. The group created a close affiliation with Taliban and Al-Qaida which are also notorious terrorist groups known for carrying out attacks especially in the US (Zen, 2016). While in Afghanistan and with permission from Taliban to operate, they set up their offices and training camps and started recruiting people. By 200, IMU had the number of people, equipment ranging from sniper rifles to night-vision goggles. Transport had also been improved as bin-laden ad provided them with helicopters.

With the right amount of people and fighters, Namangani conducted an attack in Batken in Kyrgyzstan and some northern parts of Tashkent. They also kidnaped 4 US mountain climbers and held them hostage in exchange for ransom from the US government. This angered the US government and was declared as a foreign terrorist organization. Ties between IMU and Taliban became even stronger that Namangani was said to be the deputy defense minister of Taliban Government. They even provided soldiers to Taliban during the campaign on Masoud.

After the 911 attacks in the US that are considered the deadliest attacks, the US government decided to invade Afghanistan and try to quash the terrorist cells especially Al-Qaida and Taliban. The IMU training camps were largely destroyed and most of their soldiers killed. Namangani, their leader was also killed during this period by a US airstrike. They retreated to tribal areas of Pakistan and laid low for a while. They, however, continued recruitment to try and build the organization up again. The Uzbek ethnic religion was mostly the members if the group but when their recruitment base expanded to Afghanistan, Tajikistan and other parts of Central Asia other ethnic groups joined (Carlisle, 1995). Their leaders now even came from other groups such as Kyrgyz who was a military commander in Abbas Mansur, Abu Zar al-Burmi who was a Pakistani. Other commanders included Usman Ghazi, Abu Usman Adil, and Tahir Yuldashev. In 2010, Abu Usman Adil became the new leader following the death of Tahir Yuldashev. Adil was however killed in 2012 in a drone strike by the US military. He was replaced by his deputy Usman Ganzi who was killed in 2015, their current leader is not yet known.

There are several systems that were used by the Arabs and Muslims in recruitment of youth to join IMU. They used to offer dirhams to individuals who attended Friday prayers in the mosque. It is in the mosque that they taught radical ideas. These radical ideas included telling the youth of how they will be rewarded with nine virgins if they killed non-Muslims or participated in the holy war. They also kept blaming the US government for their troubles such as the death of children and women due to the airstrikes. These preaching were enough to stir hatred among the youths, and most were ready to dedicate their lives to the holy war. The mosque is the most notorious location where the recruitment of youths take place. They use the religion to justify their acts, and many fall victims to this. They believe that if they die fighting this war, they will be heavily rewarded. Their media has also been another form of recruitment through the spread of the propaganda. It is known as Jundallah Studio and aside from airing their content they produced audio, newsletters to help draw more people to the group (Moore, 2007).

Just like all other terrorist groups, IMU needs to money to carry out their day to day operations. Their common source is the money paid by residents in the territories they control which can be considered as the tax we pay our governments. They also engage in criminal activities such as smuggling of drugs and selling them to get money (Wayback, 2012). They have also obtained funding from well-established groups such as Al-Qaida and Taliban. Irfan Demirtas was arrested due to the links that he was aiding the IMU in raising funds through fundraising. He was an Irish/US citizen who used his western influence to source money for the group

There are several attacks that IMU have taken acknowledgment of (The Investigative Project on Terrorism, 2010). In 2004, they were accused of the Tashkent bombing leaving 47 people dead and a dozen injured. In 2006, they attacked supporters of Tajik’s President Imomali. In 2011, they were blamed for the attack in Toloqan. In 2012, they took responsibility for the bombing of Peshawar Airport, 2014; they attacked Jinnah International Airport in Pakistan killing 39 people. They have not been involved in most international attacks although it is said that they helped Al-Qaida conduct the 9/11 attack on the US soil. They have played a great role in attacks in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan.

In a nutshell, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan played a major role in attacks especially locally and just helped groups like al-Qaida to conduct international attacks. They were able to run the organization smoothly and recruit quite some individuals into the group. With the right amount of personnel and armor, they were a feared group for quite a while. The US invasion of Afghanistan may have marked its slow extinction and eventually it’s extinction. With the death of their leaders and the leadership wrangles, the group became divided, and the attack from Taliban was almost thee final blow. The group may be regrouping again under new leadership and is trying to take control of various regions in Uzbekistan although with the war by US and Uzbekistan government against them it may be hard.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdullaev, E. (2011, July 16). Islam Sng. Retrieved from Islam Sng: http://www.islamsng.com/uzb/dialogue/2101

Carlisle, D. (1995). Geopolitics and Ethnic Problrs of Uzbekistan and it’s Neighbouts. In Muslim Eurasia: Conflicting Legacies, 71-103.

Moore, C. (2007). Combating Terrorism in Russia and Uzbekistan. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 1-19.

The Investigative Project on Terrorism. (2010, March 4). The Investigative Project on Terrorism. Retrieved from The Investigative Project on Terrorism: https://www.investigativeproject.org/profile/133/islamic-movement-of-uzbekistan-imu

Wayback, M. (2012, June 18). Eurasia Critic. Retrieved from Eurasia Critic: http://www.eurasiacritic.com/articles/drug-trafficking-uzbekistan

Zenn, J. (2016). The IMU is extinct: what next for Central Asia’s jihadis? The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst.

Is Wal-Mart good or bad for the economy

Is Wal-Mart good or bad for the economy?

There is a great amount of debate on this topic due to Wal-Mart’s huge nationwide impact. The two main thoughts on this argument are that Walmart destroys local businesses due to low cost products, and underpaid employees. The counter argument is that Wal-Mart supplies cheap user friendly goods to low income families, and supplies countless numbers of jobs. The debate is fueled by Walmart’s growing presence in the grocery store arena, and those that believe that Wal-Mart is too much of a monopoly and it’s destroying local economies.

Those that argue Wal-Mart has a negative impact on the economy complain that Wal-Mart’s low prices force other companies to go bankrupt because they cannot compete. They argue that Wal-Mart imports much of its goods from other countries and this makes it too difficult for the average mom and pop store to compete with them. They further argue that the jobs Wal-Mart gives are underpaid, and they are creating more and more jobs oversees rather than here in America. Those that do not think Wal-Mart is good for the economy believe that it is too difficult to compete with them, and its forcing quality out the door. They believe that Wal-Mart is an all for profit business that maximizes their profits by destroying American jobs.

Those that argue Wal-Mart has a positive impact due so because they believe that Wal-Mart’s cheaper product allow for families to save money on goods that would cost them more if they were to go to any other store. They would further argue that the jobs Wal-Mart creates are far more than the jobs that Wal-Mart outsources to other countries. Those that are in favor of Wal-Mart most frequently support American ingenuity and the business model behind Wal-Mart. It seems that more of the support for Wal-Mart is given by those that support a good business model rather than the quality of goods.

Is there consideration supporting

Is there consideration supporting Talla’s promise to Dementas? Dementas v. Estate of Tallas

Talla’s promise to Dementas lacked consideration. Dementas actions towards Talla were actions of kindness or action of friendship. Thus Dementas did not expect to be paid for those acts. The courts found out that there was no evidence of consideration. However, it is a moral issue; the estate has adequate resources to comply with the wishes of Talla’s. At the time Dementas was offering his services, he was not looking forward to be compensated since they were actions of kindness. On recognizing this, Talla wanted to leave a gift for Dementas in his passing. It was unfortunate that Talla died before he could include Dementas in his will as an heir to his state.