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Oppression by the Government

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Oppression by the Government

V for Vendetta by Allan Moore is a political graphical novel. The main character is V who is a revolutionist and freedom fighter (Moore). The government of the time is ruled and is full of dictatorship such that the citizens get spied on whatever they are doing. The act of spying against the citizens demeans the freedom as well as the rights of the citizens, and this triggers the call for a revolution in the quest of the government to respect the rights of the citizens to which have been infringed. In this, we get to understand that V for Vendetta is a societal based piece that prompts us not to forget our rights as citizens and therefore we have to keep the government on toes for the guarantee of our freedom and rights.

In V for Vendetta, each of the different institutions of the NorseFire government gets to be named after the different parts of the body (Moore). The head represents the leader’s offices at the Downing Street that happens to be the real-life location headquarters for the authoritative body of NoseFire. The eye represents the surveillance which was mainly dispatched to work along with the ear so that the senior departments such as the head and the finger would maintain the grip on power and the people of Britain and was eventually destroyed by V with a bomb. The finger represented the law enforcement, the implication of the different names is basically that the government in itself is a human body. The mouth was the propaganda division of the NorseFire government, the nose was the investigation department and consisted of the rebranded police force. The ear was the audio surveillance division and was dispatched to work alongside the eye in the chancellor’s quest for power and tighten his grip over the public but was later destroyed by V.

V is fighting for the freedom of the people an idea he believes that the government is corrupt and is led by its interests rather than those of the people. The NosrFire government has forgotten the reason why it was elected neglecting the people and this angers V where he initiates the journey to unveil and eliminate the corrupt leaders calling the people to stand against the monstrous government for their freedom to be achieved. In this quest, he blows major buildings in an attempt the Norsefire government. The concentration camps are used for the settlement of the men who are considered impure, where the scientists developed a deadly virus and tested it on the people in the camps, thus it was more like a laboratory for the scientific experiments.

The citizens are in fear of persecution as they are powerless, almost all the people in power possess the most fear as indicated in the film. The NorseFire government use the technique of fear intimidating the people to gain power. On multiple occasions, the news explains that the government is there for the people ensuring their protection and for their good. The reality later dawns that the government causes all the events to which possess the motive of making the people believe that they need the government for protection. Stories were also made to cover up the weaknesses of the government and anything that made it seem like its authority was weakening, for example, the cover-up of the first explosion. The government does so because they are afraid of not being under control of every event that happens. The chancellor, Sutler, and Greedy were among the people in power and to whom were subjects of being in fear of criticizing the government (Moore). The idea of the fox masks was to act as a shield against the power of fear over the people as with the conditioning power of fear, the people were unable to express their true standings, morals, and values and they had to put the masks every day to conform into the society’s ways. The idea of wearing the mask was to hide their true identity as if a person could be unmasked, he or she could be in the risk of persecution and this made the people live in fear and felt safe with the protection of the mask.

Due to the increased terrorist activities that V had triggered, the government to further control and instilling fear to its people puts into effect a curfew to which all the regular citizens are subject to, and the onset of the curfew is announced via the vintage looking loudspeakers.

“Yellow coded curfew is now in place. Any unauthorized personnel will be subject to arrest; this is for your protection” (Moore).

That was a similar message that was used to instill fear in the people in the claim that the NorseFire government was in protection of its citizens.

In the V for Vendetta, young girls like Evey are forced to consider prostitution due to poverty that has been associated with them. In the case of Evey, she is an orphan as her mother died in a nuclear war attack and her father was arrested and prosecuted by the NorseFire government (Moore). Due to this situation, she is forced to work in different environments to which does not keep her financially stable and eventually she decides to become a prostitute. On 5th of November is the day of the failed gunpowder plot where the protagonist V decides to bring down the dystopian government that was led by NorseFire.

It is important for Evey to remain V as is anonymous and his identity is unknown. The scrutiny by the government in the citizen’s affairs may not work well considering that Evey resisted the rape against the police officer to whom she was secured by V. Therefore to fight for her rights she has to remain unnoticed to avoid persecution just like her father. The continuation of V is an endless cycle in the fact that the government of the time was used in spying its citizens and infringing on their rights. The same characteristics are evident in the current governments to which they enact laws to spy on its people, the rights of the people are infringed, and the aspects of corruption and dictatorship are also prominent in the leadership of today.

Work Cited

Moore, Alan. V for Vendetta. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2006.

Interpretive Paragraph

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The period just after World War II was characterized by suffering as a majority of the people had lost their loved ones, and their property had been destroyed during the war. German History in Documents and Images 1945, depicts that women after the war had double suffering as bombs were all over destroying homes and rendering the families homeless. At this point, a majority of them found themselves in refugee camps where they were subjected to more suffering due to a lack of adequate services to fulfill their needs. Due to the labor shortages in Europe, the United Kingdom government encouraged immigration of people to work in their country. According to Myrdal and Viola 2003, despite the limited number of workers, women were not offered similar job opportunities like men and were subjected to poorly paid jobs regardless of their qualifications as the women’s place was considered to be home. The World War II had made the European region, and therefore sanity in the socio-economic activities had been destroyed only for the inhabitants to come out later and change the situation. Geiger, 2017 states that women after World War II were employed as teachers and clinicians to take care of the victims injured during the war. Similarly to the end of World War I, the women at the end of the Second World War found that the advance they had made towards employment was significantly reduced. The reason being that the soldier who had abroad to fight had come back and that they needed to be secured with jobs as an honor to which led to the women being deprived their positions. Fogarty et al. 2017 stipulates that married women were denied of some positions after Second World War and therefore were required to quit their vacancies upon marriage. When the women found employment in teaching, medicine, and the civil service, they were required to leave after they got married. After the war, the women were offered an opportunity to vote like men. Life for women after world war II was full of suffering from limited chances of employment and their primary role considered as nursing at both at home and the places of work.

Responsibility and honesty is a virtue that every individual is entitled to acquire throughout their upbringing

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Responsibility and honesty is a virtue that every individual is entitled to acquire throughout their upbringing. Children should, therefore, be made responsible for the things they did and made to admit in honesty if they are wrong so that they can be forgiven. During my time as a small child, I was brought up by both of my parents who used to be very strict in the matters of discipline. Despite their restrictive nature, I was one of the worst girls in my town having some of the worst behaviors and as wellbeing cunny. It is not until I finished my high school that I came to realize that self-discipline and respect are necessary for the peaceful coexistence with the people surrounding you, and this happened when I had to join college, and I had to live away from my parents.

Being a small kid, I was always under the protection of my parents, and I was assured that no harm could come on my way. I used to be arrogant, and no one mattered in my life expect myself. The virtue of selfishness and dishonesty dominated my young age for a long time until it came to a point I had no one to look after me or even protect me from my awful behavior. Just after the completion of my high school, I was admitted to college, a place where my life turned to a different course. During my previous years, I made almost no friends due to my arrogant attitude and thus none of the kids would have liked to be associated with me. I always had my parents as I lived with them and thus I think it propelled my attitude further as I knew that by the end of the day, I would make up with my parents and therefore making friends at school never crossed my mind.

Things turned out to be worse in college. For one, I was admitted to a faraway college that is far from my parents, and this, therefore, had a negative implication for me. The reason is that that I had to start depending on myself. At this age, I was considered mature and able to make the right decisions, and that’s why my parents opted to take me to a far college so that I could change my behavior and be a good girl. At the time I cared less as I didn’t know what life without my parents would be and I had thought that I had finally regained my freedom to do I wish. It never turned out to be as I expected, the freedom that I thought I was provided by staying away from my parents was slowly killing me from my inside. For one reason, I was a quiet but arrogant person who previously was used to things being done for me. At this time, no one was there, and I had to plan everything by myself with no guidance. Having no friends in college, I had no one to share the experiences I was passing through in my life.

I didn’t know how to make friends by myself, and the only friends that I had were my parents and the group members to whom we used to share class assignments with and thus were limited. Staying in this kind of lonely life in school affected my self-esteem and socialization and became depressed engaging in irresponsible behaviors, taking excessive alcohol and abusing some other drugs. At this point, I was taken to a peer counselor in college where I explained everything that I was going through in my life. The counselor had a lot to tell me asking me to pull out my pride. I was told that no man is capable of living alone as well need every person in our lives. Being arrogant does not pay and will only add more harm to my life, and therefore I was advised to change my antisocial behavior to be a cool woman.

The peer counselor did a lot to me as I opened up my mind and realized that I had previously taken the wrong way and that it is true that I could not manage life by myself. In college, I needed friends to keep me happy something that in the earlier days mattered nothing to me. Am delighted that now am a reformed woman cherishing every moment and making new friends daily. Am now able to take a life course of a changed person thanks to my best friend who took me to the counselor. I have become honest with my friends, and I no longer disrespect them as they are part of my life. I learned to be responsible for all my decisions that I make as I know that if I make the wrong decisions, it evident that my life will get into a mess again.

Love and the Society

Literature: Comparison Between two Essays.

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Love and the Society

Love is one of the widest concepts that exist in society. Both stories focus on love but on different levels and the different ways it is viewed. The stories also focus on the change in the human behaviour. According to Flannery O’Connor, the society has both good and bad people. There is love and hate at the same time. This is the reason as to why the story is based on a family that is close knit in three generations; at the same time there is the fear of a mad man on the loose who can hurt other people (O’Connor, 1953). In the story of Love in LA, it shows the two sides of the world. There are nice and good people like Mariana and there are conniving and deceitful people who will lie to get themselves out of anything like Jake (Gilb, 2003). The good in the society will always find a way of meeting the bad, but that does not mean that there is no love. There is love for money and love for people, both exist in LA.

The differences between the stories are very many but the one that stands out is the time. Love in LA is based on the contemporary society. This is evident from the fact that Jake and Mariana exchange insurance details and are able to exchange mobile phone numbers. It is evident from the description of the vehicles as well. In the story of a good man is hard to find, the setting is of a past society. It is evident from the description of the way the people were dressed and the vehicles driven.

The writing styles for the stories are also different. In Love in LA, it is more of a narrative style where the writer is portrayed to be the lead character Jake but for the story of a good man is hard to find, has a more warm and elaborative style to it. It gives a step to step description of the things that the family does and the reasons behind their actions.

Love in LA, is a story that starts on a freeway with Jake driving his car. He is not very impressed with his car and as he drives his thoughts wonder off into the car of his dream. It is of a much better quality, is expensive and has beautiful features. As he does so he crushes into a woman car. Jake is bad boy living the LA life. He comes out as ambitious as he wants to have all the finer things in life. He is irresponsible as he drives and does not concentrate and causes an accident. He is a protagonist and is very deceitful as he gives Marianna a fake phone number and fake insurance information. He is also charming and very confident as he flatters with Mariana and gets himself out of the trouble he had just created.

Mariana comes out as very gullible as she allows the charms of a stranger to get in the way of him living up to his responsibilities. She is an innocent girl who is very trusting of people as she easily takes the words of Jake to be true yet he is deceiving her in order to get away. She is the typical daddy’s girl because almost everything she owns was bought for her by her daddy. She perceives Jake as a nice man who is interested in her but he is just looking for a quick exit that ensures that he will not pay for the damage he caused.

The story is set on a freeway which is meant to symbolize the freedom that is in LA. On a freeway is not a place people can meet and fall in love, however it happens. It symbolizes how life in LA is very fast and there will be different types of people who will meet for different reasons (Gilb, 2003)

In the story of a good man is hard to find, according to the grandmother she is a righteous woman and anyone who has the same opinion as her is good and the reverse is true. She believes that Red Sammy is good because they share the same nostalgia about the good old times. The grandmother pretends to be a righteous woman and that she has the right to judge people but in real sense she is a sinner too (O’Connor, 1953). She lies to her grandchildren and manipulates her son and his wife. The grandmother’s hat is a symbol of hypocrisy. She wears it because she is looking forward to having an accident and dying and people will use it to recognize that she was a lady. When she is confronted by the misfits, she drops her hat and so does her pretext.

The misfits are a symbol of the grace of God and the fact that people may be judged to be evil by others but we are not allowed to judge them. The grandmother preaches of God and love in the society but does not want to be associated with the misfits. They represent the victims in the society. Irony is used in the story because; if the cat had been left at home then the family would have lived. This is because the cat made the accident to occur and the misfits came and found the family. Irony also appears because before grandmother dies she reveals her true self and her hat falls off and it was the only thing that would have been used to identify her as a lady.

The writer, Flannery O’Connor, also uses a lot of foreshadowing when he refers to Toomsboro, right before the family is involved in an accident and misfits come into play. The name Toomsboro resembles the word tomb which was to ensure the reader gets the idea that the family is headed for doom (O’Connor, 1953).

The grandmother is brought up in a Christian background where she believes in heaven and hell. However she wants to pretend she is righteous and that her and the misfits are not the same but they are all sinners (O’Connor, 1953). The misfits are rough people who have seen all bad things and have no moral code except to always get what they want regardless of who they injure, the sad part is that they will end up in the same heaven with grandmother as God is gracious enough to forgive them of their sins.

In the story of Love in LA, Mariana may fall in love with Jake because he is good at making the impressions he desires. But Jake is in love with himself. He is more concerned about his looks, his car and the other material things that it comes out clearly, that in LA some people will fall in love with people and others will fall in love with the material things that can be ruined by accidents as demonstrated.

References

Gilb, D. (2003). Love in LA, Real-Columns Publishers

Love in LA: When Analyzed the Short Stories Entitled, Retrieved from

www.markedbyteachers.com/international_literature

O’Connor, F. (1953). A Good Man is Hard to Find, Collections Publishers

Sparknotes: A Good Man is hard to Find: Summary and Explanations, Retrieved from

www.sparknotes.com/shortstories/a_good_man_is_hard_to_find

Literature Summary

Literature Summary

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Literature Summary

PICOT QUESTION: In obese, low-income children ages 7 to 17, what is the effect of education on a healthy diet and encouragement to exercise compared to no additional education or exercise on lowering body weight, BMI, and percentage of body fat over one school year?

QUANTITATIVE STUDIES

Study: Poll et al. (2020). Impact of intervention on nutritional status, consumption of processed foods, and quality of life of adolescents with excess weight.

Problem-related to PICOT: There are concerns about the Impact of quality of life on causing an increase in weight in excess to adolescents and children and lack of enough nutritional education on the consumption of beverages which relates to the PICOT question on the effect of education on a healthy diet.

Purpose: The author of this article seeks to describe and extract information on Obesity. The study purposed to evaluate more on nutritional interventions.

Sample/Population: The study conducted a quantitative content analysis on sixty-two adolescents with overweight obesity. A total of 37 were in the intervention, while the remaining 25 were placed in the control group. The ages of the two were 13.2 and 13, respectively.

Data Collection Method: The authors stated that they collected data through quantitative methods; the changes in body mass index were recorded. The quality-of-life data was also recorded for intervention and control groups.

Significant Findings/Conclusions: After study analysis, the findings showed that pre-and post-ultra processed food consumption significantly reduced soft drink consumption in the intervention group. This indicates that quality of life increases the chances of Obesity when nutritional dies are not well taken care of. As a positive aspect of this study, there was a statistically significant variation with a reduction in BMI between the pre-and post-intervention.

Contribution to Review of the Literature: This study is essential in that it helps in providing solutions and contributes to more study content to promote for children to prevent Obesity. It is also an eye-opening study that addresses healthy behavior with changes in quality of life that should be understood and their Impact on weight loss.

Study: Ladenhauf et al. (2020). Association of infra-patellar fat pad size with age and body weight in children and adolescents.

Problem-related to PICOT: There are concerns by authors on low-grade information for children and adolescents. The main problem of the study related to my PICOT question is that it raises issues on potential mediators between Obesity and exercise.

Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the sex-specific growth of the IPFP with age and body weight in healthy children and adolescents.

Sample/Population: The study sample used 30 young where age ranged between 4 to 17 years. The study focused on sex-specific IPFP body weight ratio as dependent and age as an independent variable.

Data Collection Method: The study collected data from secondary sources. The study focused on sex-specific IPFP body weight ratio as dependent and age as an independent variable.

Significant Findings/Conclusions: The author’s findings revealed that the IPFP volume and body weight ratio remains constant between ages four and 17 years in both weight girls and boys and that IPFP volume increases with age for both children and adolescents.

Contribution to Review of the Literature: The article considers the existing studies of adolescents and children IPFP volume weigh changes that are vital obesity interventions that may factor in to help inform policymakers of new ways to develop future interventions. This article may impact other authors to conduct more studies that can improve weight control as children and adolescents grow.

QUALITATIVE STUDIES

Author/Title/Year (APA format): Lee et al. (2021). Behavioral weight loss intervention preferences of adolescents with overweight/Obesity.

Problem-related to PICOT: Over recent years, there have been many raising problems with behavior changes as the leading cause of adolescent Obesity.

Purpose: The authors aimed to develop behavior lifestyle interventions by tailoring an intervention using adolescent engagement. Develop an exemplary opinion that can improve weight loss control flow of behavior.

Sample: The study selected a mean age of 16.0 ± 1.8 years. Children and adolescents used were racially/ethnically diverse. The sample targeted physical and mental well-being.

Data Collection Method: Interviews were used to collect data.

Key Findings/Themes: Behavior interventions for treating adolescent Obesity are found to be a big problem. The study suggests the development and implementation of future behavior interventions. Key themes included socialization and relationships. Diet and exercises with education are the overall themes.

Contribution to Review of the Literature: This study is monumental to behavioral interventions in treating adolescent Obesity. And giving content for enhancing healthy lifestyles. The Paper also contributes to developing and implementing future behavioral interventions for adolescent Obesity.

Author/Title/Year (APA format): Bräutigam et al. (2021), primary care nurses’ perceptions and experiences of patients being overweight or obese as well as visions and attitudes about working with lifestyle issues: a qualitative interview study

Problem related to PICOT: Overweight and Obesity worldwide is high, and obesity rates are expected to increase until 2030. The urban environment has been highlighted to have various features that reduce the need for physical activities.

Purpose: The study aimed to describe primary care nurses’ experiences of being obese and further determine their perceptions of overweight problems in society and how they cope with lifestyle issues.

Sample: The sample included 13 persons with experience working in 7 health care centers., The authors used nurses in PHCC who have worked for an extended period, working with obese patients in the southwest of Sweden.

Data Collection Method: The study used a qualitative interview method to collect data. The variables used were age, work experience, gender, and private or public workplace.

Key Findings/Themes: The nurse reported that not much had been done researching new ways to educate patients to control weight. Lack of enough food industry and food stores make it hard for parents to choose healthy food to provide for children under the age of 17yrs.

Study objectives included finding out school and media impact on lifestyle, regulation of the food market, and health promotion outside of the health care mission.

Contribution to Review of the Literature: This article promotes the perception of a shift from costs to human concerns, from focusing on challenges to seeing capabilities and available research. It also plays a vital role in making policies and how to use and exercise them.

MIXED METHODS

Study: Gordon (2020). Childhood obesity prevention in adolescents. 

Problem-related to PICOT: Childhood obesity is a significant vital problem that put in trouble the health of adolescent. This number of overweight children is estimated to be around 42 million, 35 being from poorly under-developed countries.

Purpose: The author of this article seeks to contribute to other researchers to improve people’s health and accomplishment and intervene in how to prevent Obesity in children.

Sample/Population: The authors used a research population of children with Obesity that was examined.30 adolescent participants who were between 12 to 19 years were used, recruited from the patient population at a pediatric primary care office.

Data Collection Method: The authors stated that before data collection, their outline the guidelines. This study collected data using mixed methodology approach, which mainly focused on behaviors, attitudes, and activity. The data measurements used were quantitative and qualitative where the project recorded baseline weight and height values for each sample population. The demographic data included age, gender, education level attained, sport preferred, and food.

Significant Findings/Conclusions: The study findings show that decreasing the amount of food consumption is a significant cause of increasing physical activity. Other causes of Obesity in children include a reducing the number of hours a child uses engages in sedentary activities such as playing games.

Contribution to Review of the Literature: This study is essential in that it helps in providing solutions and contributes to more study content to promote for children to prevent Obesity.

Author/Title/Year (APA format): Jiménez-Parra, et al (2022). “ACTIVE VALUES”: An Interdisciplinary Educational Programmed to Promote Healthy Lifestyles and Encourage Education in Values

Problem-related to PICOT: School children and young students are faced with Obesity struggles that lead to socio-educational difficulties such as social conflicts. Many young people are experiencing public health problems such as sedentary lifestyles.

Purpose: The purpose is to make sure other stakeholders in the nursing sector understand the rationale and procedures of an educational plan known as “ACTIVE VALUES,” whose central role is an intervention strategy for reducing sedentary lifestyles for obese people and promoting education for weight control.

Sample: The sample comprised 250 school-going children and 30 educators from different communities in Spain.

Data Collection Method: The present research used a mixed methods approach with a quasi-experimental design. The Quantitative Data included is descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage. The qualitative results referring to the drawings, teacher diary, interviews, and discussion groups will be analyzed using Atlas.

Contribution to Review of the Literature: According to Jiménez-Parra et al. (2022), The study objective to the world of literature is research that has a training purpose for all teachers, those of Primary and Secondary education without considering if they are professionally experienced, the plan procedure for implementing, and the process for evaluation.

META-ANALYSIS STUDIES

Study: Jones et al. (2019). Viewpoints of adolescents with overweight and Obesity attending lifestyle obesity treatment interventions

Problem-related to PICOT: There are views on many adolescents attending obesity interventions help. Authors inform that lack of enough recruitment and attrition rates are due to Obesity in the country by adolescents.

Purpose: The study is purposed to ensure young people and children receive a tailored intervention that engages every one of them regardless of gender. 

Sample/Population: The study included 28 studies that included analysis of them which were developed and divided into seven domains

Data Collection Method: The study identified published articles from 6 databases. Studies of children and adolescents who were tested on Obesity used. The method used was the thematic synthesis method.

Significant Findings/Conclusions: The study found that many adolescents fear attending interventions and need support. Most people who don’t fear the examination enjoy sports and other physical activities. Adolescents are strongly motivated to improve their body image and social desires.

Contribution to Review of the Literature: The article must consider the existing studies of adolescents and children attending vital obesity interventions that may factor in to help inform policymakers of new ways to develop future interventions. This article may impact other authors to conduct more studies that can improve recruitment and attrition rates.

Author/Title/Year (APA format): Vallabhan (2018) Motivational Interviewing to Treat Adolescents with Obesity

Problem-related to PICOT: Unsuccessful treatment approaches are one of the main reasons adolescents are Obese. Poor Motivational interviewing (MI), low levels of counseling approach designed to enhance behavior change, show shortages, and no promises in promoting healthy lifestyle changes.

Purpose: The authors aim to conduct a systematic review of MI for treating overweight and Obesity in adolescents and a meta-analysis of its effects on anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes

Search selection method: The study used four authors’ reviewed titles, abstracts, and full-text articles related to or the same as my PICOT question.

Meta-Analysis Model: The study used the Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).

Consistency/Variation of Studies: The study had to use seventeen previous articles that met the inclusion criteria and applied 11 in the meta-analysis.

Summary of Findings: After meta-analysis, the researchers found that there were non-significant effects on reducing BMI was not adequate for taking care of overweight and Obesity in adolescents, but sample size and study dose, delivery, and duration issues complicate the interpretation of the results.

CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES

Author/Title/Year (APA format): Yi et al. (2019) Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Obesity: Recommendations from the Committee on Pediatric Obesity of the Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition

Problem-related to PICOT: The prevalence of childhood changes in lifestyle and decreased physical activity affects children and adolescents.

Stakeholders represented: adolescents and children between 2 and 5 years, Adolescents aged 12–18 years.

A systematic review of literature: A systemic analysis of 24 reports reviewing 15 studies showed strong evidence that reduced screen time and enhanced physical activity could prevent Obesity.

Strength of recommendations used: The strength of recommendations was based on the levels of evidence.

Recommendations have been peer reviewed: The peer-reviewed about 24 reports, 15 studies with enough evidence that reflect the need for screen time and exercises.

Summary of findings as related to PICOT: Reducing examination time causes sedentary time to be less. According to recent studies, authoritarian parenting is highly associated with the risk cause of being overweight among young children.

Author/Title/Year (APA format): Sanyaolu et al. (2019) Childhood and Adolescent Obesity in the United States: A Public Health Concern

Problem-related to PICOT: Childhood and adolescent obesity has been seen as a big problem in the United States. This problem has made it a concern for public health.

Stakeholders represented: School-aged children aged six to 11 years and adolescents aged 12 to 19 years.

A systematic review of literature: The articles review the most recent articles from 2015 published by the national health and nutrition examination survey and review the information as per clinical health guidelines practices. Other

Strength of recommendations used: The study was advantaged to have access to National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Also, this narrative review did not require ethical approval and informed consent.

Recommendations have been peer reviewed: The study provides prevention and control means. Education to parents on proper nutrition is one of the recommendations for their children.

Summary of findings as related to PICOT: The number of children with Obesity in the US has been found to have a massive increase over the years. The authors have found the main factors to control obesity trends, such as a combination of diet, exercise, and physiological. The recommendations are directed to bring primary and secondary prevention guidelines. A combined implementation has been proven effective after reviewing various articles and can help lower the rates.

References

Bräutigam Ewe, M., Hildingh, C., Månsson, J., & Lydell, M. (2021). Primary care nurses’ perceptions and experiences of patients being overweight or obese and visions and attitudes about working with lifestyle issues: a qualitative interview study. BMC nursing, 20(1), 1-11.

Jiménez-Parra, J. F., Belando-Pedreño, N., López-Fernández, J., García-Vélez, A. J., & Valero-Valenzuela, A. (2022). “ACTIVE VALUES”: An Interdisciplinary Educational Programme to Promote Healthy Lifestyles and Encourage Education in Values—A Rationale and Protocol Study. Applied Sciences, 12(16), 8073.

Jones, H. M., Al‐Khudairy, L., Melendez‐Torres, G. J., & Oyebode, O. (2019). Viewpoints of adolescents with overweight and Obesity attending lifestyle obesity treatment interventions: a systematic qualitative review. Obesity Reviews, 20(1), 156-169.

Ladenhauf, H. N., Schlattau, A., Burda, B., Wirth, W., Eckstein, F., Metzger, R., & Ruhdorfer, A. (2020). Association of infra-patellar fat pad size with age and body weight in children and adolescents. Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger, 232, 151533.

Lee, A. M., Szurek, S. M., Dilip, A., Dillard, J. R., Miller, D. R., Theis, R. P., … & Cardel, M. I. (2021). Behavioral weight loss intervention preferences of adolescents with overweight/Obesity. Childhood Obesity, 17(3), 160-168.

Poll, F. A., Miraglia, F., D’avila, H. F., Reuter, C. P., & Mello, E. D. (2020). Impact of intervention on nutritional status, consumption of processed foods, and quality of life of adolescents with excess weight. Jornal de Pediatria, 96, 621-629.

Sanyaolu, A., Okorie, C., Qi, X., Locke, J., & Rehman, S. (2019). Childhood and adolescent Obesity in the United States: a public health concern. Global pediatric health, 6, 2333794X19891305.

Sanyaolu, A., Okorie, C., Qi, X., Locke, J., & Rehman, S. (2019). Childhood and adolescent Obesity in the United States: a public health concern. Global pediatric health, 6, 2333794X19891305.

Vallabhan, M. K., Jimenez, E. Y., Nash, J. L., Gonzales-Pacheco, D., Coakley, K. E., Noe, S. R., … & Kong, A. S. (2018). Motivational interviewing to treat adolescents with Obesity: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 142(5).

Yi, D. Y., Kim, S. C., Lee, J. H., Lee, E. H., Kim, J. Y., Kim, Y. J., … & Yang, H. R. (2019). Clinical practice guideline for diagnosing and treating pediatric Obesity: recommendations from the Committee on Pediatric Obesity of the Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition. Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition, 22(1), 1-27.

lit review sample

Literature Review

The aim of this literature review is to examine dimensions of destination food image. Based on previous research, food tourists are attracted to a number of dimensions of destination food image that include, but not limited to, (list the dimensions you found in your search, and that you will be referring to in the following paragraphs – in any order is fine).

Or

The aim of this literature review is to examine dimensions of destination food image. Based on previous research, dimensions of destination food image, for example (list the dimensions you found in your search, and that you will be referring to in the following paragraphs – in any order is fine) are used by food destinations to (attract tourists to their city/provide local food producers/restaurants/? with business/income/?).

In these paragraphs, discuss at least six peer-reviewed journal articles (only published from 2015 onwards). Try to group one, two or three together (group them because there is some similarity or difference between them). You can discuss the same article more than once if it helps the discussion flow. The research studies can be from any country or area/region of the world.

The participants of each study may differentiate or be similar, so that you can compare and contrast your findings.

You may find that once you have listed/discussed the dimensions in a study, you can discuss the impact/relationship/affect they have with food consumption in a particular destination/city/town/country. It just depends on what you find in your search – all journal articles have an aim, so you can discuss that ‘angle’.

Or

You could discuss the effects of cultural background on food tourists’ perceptions of food image of a destination, BUT you must incorporate dimensions of food image into the discussion (because the main focus is still on dimensions of destination of food image).

Or

You could discuss how/why food destinations use particular dimensions to attract food tourists to their country/city/area, BUT you must incorporate dimensions of food image into the discussion (because the main focus is still on dimensions of destination of food image).

Literature Review (2)

Literature Review

Serial killing or serial murder involves the murder of more than one person, usually with a “cooling off” period between the murders. These crimes usually have no apparent motive and involve strangers who are murdered over extended periods of time. The U.S. has a higher percentage of serial killers than any other country in the world, with nearly 25% of all serial killings worldwide taking place in America (Pace, 2019).

Based on FBI investigations, many serial killers suffer from a combination of personality disorders which are often inconspicuous. The three major categories of personality disorders include Paranoid, Schizoid, and Psychopathic. Many psychologists believe that serial killers fall into the last category. Psychopathy is a mental disorder in which a person has an antisocial, sadistic or psychopathic disposition with poor impulse control. A person who suffers from a form of psychopathy may display superficial charm and intelligence while hiding deep-rooted problems with their behavior and emotions. According to the FBI Behavioural Science Unit, serial killers have an innate ability to manipulate others, give them someone to talk to, and trust them with sensitive information.

Serial killing is one of the most complex and challenging forms of crime to investigate as there is rarely any forensic evidence left behind in cases that do not involve sexual assault or armed robbery; police rely heavily on knowledge about typical patterns to link cases together and identify likely suspects for questioning.

The standard theory is that serial killers share a long term obsession with violence, however few cases of serial homicide have been directly named as such, some of which include: John Reginald Halliday Christie (killed at least 12 people); Charlie Lyke (39 victims); Henry Lee Lucas and Ottis Toole (17 victims); Aileen Wuornos (7 victims) (Deepak & Ramdoss, 2021). Theories about the “Mackenzie painting” are based on the observation that all five of the known cases of serial homicide involve small town American males that were around 20-30 years old.

In the United States, there has been a slight increase in the number of serial killers since the mid-1990s. The increased publicity and media coverage of these cases may be responsible for this increase. Additionally, in areas that have experienced serial killings, such as the so-called ‘killing fields’ along Route 40 near Green River, Utah and Nevada, it has also become more likely that there will be a killer or killers available to police before any bodies are found.

The first notable US serial killer is usually considered to be H.H. Holmes, who killed 11 people over 18 months between 1896 and 1897 in Chicago. Holmes is also believed to have had a hand in the highly publicized murder of his own wife, who disappeared from the home the couple shared. Holmes was never tried for his crimes due to a hung jury, and later escaped from jail. He was eventually captured, confessed to his crimes and was hanged in Philadelphia on May 7, 1896.

The United States has produced many notable serial killers, including Richard Trenton Chase (“The Vampire of Sacramento”), David Berkowitz (“Son of Sam”), Patrick Kearney Mitchell (“The Milwaukee Monster”), Ted Bundy and Aileen Wuornos. Some killers have become infamous because of the gruesome circumstances of their crimes, the total number of victims, or the length of time during which they eluded capture. Others, such as those who have committed mass killings or those whose crimes have earned them a place in popular culture, are noted for their fame. Some serial killers have even been researched and written about to such an extent that they have become synonymous with murder itself. Theodore Robert Bundy is one example. He was a serial killer who was active in several states throughout the 1970s, and confessed to killing thirty women. He once said that he could “go out and kill anybody between one day and six months from now.

One of the best known cases involving a string of serial murders was that of Ed Gein. Gein was convicted and executed in 1957 for the murder of a total of two women and a teenage girl. He was known to have been obsessed with the concept of body parts, particularly skulls and femurs, which he would retain from his victims. Another local man, Driver Ed Kearney (a pharmacist) confessed to Gein that he had killed two women and an illegitimate son for insurance money, but later recanted the confession. Another man also confessed to killing several people in a similar way but later recanted as well.

Also of note is Ottis Toole who murdered five females in Florida between 1974-1976. Toole was a drifter who worked for victims and stole their money, jewelry, and personal effects. He kept the skull, skins, bones and hands of all five women. He was arrested in 1977 after police traced a stolen money order from one of his victims to his mother’s home in Fort Myers (Toates & Coschug-Toates, 2022).

Many serial killers move from area to area to find new victims. Some are quite organized in their efforts to find new victims or avoid being caught by the law. Some killers perform violent acts to attract their victims, while other chose a method of killing that is less personal. Most serial killers are male but women are also known to be serial killers and some have been sentenced to life in prison with no chance of parole. We know what causes a person to become a serial killer but how many of these individuals will commit serious violence and murder? It’s estimated that there are around 400-500 active serial killers in the United States alone and they kill approximately 3000 people every year (Call, 2019). This number is based on the FBI definition which is any person who has killed three or more people within a year or killed one victim up to four times during the same time frame.

References

Call, C. (2019). Serial entertainment: A content analysis of 35 years of serial murder in film. Homicide studies, 23(4), 362-380.

Toates, F., & Coschug-Toates, O. (2022). Understanding Sexual Serial Killing. Cambridge University Press.

Deepak, S. A., & Ramdoss, S. (2021). The life-course theory of serial killing: A motivation model. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 65(13-14), 1446-1472.

Pace, A. N. (2019). Serial killers in popular media: A content analysis of sensationalism and support for capital punishment.

Transaction Cost Analysis Past, Present, and Future Applications

LITERATURE REVIEW

Name

Date

Transaction Cost Analysis: Past, Present, and Future Applications

This journal is quite informative because it gives a lot of insightful information on Transaction Coast Analysis (TCA). Through it, the authors reports on the research work done to reveal more about it. A part from explaining this concept, it traces its historical development, roles and the relationships it has had with other relevant disciplines. It goes ahead to focus on its applications, dimensions and validity. All these are very important data which when exploited can create sense to the readers and enable them comprehend this issue much comfortably.

However, the article is criticized for lacking a sound evidence for the arguments presented. The arguments are so shallow and do not contain a lot of explanations. For instance, the writers state that it is related to fields such as political science, corporate finance, sociology, business strategy, contract law and marketing. However, it does not go deeper to explain how it has influenced these disciplines. This leaves a lot of unfilled gaps with a number of questions unanswered. Instead of focusing on the practicality of the subject matter, the paper concentrates on its future applications.

These problems can be solved by creating more time to conduct an extensive research to discover more about TCA. A rigorous study should be carried out to come up with sound evidence enough to give the research its meaning. This is the only way through which the pending questions will be ultimately answered. The paper should not be too futuristic. Otherwise, it should give concrete evidence on the stated facts. He should be realistic and shift from the use of assumptions which may be so misleading. The research should not be based on rumors, but on well researched facts. Thus, it will become valid to give an authoritative report. By doing this, the research will give full information regarding this issue.

Literature Review

Literature Review

Everyone has an opinion on which way is the best when it comes to raising a child. Popular concepts emerging today in the media are gender neutral parenting or free-range parenting. Different parenting styles can have a major impact on how a child is raised and their view of the world. Psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study and discovered the four different parenting styles are authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting, permissive parenting, and uninvolved parenting CITATION Bau66 l 1033 (Baumrind, 1966). Within the authoritarian parenting style, the child is expected to follow strict rules created by the parents. If the child is noncompliant, the results could be firm punishments. Example, the “because I said so” or “no nonsense” type of parent. The authoritative parenting style is like authoritarian parenting style; rules are created, and the child is expected to follow them, but the difference is that it with this style, the line of communication is open to the child.

The permissive parenting style requires very little from the child. Permissive parents can be seen taking on the role of a friend to their child. An uninvolved parenting style has very low requirements. The parent is detached from the child’s needs and regret all things to do with the child. Each parenting style can also lead to different attachment styles which can follow the child into adulthood this is an important topic because doing the research could show that the specific parenting styles and negative and positive effects on children also effects carry over into adult behavior. The parenting styles do tend to differ when you look at different races and social classes. The small but important text that does exist on middle-class black families suggests that the experience of being black and middle class is different than that of the black working-class and poor. Middle class black families face a problem whereas the disadvantages of being black and the advantages of being middle class are combined shaping a complex multidimensional middle class black identity. My hypothesis is that the parenting styles will differ once you go higher in the socioeconomic classes. If the African American families in a lower income area, their parenting style will mostly resemble authoritarian parenting style.

Research questions:

Do African American parenting styles vary by social class?

Is there evidence to suggest that African American and white parenting styles differ?

Are African American families or communities characterized by one of the four parenting styles?

Source 1.

Studies that find African American parenting practices to be more authoritarian and parent- focused than those used by middle-class whites are now interpreted from a cultural and contextual perspective The sample included 156 6- to 9-year-old African American children living in single-mother-headed households in rural areas, 82% of whom lived in poverty. The distal variables of maternal education, maternal religiosity, and adequacy of financial resources were linked with the proximal variables of “no nonsense” parenting, mother-child relationship quality, and maternal involvement in the child’s school activities. The proximal variables were, in turn, indirectly linked with children’s cognitive competence, social competence, and internalizing problems through their association with the children’s development of self-regulation.

CITATION Gen98 l 1033 (Brody & Flor, 1998)Source 2

how different styles of parenting may indirectly influence the addiction susceptibility of children through the mediators of attachment style and self-regulation. They ended up using a random cluster of adolescent high school student. The students were between 14-19. The results showed that authoritative and permissive parenting styles were associated with secure attachment whereas authoritarian and neglectful parenting styles were associated with insecure attachment. The findings of present study suggest the authoritative and permissive parenting styles as the most efficient styles and authoritarian and neglectful parenting styles as the most inefficient styles in terms of addiction susceptibility (Khouzestan Science and Research Branch)

Source 3

The differences between parenting types on the criterion measures were not as large as reported in Baumrind’s study, and significant effects were predominantly due to the poor scores from children with Unengaged and Authoritarian-Directive parents. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the Authoritative parenting type, the utility of using a typology, and areas for future research. CITATION Lau96 l 1033 (Weiss & Schwarz, 1996)Source 4

In this article a study was conducted where adolescents were, on average, 13.14 years of age at Time 1 and 15.05 years of age at Time 2. Nearly all adolescents and parents affirmed parents’ legitimate authority to regulate (and children’s obligation to comply with) rules regarding moral, conventional, prudential, friendship, and multifaceted issues, but they were more equivocal in their judgments regarding personal issues. With age, adolescents increasingly judged personal issues to be beyond the bounds of legitimate parental authority, but judgments differed by family income. Adolescents from upper income families rejected parents’ legitimate authority to regulate personal issues more at Time 1 than did adolescents from middle income families, but no differences were found at Time 2. With adolescents’ increasing age, African American families became less restrictive in regulating prudential, friendship, multifaceted, and personal issues. CITATION Sme00 l 1033 (Smetana, 2000)Source 5

Authoritative parenting practices have been found to be more effective in supporting middle-class European American youth. In contrast, more “no nonsense” and directive parenting practices have been shown to be more effective than authoritative or democratic parenting practices for supporting a wide range of positive youth outcomes in ethnic minority families. This study examined the paths of parental involvement across middle and high school, and how these trajectories related to adolescents’ academic, behavioral, and emotional adjustment. In addition, ethnic and socioeconomic status differences in longitudinal associations and the potential moderating role of parental warmth were assessed. 

CITATION Wan14 l 1033 (Wang, Hill, & Hofkens, 2014)Source 6

In this article, the highlight was how middle-class black parents used extracurriculars as a crutch to the nurturing and supporting of their children. Race does differentiate priorities, actions, and values. Many families in this study sought out high status cultural activities for their children such as music lessons or public speaking and pressed children to excel in their activities. When the children had free time outside of their schooling, it was filled with individual tutors and additional classes. CITATION Vin13 l 1033 (Vincent, Rollock, Ball, & Gillborn, 2013)Source 7

Disciplinary style is especially important to address. Some African American mothers have been described as expecting unyielding obedience to parental authority with little concern for the child’s input. This pattern has been contrasted with more responsive and child-oriented approach usually associated with white middle class mothers. From the traditional race- comparative perspective, the parent-oriented approach of African American mothers has been regarded as problematic for child development. The characterization of African American mothers as parent oriented has been based on examinations of lower-income mothers. A study showed that upper-middle class African American mothers gave more orientation to the tsk, were more likely to reinforce correct response. Some similarities were discovered which was that both lower and middle-class minority mothers emphasized on obedience; however middle- income mothers more likely to promote obedience through internal controls, whereas lower income mothers employed more power assertive techniques.

CITATION Kel93 l 1033 (Kelley, Sanchez-Hucles, & Walker, 1993)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Brody, G. H., & Flor, D. L. (1998). Maternal Resources, Parenting Practices, and Child Competence in Rural, Single-Parent African American Families. 14.

Carolan, B. V., & Wasserman, S. J. (2015). Does Parenting Style Matter? Concerted Cultivation, Educational Expectations, and the Transmission of Educational Advantage. Sage Publications, Inc., 19.

Kelley, M. L., Sanchez-Hucles, J., & Walker, R. R. (1993). Correlates of Disciplinary Practices in Working- to Middle-Class African-American Mothers. Wayne State University Press, 252-264.

Khouzestan Science and Research Branch. (2011, September 11). The mediational pathway among parenting styles, attachment styles and self-regulation with addiction susceptibility of adolescents.

Smetana, J. G. (2000). Middle-Class African American Adolescents’ and Parents’ Conceptions of Parental Authority and Parenting Practices: A Longitudinal Investigation. Wiley, 1672-1686.

Vincent, C., Rollock, N., Ball, S., & Gillborn, D. (2013). Raising Middle-class Black Children: Parenting Priorities, Actions and Strategies. Sage Publications, Inc., 427-442.

Wang, M.-T., Hill, N. E., & Hofkens, T. (2014). Parental Involvement and African American and European American Adolescents’ Academic, Behavioral, and Emotional Development in Secondary School. Wiley, 2151-2168.

Weiss, L. H., & Schwarz, J. C. (1996). The Relationship between Parenting Types and Older Adolescents’ Personality, Academic Achievement, Adjustment, and Substance Use. Child Development, 14.

Literature Review on ornamentation of artwork

Literature Review

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Mosaic PAGEREF _Toc378194653 h 3Fabric decoration PAGEREF _Toc378194654 h 4

Research shows that ornamentation of artwork adds value as well as, aesthetics; however this is mainly done by decorating the surfaces of the artwork using different motifs. The artwork includes decorating furniture, utensils and clothing. However, there is other ornamentation or artworks which mainly involve the body art. For example, in the past, the use skin was the major canvas for African expression for many years making ornamentation of artwork to become the source of interest for many Kenyans. Artwork ornamentation started gaining a strong foothold in the 1900s and from the anthropological research; it is evident that many cultures across the world are today using different forms of artworks as well as, ornamentation for different reasons (Gair, 2006).

Throughout the history of African culture, anthropologists noted that exploring ethnic motifs as well as, designs from the material culture of the Kenyan ethnic groups and utilizing them in ornamentation has become greater activity to the Kenyans people. Artwork and aesthetics ornamentation in Kenya can be examined in terms of the complexity required for creating and decrypting a work of art. As a result, the government of Kenya has proposed different laws for aesthetic complexity (Thomas, 2002). According to the first law of aesthetic complexity in Kenya, it is noted that too condensed encoding may make a decryption of a work of art impossible and is also perceived to be chaotic by the untrained mind, whereas too regular structures are perceived as monotonous, too orderly and not very stimulating. Thus a necessary condition for an artistic form or design to appear appealing is its complexity to lie within a bracket between monotony and chaos. According to the second law of aesthetic complexity, due to human predisposition, this bracket is invariably based on natural forms; with rather limited plasticity. The third law of aesthetic complexity states that aesthetic complexity trends are dominated by the available resources, and thus also by cost and scarcity.

Several strategies on the other hand have been applied to increase the aesthetic complexity and artistic expression virtual universes. The human mind seems to be able to recognize automation in pattern creation, and often resents too simple schemes. Presently, there are different motifs and designs in Kenyan. The designs include the use of paints, mosaic, fabric decoration, body artwork and many others. Painting in artworks use color pigment such as paints on distinctive surfaces. Painting allows artists to creatively decorate surfaces so as to make then appear like a different image without altering the actual image (Thomas, 2002). For example, “Rock paintings were believed to be the first painted works of art mostly done by the cave people. They painted using their fingers and soft colored clay on rock surfaces following examples of claw marks made by animals. Clearly, then, a well-known ideal source of paint material used on rocks came from colored soils obtained from organic or living matter as well as, inorganic (Baker, 2007).

The study carried out notes that, “red” paints were obtained from “iron oxide, black paints were executed from inorganic compounds such as manganese dioxide, as well as pine carbons. Therefore, the paints used by creative artists to produce painting artworks were also obtained by mixing ground color pigments and they may be added with various types of cohesive substances such as gum to bind them on a planned surface (Harrison, 2001). The various paint pigments have different mixing properties and they require diverse types of binders to transform them into workable tools. Painting is significant because it embellish o an artwork. Painting attaches our daily life to the aesthetics of colors. Conversely, through painting artists attain imitated creative styles to supplement with their attained skills of color use. Painting on the other hand can be used as a medium for sharpening a learner’s logical reasoning (Thomas, 2002).

As well as to discover the life and art of greatest painters as well as past events. Most artisans paint to review and to practice their theoretical knowledge of colors, and during critiques, painting artists acquires shared knowledge about techniques and colors.

MosaicIt is evident that ethnic motifs and designs derived from material culture can as well be utilized in ornamentation. For instance, the ornamentation of pieces of art work is significant in adding the value to the item and improves the quality and aesthetics. As a result, using of motifs that are derived from the material culture of our Kenyan ethnic groups will greatly help in preserving the culture and heritage of different communities (Baker, 2007). However, this can only be done by utilizing the motifs in ornamenting an individual artwork. Today, most Kenyans decorate their ornaments using mosaic. A mosaic is a type of artwork that can be made by arranging small colored pieces of hard materials like glass, stone and tiles to create a beautiful decorative pattern (Thomas, 2002). The history of mosaic art (2008) tells us that “mosaic history goes back some 4,000 years or more, with the use ofterracotta cones pushed point-first into a background to give decorations.” From this we can understand that any hard surface can provide a base for a mosaic artwork so long as it is firm, free from moisture and grease or liquids (Baker, 2007).

According to research, by the eighth century there were pebble pavements with different unstructured decorations of coloured stones used for creating patterns by the Greeks. These mosaic artworks were used for various purposes like making elaborate decorations in worship places especially churches, surfacing roads, house floor, walls, decorative utensils and furniture (Harrison, 2001).

Other creative artists who do mosaic use recycled materials from broken coloured pieces of terracotta carefully selected from earthenware of a kind like glass, pottery as well as tiles. Mosaic artworks are created in different ways, some display shapes of precise geometric patterns, while other are arranged almost randomly to display or show scenes of people and animals. In other words, there is no right or wrong choice for making mosaics artworks (Gair, 2006). This type of motif design has a great impact on contemporary art and the ornamentation skills on the designers and artisans.

Fabric decorationToday, fabric decoration as a type of motifs and designs are currently used for ornamentation in the Kenyan contemporary art. Fabric decoration is the art of embellishing cloth or fabric for pleasant appearances. Other artistic define “fabric design/decoration” as “the patterning of an essentially plain fabric to render it more appealing or to serve a particular purpose.” Hence, the designer of fabric decoration should not only be given the fundamental skills of depicting creative and artistic enhancements on the surface of a fabric for various intended aims, but they can as well learn about altering fabrics by sewing, given that this can also be an approach typically used to decorate fabrics. Other methods of fabric decoration include dyeing, bleaching, starching, waxing, printing and sewing (Harrison, 2001).

In Kenya, the antiquities or ancient past of fabrics starts from tribal people such as the Nilotes, Cushites and Bantus who used bark cloth for clothing, interior decorations, protection from bad weather by covering their naked bodies and very many other purposes (Gair, 2006). It has also been speculated in Kenya that the direct trade relations between the Indians living in Kenya and the people living in Western Kenya has resulted in the cross-cultural transfer of ideas and skills in fabric decoration, which later translated into the patterning of bark-cloth, initially exclusively, for royal usage.” This for many years has presented the value of promoting cross-cultural understanding by the people who used bark cloth. It also led to the discovery of more ways of decorating fabrics, which most Kenyans wear today for distinctive purposes. Literally, some sources suggest that decorated bark cloth existed in other parts of Africa (Baker, 2007).

References

Baker, G. (2007). The artwork caught by the tail: Francis Picabia and Dada in Paris. London: MIT Press.

Gair, A. (2006). Artist’s manual: a complete guide to painting and drawing materials and techniques. London: Chronicle Books.Harrison, H. (2001). Painting shapes and edges: give depth, clarity and form to your artwork. New York: North Light Books.

Herskovic, M. (2003). American abstract expressionism of the 1950s: an illustrated survey with artists’ statements, artwork and biographies. London: New York School Press.

Thomas, T. (2002). Artwork by Tona Thomas. London: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Indian Arts and Crafts Board, Sioux Indian Museum and Crafts Center.