Blog

New Technology and the End of Jobs

Man versus Machine in the Workplace:

Investigating the role of Artificial Intelligence in the Increasing Levels of Unemployment

Course

Date

Proposed Research Topic:

New Technology and the End of Jobs

Human beings are slowly being replaced with machines in almost every sector as well as industry by technology revolution. Many people are getting eliminated from their jobs permanently as the work category and job assignments continue to sink even further. Jobs are also being restructured and others are disappearing because of the continuous adoption of technology. There is continued unemployment and according to findings, global unemployment is at its record high since the great depression back in 1930s. An estimated 800 million people are un employed and this figure could even rise further. Millions of graduates who are hopeful for employment opportunities, who are continually entering the work force are continually finding themselves jobless. It is now clear that the rising figures of unemployment indicates a short term adjustment to a market so powerful and powerfully driven by forces that drive the global economy towards a new direction. The global market is looking forward towards an exciting world of high tech automated production, abundant materials that are unprecedented, and booming world commerce. In the US alone it is estimated that 2 million people are being eliminated annually from their jobs by corporations. In return the jobs that are created are low paying low sector jobs. The worrying factor is that this transition is all over the world. Even the developing nations are increasingly eliminating employees with built state of art which tech facilities used for production CITATION Bai13 l 1033 (Bailey, 2013).

Technology has changed to the disadvantage of human labor. There is what is referred to as “Big Data” by scientists. This is the use of computers to thrive on information from the international website, barcodes are placed on nearly every product. More information is passed across the internet every second twice the total amount of information that was stored on the entire internet some 20 years back. Giving an example with Wall-Mart, the store is capable of collecting approximately 50 million cabinets of information from the customer’s transactions every 1 hour. This is far much the capability of a human if they were to be left to handle the transactions, according to Andrew McAfee and Erick Brynjolfsson, (2012). Computers can make sense of so much data than human beings.

It is true that the world is changing technologically and this the major force towards unemployment, because machines are replacing human labor but corporations are taking this as an advantage to gain Return on Investment. ROI refers to the capital invested in a company and the return realized from the capital based on then net profit of the business. It is important to understand that profit and ROI are two different things. Profit is used to measure the performance of the business. ROI is not necessarily the same as profit. However ROI can be used to gauge the profitability of the business. It is used to identify the past and potential financial returns of a business looked by the managers as a project. This is because it can portray how successful a business is expressed in ratios or percentages. It is also used to describe financial returns and increased efficiencies in the organization. It is also used to calculate the much of a value an investment is.

ROI has been used in line with Artificial Intelligence (AI). It worth knowing that it is customer demand that drives today’s business and the demand patterns varies from period to period. Because of these variables it has become very difficult for organizations to develop accurate forecasts, which refers to the process of estimating future events. Forecasting reduces uncertainty and used to provide benchmarks used to monitor performance. Combinations of AI and emerging technologies have been used to improve the accuracy of forecasts to contribute to organization enhancement. It is perceived that the use of machines to replace human labor is more effective and contributes to profitability and improved ROI. This has also fueled investors to replace human labor with machinery and computer software.

There is a saying that goes that whatever is measured gets done. Human nature can also be measured. It is true that many workers constantly re-prioritize their work activities. It is also worth understanding that not everyone in an organization will work towards a common goal, that is, the success of the organization. It is therefore important to measure performance against input. Metrics have the attention of both manufacturing and business leaders. It is important to measure sectors in business activities and provide improvement where necessary. The following are some of the manufacturing metrics utilized mostly by process, discrete, and hybrid manufacturers:

Improving customer expectations and responsiveness such as on time delivery and manufacturing cycle time, Metrics to improve quality such as yield, consumer rejects, material returns, supplier quality incoming, Metrics for improving efficiency such as capacity utilization, throughput, overall equipment effectiveness, schedule of production effectiveness, Metrics for reducing inventory like WIP Inventory/ Turns, Metrics on increased flexibility and innovation like rate of new product introduction, and Engineering change order cycle time. Metrics for Ensuring Compliance, Metrics for reducing maintenance like percentage planned, Metrics for cost reduction and increasing profitability like net operating profit, productivity in revenue per employee, energy cost per unit, productivity in revenue per employee, and manufacturing cost as per percentage of revenue.

Variables Definitions Metric References

ROI Return On Investment-this is a business term used to identify the past and potential financial returns. It helps to indicate how successful a business is. Metrics on Improving Costumer Experience and Responsiveness-Manufacturing cycle time,

On-time delivery to Commit

Bailey, R. (2013, February 8). Were the Luddites right? Smart machines and the prospect of technological unemployment. Reason, 45(1), 48.

AI Artificial Intelligence-this is a computer science emphasizing on intelligent machines working and relating like humans. Metrics on improving quality-Customer rejects,

Yield

Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2012). Technology’s influence on employment and the economy. In Race against the machine: How the digital revolution is accelerating innovation, driving productivity, and irreversibly transforming employment and the economy (p. 10). Lexington, MA: Digital Frontier Press.

Metric These are quantifiable measures used to assess the position and status of a venture. Metrics on Improving Efficiency-effectiveness,

Through put,

Capacity utilization,

Grint, K., & Woolgar, S. (2013). The machine at work: Technology, work and organization. John Wiley & Sons.

Inventory These are stock held by a business in form of materials or goods for the purpose of repair, resale, or raw materials waiting processing. Metrics on Reducing inventory- Work in progress inventory turn Sachs, J. D., & Kotlikoff, L. J. (2012). Smart machines and long-term misery (No. w18629). National Bureau of Economic Research.

WIP Work In Progress- these are materials that are partly finished. They are materials that are already in the production process but have not yet turned to a fully finished product. Metrics on Increased flexibility and innovation-Engineering change,

Rate of new product introduction

Hart, M. (2013). Educating cheap labour’r. The learning society: Challenges and trends, 96.

Big Data This is the use of computers to thrive on information from the international website, barcodes are placed on nearly every product Metrics on Cost reduction and profitability-Productivity in revenue per employee,

Net operating profit

The agricultural industry has seen numerous changes in the previous 100 years. Since the conception of the modern horticulture in 1900, we have pushed ahead to the period of computerized improved farming where everything that is carried out before seeding and up to after harvesting produces data that can be broke down or analyzed. Big Data officially changed the horticulture industry a ton and in the impending decade this will get to be unmistakable or visible in every aspect of farming in the Western world and progressively likewise in the Developed world. There are three ranges that will be influenced the most by the chances of big data: reduced costs of operation and improved efficiency, crop and animal efficiency and improved productivity, optimization of crop prices and mitigation of weather conditions CITATION Gri13 l 1033 (Grint, 2013).

In the agricultural industry, the internet of things and industrial internet are adversely affecting agricultural equipment such as sprayers, tractors, harvesters, milking machines and soil cultivators. Farmers are now capable of getting information thanks to the sensors that have been deployed in machines such as tractors, cow milking and several others. These machines offer information in real time 24/7 even in the absence of the farmer. These machines act as smart machine that are capable of talking and can coordinate with each other to give the farmer the overall condition of the farm. They can predict problems and even take action before adamage can be realized. The farmer can take action immediately he sees a problem dismayed by the sensors and if the problem is very serious, a service employee will visit the farm.

These sensors have led to increased productivity in many processes of agriculture. They also predict failure and maintenance and also safe the farmer fuel and energy for harvesting and transportation by optimizing the best driving conditions especially in large farm because they can predict shorter routes to drive and help save a lot of fuel. These computers are integrated and they pass information to each other making the entire process manageable by only 1 person. These machines are managed by diagnostics to make sure that optimal settings are in place. These data are passed to the farmer who will then analyze them to ensure continuity of effective operation now and in future. Big Data technologies are continually making precision agriculture interesting. This includes recognition, understanding, exploitation of information capable of quantifying variations in crops and soil. This has helped the farmers a lot especially in optimization of the crop productivity CITATION Sac12 l 1033 (Sachs, 2012).

Not just yields and crops can be enhanced with huge information, additionally the farm animals will gain from enormous information innovation. Having sensors in the sheds will allow input on the states of the animals. Sensors can consequently measure the animal’s weight and conform bolstering if needed. Contingent upon the conditions in the shed or the states of the creatures, sustaining can be balanced too. The creatures will get the right nourishment and the perfect sum at the right minute. There are also chips inserted on the animals that can monitor their health conditions. Sick animals can receive medication through the food there are given and conditions of the sheds adjusted in any case they are affecting the animals. The heard can also be traced via the smart phone with the help of the chips placed on them. These sensors also display the mental health of the animals. Big Data flips around the customary horticulture industry. Despite the fact that the ventures can be significant for ranchers, the potential advantages of applying huge information advancements on the field are gigantic CITATION Har13 l 1033 (Hart, 2013).

I used both primary and secondary data collection methods to collect data. Under primary data collection, I collected the data myself by through qualitative and quantitative methods. I used observations, interviews, focus group interviews and questionnaires.

The following were the sourced of data I used:

Primary Data: interviews-I will use forms that will be completed by the respondents. Interviews are better for complex questions that I will be asking even though being expensive than questionnaires. Questionnaires: these are forms that are completed and returned by respondents. I will use this method of data collection because it is cheaper and they allow the respondents humble time to give feedback to the questions asked. Focus group interviews: I will identify a group of a particular group of people especially the farmers and people employed in the agriculture industry and conduct an interview on them. Observations: I will use direct observation to collect data. I will try and find observer programs to help me with the exercise.

Secondary data sources: Previous researches: I would use previous researches on how smart machines are affecting employment in Agriculture industry; official statistics: statistics published by government agencies or other public agencies on economic and social development and environment; Mass media products: data from media houses on development in the Agricultural and horticultural industry and how machinery is affecting employment in the industry; Government reports: the government publications and reports on Agricultural Industry and how smart machinery and Big Data is affecting employment; Web Information: searching the international network for data on Big Data and smart machinery and how they are affecting employment in Agricultural industry; Historical data and information: the history of smart machinery and Big data.

References

Bailey, R. (2013, February 8). Were the Luddites right? Smart machines and the prospect of technological unemployment. Reason, 45(1), 48.

Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2012). Technology’s influence on employment and the economy. In Race against the machine: How the digital revolution is accelerating innovation, driving productivity, and irreversibly transforming employment and the economy (p. 10). Lexington, MA: Digital Frontier Press.

Grint, K., & Woolgar, S. (2013). The machine at work: Technology, work and organization. John

Wiley & Sons.

Sachs, J. D., & Kotlikoff, L. J. (2012). Smart machines and long-term misery (No. w18629).

National Bureau of Economic Research.

Hart, M. (2013). Educating cheap labour’r. The learning society: Challenges and trends, 96.

Malnutrition and starvation

Malnutrition and starvation

Malnutrition is a condition that happens due to sub-optimal intake of the necessary nutrients. Even malnutrition can attack those animals that intake surmountable amount of food, but they are incapable to ingest, digest, absorb or utilize the food. Therefore, malnutrition arises prior to starvation, i.e. long-term deprival of food and its unpleasant effects (Boullatta & Armenti 2010). Causes for malnutrition are parasitism, presence of antibodies in the digestive tract, injuries, disease, poor teeth, and amplified motility of the digestive tract or tumor.

Some symptoms of malnutrition and starvation include:

Bones of the rib, hip, shoulder, and back-bone starts to protrude.

Eyes become drowned, and abdomen appears as if stuck-up.

Little or poor quality food maybe traced in the alimentary canal.

Fatty tissues are absent around the kidney, heart, in the bone marrow, under the skin, and other organs.

Organs and muscle mass may well decrease in size (Malnutrition- what to look for).

Metabolic adaption expresses the change in the nature of a biological system in reaction to alteration, in external or internal environment. Starvation can induce several behavioral and psychological alterations in the human body. For instance, take the case of Boitel, who starved for 53 days before dying. However, before he died he had to undergo several metabolic adaptations due to starvation as discussed below.

Early Stages of starvation

At the beginning, his body became endogenous i.e. utilized stored calories to manufacture energy for essential functions. At first, glucose was the primary energy substrate for the CNS, leading to metabolism of 100 to 150g/day absolutely in to water and carbon (iv) oxide. As he went on with starvation, glucose continued to be unavailable, leading to rapid change in neuronal activity, marked by personality alteration, coma, lethargy and confusion (Shils 2005 pp. 741-742).

His system recycled lactase in Cori cycle in the liver and kidney, back to glucose. The process used energy obtained from oxidation of fatty acids. Pyruvate may be used as a substrate for gluconeogenesis in the liver, or underwent oxidation to form ATP. Phagocytes and fibroblasts obtain their energy from anaerobic metabolism of glucose to lactate (Freeman, 2002). The oxidation of free fatty acids to acetoacetate, ketone and acetone was to suppliy energy to the liver, heart, renal cortex, and skeletal muscle. The branched-chain amino acid was also oxidized in the skeletal muscle to provide energy. In addition to this, gastrointestinal tract oxidized glutamine to water and carbon (iv) oxide (Payne, Grimble & A Silk 2001pp. 3-4).

His body depended on gluconeogenesis to stabilize glucose requirements. This was due to little preservation of glucose in extracellular glucose and liver glycogen. Also, the inability to convert muscle glycogen to blood glucose was due to the absence of glucose-6-phosphate in muscle contributed to dependency on gluconeogenesis (Metabolic effects of starvation).

His kidneys supplied approximately a half of the total glucose manufactured as the starvation continued. During his early starvation, gluconeogenesis took place majorly in the liver with alanine as the substrate. Production of pyruvate in the muscle was through anaerobic metabolism of glucose. The nitrogen moiety was conveyed to pyruvate to produce alanine that was discharged in to blood. In the muscle, the branch-chain amino acid carbon skeleton was totally oxidized to water, and carbon (iv) oxide to supply extra ATP for the body usage (Payne, Grimble, & A Silk 2001).

The alanine was later absorbed by the liver, where nitrogen was split-off. The consequential pyruvate was reprocessed to glucose through gluconeogenesis. Not all nitrogen is excreted in the urine as urea, but also some are reused in protein synthesis. Glutamine form the principal substrate for gluconeogenesis in the kidney, and numerous amino acids are changed in to glutamine through transamination. Ammonia, which is a crucial nitrogenous by-product, is partially reutilized in protein synthesis and partially discharged in urine (Peitzman et al 2007 pp. 469-470).

Late stages of Starvation

As his body mass fell metabolism decreased to preserve resources and energy. The consequences were increased sleep, lessening muscle activity and reduced interior temperature. Furthermore, the requirement for gluconeogenesis decreases due to conversion of the central nervous system (CNS) to use ketone bodies for energy other than glucose. The stimulus for this adaptation was partly attributed to increase in ketone body or serum alanine concentration or by reduction in serum molar ratio of insulin to glucagon. Consequently, there was a drop of 75 to 20g/day in protein catabolism, followed drop of 3 to 5g/day in urea nitrogen excretion (Metabolic effects of starvation).

As he continued with starvation, about 5% of the total daily calories were produced by the protein catabolism. With a reduction in gluconeogenesis, adipose became significant energy substrate with metabolism of fat, conversion of free fatty acids to ketone bodies, and metabolism of ketone bodies by peripheral tissues producing approximately 60%, 10% and 25% of total daily calories spending (Metabolic effects of starvation). Rise in fat metabolism stimulated an increase in serum ketone body concentration, which finally surpasses the renal threshold. The physiological reaction towards prolong starvation is characterized by the availability of ketone bodies in urine. It is in this modification state that enable him survive for 53 days before he died (metabolic effects of starvation).

Conclusion

About 160g of adipose tissue and 75g of the body are metabolizing daily for every 1800kcal used during early stages of starvation. Every endogenous protein is used-up, even those with crucial tasks in metabolism, like digestive enzymes and organ and plasma proteins (Metabolic effects of starvation). Clinical evidence indicates that a majority of protein loss is traced from skeletal muscles. Lipolysis produces glycerol and free fatty acids, and it rose as concentration of serum insulin dropped with an increase in starvation. Although, free fatty acids were crucial energy source in the liver for Cori cycle, they were not directly involved in gluconeogenesis. The Cori cycle facilitated the transformation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate. Finally, to survive a prolonged starvation, depends one’s body preservation, the age and the ruthlessness of the Caloric deficit (Peitzman et al 2007 pp. 469-470). Studies indicate that nitrogen-sparing is effective when used with water solutions or glucose-free salt, permitting complete adaptation to starvation.

Bibliography

Gaw, A et al. 2008, Clinical biochemistry: an illustrated colour text, Endinburgh. New York: Churchill Livingstone.

Boullatta, JI & Armenti, VT 2010, Handbook of drug-nutrient interactions, New York: Humana Press.

Kent, G 2005, Freedom from want: the human right to adequate food, Washington, D.C., Georgetown University Press.

Davis, A 2010, Handbook of pediatric neuropsychology, Ney York; London: Springer.

McGuire, M & Beerman, KA, 2011, Nutritional sciences: from fundamentals to food, Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Brown, JE , Isaacs, JS et al. 2011, Nutrition through the life cycle, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage learning.

Duckett, S 2001, Pathology of the aging human nervous system, Oxford [u.a]: Oxford Univ. press.

Muller, MJ & Seitz, HJ 2000, Starvation-Induced Changes of Hepatic Glucose Metabolism in Hypo- and Hyperthyroid Rats in Vivo. Vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1370-1377.

Hervant, F, Mathieu, J & Durand, J 2001, Behavioural, Physiological and Metabolic Responses to Long-Term Starvation and Refeeding in a Blind Cave-Dwelling (Proteus Anguinus) and a Surface-Dwelling (euproctus asper) Salamander, Vol. 204, pp. 269-281.

Cahill, GF 2006, Fuel Metabolism in Starvation, vol. 26, pp. 1-22.

Becker, BL 2001, Principles and practice of endocrinology and metabolism. Philladelphia, pa.[u.a.]:Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

Peitzman, AB, et al. 2007, The trauma manual: trauma and acute care surgery, Philadelphia, Pa.; London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Shils, ME 2005, Modern nutrition in health and disease, Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Sss Payne, JJ, Grimble, GK & A Silk, DB 2001, Artificial nutrition support in clinical practice, London: Greenwich Medical Media.

Berg, JM, Tymoczko, JL & Stryer, L 2002, Section 30.3: food intake and starvation induce metabolic changes, viewed on 23, November, 2012, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22414/>.

TPN Team, Metabolic Effects of Starvation, viewed on 23 November, 2012, <http://www.tpnteam.com/secure/starvation_metabolism.html>.

Malnutrition- what to look for 2012, viewed on 23 November, 2012, <http://huntingtondisease.tripod.com/swallowing/id62.html>

Male Youth Psychopaths and Crime Behaviors

Male Youth Psychopaths and Crime Behaviors

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Professor’s Name

Course

Date

Abstract

Psychopathy is personal traits that shape people’s characteristics and behavior in society. According to research, psychopaths actively participate in or significantly contribute to various criminal activities, particularly violent ones. Numerous academics have conducted extensive research on the connection between psychopathy and crime and have shown that the two are closely related. This proposed research is based on a correlational and staged experiment that will be performed in the presence of male youth psychopath inmates. The research participants will be a group of actors and male youth psychopaths. Throughout the research observation data, a collection method will be utilized by watching inmates’ physical and facial expressions to see whether they will show empathy to those who will be undergoing violent criminal actions like robbery and beating. The expected result of the research is that no male youth psychopath will show sympathy for crimes they commit against others or see people experience violent criminal acts. This research implies a need to invent a new treatment for psychopathy to reduce juvenile incarcerations since psychopathic traits begin to develop early.

Male Youth Psychopaths and Crime Behaviors

Introduction

Psychologists define psychopathy as the primary characteristics of an individual. It creates a foundation of particular societal behaviors that begin to be evident in early development stages, especially in teenage/adolescence. Researchers indicate that psychopaths play a significant role or contribute to involvement in different forms of crime, incredibly violent crimes in society. Various scholars have intensively researched the relationship between psychopathy and criminal actions and identified a close relationship between the two. In defining a psychopath, researchers define it as a person who exhibits or demonstrates a discernible pattern that differentiates from the general population based on sensitivity, empathy, guiltiness, and compassion. Research indicates that psychopaths, this diagnostic group of individuals, demonstrates or show particular behavioral (crime), neuropsychological and cognitive characteristics that are not the general population. However, today, the psychopath has been misunderstood in our society since people do not know the term’s meaning; thus, they misuse the name. Researchers have indicated that psychopathy is an antisocial disorder through which an individual develops amoral and antisocial behaviors and characteristics that contribute to criminal behaviors. Because it portrays a lack of ability to love and develop healthy and morally upright personal relationships, portrays egocentricity, and demonstrates an inability to learn from experience and other related behaviors.

Additionally, research denotes that biological and environmental factors contribute to the development of psychopathy and sociopaths. However, s of psychological researchers have approved that psychopathy is also a genetic or inherited condition passed from one generation to another. This is because it is associated with the underdevelopment of brain parts responsible for emotional regulation and impulse control (Marsh, 2017). This research paper will primarily focus on the hypothesis that male youth psychopaths never show genuine empathy for the crimes they have committed or committed against others or those they watch while happening. This research will be correlational and experimental since it will be a staged robbery and beating to collect first information if the inmates show empathy to crime victims or they will not be concerned. This research has been motivated by the high prevalence of violent criminal activities in society, primarily among male youths who, to some extent, end up being inmates. Still, they do not confess the mistakes that they have committed in the community. This is because Flight & Forth (2007), in their research, indicate over 50 adolescent offenders have been incarcerated due to violent actions that psychopathic traits have fueled. The research result shows that violent youths were classified as having high scores on psychopathy, which was instrumental to reactive violence.

Literature Review

This section provides sufficient background literature on male juvenile participation in violent crimes instrumented by psychopathy traits. It also focuses on describing relevant peer-reviewed research carried out by different scholars concerning the matter. Research done by psychologist DeAngelis (2022) concerning a broader view of psychopathy indicates that psychopath has contributed to significant trends of violent criminals since individuals, especially youths, are capable of heinous or egregiously selfish actions on a wide-range scale. Researchers denote that psychopath is much further nuanced compared to stereotypes. The author affirms that psychopath victims (individuals) show a wide range of disconcertion propensities, including: grandiosity, aggression, low empathy, remorse, impulsivity, and violent behavior. Further, the research indicates that these psychopathy traits make people do antisocial things that reduce their compassion in society since people do not like being associated with them, and as a result, it leads to resistance.

According to prison department reports, a significant percentage of adults in the United States show a considerable range of psychopathic traits. However, these adult psychopathic traits developed during their early ages. As a result, it has contributed to a significant percentage of 15%-25% of inmates, as per the American psychological association reports (DeAngelis, 2022). It has been identified that these inmates were convicted of violent crime incidents in society, such as violating others’ rights. According to the triarchic model, separable psychopathic traits are constructed through disinhibition composed of tendencies towards irresponsibility, challenges in controlling emotions, impulsiveness, and mistrust of others. Meanness is another psychopathic trait construct involving a lack of empathy, inability to bond with others (antisocial), and destructive exploitativeness. Lastly, according to Patrick’s triarchic model, boldness is another psychopathic trait that constructs boldness,s which comprises social assurance, emotional resilience, dominance, and adventurousness. Research indicates that all the traits mentioned above contribute to the development of different and unique neurobiological features correlated (Ribes‐Guardiola et al., 2020).

Scholars have endeavored in research to spur psychopathy neurobiological based on genetic, environmental, and behavior. Research has indicated that there have been studies conducted in the United States among school-age kids, preschoolers, and even juvenile offenders. It clearly shows that psychopathy is more often at early ages. And as a result, this contributes to youngsters who exhibit severe and planned aggression and lack of emotion when responding to fear and misery. Research-based on emotional intelligence conducted by Erme et al. (2012, showed that many incarcerated male juveniles are associated with psychopathic traits. This is because these juvenile males have low emotional intelligence, which is associated with the ability to perceive, control, and reason about emotions based on oneself and others. This research shows that people with psychopathy experience some challenges in social life, especially in interaction, since they have some impairment based on emotional tasks.

Research by Amy Morin (2021) on signs of psychopathy in kids indicates that a lack of remorse or empathy signifies a significant threat and a problem. Since it implies that the child has psychopathy, even though no parent wants to imagine their child to be in such a state, this is a child with psychopathy who is mostly cruel and unemotional. Scholars have associated psychopathy victims with those shown in most movies as serial killers. This is because these serial killers do not show empathy or be concerned with their inhuman actions toward other people. However, they continue their inhuman actions and end up living behind bars. As clearly portrayed in the movies, serial killers tend to learn their actions based on their background environment where they were raised since childhood. And due to early exposure, these children become psychopathy victims and end up incarcerated. They can watch an individual being humiliated in their presence and show no concern or empathy to rescue him/her from suffering or torture. However, researchers have estimated that about 1% of adults meet psychopathy, with a large number being men compared to women. In the research on signs of psychopathy among kids, Amy Morin indicated that they show various symptoms to their caregivers. These signs include; the kid constantly lying, the child is always selfish and does not share anything with others, never guilty after misbehaving, and even if punished, the child not changing their behavior. These remorseful behaviors have been associated with male adolescents, which contributes to a significant number of them being juvenile inmates for committing crimes and unwillingness to confess their mistakes and ask for forgiveness (Amy Morin, 2021).

Research done by Virginia Commonwealth University researchers indicates that individuals with psychopathic personalities are primarily associated with antisocial behavior, such as committing violent crimes, which result in incarceration. However, researchers denote that based on background, some individuals can control and manage their psychopathic traits, which contribute to antisocial tendencies and avoid engaging in malicious actions that can result in imprisonment. However, despite having antisocial behaviors, some psychopathy individuals still exist in society. This is because these researchers found that some have neural advantages that enable psychopathy people to counteract their hostile tendencies within society, enabling them to coexist despite their antisocial impulses.

My proposed research will be based on correlational and staged experimental robbery and beating in the presence of male youth psychopaths to test whether these males will show empathy or concern to the affected victims. Primarily the research will involve a group of actors and male youth psychopaths. This research will effectively contribute to previously conducted research studies since it will mainly prove that psychopaths lack or show low empathy, covering those facing criminal or being mistreated by other youths. The research will be based on the hypothesis that male youth psychopaths never feel or show genuine empathy for the crimes they have committed against others or those they observe. Research indicates that people with psychopathy commit around two to three times more than others who engage in antisocial behavior, contributing to 25% of incarcerated individuals in various prisons (Arielle Baskin-Sommers, 2022).

Researchers show the close relationship between psychopathy and the continuous happening of crimes in society. This is because even after psychopathy inmates have been discharged or released from prison, they continue to show antisocial behavior and commit similar or new crimes. This tends to happen higher rate before incarceration. This is accelerated by drug and substance use that they introduced while behind bars serving their terms. A clear indication that substance use among psychopathy people makes them commit violent crimes and continue showing antisocial and violent behaviors (Arielle Baskin-Sommers, 2022). This shows clearly that male youth psychopaths never show empathy or care for those who experience crime since they continue committing new crimes even after being released from incarceration.

Methods

To collect information, my research study aims to test whether male youth psychopath inmates will empathize with people being violently robbed and beaten, aiming to meet the research hypothesis. The correlational experiment was staged in the presence of male youth psychopaths inmates. First, I would use the observation method. Through observation, I would watch inmates’ reactions to witnessing the staged crime happen in their presence and note their physical behavior regarding the occurrence of the crime. Observation would be the most appropriate method for data collection since I will be able to directly observe inmates’ reactions and have greater accuracy on the information gathered, which would help me frame my research hypothesis (Weston et al., 2021). Another method that I will utilize is a survey questionnaire with one-opened questions to allow the inmates to express their feeling about the incident.

Participants

Participants of my research study will be a group of actors from my team performing the staged crime and twenty male youth psychopath inmates who will be the audience. The inclusion criteria for my group actors would be based on diversity to show the unity of different people to carry out a particular violent mission. I will select people willing to educate inmates on behavioral changes and control their antisocial tendencies despite being psychopaths.

Procedure

Procedure for carrying out my research to get the anticipated result would be performing staged robbery or even beating and showing it to the inmates to see if they will feel any empathy towards the person who has been a victim of the crime or done to them.

Measures

Research indicates that there are several measurements based on a continuum of discrete and continuous. For my research will use nominal measures for my research variables. This is because nominal-scale measurements of variables are used when research variables can be categorized but not ranked (Dalati, 2018). For instance, the research will be based on gender since it primarily focuses on male youth psychopath inmates.

Predicted Results

My correlational and staged experiment on robbery and beating for research will be performed in the presence of at least twenty male youth inmates. The predicted result is that I expect none of the male youth psychopaths will show empathy or feel sorry for those crimes being done to them and mistreatment as per the performance. This is because the literature review has indicated that this group has been used in seeing such incidents since some of them have performed such crimes over and over again. Therefore, they have nothing to show empathy for since it was them they could do the same as portrayed in the staged robbery experiment.

Discussion

Concerning the result obtained from the research experiment that out of twenty male youth psychopath inmates, none showed empathy or felt those whose crimes were committed against them can be well described through the triarchic model. The triarchic model/theory denotes that psychopathy among people is constructed based on three major domains: disinhibition, meanness, and boldness, as discussed in the literature review, through the triarchic model concerning psychopathy conceptions that contribute to people’s personalities which are based on their emotional intelligence. And due to a lack of emotional intelligence, none of the twenty male youth psychopath inmates showed empathy to those experiencing crimes in the experiment. Based on the three domains of the theory, inmates lack emotional intelligence, which is why they never show empathy for the crimes they commit or see happening in society (Marsh, 2017). In future research on this topic, various data methods will need to incorporate both qualitative and quantitative data. Through various ways such as surveys, questionnaires, and interviews among different youth age groups to compare the results to determine how psychopathy affects different age groups, resulting in overpopulation in prisons.

Conclusion

Conclusively, psychologists define psychopathy as the fundamental traits that make up an individual and lay the groundwork for specific social behaviors that emerge early in a person’s development, particularly throughout adolescence. Based on three triarchic theory domains, boldness, disinhibition, and meanness significantly contribute to developing criminal and antisocial behaviors among male youths. Additionally, drug and substance use among youths significantly contributes to behaviors that make them show no empathy when they have committed crimes or when watching them happen in society. As a result, concluded from the research, there is a need to search for a proper way to treat psychopathy with current technological innovation to have a sustainable solution for increased crimes in our societies.

References

Amy Morin, L. C. S. W. (2021, December 6). Signs of psychopathy in Kids. Verywell Family. Retrieved October 25, 2022, from https://www.verywellfamily.com/is-my-child-a-psychopath-4175470Arielle Baskin-Sommers Assistant Professor of Psychology. (2022, October 20). Psychopaths can feel emotions and can be treated – don’t believe what you see on crime shows. The Conversation. Retrieved October 25, 2022, from https://theconversation.com/psychopaths-can-feel-emotions-and-can-be-treated-dont-believe-what-you-see-on-crime-shows-181446Dalati, S. (2018). Measurement and Measurement Scales. In Modernizing the Academic Teaching and Research Environment (pp. 79-96). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74173-4_5DeAngelis, T. (2022, March 1). A broader view of psychopathy. Monitor on Psychology. Retrieved October 25, 2022, from https://www.apa.org/monitor/2022/03/ce-corner-psychopathyErmer, E., Kahn, R. E., Salovey, P., & Kiehl, K. A. (2012). Emotional intelligence in incarcerated men with psychopathic traits. Journal of personality and social psychology, 103(1), 194.

Flight, J. I., & Forth, A. E. (2007). Instrumentally violent youths: The roles of psychopathic traits, empathy, and attachment. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(6), 739-751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854807299462Marsh, A. (2017). The fear factor: How one emotion connects altruists, psychopaths, and everyone in-between. Hachette UK.

Ribes‐Guardiola, P., Poy, R., Patrick, C. J., & Moltó, J. (2020). Electrocortical measures of performance monitoring from go/no‐go and flanker tasks: Differential relations with trait dimensions of the triarchic model of psychopathy. Psychophysiology, 57(6), e13573.

Weston, L. E., Krein, S., & Harrod, M. (2021). Using observation to better understand the healthcare context. Qualitative Research in Medicine and Healthcare, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.4081/qrmh.2021.9821

Male and female serial killers compared

Male and female serial killers compared

Presented By

Institution

A serial killer can be defined as a person, male or female, who has committed three or more murders in duration of one month with day’s intervals and the killing intention is based mainly on psychological fulfillment. Serial killers in general have the following characteristics; they are intelligent, they do not like working in companies or organizations but prefer self employment, some may have been abandoned by their father and raised by their mothers, in most cases serial killers come from families associated with criminality and alcoholism, they are very much tempted to committing suicide and they might have been either physically, emotionally or sexually abused by others in the family in their young ages. The sense of killing is influenced by some factors which might be either biological, sociological or psychological which might be as a result of traumas like; loss of parents, marriage breakages and imprisonment with hard labor (Hickey, 2010).

Female serial killers are not as common as male counterparts although a number of murders in United States are committed by female serials. In most cases women will kill for comfort purposes, that is, in aim of acquiring money, business ownership or insurance benefits. On the other hand there are those women who kill so as to get revenge, to win love, for drug related cases, some kill due to the feeling of inadequacy and also for sexual fulfillment. In most cases female serial killers execute their actions near their dwelling places since women are not as mobile as men. Among the methods used by the female serial killers are, poisoning the victims, shooting, suffocation, drowning in water or through stabbing the victim. Female serial killers are characterized by the following: They cannot sustain a relationship or they are always away from the family. The female serials can continue with this act for long without giving up, they kill silently and with less violence and in most circumstances they kill those near them like, husband, secret lovers, children or relatives. The female serial killers have in mind the characteristics and qualities of victim to murder although in most cases they find it difficult to get those qualifications thus they end up killing other people randomly and each victim has a quality which only the killer can recognize (Holmes m $ Holmes T, 2001).

Male serial killers are different from their female counterparts in ways of murder execution, motives and characteristics. The male serial murderers’ motives to kill are related to anger, compensation, a person may be hired to kill someone else so that the victim does not testify in court, for financial gain, in need of power where the competitor is murdered in cases of politics and leadership, and finally men commit murder for the purpose of eradicating a certain group or an individual for the purpose of gaining authority over them like in case of terrorism. The victim selection of male killers is based on the physical characteristics and personal characteristics. The killer has a clear picture of the victim before starting the hunt and, as in the case of the female serial killers, many who have similar characteristics might end up being killed in the process of identifying the targeted victim. The way in which the male killers execute the action is also different from that of female although some methods like shooting and drowning are common. Other methods include neck twisting, fighting the victim to death and knocking down someone with either a vehicle or a heavy metal. Male serial killers have the tendency of secluding themselves from the society and being busy doing their own things. Most of the killers are employed, or are very rich but they are not psychologically fit. Some might be having mental problems or have anger and hatred for some people or a certain community which inspires them to act violently towards the targeted people (Holmes m $ Holmes T, 2001).

References

Hickey,W. E. (2010). Serial Murderers and Their Victims, (4th ed). Thomson/Wadsworth

Holmes, T.S., $ Holmes.T.R. (2001). Murder in America. (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc:

Library of congress cataloging-in-publication data.

Male and Female Differences in Perceptions of Sexual Harassment

Male and Female Differences in Perceptions of Sexual Harassment

One of your male co-workers has a revealing photograph of a female on his desk at work. You ask him to remove the picture because it makes you feel uncomfortable. He does not remove the picture. Do you think this is a form of sexual harassment? According to Bertha Brooks, a speaker on the subject of sexual harassment, this scenario exhibits a form of sexual harassment. For many people sexual harassment implies different behaviors; there are people who believe this scenario would be far from any type of harassment.

This study investigates the different perceptions of how men and women define sexual harassment. It may be a simple look, slight touch, or a verbal comment. Whatever the situation, there will be a variance in the degrees, as to what men and women constitute as being sexual harassment. “Psychological tests on sexual harassment outline various forms of behavior ranging from quid pro quo demands for sexual services to hostile jokes and sexual innuendo” (American Psychological Association, 1981, 1991).

“Sexual joking, touching, and patting may be considered unwelcome sexual attention to some, but not others” (Gutek, Morasch, and Cohen, 1983). Women more often than men conclude that these forms of sexual harassment are serious and offending.

Is there a difference between what men perceive as sexual harassment and what women consider sexual harassment? The purpose of this study is to determine if in fact there is a difference. According to earlier research, men and women would perceive and define sexual harassment differently (Ellison v. Brady, 1989). “The findings that women define sexual harassment more broadly and inclusive than men is reliable” (Ellison v. Brady). “A significant difference between the sexes shows up both in surveys of working people and in scenario studies; fifty-nine percent of men rated sexual touching as sexual harassment whereas eighty-four percent of women” (Dunwoody-Miller and Gutek, 1985).

This study was conducted on a small northeast public college campus by four experimental psychology students. Before the actual research was done, twenty males and twenty females were pre-tested to see if the questionnaire, that was to be used for the actual research was a valid measure; one that would prove differences in perceptions between males and females beliefs on sexual harassment. After the data was collected, the researchers moved forward because they found differences between men and women. A total of one hundred subjects were then randomly chosen to participate in this study. They were given a questionnaire where they had to rate sexual harassment on a scale when given different scenarios. Previous research has uncovered gender-based differences in a variety of sexual harassment related issues. For example, “females are much more likely than males to report that they experienced some form of unwelcome sexual attention” (United States Merit Systems Protection Board, 1980, 1988). Moreover, females consistently define more social-sexual behaviors as sexual harassment than do males; Females believe that sexual harassment is a more frequent occurrence (Ronrod & Gutek, 1986).

The terrain of events called “sexual harassment” by some women and called “normal” or “acceptable” by men is vast. Women generally state that the subtle forms of sexual harassment are just as serious as the more extreme and obvious forms. Men and women often perceive sexual harassment situations differently (Gutek, 1985). As a result of our research the hypothesis of this study was: Men and women will not always agree on what constitutes sexual harassment. Women will perceive milder forms of harassment more than men.

Male Abuse Victims

Male Abuse Victims

Abuse is a lack of control by a person who believes they can exercise dominance though humiliating, manipulating and controlling other people to get them to fear them or respect them. There is a growing concern of increased number of male victims of domestic abuse. Depending on the nature of a relationship, men can be abused by a female or male partner. Generally, domestic abuse can be physical emotional or mental and anyone can be a victim. In India, abuse of men is mostly physical and is associated with changing gender roles and relations guided by the power (Kumar, 2012).

Abuse is not limited to certain religions, persons or groups. 33.8% of women and 20.1% of men of 1,431 conservative Christian members in 49 churches reported physical abuse by their partners in a research at the Northwest region of the United States (Drumm, Popescu & Riggs, 2009) Physical abuse is characterized by actions that may result in bodily injury or physical pain for example beating, kicking, slapping. Embarrassing, insults, intimidation, belittling, denied access to socialize with others, criticism, false accusations and lowering one’s worthiness consists of emotional and mental abuse. Sexual assault can be physical mental or emotional.

The effects of male abuse are similar to those of women. One study shows that results of Intimate partner violence (IPV) on both men and women are similar in that they are physical and psychological ( Dutton, 2006) Abused men have low self-esteem, guilt, confusion, fear, embarrassment and low confidence and for these reasons most abused men may fail to speak up. For many years, global focus has been with men who abuse women in a domestic platform but not much emphasis has been placed on the abuse of men by women or fellow men yet it warrants attention.

There is a need for the society to recognize that abuse is illegal and immoral. We blame the media and some support groups for the lack of awareness of male abuse. National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) statistic citations from 600 websites of Google omitted or misquoted facts on the number of abused men. For example, the New York Times’ article on NISVS does not indicate IPV against men (Rabin, 2011). Among 49.9% of men who sought help in DV agencies, 63.9% in DV hotlines and 42.9% online, we’re told the help is specifically for women. There are also assumptions by most criminal justice interventions and evaluations that men are more likely perpetrators of IVP (Dutton, 2007).

There is evidence that the figures for abused men are higher hostility in women have been high for the past several years. Result from a study of 457 college men and 958 college women, indicates that in the year 2006, the men abused were 35.4% as opposed to 26.0%(Cogan & Ballinger III, 2006). Another study in 2004 reported higher hostility levels towards partners in women(Cui, Lorenz, Conger, Melby & Bryant , 2005).A 2010 article reveals that the total number of deaths from domestic violence are higher in men than women when calculated from data of violent related suicides and homicides (Davis, 2010).

British Crime Survey statistics indicate that at least 400,000 men are abused annually making up a third of the domestic violence victims between 2004 and 2010. Between 2006 and 2007, 43.4% victims of partner abuse were though the figure rose to 45.5% between 2007 and 2008 in 2008 and 2009 it reduced to 37.7%. Home Office statistics show use of severe force of women to men was 48.6% in 2006 and 2007, 48.3% in 2007 and 2008 and 37.5% in 2008 and 2009. 30 to 40 percent of these domestic abuses are perpetuated by women. In the United Kingdom, the total figure of women sued for domestic abuse in 2004-05 was 1,575 but hiked to 4,266 in 2008-09 (Campbell, 2010).

In the United States, facts from the NVAW survey confirm that 40% of the IPV injuries in the past twelve months were initiated by females (Hines & Douglas, 2009).In the United Kingdom, there has been growing concern these women abusers also abuse children after statistics by NSPCC revealed that ’over 85% of women trust physical disciplining of children (Roberts, 2012). Besides this, one survey reveals that women perpetrators avoid arrests (Felson & Pare, 2007)

Another survey conducted by the University of Pennsylvania, among the men in the emergency room, thirteen percent claimed to have been abused by women in the preceding year (Angelucci).among these abuses 50% were hit with flying objects, stifled, thrust, bitten or punched (Angelucci).Another 37% were abused using a weapon while fourteen percent were critically injured and required to visit a hospital (Angelucci). In December 2011, the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) reported that in 2010, among victims of physical abuse, 41.7% were men. Of the 5,356,000 men abused, 42.3% (2,266,000) were severely violated (Hoff, 2012). NISVS findings show that 4.5 million men have been wounded and among them 1.8 million needed medical attention (Hoff, 2012).

A California State University study on 1000 female college students, 30% of the women confessed to have at one time violated their male partner for either not listening, being insensitive or to gain their attention (Angelucci).In a recent Journal of Family Violence, statistics indicate a high number of incoming calls from men claiming to have been severely abused by their female partners (Angelucci). A University of Washington research established that women are twice as likely as men to commit physical domestic abuse (Angelucci). Another report by University of Florida showed that there is a higher possibility for women to abuse, stalk or attack male partners than men would (Angelucci)

A study by Midwest Children’s Resource Center of 226 girls and 64boys of St. Paul Children’s Hospital between age ten and 15 disclosed that sexual assault on boys within 72 hours was more likely than in girls (Pappas, 2011). According to an estimate, one in every six men (16%) is abused before age 16 equating to2.6 million male victims (Pappas, 2011). A study of 3600 divorced German fathers revealed that 1/3 of the men were physically abused during the divorce process and out of them, 2/3 of the abuses were started by ex-partners (Amendt, 2008)

A report in the United States concludes that in every 71 men, one has been raped at a point in his life while 22 percent of men report to have been abused sexually in other ways not rape. In addition, five percent that one in every 19 men hasbeen stalked (Hoff, 2012). Also, 20,548,000 men (18.1%) and 16,578,000 (13.9%) women were subjected to psychological hostility in the last 12 months (Hoff, 2012). In the same year, among teenager reporting PDV victimization a year before the survey, 8.9% were males and 8.8% females (Tjaden and Thoennes, 2000) In conclusion, IVP (intimate partner violence) is prevalent in both male and women. Statistics show that male abuse is greater than women abuse. There is an indication of increased female hostility toward their partners a factor that has increased the number of women perpetuating domestic violence. Every individual has a role to increase awareness of male abuse and forward cases and perpetuators to avoid eradication of the male species by women.

Reference

Amendt, G. (2008). I didn’t divorce my kids! How fathers deal with family break-ups. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag Publishers.

Angelucci, M. E. (n.d.). Male Victims of Domestic Abuse. Retrieved December 11, 2012 from http://divorcesupport.about.com/od/abusiverelationships/a/male_abuse.htmCampbell, D. (2010). More than 40% of domestic violence victims are male, report reveals. Retrieved December 11, 2012 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/sep/05/men-victims-domestic-violenceCogan, R., & Ballinger III, B. C. (2006).Alcohol Problems and the differentiation of partner, stranger, and general violence.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(7) 924-935

Cui, M., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Melby, J. N., & Bryant, C. M. (2005).Observer, Self-, and partner reports of hostile behaviors in romantic relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1169-1181

Davis, R. L. (2010). Domestic Violence-related deaths. Journal of Aggression, Conflict, and Peace Research, 2 (2), 44-52

Desmarais, S. L., Reeves, K. A., Nicholls, T. L., Telford, R. P. & Fiebert, M. S. (2012a). Prevalence of physical violence in intimate relationships. Retrieved December 11, 2012, from http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDQQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fspringer%2Fpa%2F2012%2F00000003%2F00000002%2Fart00003&ei=KC_HUKXfJLGhiAfi8YCoBA&usg=AFQjCNHomz8hlBDY0wT5zvrlIqPDZd275gDutton, D. G. (2007).Female intimate partner violence and developmental trajectories of abusive families.International Journal of Men’s Health, 6, 54-71.

Dutton, D. G. (2006).Rethinking Domestic Violence. Vancouver: UBC Press.

Drumm, R. D., Popescu, M., & Riggs, M. L. (2009).Gender variation in partner abuse.Findings from a conservative Christian denomination. Retrieved December 11, 2012, from http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Faff.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F24%2F1%2F56.short&ei=cDDHUOiQKfCiiAfLroHIBg&usg=AFQjCNGG7a7-gy-jbNHXHeKjeFyRCTyXagFelson, R. B., & Pare, P. (2007).Does the criminal justice system treat domestic violence and sexual offenders leniently? Justice Quarterly, 24.

Kumar, A. (2012). Domestic violence against men in India: A Perspective. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 22, 290-296.

Pappas,S. (2011).Male Victims of Sexual Abuse Face Unique Challenges.Retrieved December 11, 2012 from http://www.livescience.com/12909-senator-scott-brown-male-sexual-abuse-stigma.html.

Roberts, P. (2012).The day my wife beat me up because she hated my haircut.Retrieved December 11, 2012from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2091837/Male-domestic-violence-victim-The-day-wife-beat-hated-haircut.html.

Tjaden, P. G., & Thoennes, N. (2000).Full Report of Prevalence, Incidence and Consequences of Violence Against Women. Retrieved December 11, 2012, from http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDcQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2Fpdffiles%2F172837.pdf&ei=1jHHUOTYJOmfiAf9lYAQ&usg=AFQjCNEv_isT2VWFJTpNnDagdNIp3ioM7w

Malate Dehydrogenase

Malate Dehydrogenase

Name:

Affiliation:

Course:

Instructor:

Date:

Malate Dehydrogenase

Enzymes and hormones are common types of proteins and are formed from long chains of amino acids. Protein is primal for the growth and maintenance of body tissues. However, these proteins are continuously in a position of turnover. Usually, the human body breaks down similar protein amounts it uses in creating and repairing tissues. Under abnormal circumstances, the human body can break down more protein than it is making, leading to increased body needs. Such occurrences are common during illness, pregnancy, and while breastfeeding. Individuals from injuries or surgeries, active people, and adults require higher contents of protein. Proteins play a significant role in a biochemical reaction. Enzymes primarily help biochemical reactions inside and outside the body cells (Isralewitz, Gao & Schulten, 2001). Enzymes are structurally adapted to combining with other molecules within substrates, catalyzing vitally important body metabolism reactions. Digestive enzymes such as lactase and sucrase function outside the cell and aid in digesting sugar. Some molecules also need vitamins or minerals to facilitate chemical reactions (Isralewitz, Gao & Schulten, 2001). Digestion, energy production, muscle contraction, and blood clotting are the most common bodily functions that rely on enzymes.

Proteins act as chemical messengers that facilitate communication between body cells, tissues, and organs. Endocrine tissues create hormones, then taken to the blood’s target tissues, where they stick to protein receptors (Isralewitz, Gao & Schulten, 2001). Hormones can be categorized as steroids, amines, and protein and peptides. Protein and peptides are created from a few to several hundred amino acids. The sex hormones estrogen, and testosterone, are the commonly known steroids made from fat cholesterol. Amines are made from tryptophan or tyrosine amino acids, which help create hormones associated with sleep and metabolism. Proteins and polypeptides compose of most body hormones (Isralewitz, Gao & Schulten, 2001). Proteins like keratin, collagen, and elastic are fibrous and give the cells and tissues stiffness and rigidity. Keratin is present in human skin, hair, and nails. The most abundant protein in the human body is arguably collagen and helps form bones, tendons, ligaments, and skin. Elastin helps the body to return to its original shape after stretching or contracting. It is massively flexible than collagen usually helps body organs such as the uterus, lungs, and arteries.

Protein plays a significant in controlling acids, bodily fluids, and bases concentrations in the body. In other words, it regulates the body’s pH. pH scale measures the balance between the acids and bases, and they range from 0 to 14. 0 present the most acidic, 7 is neutral, and 14 is most alkaline. For example, the stomach acid, tomato juice, black coffee, human blood, milk of magnesia, and soapy water have pH 2, 4, 5, 7.4, 10, and 12, respectively (Isralewitz, Gao & Schulten, 2001). Maintaining constant pH ranges is vital since a slight change in it has the potential to cause harm. Proteins help the body to regulate pH. Hemoglobin helps to regulate the pH value of the blood. Also, proteins balance body fluids by regulating body metabolisms—the albumin and globulin help control the body’s fluid balance by attracting and retaining water (Isralewitz, Gao & Schulten, 2001). Failure to consume adequate proteins results in low albumin levels and globulin in the body, thus making it impossible for the body to maintain blood in the blood vessels, eventually forcing the body fluid into spaces between the cells.

Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH)

Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) plays a significant role in the metabolic pathway of the Krebs cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), essential to cells cellular respiration. MDH is also involved in glyoxylate bypass, oxidation balance, gluconeogenesis, and synthesis of amino acids. It has numerous isozymes and is categorized as an oxidoreductase (Takahashi-Íñiguez et al. 2016). Malate dehydrogenase is often present in mitochondria and cytoplasm. MDH catalyzes malate reaction to oxaloacetate in mitochondria, while in cytoplasm, it does the reverse to allow transport, that is, catalyzing oxaloacetate to malate (Takahashi-Íñiguez et al. 2016). MDH enzyme comprises of either a dimer or tetramer-based enzyme location and its host. It is vastly distributed among living things, that is, prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. MDH has crystal structures based on varied bacterial sources that help identify regions involved in substrate and cofactor binding, not to mention significant residues for the dimer-dimer interface.

Malate dehydrogenase has a heterogeneous molecular weight, subunit structure, and catalytic properties. Cytosolic MDH and mitochondrial MDH are major malate dehydrogenase isozymes in most eukaryotic cells. MDH isozymes in plants, and some eukaryotic microorganisms are present in organelles like glyoxysomes, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes (Takahashi-Íñiguez et al. 2016). There exist little literature report concerning molecular characteristics of bacterial malate dehydrogenase. MDH present in prokaryotes is homodimeric and tetrameric. The homodimeric enzyme is present in Gram-negative microorganism, while Gram-positive bacteria and archaea have a tetrameric malate dehydrogenase.

Concerning MDH primary and secondary structure, it belongs to the NAD-dependent dehydrogenases. They comprise of large protein molecules such as dimers and homotetramers. Their polypeptide chain varies in lengths at about 350 residues. The sequences of the amino acids of MDH displays two significant phylo-genetic groups divergence that is closely linked to enzymes. Some eubacteria MDHs such as cherichia coli have significantly higher sequence identification with the eukaryotes’ mitochondrial enzymes (Gpb.sav.sk.,2020). On the hand, eubacteria like thermus flavus are strongly associated with cytoplasmic and chloroplasts enzymes. Mito

In tertiary and quaternary structure, malate dehydrogenases from pig’s heart cytoplasm and mitochondria and other organisms MDHs have homologous sites that are active, coenzymes binding sites, not to mention quaternary structure (Gpb.sav.sk.,2020). In other words, malate dehydrogenase is similar to dimers in terms of stability, meaning a significant relationship between protein stability and enzymatic reaction. Every subunit has duo structurally and functionally differentiated domains.

References

Gpb.sav.sk. (2020). Retrieved 21 October 2020, from http://www.gpb.sav.sk/2002_03_257.pdf.

Isralewitz, B., Gao, M., & Schulten, K. (2001). Steered molecular dynamics and mechanical functions of proteins. Current opinion in structural biology, 11(2), 224-230.

Takahashi-Íñiguez, T., Aburto-Rodríguez, N., Vilchis-González, A. L., & Flores, M. E. (2016). Function, kinetic properties, crystallization, and regulation of microbial malate dehydrogenase. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 17(4), 247-261.

Making-Strategic-Dec

Making Strategic DecisionSTR/GM 581University of PhoenixMaking Strategic DecisionIntroduction

The changes that are taking place in the world today can have a direct impact on organizations both domestic and international. These changes are leading businesses to create innovative strategies that will help them survive and evaluate their competitive environments. Over these years we have seen the role Innovation strategies plays in organizations and how vital they are for businesses to succeed. One of the easiest ways to grow a firm is through diversification, especially unrelated diversification through mergers and acquisitions.

METRO GROUP is an international retailing company with Head quarter in Germany. The company has over 280,000 employees in 180 nations around the world with over 2,200 outlets in 32 countries in Europe, Africa and Asia. The company wants to expand its operation in Canada; the purpose of this research is to identify two new strategies that will be implemented by Metro Group and explaining in detail why I recommend these two strategies.

Two new strategies identify

Firms vary in the extent to which they diversify the mix of businesses they pursue, in order for corporate diversification to be economically valuable to Metro Group, two conditions must hold. First, there must be some economy of scope among the multiple businesses in which a firm is operating. Second, it must be more efficient to manage these economies of scope through hierarchical forms of governance than through alternative intermediate or market forms of governance (Jay Barney, 2007). The two new strategies for Metro Group will be; unrelated corporate diversification because less than 70% of Metro Group’s revenues come from a single line of business, the other new strategy that must be implemented is forming a strategic alliance with a local organization in Canada that shares the same views and values as the company.

Sustainable competitive advantage

Notwithstanding the number of challenges facing Metro Group, opportunities for growth are plentiful particularly through expansion of the new market in Canada. For the company to develop a sustainable competitive advantage in the new market, it must improve value-creating products, processes, and services that cannot be matched by competitors now, and plan content to maintain that position in the long-run. For a strategic alliance to be a source of sustained competitive advantage, the company must evaluate the venture and make sure it is rare and costly to imitate. Also, VRIO framework can be used to analyze the alliance to see if it is a source of competitive advantage.

Organizational structure and leadership changes

In recent years, organizations begin to realize how globalization has brought about both previously unimaginable opportunities and significant and complex challenges for many organizations. Culture is the most subtle aspect of organization, it can play a formidable role in helping Metro Group developed a global strategy that will be successful in Canada. The goal is, leveraging all the company’s leadership talent to do this right. Senior management at the company must constantly restate that intention and to act in accordance with it. With the unstable market environment, organizations are finding it difficult to predict their future. It must be the top priority of the company to make sure that the employees are well informed about the organization policies and regulations, what are the obligations of each employee, and a detailed structure of the changes which are to be implemented in the new market.

Cultural consideration

As organizations have become more culturally diverse, the possibility of culturally based communication barriers has increased. Developing a strong corporate social responsibility will be an added advantage; Metro Group will have to behave responsibly as regards both society and the environment. As the most international retail and wholesale company, Metro Group features in the daily activities of millions of people globally. Metro Group is a member of the world’s largest corporate social responsibility network, the UN Global Compact. Having a clear understanding about the cultural circumstances about the targeted market which is Canada in this case is imperative, it will not only help Metro Group save money, but will also prevent the company from making avoidable mistakes.

Conclusion

The complexity and interdependence of the global economy increases the need for firms to plan strategically. Making strategic decisions and implementing them in Canada will drive the company’s profitability curve upward. Understanding customer demand, market niches, new product production while monitoring the current economic status will be essential to building an effective and successful strategic marketing plan. Forming a strategic alliance will help in identifying the demographic makeup of consumers. To gain competitive advantage in the new market, Metro Group has to ensure that it manages its core business in a sustainable manner, providing exceptional customer service and producing world-class products that are difficult to imitate will give a competitive advantage against other competitors in the market.

References:

http://www.businessinsider.com/the-6-keys-to-sustainable-competitive-advantage-2010-6?op=1#ixzz27Pktocwj

http://www.metrogroup.de/internet/site/metrogroup/node/10781/Len/index.html

Pearce, J. A., II, & Robinson, R. B., Jr. (2009). Strategic management: Formulation, implementation, and control (11th ed.). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Yip, G. S. (2003). Total global strategy II (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Mintzberg, H., Lampel, J., Quinn, J. B., & Ghoshal, S. (2003). The strategy process: Concepts, contexts, cases (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson-Prentice Hall.

https://www.bea.gov/scb/account_articles/international/1097srv/maintext.htm

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/080522/dq080522c-eng.htm

Making Law

Making Law

Student’s Name

Institution Affiliation

Course

Date

Making Law

The first law to be initiated was termed as common law. This was a feudal law initiated in England as a result of Norman Conquest of England. Henry II is accredited as the Father of the common law, he developed the body of law that was applied nationally, and the decisions were written down, circulated and summarized. Henry de Bracton further the commonality into case laws. Judges justified decisions in regards to customs, traditions and history. This earned him the name “father of the case law.’ Under common law system, every final decision from court ruling creates precedent. Precedent and stare decisis governs court issuing decision as well as any lower court. Not every pronouncement court makes in a ruling establishes precedent. Precedent are not necessarily unchangeable. William Blackstone believed that laws were creations of God waiting to be discovered via use of reason. He categorized laws into four parts: private wrongs, public wrongs, rights to individuals and property rights.

There exist various sources of legislative laws, these include; statutes, ordinance, administrative regulation and the constitution. The other source of appropriate conduct are religion and ethics. Administrative regulation is another form of regulation that has force of law. Statutes are frequently written broadly. They are written ambiguously for two main reasons: political implication and need for compromise, and difficult to define something involving human conduct. Sources of individual rights include case laws, federal and state constitution and court rules and legislations. The bill of rights was ratified in 1791 with the first eight amendments set out twenty three individual rights.

Making Healthy Connections with Racialized Communities

Making Healthy Connections with Racialized Communities

Name

Professor

Course

Date

The need for physical exercises to a healthy society as well as culture was one of the ideas that the author covered in the article. This move particularly targeted girls and young women. Through physical exercises, the assumption is that this category of people could establish a lifelong active and healthy living. It also assumed that girls and young women could develop preventive effects against suicide, anxiety as well as helping the targeted groups develop a sense of control over their own bodies. In a nutshell therefore, through physical exercises the implication is that a healthy society would be achieved. A healthy society is a productive society.

The author also presents a form of racial “profiling”. This is in the sense that immigrant population more often than not suffer from lifestyle diseases of obesity as a result of lack of physical exercises. This author supports this by noting that the participation of girls and young women from ethnic communities in physical exercises is lower compared to the native communities. The author then goes forward to recommend an all inclusive health program by the concerned governmental agencies. According to the author, this will go a long way to achieving the alleviation of lifestyle diseases among the ethnic communities.

The author’s main argument is that girls and young women from the racialized communities have not embraced the culture of healthy living as compared to the same group of people among the natives. In a way, the author addresses this in the article as the governmental agency designed a program aimed at addressing the gap in healthy living between the ethnic community and the native community. However, the author’s argument is subject to criticism in the sense that, physical fitness in as much as it is important, it is an individual initiative and not a group initiative as put forth by the author. Findings however indicate that individual commitments, financial constraints and redefined priorities among other reasons as barriers to achieving healthy lifestyles,

The author supports his argument by saying that indeed in as much as Canada is a multicultural nation state where all the existing cultures were in a way equally valued. He notes that policy and practice had undermined this ideal. To reinforce this case is that based on the Diversity Survey carried out by Statistics Canada, 20% of the population from the racialized community felt in a way or the other that they had been subjects of unfair or discriminatory treatment.

This article is similar to quite a number of already published literatures in the sense that when it comes to matters of race and ethnic relations in Canada, the racialized groups have always been subjects of discriminatory treatment as well as other forms of social prejudice. However, when it comes to matters of keeping healthy, it would be naïve to say that race and ethnic relations affect healthy living in the sense that matters of physical fitness as well as keeping health is not a group initiative but an individual one. As a matter of fact, a number of those interviewed cite work and school related commitments as the obstacle to a healthy life.

A number of inconsistencies arise from the article. The author cites the current initiatives as well as programs put in place for the racialized groups. This raises the question, in comparison to whom? When a government puts in place initiatives for its citizens, the initiatives are in a way that all the legal inhabitants of that particular nation state should be served by the latter irrespective of skin color, gender, age, physical ability among other features.

The author’s arguments imply that the government should address the issue of racialized groups being inferior to the native groups. This would go a long way in solving other issues both socially, politically, economically as well as in medical and health terms.

The article in one way suggests that as a vice, racism should be absolutely wiped out. At this age and time of civilization, people of the different races should not look at their skin colour as the basis of social differences but as that of exclusively biological.

This article portrays some form of racism. According to the author, the Canadian government and its respective agencies does not address issues in a manner perceived by all as equal. Indeed when it comes to matters of race relations, the racialized groups composed majorly of the immigrants are not subjects of equal treatment with their native counterparts. In this scenario, the members of the white community are not second to any other race.

This article view on the concept racialization is deeply anchored on the fact that the existing racial categories of people in Canada are in a way based on social perception, unequal and imbalanced. According to this article, the racialization process has resulted in negative social and health impacts.

As a result of race, racism and racialization already having taken shape, it follows suit that lack of power and inequity coexists between and among the racialized groups. The author supports this argument by the fact that even in government induced programs and initiatives, the programs of members constituting these groups come second to those of the native groups. This implies lack of power as well as inequity.

The need to have a variety of programs which are less competitive and intimidating among others are some of the reasons cited by the target groups that would help in building a healthy culture.