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Nursing Theory

Nursing Theory

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Question one:

The King’s theory of Goal Attainment analyzes the output of nurses in achieving health goals and promoting patient outcome. In the given case, the Goal Attainment theory would play a big role in planning, implementing and evaluating the care of the patient. The goal attainment theory claims that an effective communication between nurses and patients helps in attaining health care goals (Basavanthappa, 2007, p. 165).

Planning:

The theory promotes good nurse-patient interpersonal relationship, which will be used in planning visits to monitor blood sugar levels, diet advises, exercise courses and mode of medication. The theory ensures timely consultation between the two parties making it easier for the implementation of the planned activities.

Implementing:

After planning for the patient’s care activities implementation follows. The theory ensures effective communication between the nurse and the patient promoting togetherness that helps in timely implementation of the proposed plan.

Evaluation:

The evaluation process involves identifying the patient’s outcomes and analyzing them to determine whether there is any observable change. The theory introduces a framework that helps in evaluating the outcome of a health care plan. The concept of personal system helps in understanding patient’s nature making it easier for the nurse to self-evaluate the patient.

Question two:

The Levine’s Four Conservation Principles theory is the most appropriate for Ann Ching’s case. Levine’s theory claims that different individuals adapts differently to internal and external environments. Some individual might have similar adaptive features but organismic responses are unique (Levine, 2009). From Levine’s theoretical perspective, Ching suffered from two main problems. Firstly, the organ transplant made Ching develop a poor interaction with the environment that resulted into poor adaptation to the environment. There was lack of balance between her normal body organs and the new liver. Secondly, Ching’s lifestyle changed because she used to live a healthy lifestyle, but suddenly started surviving on drugs. As a mother of two and an employee, she could not bear sitting down and taking drugs while her family had no one to take care of since the husband was busy developing new software. Ching undergoes a stressing life. Stress is one of the aspects of the Levine’s theory.

The most appropriate nursing intervention for Ching’s case would be constant therapy and counseling sessions in order to make her accept the new life. In addition, Ching need to be assigned a home-care practitioner to constantly check her status, encourage her to take medication and eat a healthy diet in order to ensure quick adaptation of the new liver to her body system. It is expected that Ching’s body will effectively adapt to the new environment and go back to her normal life.

Question three:

The positivist paradigm observes the world as a base for unchanging universal laws and assumes that everything occurring in nature is explained through the knowledge of universal laws. People need to observe and understand the situations surrounding them in order to understand the universal law and promote positivist. The knowledge of positivist comes from scientific research where researchers use quantitative methodology approach. It results to a scientific, logical approach to research. Positivist also forms the source of all authoritative knowledge. In the field of nursing and medicine, positivist’s knowledge assumes that all health care issues in a society would be explained in a theoretical approach. In addition, the knowledge of positivist is acquired from philosophers who derive logical and mathematical treatments and reports that explain the nature of the universal law and its application to the field of nursing research.

References

Basavanthappa, B. T. (2007). Nursing theories. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.

Levine, M. E. (2009). Myra Levine’s Conservation Theory. Retrieved November 3, 2014 from

http://nursingtheories.blogspot.com/2009/07/myra-levines-conservation-theory.html

Nursing Theory to Direct

Nursing Theory to Direct Her Care

The most appropriate nursing theory is the Theory of Human Caring by Jean Watson. This theory contends that caring potentiates an individual’s capabilities and regenerates their life energies. As highlighted by Jean Watson, the benefits of caring include but are not limited to self-actualization, which is one of the aspects the 30-year-old woman needs. Therefore, the Theory of Human Caring emphasizes the nursing’ humanistic aspects that healthcare practitioners are supposed to intertwine with the nursing practice and scientific knowledge. The theory would also help the patient learn how to mold her immediate environment, including relationships, to benefit her health (McEwen & Willis, 2017).

Concepts from Other Theories That Can Be Used to Enhance Her Care

Human beings cannot be treated as mere objects or separated from the self.

Resilience can be grown from social assistance, optimistic thinking, a sense of meaning, and robust relationships. It forms the foundation of healthcare education.

Adaptability encompasses the capacity to transform or alter with new information due to the predicament adjustments. Resilience and adaptation are significant in the Strain Theory and Adaptation Model in Nursing Experience. The following tool is pivotal to transforming nurses to be more compassionate, empathetic, and powerful.

Professionalism should be upheld during patient care as well as observing responsibility,

advocacy, and respect (Black, 2019).

The patients need to maintain autonomy over their self-care (Self Care Deficit Theory by

Dorothea Orem).

Social help – there are cognitive and emotional benefits to being surrounded by the right

people to understand one’s feelings.

Emphasis should be placed on the care delivery systems that promote learning from errors,

prevents errors using non-punitive measures, and promotes a culture of safety.

The healthcare practitioners should employ a clinical decision-making process government

by subjective and objective information about a patient. This helps avoid exposing the

healthcare consumer to risks.

A healthcare system should uphold moral rules to defend and protect the rights of the

healthcare consumers, avoid harm, and mitigating conditions that can contribute to harm.

Other concepts include;

Social supports, behavioral therapy, cognitive, or psychotherapy

Pharmacotherapy, and

Supportive counseling

References

Black, B. (2019). Professional nursing e-book: Concepts & challenges. Elsevier Health Sciences.

McEwen, M. and Wills, E.M., 2017. A theoretical basis for nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Describe Leonsis concept of idea generation and explain the approach you would take as an entrepreneur in this kind of busine

Small Business Management

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Small Business Management

1. Describe Leonsis concept of idea generation and explain the approach you would take as an entrepreneur in this kind of business.

Leonsis’ ways of idea generation are both creative and imaginative. With regard to the case study, he generates a business idea from an obituary of a renowned writer. He was able to go beyond the obituary into finding out the writing of the diseased. It is in the process that he came across the term Nainking and decided to use it in to produce a Chinese based film. Certainly, the film industry is very sensitive and requires imagination and high degree of creativity in order to realize positive returns. As an entrepreneur, I would start by designing my brand in such a way that it addresses the needs of a certain market. This is vitally important because it enhances positive reception.

This would be attained through undertaking of comprehensive and exhaustive market research. With respect to implementation, I would undertake effective marketing to ensure that my target market is well informed about the availability of the product in the market. At this point, it is worth acknowledging that customer knowledge about the availability of the product in the market enables them to acquire it. To enhance optimal performance of the product in the market, I would use creativity to ensure that the respective product is unique.

2. Describe your big idea and the methods you would use for finding statistics to validate the market size and growth opportunity for your potential business

My big idea pertains to the development of comedian films and computer games for teenagers and small children. Recent research indicates that these films and games enhance the motor skills of the children. They are therefore recommended for small children and the teenagers. With the current busy lifestyles, parents are finding it increasingly difficult to spend sufficient time with their children. Moreover, the pervasive nature of technological advancements has increased the accessibility of the children to technological devices. From a psychological point of view, comedies help in addressing incidences of stress and depression that undermine effective functioning of the teenagers.

Certainly, I would use wide ranging methods to validate the size of the market as well as the growth opportunities for this business. To begin with, there are a host of secondary as well as primary sources that provide useful insights regarding the size of the market for this business. These will be employed in informing decision making during the initial stages. Then, I would undertake actual field surveys to determine the size of the market. This can be undertaken online especially considering that a segment of the market representing teenagers can be easily found on line. Market trends indicate that sizes of markets tend to be dynamic in nature. Undertaking field surveys would enable me to generate factual information as well as data for decision making.

3. How would you leverage your resources and network of contacts to begin to accomplish your entrepreneurial goal?

It can not be disputed that resources are vitally important for effective and successful establishment of any business. Developing comedy films and compute games requires both financial and labor resources. I would mobilize sufficient resources by borrowing money from relevant financial institutions. In addition, I would make great efforts to attract investors in the business by ensuring that its operations yield beneficial results. Currently, research shows that there are various financial institutions that are willing to empower entrepreneurs accordingly. Winning their confidence would be imperatively important in ensuring that the financial ability of the business is secured.

With regards to leveraging contacts, I would attain this through advertisement and employment of word of mouth. In this regard, the target audience would be the adults with small children as well as teenagers. Ensuring high quality especially during production is useful in enhancing return purchase too. Maintaining a database of clients would also be useful in enabling me to have their contacts at all times.

4. What strategies would you use to set up your network to start your own business?

Starting up a business can be very tricky and it requires a high degree of creativity. The manner in which business operations kick off in most instances determines the performance of the business in future. For this reason, it would be important to ensure that business operations kick off well. To set up a network, I would employ social networking sites. Emergent research indicates that a significant percentage of the teenagers are always found on these sites. Creating a fan page or inviting friends in the business facebook account would for instance go a long way in improving the network of the business.

Because of the fact that the initial costs tend to be higher, it would be important to utilize the internet first before establishing a physical office. Nonetheless, it would also be important to liaise with important regulatory bodies in order to foster effective functioning. Initially, I would also collaborate with the existing businesses in identifying and establishing credible contacts with viable clients. Since they have been in business for a significant period of time, they ought to be conversant with the needs of the clients as well as general market trends. Therefore, merging the business with another existing one during the initial stage would be useful in helping me to kick start operations effectively and successfully.

Describe and Assess the Economic Arguments for Government Intervention in the Health Care Sector, with Particular Reference t

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Describe and Assess the Economic Arguments for Government Intervention in the Health Care Sector, with Particular Reference to Public Health

Introduction

In the recent past, there have been contentious debates with regard to public health and the implications of the government policies in safeguarding the same. The specific areas of concern in this regard revolve around smoking bans, food labeling, advertising of junk foods, alcohol taxation and prescription of ideal public behavior. While some segments of the populations contend that governments need to play a critical role in safeguarding the holistic wellbeing of the population, some point out that such measures are a mere intrusion in the privacy of the populations. Yet some maintain that the relative economic implications of such measures have beneficial effects on not only present but also future populations. It is in this consideration that this paper provides a critical review of the economic arguments for government interventions in public health.

From an economic point of view, Henderson (2007) asserts that public health can be considered to be a capital as well as consumption product. With respect to the former, persons in good health tend to be more valuable than their counterparts in poor health. This is because they are more economically productive than those in poor health. This is because they have the physical, mental and educational skills and capacities upon which economic productivity is anchored. As a consumption good, public health is an invaluable economic good because it contributes significantly to an individual’s physical and economic wellbeing and satisfaction.

In their review, McPake and Normand (2008) indicate that providing healthy living conditions is of paramount importance to the overall health of the populations. The government’s intervention is a sustainable measure and morally acceptable as primarily, it is responsible for safeguarding the health of its population. Comparative studies show that developing economies tend to lag behind because of the failure of the governments to provide healthy living conditions for their populations. Furthermore, the inherent differential growth between the countries that are rich and their poor counterparts is attributed to the incidences of ill health and short life expectancy in the latter (Gold, Siegel, Russell & Weinstein, 1996). Thus taking measures to increase the life expectancy of such population is posited to be the fundamental measure that could help counter the situation.

Drummond and McGuire (2001) cite that improving the environmental health in developed countries is likely to increase economic production by a significant 37% per year. This is because improving health would possibly culminate in higher productivity of the population that would then enhance the overall output. A similar effect would be contributed to by a perceived increase in the supply of labor. Most importantly, the relative increase in training would result in diversification and increase in the skills of the population and hence lead to an increase in savings. These in turn would be instrumental in enhancing production as they would be invested in intellectual as well as physical capital (Australian Government, 2009).

The costs of ill health that stem from poor public health have far reaching implications on the welfare of the populations. Briggs, Sculpher and Claxton (2007) categorize these in three main classes. The direct costs are associated with the costly procedures of treating the illnesses that the populations suffer from; indirect costs are those related to loss of the loss of productivity as a result of high morbidity rates, low life expectancy as well as premature deaths and finally intangible costs that constitute the psychological implications of the illnesses and diseases.

In this respect, Morris, Delvin and Parkin (2008) ascertain that unlike the first two, intangible cost can not be measured. The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2008) laments that the costs associated with illnesses that culminate from poor public health take up a significant 6.7 percent of the Gross Domestic Product of the country. In particular, a recent study that was undertaken by the Australian Government in 2009 found out that heart related complications that are associated with environmental pollution account for 1-3% of the country’s Gross Domestic product. This if transferred to other economic sectors can contribute to the growth of the country significantly. At this juncture, it can be argued that the government is justified in making timely interventions in order to reduce these costs that undermine the holistic economic growth of the country.

In addition, it is worth acknowledging that since the economic costs that are related to poor public health are born by the population, government interference in this regard is instrumental in curbing these. This contributes to the improvement of the quality of life of the population and further enhances their productivity. Conversely, Muennig (2007) argues that in a society that is experiencing significant living costs; premature deaths are beneficial as they significantly reduce the costs of the government in this respect. However, it should be acknowledged that the productivity of healthy populations can also reduce the costs of the government and boost production at the same time. The ultimate economic benefits are more than these that would be realized in premature deaths. Besides, human life has intrinsic goodness that should be safeguarded. Since the economic value of the activities that they are likely to engage in increase with time, Haddix et al (2002) maintains that it is better to prevent the costs through enhancement of public health than allow premature deaths.

Conclusion

Public health issues have raised various controversies in the recent past. Government interventions are mainly geared towards eliminating the economic costs that undermine the welfare of the populations. As it has come out from the study, healthy populations are more productive than their unhealthy counterparts. Premature deaths and costs that are related to illnesses have far reaching implications on the holistic wellbeing of the population as they are entirely borne by the same. The resultant direct, indirect and intangible costs inhibit economic growth of a country as they take up a significant percent of its gross domestic product.

In this consideration therefore, it can be contended that the government interventions to enhance public is a cost effective measure because it reduces the costs that the population would incur to cover for the consequences of the negative implications of public health. Further, it is note worthy that addressing such costs in a timely manner contributes directly to economic development of the country in the long run. Generally, enhancing the health of the population through preventive measures yields more benefits than allowing premature deaths. This deprives the country of human labor that is critical in enhancing economic productivity of the same.

List of References

Australian Government, 2009, Healthier Future for all Australians, National Health and Hospital reform Commission, Australia.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008, Australia’s Health, AIHW, Australia.

Briggs A, Sculpher M, & Claxton K 2007, Decision Making in Health Economics. Oxford University Press, USA.

Drummond M & McGuire A (eds.) 2001, Economic Evaluation in Health Care, Oxford University Press, USA.

Gold R, Siegel E, Russell B & Weinstein C, (eds.), 1996, Cost-effectiveness in Health, Oxford University Press USA.

Haddix C, Teutsch M & Corso S (eds.), 2002, Prevention Effectiveness: A Guide to Economic Evaluation, Oxford University Press, USA.

Henderson, W 2009, Health Economics, South-Western Cengage Learning, UK.

McPake B & Normand, C 2008, Health economics: An international Perspective, Rutledge, USA.

Morris S, Devlin N & Parkin D, 2007, Economic Analysis in Health Care, John Wiley & Sons, UK.

Muennig P 2007, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Health, Jossey-Bass, USA..

Describe a variety of assessment tools including interest, abilityintellectual level, achievement level

Assessment Tools

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Describe a variety of assessment tools including interest, ability/intellectual level, achievement level, and personality type assessments. At least 4 assessment tools must be chosen for each category in the previous sentence. Include a short description of each tool.

Personality type assessments- are tools used to determine the characteristics of a person, one of the tools is the aptitude test that measures how efficiently one can perform in their particular area (Hensen, 2004).

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MMTIC) assessment can assist children to comprehend themselves better, and give parents and teachers better ways and methods to reach children with different learning styles.

Insight Inventory is another tool that can evaluate personality; it provides a common sense format of balanced view of behavior. Self-scored within minutes, Participants adopt important behavior skills, including how to adjust their style to manage conflict, and improve on team work (Hensen, 2004).

Human metrics Jung Typology Test- uses methods, questionnaires, scores and software appropriate to Human metrics. This is based on Carl Jung’s and Isabel Briggs Myers’ typological research on personality coupled with strengths of preferences and the description of one’s personality.

The Personality Questionnaire for Kids- helps to evaluate how a child views the world. This can be used to determine how they will respond to external stimuli and change in environment for instance change in school (Aiken, 2002).

Interest can be assessed by

The 16PF interest test- measures the interest of an individual based on self reporting, it is usually conducted without the knowledge of the person so as to be able to tell their exact interest without pretext

Smart interest test- this measures how far one is will to allow changes and how well they can adapt to these changes simply because they fall within their interest brackets.

CAT tests are administered to determine the maximum performance and interest of an individual and assess whether they are currently living them in their lives.

Vocational interest measures the development of interest, how long it takes for an individual to develop interest in something that is meant to be for their benefit.

Tools for assessing intellectual level are;

The Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales- is administered individually and is based on the measure of intelligence based on the memory. It is suitable for individuals between ages of 3-90 years and includes both verbal and non verbal interpretations of answers. Different have different questions (Aiken, 2002).

Formative assessments- It is also referred to as diagnostics testing. It is mostly used in the education system by teachers to evaluate the improvement on students. It is based on qualitative feedback and is often conducted periodically in an effort to make proper comparisons (Hensen, 2004).

The Stanford-Binet-5- it is used to measure intelligence. It focuses on the areas of verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, and short term memory. It is used to determine how well and clear memory can be and is most appropriate for people aged between 6-70 years.

Wechsler tests- it is an adult and children intelligent scale that focuses on individual ability to adopt to changes in the environment and at the same time to look for solutions to problems.

Achievement can be assessed by

Broad- spectrum tests can be used to measure achievement and include Woodcock-Johnson Achievement Tests; – It measures fundamental skills, ease in a subject and capability to use skills. For instance reading, tests will measure ability to decode words, knowledge of phonics, ease in reading fast and accuracy in understanding.

Wide Range Achievement- it measure how well an individual is able to read statements, understand phrases and calculate mathematics with ease. It allows for testing within a short period of time and has no effects on the individual being tested. It is appropriate for individuals between the ages of 5-94 years.

Product -Gray reading tests- it is based on oral reading and shows the development and improvements that take place in children as they become more and more efficient in their reading. Achievement testing shows a child’s levels of academic performance compared to a standard peer group (Aiken, 2002). Children can be compared to age or grade peers or to children of lower or higher ages

Test of Reading Comprehension and Test of Written Language. It depends on the subject depth to be evaluated but mostly focuses on the ability to understand the written language and to translate it into the written words without assistance from any one. It is mostly conducted on children in order to determine the strides ad improvements that they are making (Hensen, 2004).

Criterion-referenced tests (CRT) – measures what the person is able to do and indicate what skills have been mastered. This is appropriate to work stations as it can be able to help to pick out the best individual suited for a promotion due to increase in competency.

Cognition Assessment

Cognitive assessment can be vital especially in detecting dementia in older adults and ADD in younger children

Mini Mental state Examination (MMSE), – this mostly evaluates the memory of a person and how well and clear it is. Especially in older adults when the memory is not good and they easily forget things it is usually a sign of clinical schizophrenia.

Attention analysis test – this analyzes how easy it is to capture and loose the attention of an individual. This is especially so in younger children whose attention is expected to be easily captured by new things and experiences. If these things do not capture the attention of a child they may be suffering from acute to severe case of retard.

The MGF planning test – this is a test that is used to determine if an individual can be able to plan something and execute the very way it was planned. In children it is determined by use of toys that are stacked up and crumbled and the child is asked to make it to appear the way it was before.

PEPP assessment – this deals with comprehension of language and how it is translated and put down on paper (Hensen, 2004). It measures the ability and capability of a person to understand his environment and come up with a structured way in which it operates and how it should operate.

References

Hensen Michel, (2004), Comprehensive Handbook of Psychological Assessment, Springer Publishers, Washington D.C

Aiken R. Lewis, (2002), personality Assessment: Methods and Practices, Prentice Hall Press, New Jersey.

Describe a significant social or technological event of the 20th century

Effects of Landing on the Moon

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Effects of Landing on the Moon

For centuries, man was fascinated with the idea of walking on the moon. In 1969, Neil Armstrong, an American Astronaut, changed this fantasy to reality by setting the first human footprint on the moon. This pioneering technological feat by the Apollo 11 crew inspired further cosmic explorations and placed America in the annals of history and at the leading position in terms of technological innovations (Moroz, Huntress, & Shevalev, 2003). Landing on the moon propelled the industry response that was hitherto uneven, perhaps justifiably due to the lessons learned from the disappointments of previous missions. Space enthusiasm continues to grow across the globe as nations develop new planetary exploration techniques for economic, national security, and research purposes. Landing on the moon triggered a spirit of confidence in the human capital, opened up new opportunities for future explorations, and enhanced competition in modern society.

Landing on the moon takes credit for inspiring confidence in the human capacity to withstand even the perceived insurmountable challenges. Not only does the missions to the moon and other planets inspire confidence in people but also brings a sense of pride and positive perspective on the capacity to succeed in any mission. Notably, the emotional significance of landing on the moon emerges from the fighting spirit in people and their desire to explore new opportunities in other planets regardless of the challenges involved. On a wider context, modern planetary expeditions seek to find solutions to social, medical, and economic problems, and explain religious myths about the moon and other night sky objects (Steyaerta & Katzb, 2004). The new research findings from space explorations serve as unifying forces and boost the belief in people’s individual and collective strength.

Today, space explorations benefit society by providing new research and financial opportunities. Space entrepreneurs and explorers make profits by facilitating space travel and providing new information for planetary research. Several major airline companies like Virgin Galactic and Rocket Ship Tours create sophisticated crafts that facilitate space travel (Steyaerta & Katzb, 2004). These companies continue to grow in profit and popularity owing to the increase in the number of space enthusiasts. People wish to learn more about the abundant space and mineral resources available in the solar system that offer solutions to Earth problems. The potential for Mars to support human life and its iron rich soil are example of benefits that can be channeled towards helping the population and mineral limitations on earth.

Many nations engage in military, political, medical, and technological competition that stem from the Space Race. This popular rivalry, which resembles the Cold War, pitted the Soviet Union against America in the quest to achieve dominance over space explorations (Moroz, Huntress, & Shevalev, 2003). President Kennedy made a passionate appeal Americans to counter the Soviet’s dominance of space explorations by giving an inspiring speech to the nation to support its astronauts both morally and financially. This historic speech was not in futility because Armstrong set the first human footprint on the moon a decade later. Other nations perceived this as a challenge and trigger to modernize their space activities to surpass the American achievement. Today, nations rival one another on political, economic, social, medical, research and other issues as a result of the previous competition for space explorations dominance.

Landing on the moon opened up new frontiers for future exploration, inspired a belief in the unlimited human capital, and fueled rivalry among societies. People recount the successful mission to the moon and get a feeling of pride and inspiration to prevail over any hurdles in their endeavors. Modern space explorations open up numerous opportunities for further research to find solutions to problems on Earth and facilitate entrepreneurship for private gain. The enduring modern social, political, economic, and technological rivalries among nations are akin to the Space Race and the Cold War that pitted the Soviet Union against America.

References

Moroz, V., Huntress, T., & Shevalev, L. (2003). Planetary Missions of the 20th Century. Cosmic Research. Volume 40, Issue 5, pages 419-445.

Steyaerta, C. & Katzb, J. (2004). Reclaiming the space of entrepreneurship in society: geographical, discursive and social dimensions. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development: An International Journal, Volume 16, Issue 3, 2004, pages 179-196.

Descartes Philosophy on the Significance of the Body to the Mind

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Descartes’ Philosophy on the Significance of the Body to the Mind

Mind-body problem is the nature of association between the soul and the consciousness. It is mainly addressed by Rene Descartes who was a great French philosopher and mathematician in the 17th century. In philosophy, mind-body problem studies the relationship between matter and the mind. His views about mind and body results in Cartesian dualism, a believe that sensory organs are the ones which pass inputs to the epiphysis in the brain and then to the immaterial spirit. He also believed that the body is controlled by the mind through the pineal gland which is the principal organ where all thoughts are formed. Due to Cartesian dualism, different styles have emerged most being dualist and monist. Dualism ensures a rigid differentiation exist between the two organs (body-mind). Monism on the other hand measures the uniformity body and mind. Monism exists in three forms that is physicalism, idealism and neutral monism. Physicalism states that the mind is made up of matter arranged organized in a structured format while idealism holds that the existence of matter is an illusion that only exists in our thoughts. In neutral monism, matter and the soul are only unique essence that is identical to none of these two organs.

Descartes further asserts that the spirit and matter are distinct kinds of substance. He categorizes minds as unintended, thinking and feeling substances while bodies as extended substances incapable of feeling or thought. Substance dualism for example holds that mind/soul is made from uncommon type of substance which is not governed by either law of physics. On the other hand, property dualism entails that thou laws of physics are valid universally, therefore not fit in explaining the mind. However, it is difficult to identify how they could causally interact if they are radically different kinds of substance as argued in Princess Elizabeth’s letter.

Mind-body interaction plays a critical role in pretheoretic conception of agency since human soul can be able to determine the movement of animal spirits in the body in order to do voluntary acts being a conscious substance. Mental causation also aids in the formulations of the dualism relationship between matter and spirit/mind. Psychological explanation further defines the intelligibility of mental causation whereby if ones beliefs and desires are causally isolated from his or her bodily behavior, then what goes on his or her mind could not explain what he or she does. As a result, moral responsibility will be noticed if psychological explanation goes through hence leading to a satisfactory solution to the problem of mental causation.

On the other hand, Leibniz being a rationalist philosopher was also committed in his two theses about mind body perception.

Firstly, he argued that the spirit/soul has specific innate ideas. Secondly, he believed as well in the sufficient reason theory whereby everything has a reason for its cons and pro. Due to his principle having huge metaphysical consequences, it led him to state that the existence of the world is explained by the theological principles of God. Leibniz claims of reason therefore had some consequences about the metaphysics and nature that deals with fundamental questions on the existence of casual existence relationship between our thoughts and physical nature. He advanced the theory of pre-established harmony in order to respond to the body-mind nature of association. The theory stated no interaction between substances whereby the mind proceeded and unfolded respective to its own laws. Moreover, the body moved irrespective of the governing principles with such movement being in a perfect harmony state. He believed that there are simple substances called monads which are mind-like beings with forces that man all phenomena. As a result, space and time aid in cradle of the bodily phenomena since simple substances man matter and motion philosophy.

Szasz focuses on in the body-mind differential principles. He views the body and mind as separate concepts representing different types of phenomena. In his argument, both the soul and the mortal body cannot take the same direction, for instance sickness, as the mind is just but a metaphoric creature. Mind and body are therefore not only separated but two distinct object that function independently and responding differently to environmental variables. He further points out that from the ego’s point of view; the mind is part of the body. Mind and body are inseparable and distinguishable by double aspectism. There is a sort of separate mind and body since experimental and cognitive aspects can be differentiated from physical aspects. Physical brain constitutes the mind. The brain forms a critical body part which is a physical attribute of epiphenomenalism. The physical body affects the mind but the mind has no influence on matter/body. For instance, had the body been a TV, the mind would picture when the TV is switched on/off. Hence, this only affects the mind in picturing being a TV and the body. Therefore, any mental event has no influence on the activity of the brain.

Consequently, the body-mind relationship can be seen through physicalism, substance dualism and dual aspect theory. Materialism is the perception that the spirit and the soul have a link with matter and can be reduced to matter. Substance dualism explains mind and body as distinct substances which are unique whereby mind is un-extended and body extended. Using Nagel’s perception, mental properties cannot be reduced to physical properties pertaining dual aspect theory but they are two different ways of looking at the same thing. Dualism and mutualism of the mind has been in existence since the times of Plato and Aristotle. Dualism has been the driving force for the existence of the mind and body problem. Perception of the soul has influence over the body is beneficial since the body can heal whereas the mind expedites recovery. In our everyday activities, the mind frequently displays wonders of thought, memory, logic and creativity. It therefore has power to do great things.

Mind and body affect the human interaction as well. During interaction, both the body and mind have influence over each other because they are both involved in the interaction. According to Descartes, it is the space extension that makes us physical creatures and our ability to think is what constitutes our mental being. His words Cogito Ergo Sum implied to mean “I think, therefore I am” creates a problem since the mind exists a separately from the body with no physical association. Occasionalism explains the relation of mind and body. In many occasions, it seems that God keeps watching over us daily and makes things happen with the mind instructing the body. It solves the problem of how the mind and the body affect one another. Its weakness is the assumption that God watches over us daily.

Explanation of body-mind with reference to circular causation sounds more appropriate and relevant than linear causation. Different correlations have been studied in neuroscience between brain activity and conscious experiences. Consciousness which is a biological process of molecular signaling and interaction of the nerve cells therefore remains a challenge since relating it directly to brain activities is difficult and yet to be proven as a process. However, daily science increasingly gets interested in human perception, action and thinking. It dwells on how the human body interacts with its surroundings and the way in which those particular interactions shape the mind of a human body. This is evident in the Cartesian divide between the immaterial mind and the material existence of human beings (Damasio, 1994). A study of bodily actions provides a bridge across the mind-body relation. This is because they neither react to external stimuli nor indications of mental states which only contain relationships to the features of the action. On the other hand, parallelism shows the non-existence of a relationship between matter and the immortal mind. When one’s mind decides dictate the body rhyme, it becomes a coincidence that the body walks over there. They only appear to. This therefore brings in mind the body-mind correlation concept as described by God in the case of Leibniz in Pre-established Harmony.

Descartes believed that reason is a gift every human being poses and that knowledge cannot be only be attained by books

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Philosophy

Question oneDescartes believed that reason is a gift every human being poses and that knowledge cannot be only be attained by books, but through the application of reasoning. His books presented complex scientific and philosophical ideas in a way that only the least sophisticated readers could understand. Due to his believe that every human being possessed the gift of reason, he believed that every human being would understand his arguments in his books. He at sometimes wrote his books in French and not in Latin so that people with formal education could easily understand him. In his evil demon conjecture, he stated that an evil demon is capable of tricking us to believe that the world we all perceive with all our senses is real. However, even in such instances, there is no one point when a human being is not thinking and due to these thinking, then human beings exist (Cogito ergo sum).Question twoSpinoza believed that there existed no dualism between God and the whole world. There is no need of people going beyond the present experience to seek for a being existing outside it. He said that God moves and often lived in nature. The entire universe is god. Nature or God can be interpreted as its own cause and is often self sufficient. Man in his egoistic ways has tried in all ways to imagine that God is like him and that GOD acts in the interest of man at all times. However, according to him, God does not love or hate. The nature of God is different from us and from our dreams and aspirations or interests. Therefore, human beings should stop equating themselves from God because He is infinite and self sufficient. There is no way man can equate themselves to God because God is above everything. He created everything in the universe himself.Question threeIn his theory to be is to be perceived, Berkeley concludes that all that individuals know about an object is only the perception of it. Individuals rarely think or know an object unless it is perceived by the mind. Since individuals are capable of perceiving other human beings in the way that they speak, he can only believe in their existence and in the whole world being identical to every individual. Thus, the assumption is that the world is analyzed with all the five senses and it often impossible to perceive the world without the five senses. We cannot make sense of an object or situation unless we perceive it. This theory was criticized by many due to the fact that he said we can only know an object by perceiving it. Question fourHe did not believe in innate ideas that an individual is born with. He said that our minds are often in a blank state. Experiences through senses and all our reflections filled this slate. He came up with distinction of simple and complex ideas. Simple ideas are those ideas originating from the senses which cannot be broken down. Complex ideas, on the other hand, are a combination of all simple ideas. From these two ideas, one could know the primary and all the secondary qualities of an object. All objects have specific attributes that may fall in either the primary or the secondary qualities. Primary qualities are found in the object and are objective because they are perceived by almost every individual. Secondary qualities are all attributes that the perceiver brings to the object. These are subjective because everyone brings different qualities to the objects. Thus, his theory of representative realism came from all these ideas. The world represents the entire external world but does not necessarily duplicate it. Instead of experiencing the world first hand, we first experience it indirectly via representations.Question fiveLeibniz explained that the world is made of infinity of many simple substances known as the monads which were characteristic of his rationalistic views. Aggregates are built from these simple things which according to him are elements of all true reality. Simple substances were incapable of being created or destroyed. Thus, Leibniz entails that monads are composites which are classified as a collection of simples. These simples cannot be broken down of their constituent parts due to their smaller magnitude thus they are true atoms of nature. This means that they are the main constituents of our universe due to them lacking parts. Due to this, they are the only true identities. These monads must possess certain qualities or they cease to exist. Due to their unique status, they must possess qualities different from other monads.Question sixHume asks us to consider what impression brings about our conception of the self. Human beings tend to perceive themselves as selves- independent and stable entities existing over time. However, no matter how hard we examine our own personal experiences, we do not observe anything that is beyond our feelings, sensations and also our impressions. It is impossible to observe ourselves in a unified way. There is no particular binding that brings our specific impressions together. We can never be aware of ourselves but only aware of our experiences at a certain time. Thus, the self is only a bundle of perceptions. This may be due to our attribution of our existence to a collection of associated parts. This belief is mainly natural with no known logical explanation.Question seven

Hume made an observation that many people acknowledge a conjunction between two events. However, there is no way to establish a connection. This makes him argue against the concept of cause and effect. People assume that one thing causes another, but there is also the possibility that one event does not cause another. He claims that causation is only a question of association which is unfounded and also a meaningless belief. When we experience two events following each other repeatedly, we tend to associate them with cause and effect and this is only logical. The instinctive belief of causality is rooted in our biological concepts such that it is very difficult to erase. By accepting out limitations, we can deal with this situation by functioning without abandoning all our beliefs about cause and effect.Question eightKant achieves the Copernican revolution by turning all his focus of philosophy from metaphysical speculation of the reality nature to critically examining the nature of the thinking and the perceiving mind. He acknowledges that reality is a joint that creates external reality and the human mind. We can only acquire knowledge by regarding the latter. To solve the problem presented by Hume, he rubbishes the idea that the mind is a blank state. The mind not only receives information but also shapes the acquired information. Knowledge is, therefore, not something that is created externally and then introduced into the mind. Rather, it is created by the mind by filtering various sensations using the faculties of our mind. Thus, individuals only grasp knowledge in its general form informing our experiences.Question nineIf Hume’s arguments are true, then science and knowledge have implications in general. This is because science tends to make us believe that events occur in conjunction. Science makes us tend to believe in causation and effect. This can be detrimental to human beings because even in the events where causation and effect relationship does not exist, people will only believe in their existence because science suggests so. On the other hand, knowledge may inhibit an individual from believing in their perception. An individual with a considerable level of knowledge will tend to believe that they are independent entities. This is not right according to Hume because our personal experiences originate from our senses.Question tenTo exist independently means that one is stable alone without the help of others. Individuals do not have necessarily to depend on any other person’s ideas or perceptions. What other people tend to perceive us or say about us does not bother us. Individuals tend to think of themselves in a certain way and that is how they live for the rest of their lives. What other scholars have written or what other individuals close to us say is not put into much consideration. Every individual can operate on their own with what they perceive as right according to their own ethical beliefs.

Derive. My companion and I set off in a random direction and walked down the commercial street.

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Derive

My companion and I set off in a random direction and walked down the commercial street. The street was busy and the air smelled stuffy. These activities reminded me of the times when I used to work in the mall. I felt quite uncomfortable especially when I saw a White lady shouting at a young Asian lady to stop staring at the passers by and concentrate on serving the clients. We entered the mall and the smells we encountered were of new clothes. These were being unpacked and put on the shelves. The respective smells reminded me of the days when I was young. My mother used to take me shopping and would buy me almost everything that I wanted. This feeling became better when we passed by a cosmetic shop and smelled my mother’s cologne. For a moment, I felt that I was in company of my mother and relaxed a bit.

We then proceeded to the central park where we met so many people resting on benches. Most of them looked tired because of the hot and humid weather. We spoke to a young African American lady who looked a little bit frustrated. She informed that her mother had just passed on she was feeling a little bit distressed. The park was well kept and had litter bins in almost all places. Landscaping was also well done and the place generally looked beautiful. This heightened our emotions a bit and we proceeded to the next commercial building. The building was filled with the smell of disinfectant. It was already five o’clock and since most of the occupants were leaving, it was being cleaned. This smell reminded me of a hospital environment. Only that in the later, the smell of disinfectant was mixed with that of medicine. The cleaner that we spoke to told us that he was not satisfied with this work because it always made him feel sick.

Reflection

At this point, it is certain that my previous personal experience greatly influenced my perception of space. Notably, when I entered the mal, I assumed that the place is crowded and very busy because previously, I worked in a mall under similar circumstances. This made me to feel very tired and considered the place to be unworthy of exploring further. Notably, the smell of disinfectant made me to remember the hospital because I had smelled the respective disinfectant in the hospital. This made me to make certain presumptions about the cleaner regarding his lack of satisfaction with his profession. This turned out to be true as the cleaner affirmed that his work made him to feel sick.

To a great extent, my racial and gender beliefs influenced the decisions that we made with regards to interviewing certain individuals. In the mall, I only saw an Asian lady being shouted at by her boss and not a White lady. In addition, I only say an African American woman in the park feeling distressed and decided to interview her. This does not imply that there were no White men in the park looking tired or frustrated. My racial and gender beliefs made me to consider the abovementioned individuals to be requiring more attention and to possibly be more troubled than the later. The relief that I felt after smelling my mother’s cologne can also be attributed to the relationship that I share with her. Whenever I think of her or come in contact with anything that reminds me of her, I feel comfortable and safe.

Deregulation for American Business

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Deregulation for American Business

The concept of business regulation gained much interest after the Global Financial Crisis. While some school of thought argues that the market should be self-regulation, those with opposing views call for objective market regulation to correct market failures. However, deregulation has some merits.

Deregulation was a positive step for American Business because it helps in reduction of formation of cartels that control regulatory agencies of the government for the benefit of the monopoly and individual interest. The process of deregulation led in reduction of Lobby groups and political forces in interfering with market prices through the industry interest. Deregulation encourages unusual roles of academic and publishing companies towards participation in business roles. Deregulation in the transportation industry encourages growth and diversification of the industry. Deregulation levels of transportation industry affect rail and truck. Deregulation of the transport industry leads in increased cooperation among the consumer organizations, environmental organizations, commercial buyers of transportation, and economists. Deregulation gives power the civil society towards formulation of influential Acts that will lead in an increase of profits of road and air transport. The presidents of deregulation civil groups make changes in the transport sector with the aim of promoting competition and devolution of duties with the sector.

Additional efforts in the transport sector involve deregulation of airlines and at the present three airlines are under deregulatory rules. Deregulation in the transport industry lessens barriers of entry in the transport sector and promotes independence of the active parties within transportation. Deregulation in American business results, in the development of competitive prices among the transport services and reduces the cost paid to the regulatory control agency. Entry, exit and pricing of the transport market are currently easy under the deregulation policy. Energy sector is also undergoing deregulation and has mixed rules of regulatory and deregulation from the Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act. Deregulation of energy result in the formulation of different natural gas choices and diversification of the forms of energy. Diversification of natural gas leads in springing of different bodies with the intention of getting a share in supply and distribution of natural gas in different States.

Unregulated supply of natural gas results in the creation of competition and development of fair prices on the consumers. Deregulation of electricity is present in some States and reduces the burden of wholesale competition of electricity supply. Deregulation of the electricity market leads in the supply of electricity according to consumers’ capacity. Deregulation of telecommunication in 1996 led in concentration of media stations and ownership. Telecommunication sector has greatly benefited from deregulation rules. Telecommunication is leading in a positive step for American Business through development of multi-channel transition era. American society enjoys the diversity present and specialization of the media careers. The major diverse sectors in media are studio and networks careers. Technology is improving due to the presence of deregulation rules and development of computer communication technology. Internet is gaining high access in the global market especially the American market.

Various communications in the American business hub operate through the new rule of deregulation of internet services. Wireless technology is increasing competition in the American market especially the supply of the technology. Deregulation kills the monopoly aspect of a single agency taking control of all the services within the communication sector. Competition and innovation are the overall advantages of deregulation of all the regulatory bodies in the American business. The consumers get quality products at affordable prices and very timely. Many potential bodies are getting entry into the market with ease after deregulation. Deregulation favours upcoming companies towards accessing the market niche. Deregulation of finance encourages potential bodies towards formulating financial institutions that meet the needs of the immediate market.