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Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint

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Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint

Introduction

The judiciary is a branch in the government that is responsible for all the judges that are in the country’s courts. Different countries run their judiciaries differently. However, all the judiciaries have the main aim to provide justice in an efficient manner hence serve all the citizens. An efficient judiciary provides justice in a quick and less expensive manner. The judges have to come up with decisions and solutions that uphold economic, social, civil, cultural, ethical and political rights of the citizens. The decisions made by judges are based on the principles they have to adhere to and also the fact that the judiciary is an independent branch of the government. This essay discusses the constitutes of an appropriate role of judiciary. It further explains what it means for a court to be activist and for a court to show judicial restraint. Finally, the essay describes the role of the concept of activism if both conservatives and liberals engage in judicial activism.

The Power of the Judiciary and Legislating from the Bench

The judiciary gets its power from being an independent part of the government. The constitutions of various governments ensure that all the judiciary’s power is justified (Craig 355). The judiciary gets its power from the constitution upon which all courts and judges must adhere to. The government and all other authorities are also expected to uphold the independence of the judiciary. The constitution gives judges a limited role and they are not expected to use their judicial role to go against their role (Shapiro 453). They should not judge using personal preferences. In the event a judge uses personal preferences to judge, he or she withholds the ability of a country to govern itself.

Legislating from the bench is when courts create or make clear laws that cannot be easily understood based on different circumstances (Parameswaran 1). Judges are not expected to make changes to the laws but instead offer resolution strategies. Parameswaran went ahead to conclude that the controversies related with not understanding laws can be avoided by writing broader rules. As the time changes and legal evolution takes place the broader rules will help in stopping related controversies (Parameswaran 41). While limiting views preserve the court’s ability to make subsequent decisions in light of further information, they also equip the law with considerable inconsistencies that may discourage practitioners from effective decision-making. Broad viewpoints can encourage courts to make decisions that are more socially effective by removing contradiction.

Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint

Judicial activism is the use of the judiciary power to overturn state actions, with or without justification while judicial restraint is the unwillingness to overturn such actions, instead choosing to refer the matter to regular democracy (Gupta 4). Judiciary activism may also be defined as a strategy for using legal oversight or a summary of a specific court ruling in which the judge was thought to be more inclined to rule on procedural grounds and to nullify legislative or executive measures (Bolick 1). Usually, judges are advised by judicial restraint to exercise caution when implementing their interpretations of the Constitution. It does not explain how they came to those conclusions, so it is not necessarily related to any certain approach to legal principles.

Liberals vs Conservatives on Judicial Activism

Over the years American liberals and conservatives have differed in opinion on the basis of judicial activism and judicial restraint. While liberals have recently noted that conservative courts and justices are now more inclined to overturn decisions and cast doubt on the authority of democratic institutions of government, conservatives have long grumbled about the activism of liberal justices and judges (Balkin 217). Conservatives argue in opposition that they are only going back to an earlier precedent that liberals had disregarded. In most instances judicial activism is only used when it favors one group then if it does not the group uses the judicial restraint. This is however not supposed to be the case. The role of the judicial activism is to ensure that the constitution is upheld and that both parties get fair decisions. It is to benefit the judiciary in filling the gap left by the other branches of the government (Gupta 3). By guarding and empowering the constitution the judiciary safeguards citizens against violation of rights and freedoms. The public acquires faith in the judiciary when it remains independent, irrespective political opinions.

A view of constitutional interpretation as a tool to maintain the legal system rather than as a means to an end is what is meant by legitimate judicial activism. Aligning precedents with the Constitution is our responsibility as judges, not the other way around (Bolick 13). Avoiding false, judicially created barriers to the defense of personal liberty, such as public presence and a probability of validity, is a requirement of genuine judicial activism. In addition, honoring state constitutions as the principal barriers to independence in the governmental system, rather than as a bonus, is another aspect of ethical judicial activism.

Conclusion

By employing the authority of judicial review, the judiciary serves as the Constitution’s protector in every nation. The judiciary has rigorously examined the legality of any appropriate policies or laws. Both the legislative branch and the executive branch must use their authority responsibly. The three organs are connected by the idea of separation of powers, and the Court has a duty to uphold balance of power. Even the powers of the Courts are subject to limitations, hence the Judiciary does not have all the power. They cannot just nullify a statute based on their own beliefs, nor can they cope with the legality of a situation in advance. Another crucial issue for legal challenge is the independence of the judiciary; if the bad choice were made, it would be extremely unfair to uphold the flawed legislation. A party should not accuse another party of judicial activism while it is also guilty of the same. Instead, judicial activism should be used to ensure that the judiciary upholds the constitution hence safeguarding citizens against violation of rights.

Works Cited

Balkin, Jack M. “Why Liberals and Conservatives Flipped on Judicial Restraint: Judicial Review in the Cycles of Constitutional Time.” Tex. L. Rev. 98 (2019): 215. https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/17960/Balkin%2C%20Why%20Liberals%20and%20Conservatives%20Flipped%20on%20Judicial%20Restraint-%20Judicial%20Review%20in%20the%20Cycles%20of%20Constitutional%20Time.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yBolick, Clint. “The Proper Role of Judicial Activism.” Harv. JL & Pub. Pol’y 42 (2019): 1. http://www.harvard-jlpp.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2019/02/Bolick-FINAL-1.pdfCraig, Paul. “Judicial power, the judicial power project and the UK.” U. Queensland LJ 36 (2017): 355. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/qland36&div=24&id=&page=Gupta, Smita. “Judicial Activism V Judicial Restraint.” https://www.galgotiasuniversity.edu.in/pdfs/JudicialActivismV%20udicialRestraint.pdf

Parameswaran, Giri. “Endogenous cases and the evolution of the common law.” The RAND Journal of Economics 49.4 (2018): 791-818. http://gparames.sites.haverford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Parameswaran-EvolutionCommonLaw.pdfShapiro, Carolyn. “What Members of Congress Say About the Supreme Court and Why It Matters.” Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 93 (2018): 453.

King Arthur in Le Morte D’Arthur”

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King Arthur in Le Morte D’Arthur” is portrayed as a good king who is loved by his subjects. We see as his knights travel they often are quick to point out on how they get to serve the best king who ever live. The author also keeps referring to king Arthur as noble which makes him appear good. King Arthur gets exceptional loyalty from his knight’s ad are ready to protect their King at all cost. When Arthur attacked Lancelot’s castle, we see him being unwilling to take part in the battle with the King as he is grateful that the King had made him knight. The only way that King Arthur commands all this respect and loyalty is because he was doing things right.

In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight King Arthur is portrayed as a young beardless king whose court is at a golden age. He however portrays petulance due to his age in various scenario for example he refuses to eat till he hears a fantastic tale. However, later he changes and takes up the challenge of being a great King. He becomes brave and we see he is the first to take a swing at Green Knight and the author describes him as nature bold. He seems to change in the later works as he ends up being a great king of Camelot with happy subjects and his court also provided civilized refuge for knight errands.

I believe Green Knight is not human but rather a creation of dark magical forces. Initially Bercilack who was the man is transformed to this mythical figure. He was created by Morgan le Fauy who was an adversary to King Arthur and wanted to test his court. Green Knight is also an evil incarte. The Green Knight is described as a monster as he states he would attack anyone that passes through his chapel. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Green Knight is a woman who is sent to seduce Gawain. Green Knight who has green tinted skin and features symbolized supernatural as well as natural in place. Green was a reminder of natural world and also restfulness, fertility and harmony which was ironic as the Green Knight did not stand for any of these thing especially harmony and peace as he demands the beheading of King Arthur.

In Le Morte D’Arthur Sir Lancelot is a hero. Malory describes Lancelot as the King’s favorite even though he is having an affair with the King’s wife. He is one of the most skilled knight’s in Arthur’s court. One instance of his heroic act is when he battles a number of men with help from Lady of the Lake. During his first Adventure in Le Morte he rescues Arthur’s knights that had been trapped in the dungeon of Sir Tarquin. He is also dedicated to Gwenyvere and in one instance he rescues her from Sir Mellyagaunce castle. When Arthur attacks his court he avoids battling him and goes to France with his loyal knights. Later on Lancelot defends his land from attack by King Arthur and he defends his court and which leads him to fight Sir Gawain one on one. Malory still makes it evident that Sir Lancelot loves King Arthur and ids conflicted because he also loves Guinevere.

King Arthur dies in The Battle of Camlann while lighting against Mordred who wanted to take over his kingdom, he was fatally wounded and died. He however manages to kill Mordred. Unlike King Arthur who died in the battle field Sir Lancelot dies in a monastery. When he heard of King Arthur’s death, he returned and offered Guinevere a hand in marriage however she refused. Lancelot joined a monastery and exchanged huis armor for clothes of a monk where he died of old age and grief. King Arthurs death can be compared to Beowulf because they died heroic death. Beowulf died during the battle with a dragon. During the fight with the help of Wiglaf the kill the dragon but like King Arthur, he is fatally wounded. Both died while defending their kingdom and they both killed the threat to their kingdom before dying.

The warrior’s work ethic was high. They were loyal to their king’s and fellow knights’. The most famous aspect of Camelot was the Round Table where the most trusted of the knights and those who have proved that they were worth of it sat on this table. Beowulf also had some trusted warriors to his Aide Wiglaf reminds other warriors that they owe their oath to Beowulf. The other warriors in Beowulf although initially were loyal to Beowulf their loyalty is eventually tested and they do not want to risk their life to help their ruler. The knights on the other hand were willing to fight for their kings to death

King Arthur traveled to France not with the aim of fighting the Romans but to look for Sir Lancelot as Sir Gawain had convince him he was a traitor and he needed to be killed for his atrocities including sleeping with Gwenvyere as well as killing Mordred’s siblings who were Arthur’s Nephews. He had left Moldered in charge while he went for this journey but while in France, Mordred betrays him and seize the throne in Britain. After Arthur learns about this he returns with his army back to Britain ready to reclaim his throne. He meets Mordred with his men in south central England where the fighting begins. The fight begins by an accident of fate as the knight drew his sword and wanted to kill an adder as a standoff negotiation between Mordred and Arthur ensued. With the sword drawn the knights begin fighting as they feel challenged leading to the death of many knights. Mordred is killed and Arthur fatally wounded. Arthur asks one of his knight Bedivere to return his sword Excalibur to Lady of the Lake. Arthur’s soldiers including Morgan take him to the isle of Avalon with the hope that he gets to survive.

His death was significant as he was still able to kill Mordred. Lancelot was also able to return back and although not as a Knight he was the one who eventually buried Gwenvyere. It was Gawain’s pride and need for revenge that had put King Arthur in this position. If they had not embarked on a journey to look for Lancelot, he would not have left his thrown to Mordred giving him leeway to overthrow him. His death portrays the effect that need for revenge has. The irony is that when the King died, he also kills his son Mordred that was next in line. This created a vacuum and the kingdom he was trying to protect was now left in the hands of not so noble rulers as he was.

Malory just like many authors during his period view women as feeble creatures in a society that was largely patriarchal. The women are left out in the adventures of the knights of the round table. Clearly the roles were defined and while men were knights or worked, women were in charge of the house. Money women encountered in the text were mostly in a domestic setting. Women in Le Morte D’Arthur were seen as possessions and the men especially knights thought they had a right to gain a woman just like their shields or horses.

In Le Morte D’Arthur Malory features women in two groups either good or bad. Those who are good have strong Christian virtues such as chastity, loyalty, piety and being beautiful. Most of these women are ladies in distress who present to their knights by proving their worst. Most save the knights and this is seen as a passive role as they only save noble knights and their roles is important for chivalric romance. Lady Igraine and Maid of Astolat are two ladies who can be put to this category. Malory sees these characters as what embodies a real woman and he heaps praises on them and sympathizes with them. The second category of women is those who are mischievous and wicked often betraying the knights and using their seduction prowess to bring down the knights.

Sir Gawain and The Green Knight has misogynistic characteristics when it comes to the view on women. The female characters including Guinevere, the Lady and Morgan le Fay are not individual characters but rather portray the social contrast of what a woman is needed to be. Guinevere who is Arthur’s wife plays a passive role and is just seen as a token to Arthur. Morgan le Fay has been brought out as the conniving and manipulative woman. Guinevere on the other hand is portrayed as a powerless lady and is just an object of courtly love. Guinevere has an affair with Sir Lancelot and the author singles her out as the incarnation of unfaithfulness. When their affair was revealed, Guinevere was supposed to be burn and this was not the same case for Lancelot who was in jail. Both of these texts portray women as objects and women are only seen as good if they are respectful and possess certain virtues including purity.

There are personal conflicts as well as kingdom conflicts that exist in Camelot. The main conflict exists between King Arthur and Sir Lancelot because Lancelot is in love with the Guinevere the King’s wife. There was also conflict between Mordred and Arthur. Mordred could not wait for his Father King Arthur to die before he could take up the leadership role and thus overthrew him while in France. In trying to take over the throne, a fight ensued between the two that led to the demise of both. Although Camelot is an orderly society there are moral conflict that arises in the text. Mordred and Arthur are not trusting of each other wholly and they instruct their soldiers to fight to death in case a knight of opposing side drew out their sword. The sexual promiscuity that existed also in the kingdom resulted in the mistrust and enmity among Lancelot and the King and Sir Gawain too who feels vengeful and finds it worthy to kill King Arthur.

The weapon is Excalibur and was special because it was a magic blade made by Avalonia elf smith. It also had scabbard which would protect King Arthur if he wore it. Excalibur was believed to hold ultimate powers that could only be wielded by a true master. King Arthur and his men utilized weaponry much more as compared to Beowulf who mostly went to the battle unarmed. Beowulf however, had a sword that was called Hrunting which was a blade with ill-boding patterns and had been tampered in blood. It is this sword that in the end he decapitates Grendel’s corpse and also uses it to Kill Grendel’s mother.

When King Arthur was dying, he requested Sir Bedivere to throw the Excalibur to the lake of but his greed is seen as he goes and hides it as he does not believe the sword should be thrown because of its value and beauty. When he returns, King Arthur asks him what he saw and he says he only saw waves thus king Arthur asks him to go back. He goes and comes back and lies again but the third tome however he full fill’s the dying wish of his King. An arm of the Lady of the lake reaches up and retrieves the sword.

In the reworking of Sir Thomas Malory Le Morte d Arthur despite the death of Arthur on the hands of his son Mordred the book Le Morte d’Arthur does not end with it. The story ends whereby they were ready for another fight. The end of the tale is significant as it clarified the types of knights that were to participate in the last war and how leaders should not be reluctant to pursue civil war that causes destruction. The war according to Malory occurred at the round table whereby he argues that war is only ignite when the evil knights engage in war for clear public reasons. The Great War was in order of chivalry where by the leaders undertake it to defend their king.

Heorot in Beowulf and Camelot in Sir Gawain where both halls and main places of community and celebrations. They both welcomed visitors although had two different structures designs and were used for different functions. Camelot was often in the midst of Christmas with light sport activities by the knights as Heorot served as a seat of rule. In Le Morte d’Arthur Arthur gathers hic chief nights and enemies at Camelot to established the round table fellowship and swearing around to Pentecostal oath after his marriage to Guinevere and inheritance of the round table

Soldiers need their guns as it is one of the most vital tool of

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Lesson Plan

A good lesson plan is very vital to any teacher as it can make a difference between helping the teaching experience either be a boring or interesting (Shoemaker, pg 150). Teaching grade two and three is not as easy at it seems as the children minds is still young and what they are taught at that age might have a life time impact. In that aspect I present two lessons plan that will ensure that not only will the children understand what they are taught but not even a single one will be left behind in class work (Feeney, pg 150).

This lesson plan focuses on English Language Arts objectives: comparison and dissimilarity. Students will be able to compare the story: The Three blind mice and The Three Little pigs Students will work together in small mixed groups to apply strategies for understanding and vocabulary.

Learning outcomes

Students will:

Discover exact vocabulary words wanted to link to the story.

Answer all the questions that are related to the story verbally go over each and every concept of the story like, who did what, how, why, and when.

Be able to put their imagination to work and tell what might have happened before the story took place.

Be able to understand all the descriptive words used in the story (Hernandez, pg 120.

Teacher planning

Time Required for Lesson

Three hours

Materials/Resources

Copy of the three blind mice by Agatha Christie.

Copy of The Three Little Pigs by Paul Galdone

Pre-activities

The teacher will read the story the Three Little pigs aloud and discuss the happenings in each part of the story.

The student will be required to tell the happenings in the story verbally without referring to the books.

Students will be required to fill in a journal depicting the events in the book, The Three Little Pigs by Paul Galdone.

Activities

The students will be required narrate the story of the Three Little Pigs, as they understood it with major emphasis being on the flow of the activities from the first to the last.

The teacher will read aloud and talk about The Story of the Three Little Wolves and The three blind mice by Agatha Christie.

The teacher will bring out the difference and similarity between the two stories in form of diagrams.

The students will work together in small mixed groups and fill a similarity and difference sheet.

Each and every student will work alone and come up with a sequence of the events sheet either in drawing or writing in the two stories. In case of any difficulty the students will be rendered some assistance.

Assessment

A Rubric for the group activity.

A Writing and Drawing Rubric. Completion of the sequence events sheet. 

The second plan focuses on vocabularies

Learning outcomes

Students will:

Discover exact vocabulary words wanted to link to the story.

Answer all the questions related to either the stories in writing.

Be able to write down the correct spelling of the word used.

Be able to understand the meaning of the vocabulary used in the stories.

Pre-activities

The teacher will discuss the happenings or events in the stories with the students.

The student will be required to tell the happenings in the story verbally without referring to the books.

Students will be required write down all the events in sequence as they are told in the stories.

Activities

The students will be required to write down the entire events one after the other in the order of first to the last.

The teacher will explain the vocabulary used in the two stories to the students.

The students will work together in small mixed groups write down the meanings of the vocabulary used in the stories.

The student will be required to work individually and write down other meanings of the vocabulary used in the stories.

Assessment

A Rubric for the group activity.

Completion of the other meanings of the words used. 

(Taylor, pg 130).Work Cited

Taylor, Barbara M.. Catching readers, grade 3: day-by-day small-group reading interventions. New York: Heinemann, 2010. Print.Shoemaker, Donald J.. Juvenile delinquency. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009. Print.Hernandez, Donald J.. Double jeopardy how third-grade reading skills and poverty influence high school graduation. Baltimore MD: The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2011. Print.Feeney, Stephanie, and Eva Moravcik.Who am I in the lives of children?: an introduction to early childhood education. 9th ed. New York: Pearson, 2013. Print.

Liberal International Economic Order

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Liberal International Economic Order

Most countries development is often recorded through the use of debts. With just the countries income which is collected from taxation, at times the expenditure is often too much and in order for the government to implement projects they get to borrow money from other countries or international organization such as the International Monetary fund. However, art times when the borrowing is too much the country may enter inti debt crisis. Debt crisis came in two major ways: through private sector lending as well as lending by international financial situation. This paper examines role of international institutions in helping a country recover from financial crisis specifically Liberal International Economic Order (LIEO).

In 1882, international debt crisis became apparent as Mexico announced that it was unable to pay its foreign debt. This announcement sent chills among international financial community as they thought that other countries too would do the same. The crisis was partially blamed on irresponsible practices of creditors and the debtor government as the money that was borrowed was not used on beneficial projects instead projects such as armaments, large scale projects, and projects that seemed to only benefit the government officials were implanted. During this period although even the developing countries were hurting, it was the third world countries that had suffered the most because of inflation (Pirages). After World War II, LIEO was created in order to promote monetary stability and to reduce trade barriers on the free trade among countries.

When countries become heavily indebted and they face huge amount of pressure to generate foreign exchange that may help them pay debt service as well as get to purchase imports they may need. International financial institutions often offer financial assistance to these countries. The assistance does not come without a price as most of these countries are forced into accepting stabilization as well as adjacent policies. Structural adjustment policies (SAPs) have severe economic impacts on most of these countries and these effect may be felt for a while. SAPS work by stabilizing economies and also result in economic growth by ensuring the economy is more efficient and productive. However, to achieve this certain social expenditures including education and health are cut in order to reduce fiscal debts. It may also have led to down0-sizing of employees by government and local companies may not flourish well

LIEO serves roles including creating as well as implementation of free trade agreements. These agreements may include Word Bank offering structural adjustment loans to countries especially in the Third World and the conditions may include these countries opening up their market to Western businesses. LIEO believes in liberal trade as well as free market as one key way that can be used in stabilizing of the economy (Lal, 503). When global trade is much more efficient, the people’s needs in that country are better met this results in a decline in poverty promoting stability and peace which are important factors in ensuring there is economic growth thus countries can be able to pay the debts. At times debt forgiveness occurs when countries especially developing countries are deeply plunged in debt crisis through the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative

Works Cited

Lal, Deepak. “Threat to Economic Liberty from International Organizations.” Cato J. 25 (2005): 503.

Pirages, Dennis Clark, Christine Sylvester, and Dennis C. Piraces, eds. Transformations in the global political economy. Springer, 2016.

Critical Analysis of Gate-keeping as Monitoring and Supervision

Critical Analysis of Gate-keeping as Monitoring and Supervision

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October 2, 2013.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF GATEKEEPING AS MONITORING AND SUPERVISION

The case study RN as gate keeping as monitoring and supervision which has been undertaken by Dr. Jillian D Brammer gives a useful insight into the general training and supervising of clinical nurses. Through it, a critical analysis can be made. It is apparent that serious ethical and legal issues are raised and that they demand a sober and practical approach so that they can be fixed.

According to Dickson, Walker & Bourgeois (2006, pg 3) work ethics simply relates to opting to what is considered to be the right thing within a particular work premise or executing your duties in a manner that is in tandem with the dictates and demands of morality and decency. For instance the RN insists that her student should administer amino glycoside medication through an intravenous cannula, rather than the conventionally recommended way of diluting using a burette even when the student is completely prefers the latter method to the former. In fact, the RN further insists that the student pushes the drug within ten minutes without minding the health status and even the advanced age of the patient (Brammer, 2008, p 5). When the student insists that she must take at least 10 minutes to administer the medication, the RN walks off. From the three instances, serious issues that borders on ethics are raised. It is apparent that the RN ethical convictions real questionable from this case study, the student emerges top as the only person who upholds the principles of morality and decency.

If, say the student could have administered the drug as per the RN instructions, may be the patient could have developed complications given his advanced age and a frail body. This will have necessitated legal from the patient’s family members (Lyneham, Parkinson, & Denholm, 2008 p, 4). To this level, it therefore important for different health institutions to come up with measures of curbing such gross professional negligence and complacency aspects.

Autonomy is defined as the ability to act differently from others. From this case study and when viewed from the patient’s perspective, it is practiced in a manner that is prone to yield negative results than the real intended outcomes. A case in question is the blatant demand from the RN that her student administers amino glycoside medication within a minute besides using intravenous cannula rather the generally accepted and recommended way. Though this shows that the RN wants to practice some element of autonomy, however the results are likely to be fatal.

The benefits that are obstructed from the patient are; receiving quality and effective medication. Instead, the patient is at risk of receiving crude services that are real a threat to his health at worse his life. All these can be mitigated if proper monitoring and supervision mechanisms are put in place. Also, there need to be stringent disciplinary measures meted on those, like the RN who are found culpable to have flouted the law and other nursing standards.

Veracity refers to truth or accuracy when reporting or disseminating any information. In this case study, neither the patient nor his family members has been given accurate information as regards to how the patient is being treated and his general health standard. For instance, what deters the nurses from giving adequate information to the patient? Even when amino glycoside is administered in a questionable manner, the patient is not informed. In some cases, there can be genuine reasons as to why clinicians and nurses may opt to conceal some information from only the patient, but they must at least inform some family members. In the case study, there appears no genuine reason as to why information is not given either to the patient or to his family members.

Confidentiality simply means a set of regulations that binds one from divulging any sensitive information to any party considered any party considered an ‘outsider’ (Kingsnorth-Hinrichs, 2009, p 6). To some extent, some information ought to remain within the confines of a particular because if disclosed, the effects could be very catastrophic. However, there comes a time when confidentiality must be breached. From the case study, confidentiality is a real issue especially when the student discloses such sensitive information as to how he was made to administer amino glycoside medication to an old and frail patient using a method that is less recommended which even himself is opposed to and moreover in the shortest time possible.

According to Brammer (2008, p. 4) advocacy is defined as an act of backing and advancing a particular cause or conviction. From the case study, a good example of advocacy refuses to administer amino glycoside medication within a minute. The student is therefore advocating for the drug to be administered through the conventionally recommended method and when the RN insists on this method, the student backs down but believes that he has to take time while administering the medication unlike what the RN tells her. But this student is fortunate to have on her side an apt advocate who defends her cause and this promotes student confidence.

Some of the legal aspects and nursing standards are; proper administration of drugs as per the physician’s prescription, students to be accompanied with their tutors whenever they are treating patients and also there must be effective communication between the nurse/clinician and the patient or his family whenever there is need to change the form of treatment from the previous one. In the case study, these laws and nursing standards have been breached. For instance, there is no absolute dissemination of information from the facility management to the patient as regards hi state of health (Myrick & Yonge, 2005, p. 3). Two, the tutor walks off and leaves the student with the patient and finally, the RN tries to coerce the student to use a less recommended treatment method of administering amino glycoside medication through the use of intravenous cannula.

The stakeholders are; patients, hospitals, nurses and doctors. It is obvious that these groups have different interests. For instance, the interest of patients is to get quality and satisfying services from doctors, nurses, clinicians and other hospital staff. Doctors and other medical practioners have interest of providing quality services, accumulating experience, sharpening their skills and also building on their CVs.  Hospital managements have targets of being recognized as quality service providers hence promoting public confidence in them (Curtis, Bowen & Reid, 2007, p. 5).

It must be emphasized that all the stakeholders have something to lose in an event the others don’t do their part effectively (Curtis, Bowen I& Reid, 2007). For example, what can a patient stand to lose if a nurse or doctor errs when treating him? Or what will happen if the general public looses confidence in a particular hospital? In the first question, the patient can develop complications that can even threaten his or her life. In the second case, hospitals stand to lose their operational ability These interests are very significant and it is they that define these stakeholders. As a result of this, each stakeholder must do what they can to safe guard their interests that are dear to them. These interests are very powerful and legitimate especially if pursued through ethical manner. The problem at hand is professional negligence and complacency at a nursing training centre is real and very urgent. If it is not solved in time, it will degenerate into a more serious problem in the facility. The way the RN operates, she appears to be busy elsewhere and this could be the reason as to why she instructs the student to bypass the recommended way of administering amino glycoside and deploy a method that will take less time. This is what must be discouraged at hospitals. Doctors, clinicians and nurses must understand that, unlike machines that can be fixed, human bodies should not be used as specimen (Sulosaari, Suhonen & Leino-Kilpi, 2010, p. 4).This problem when perceived from an alternative ethical pedigree; say the RN walking on the student and leaving her with the patient is very unprofessional and totally unacceptable as Curtis, Bowen & Reid (2007, p. 5) noted.

From the case study, a number of conflicts can be cited. There is a conflict between the RN and the student as pertains to the time that amino glycoside should be administered. The RN instructs the student to administer the medication within a minute yet the student is convinced that, the medication ought to give the drug slowly so as to minimize discomfort to the patient who she describes as ‘old and frail.’ There is also a second conflict between treatment options. Amino glycoside medication can be administered in two ways: diluting it in a burette before giving it. It can also be administered intravenously through the use of intravenous cannula. Whereas the former is conventionally recommended, the latter is not. One of the ways of minimizing these conflicts like that between the student and RN is through a consensus between the two and as regards the treatment options; there ought to be clear guidelines on when each should be used (Scott-Tilley, 2008, p.7).

Deans (2005, p. 4), argues that ethical concepts are ideas that can help stakeholders within an organization to come up with best practices that abide by the moral demands and standards of that particular organization. Some of the ethical concepts that can guide the management are: Virtue and action. Virtue ethics normally border on ‘we should be’ whereas action ethics dwells on what must be done. From the case study, it is important that the management, through various policies promotes virtues and in situations like the case of the student and the RN, the management must take real while interrogating the effects of such action. This will depict the hospital management as a caring health provider (Jones, 2009, p.9).

Some of the legal frameworks that can assist the management in handling such gross professional conducts are; terminating the contracts of employees like the RN who are not adhering to the professional codes of conduct when dealing with patients and this will limit the number of legal suits arising from mistakes of RNs against the training facility (Axley, 2008, p.11).

The decision that must be taken as regards the issue from the case study is to suspend the NR pending investigations into claims of professional negligence and complacency that she demonstrated. The guiding principles of efficient monitoring and supervision in the training facility have promoted positive learning experiences. These are balanced when students are efficiently supervised and allowed to have an alternative approach to issues. The decision to suspend the RN pending investigations can be communicated through the training facility board of directors. The board will have an opportunity to deliberate on the best way of addressing the issue so that to safeguard the interests of the training facility.

In summary, there ought to be efficient monitoring and supervising of the training of nurses so as to produce highly skilled and positive minded medical practitioners.

References

Axley, L. (2008). Competency: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum 43(4), 214-221

Brammer, J.D, (2008). RN as gatekeeper: gate-keeping as monitoring and supervision Journal

of Clinical Nursing 17, 1868–1876

Curtis J, Bowen I & Reid A. (2007).You have no credibility: nursing students’ experiences of

horizontal violence. Nurse Education in Practice 7, 156–163

Deans, C. (2005). Medication errors and professional practice of registered nurses. Collegian,

12(1), 29–33

Dickson C, Walker J & Bourgeois S (2006). Facilitating undergraduate nurses clinical practicum:

the lived experience of clinical facilitators. Nurse Education Today 26, 416–422

Jones, S.W. (2009). Reducing medication administration errors in nursing practice. Nursing

Standard, 23(50), 40-46.

Kingsnorth-Hinrichs, J. (2009). Growing new graduates: It takes a village. RN 72(1), 40-

41, 44.

Lyneham, J., Parkinson, C., & Denholm, C. (2008).Explicating Benner’s concept of expert

practice: Intuition in emergency nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing 64 (4), 380-387.

Myrick F & Yonge O (2005).Nursing Preceptorship: Connecting Practice and Education.

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.

Ramritu PL & Barnard A (2001) New graduates’ understanding of competence. International

Nursing Review 48, 47–57.

Rischel, V., Larsen, K., & Jackson, K. (2008). Embodied dispositions or experience? Identifying

new patterns of professional competence.Journal of Advanced Nursing 61(5), 512-521.

Scott-Tilley, D. D. (2008). Competency in nursing: A concept analysis. The Journal of

Continuing Education in Nursing 39(2), 58-64.

Sulosaari, V., Suhonen, R., & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2010). An integrative review of the literature on

registered nurses’ medication competence. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, 464-478.

Critical analysis of the article, A Matter of Life and Death

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Critical analysis of the article, A Matter of Life and Death

Introduction

The article, A Matter of Life and Death, highlight medical cases in the western nations where medical professionals perform medical surgery on their patients in order to save their lives despite serious complications, which may arise from such operations. There are two possible discussion questions from these articles. The questions are as following; are the medical experts obliged to take such actions without the consent of the patients or their partners? Is this form of treatment fair to the patients since they are not originally from the US?

Body/analysis

The author takes his readers through research findings from one chapter to another with each chapter dealing with each issue at a time. For instance, he uses the first chapter to mention the families involved or families who have undergone these vices/ practices. This technique of the author using each chapter to introduce and analyze the topic of discussion helps the readers to take their time and understand the author`s point and arguments without much hustle. It shows that the author is sensitive and has the interests of his readers or audiences at heart. It implies that, the author yearns to be understood by anyone who reads his article. From this first analysis of the author`s style of writing, it is evident that he is a good writer and has good analysis skills. His analysis skills are expressed in his mode and style of writing and argument.

In the article, the author uses each chapter to support the next one throughout the article. For instance, the second chapter to some extent relies on the first one. The third chapter also relies on the second one and so forth. This style of writing is well calculated as it takes the audiences from step to another without much confusion. This style of writing works better for the audiences since it does not exhaust or derail them. This makes the readers or the audiences to enjoy the readings keeping them glued to the article until he or she finishes reading the piece. This also shows that the writer or author of the article has good oratory and writing skills since he engages his audiences from one-step to another.

Despite these good writing skills, the author made some fallacy while writing or researching for resources in order to come up with the article. For instance, he does not exhaust all the areas required in order for the audiences to synthesize and understand some parts of the article. For instance in the second chapter where the author gives account of the events where the patients who underwent medical surgery, he only gives brief information about the events. Some of the information from these chapters may be vague making it difficult for the audiences to understand the concept of the said chapter. The writer ought to have given a more detailed account of the events, which took place using simple and clear language understandable to the audiences.

Conclusion

From this analysis and review of the article, A Matter of Life and Death, it is evident to that the writer of the article has good writing skills. This is portrayed by his writing styles where he displays an organized mode of writing. For instance, he uses each chapter at a time to relay his points to the audience in a simple and organized manner. The author also uses a style by which each subsequent chapter depends on the previous one throughout the article. This makes it simple for the readers to keep track of each event throughout the reading. This makes the article a well-calculated piece. The form of treatment imposed on these patients is not fair since they are sidelined since they are natives of the US.

Critical analysis of the claim that healthy image issues are not brought about when young girls and toddlers participate in p

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Position Paper

The claim I will present at the end of my opening paragraph is that pageants for toddlers and young girls, do not create a healthy body image. In order to ensure that tourism levels in the United States progressed, the idea of beauty pageants came up. This initiative started in the year 1921, and up to date, many pageants’ for children are taking place all over the country. Parents are making their young toddlers and especially girls, to participate in beauty pageants. Most of them engage in this act, despite their children not being willing and even ignoring the impact, which it might have to the toddlers in the future (Neumark-Sztainer & Paxton & Hannon & Haines, 2006. 244).

This paper seeks to give a critical analysis of the claim that healthy image issues are not brought about when young girls and toddlers participate in pageants.

Critical analysis on the impact of pageants’ on young girls and toddlers in terms of health and body issues created

My first supporting statement is: sexualization is experienced by the young girls and toddlers as a result of participating in pageants.

This is an example of a fact.

I will need to provide the following backing to convince readers that my support is valid: 

There are many ways through, which sexualization occurs, when the young girls and toddlers participate in pageants. Most times, the contestants become aware of themselves and this is usually in a negative manner. They tend to ‘sexy’ practices and behaviors, which are witnessed in adult contestants. These can be through putting on fake lashes, having on excess make up, as well as putting on high heels, among other things (Neumark-Sztainer & Paxton & Hannon & Haines, 2006. 246).

The young participants are harmed by the culture that is extremely sex saturated at the various pageants. In turn, they develop negative psychological thoughts and behaviors concerning their body. According to studies done, in the future, such children are prone to have weight issues in the future. Often, they try every means possible to ensure that they have bodies, which resemble that of others participating in other pageants’. They can even go to extreme measures to ensure that they achieve the ideal weight by taking dangerous slimming pills, going on unhealthy diets, among others (Neumark-Sztainer & Paxton & Hannon & Haines, 2006. 249).

My second supporting statement is: Self image issues are raised as a result of the young girls and toddlers participating in pageants.

This is an example of an Interview.

I will need to provide the following backing to convince readers that my support is valid: I once was lucky to obtain the opportunity to meet a six year old girl, known as Ashley, who regularly participates in beauty pageants. According to her parents, enrolling her into the pageants is a mistake that they regret (Jones, 2011. 1). This is because their daughter has become excessively obsessed with her appearance and in particular her body appearance. It has reached a point whereby, she does not attend school because she sometimes wakes up feeling ‘fat’. Ashley frequently watches beauty pageant shows and even at school, she is known for being excessively concerned with her body and self image. Attempts to take Ashley to a children’s counselor have not yielded any efforts as she is still obsessed with her body image.

Indeed, it is true that pageants are causing young girls and toddlers problems related with their bodies. They seem to grow up knowing that being skinny is the in thing and if one is not, they are considered as being outcasts.

My third supporting statement is mental and physical health issues.

This is an example of a cause/effect prediction.

I will need to provide the following backing to convince readers that my support is valid: It is true that people who are obsessed with their weight and self image have a type of psychological problem. Since the young girls and toddlers are obsessed with appearing a certain way, they will often be affected mentally. In that, if they fail to resemble other pageant contestants they will probably become depressed, and others will suffer from anorexia or bulimia. This means that the source of the problem is participating in pageants and the effect is physical and mental health issues (Neumark-Sztainer & Paxton & Hannon & Haines, 2006. 250).

I will address the following counterarguments:

The counter argument concerning sexaulization is that they might be influenced to grow up having healthy bodies since, from childhood that are aware of its importance.

The counter argument, which exists concerning self image, is that the young girls and toddlers are aware of the importance of not being obese, and in turn, find ways to always keep in shape.

The counter argument, which exists concerning mental and physical health issues, is that the young girls and toddlers are influenced by their parents to engage in healthy eating habits. Also, parents play a vital role in ensuring that they influence and motivate their children positively.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is not advisable that parents enroll their young girls and toddlers in pageants. This is because the outcomes are extremely dangerous and may even lead to death in some situations. In turn, caution should be taken before children are enrolled in pageants.

Work Cited

Jones, Mary. (2011). Personal Interview.

Neumark-Sztainer, D. & Paxton, S. & Hannon, P. & Haines, J. ‘Does body satisfaction matter? Five-year longitudinal associations between body satisfaction and health behaviors in adolescent females and males,’ Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, (2006):244–51.

 

critical analysis of The Third Way

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Introduction

Introduction

The governance of any country has always been touted as having an incredible impact on the wellbeing of that country, as well as its populace. Throughout the human society, governance has mainly been founded on two ideologies namely socialism and capitalism. Different countries have taken up different ideologies in line with their interests (or the interests of the elites), all in an effort to enhance their wealth and wellbeing, both in the long-term and the short-term. On the same note, different ideologies have been found as effective in different times for different countries. In the case of Europe, a large part of its history has been leaning on leftist or socialist policies. In fact, the political geography of Europe at the end of the 20th century was predominantly governed by left-of-center governments, which took up 11 of the 15 European Union states. However, this number has been changing fast towards the right with only 8 of the states being under left-of-center government in 2002, a number that could continue reducing or changing. Not only has the moderate right returned to power, but the far right has also being incorporated in power. Questions, however, emerge on whether these changes are symbolizing an ideological transition where free markets have become more popular and applicable in the modern society. Scholars state that just as the grasp of power in the mid-90s did not mean that the European Union was leaning to the left, the electorate today may not be leaning to the right. The only reasons why the right may be performing well is because they have a more refined political outlook that is more appealing to a larger part of the population and even gotten rid of varied ideologies that made them less appealing to the electorate. In addition, the center-left was dogged by policy failure. However, as Giddens noted in an article in The Guardian, voters in these times are largely non-ideological taking neither the right nor the left. The varied weaknesses of the right and the left politics have given rise to a new political stand christened “The third way”. As a chief proponent of the third way, Giddens notes that the third way is based on two key elements. These are the reformation of welfare systems and labor markets so as to emphasize on creating jobs or enhancing employment, as well as the necessity of addressing varied issues that were traditionally under the domain of the right. The Third Way is essentially Giddens’ political philosophy that has the sole aim of redefining social democracy for globalization or post- Cold War era. Giddens’ main argument, in this case, is that the political concepts pertaining to the right and the left are crumbling down mainly because they do not present a clear alternative to capitalism. These are the ideas that informed Giddens’ book, “The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy”. In this book, Giddens comes up with a framework that underlines justification for the “third way”, as well as a broad set of policy proposals that mainly aim at taking British politics towards the progressive center-left.

On the overall, The Third Way is mainly composed of a description of the current situation in which the European Union is after the crumbling of socialism. The book circles around five dilemmas that the European Union faces. First, he notes that globalization has given an entirely new meaning to sovereignty, government and nationhood. In addition, he notes that there is an entirely new individualism that, though not necessarily selfish, underlines the notion that the social solidarity may never again be imposed from the top to the bottom. As much as there is an element of dynamicity in the distinctions between the right and the left, the left is seen as more sympathetic to equality and social justice. Third, Giddens underlines the fact that some jobs can only be undertaken by governments, irrespective of the fact that the effectiveness of pressure groups is increasing relative to the influence of politicians (Giddens 6b). He notes, however, that there exists some problems such as the European Union’s future, global warming and devolution, pertaining to which it is imperative that people think in the line of left vs. right. Lastly, he notes that as much as there may be exaggeration of environmental dangers, experts often differ in which case it would be dangerous to be optimistic about them.

The book seems to be specifically addressed to the left, to whom it throws two key challenges. First, it challenges the left to be more attentive to issues that fall outside the left-right range or spectrum. While he agrees with Norberto Bobbio’s thesis to the effect that the distinction between the left and right is crucial and that inequality remaining at its core. He, however, believes that a large number of ideas that fall within the spectrum of left-right politics have been entirely neglected (David 13). These include global warming and devolution, as well as the question on whether work should remain a key life value. Secondly, Giddens challenges social democrats to reevaluate the role that welfare plays in the society. He opines that welfare is undemocratic and does not offer enough space to personal liberty, not to mention the fact that it may be inefficient, bureaucratic and alienating (Giddens 13a). However, he does not agree with those in the right as to having these reasons as sufficient to eliminate the welfare state rather it should be a clarion call for reforming the welfare state (Giddens 13a). Giddens feels that nongovernmental organizations should be used to channel money in instances where it would be efficient to do that and use such finances in a manner that results in recapturing of public space, strengthens civil liberalism and establishes a more open, democratic and cosmopolitan or broad-based society.

The ideas outlined in this book may be further understood by examining Giddens musings in 1999. Giddens quotes recent sociological research done in the United States, Germany and Britain, noting that it challenges social democratic and traditional socialist policy. This research raised questions pertaining to the response of traditional left-of-center to poverty, as well as the related social problems (The higher education, 3). He notes that the research places emphasis on the necessity of the third way, as well as its importance. Giddens notes that while the left may have seen the poor as victims, most people react actively to their lives. He underlined the importance of a well-funded welfare, as well as a welfare system that catered for people’s needs rather than creating dependencies. Given that socialism as a doctrine may be dead, Giddens advocates for the establishment of a capitalist society that is more humane and incorporates the values that were predominantly seen as for the left including protecting the weak, solidarity and equality (The Higher Education 11).

The key aim of the book was finding a way that goes beyond market fundamentalism, as well as the traditional social democracy and apply the framework to a broad range of political problems right from those of a global scale to those that people have in their everyday life. He acknowledges that capitalism, when left on its own, is economically inefficient, incapable of reproducing itself in the long-term, as well as socially divisive (Giddens 3a). It is imperative that social democrats are preoccupied with establishing public goods, public institutions and public realm after the long instance in which the market based policies were the in-thing. He notes that the public sphere is note tantamount to the state. It is imperative that the reformation of the state is emphasized on especially in instances where it does not respond to the concerns of the citizens, where it has evolved into overly bureaucratic or been captured by the interests of the producers. Social democrats must recognize and deploy the distinctive qualities of the markets, especially it fluidity and ability to respond to numerous pricing signals, as well as stimulate growth (Giddens 14b). However, it is imperative that the markets are regulated so as to shape them and channel their efforts to public purpose. This is especially with regards to regulating the world financial markets which make up the single most pressing problem in the world economy.

As much as the book comes as incredibly comprehensive, it goes without saying that it suffers the risk of simplicity. Mr. Giddens has admitted that he is merely offering an outline. However, scholars note that this comes as a deceptive category of modesty especially considering that the claims that he puts forward are essentially an integrated political program that encompasses every key sector of the society (David 34). However, scholars note that Giddens should have brought about at least a new proposal that has the capacity to ruffle some feathers or that is a bit radical. The problems that the European Union is facing cannot be eliminated through the same strategies that have been proposed in the past. Some element of radicalism is imperative, but is lacking in the integrated political program that Giddens advances. The program is ultimately a list of traditional appeals to what scholars call civic virtue, where every bet has been avoided and all hard choices evaded. The ideas that are presented here are simply similar to what can, without any risk whatsoever, be incorporated in any social democratic party’s manifesto in an effort to mend up its tattered image. This is seen as the case for Giddens who was a chief economist for Tony Blair.

On the same note, there is confusion as to why he should be addressing the book to social democrats and make a raft of proposals on what they should do to reform their policies, yet call upon capitalism to make changes, as well so as to be more responsive to the concerns of the public or the electorate. In essence, it is unclear where the author aims at effecting the changes or even what he sees as the best alternative of governance for the European Union in the short-term and the long-term (David 45). This, however, does not negate the fact that the book would make an awesome read for individuals who aim at understanding where the different forms of governance go wrong, as well as what strategies would come in handy in solving the problems.

Works cited

Giddens, Anthony. The Third Way. Cambridge: Polity, 1998. Print.

Giddens, Anthony. The third way can beat the far right: By modernising, liberalising and being tough on immigration. The Guardian, 2002 Retrieved 2nd March 2013 from HYPERLINK “http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2002/may/03/eu.thefarright” http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2002/may/03/eu.thefarright

Giddens, Anthony. The Third Way Revisited. Social Europe Journal, 2010 Retrieved 2nd April from HYPERLINK “http://www.social-europe.eu/2010/11/the-third-way-revisited/” http://www.social-europe.eu/2010/11/the-third-way-revisited/

The Higher Education. Giddens defends third-way politics. The Higher Education, 1999. Retrieved 2nd April from from HYPERLINK “http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/148571.article” http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/148571.article

David, Halpin. Hope and Education: The Role of the Utopian Imagination, London: Routledge, 2003. Print

Critical Analysis of Thirty Years of Global Leadership Training A Cross-Cultural Odyssey

Critical Analysis of Thirty Years of Global Leadership Training: A Cross-Cultural Odyssey

The interesting article is by Randall White and Sandra Shullman (2012), who are known professionals in the field of human resources. The authors of this journal article first focused on leadership principles and emphasize was on the American form of leadership, which seems to be practiced in emerging nations. The sectors that are most likely to benefit are educational and consulting services as compared to other sectors. Furthermore, American leadership principles will not be practiced by the emerging societies for long because they have to come up principles accepted in their society. The various leadership models and principles are often influenced by the culture that exists in a given society. The argument presented by White and Shullman (2012) is that human resources consultants should have a business survival strategy as well as an ethical obligation. It will ensure that they do not completely assume value and model of American leadership from its engagement. Consultants need to ensure that all learners have critical thinking skills as well have knowledge of the local cultures. It is vital to know if western principles can be well adjusted to meet the demands of the local and corporate cultures. This will be possible if a classroom learning approach is used as well as other methods, such as training. The authors refer to the approach as learning with partners who in this case are the clients.

The fact that White and Shullman (2012) are trained psychology professionals means that they are able to understand how people function and thus influence them to become better leaders. There has been an increase in the number of companies that need the services of organizational consultants based on various reasons. These include the 2008 financial crisis, which created competitive and new opportunities for the various developing and emerging markets. The emerging nations have been successful because they became aware on the importance of leadership. In turn, they were able to compete with superpowers who failed to succeed in their investment and banking ventures. It is true that many nations are now employing their own nationals to head their organizations because such individuals are informed about their nation’s business leadership models. An example of a country that now employs many leaders from the East is China (Osland, 2001). However, the western leadership model is still in demand and the reason why many nations have acquired the services of the Executive Development Group.

There are four key themes and factors that are extremely important in International organizational consultation. They are; the unique situation, the client as being privileged or elite, the consultant as a stranger, and the influence of local customs and multiculturalism on corporate culture. The work place is affected in many ways by the existing national and local culture. Westerners who want to work in other nations need to be fully informed on leadership styles as well as the customs of the country where they want to do business. Both authors know that corporate culture tends to be influenced by multiculturalism. In most international companies the employees usually come from different parts of the world and thus bring their cultures to the workplace. It is quite unfortunate that in most organizations, a huge variation exists with regards to reinforced and practiced multicultural attitudes (White & Shullman, 2012).

A corporation tends to have different corporate cultures depending on where it is situated. For example, the Shell company in the United States has a different corporate culture than one situated in a developing country. This means that leaders of multinational companies have most influence in their corporate office found in their home country. Therefore, an intersection is created between the local and corporate culture, and the integration and identification of unique talent becomes a challenge. Corporate culture in a multicultural organization does not have a huge impact on cross-cultural differences and conflicts. Individuals at the workplace sometimes tend to solve challenges depending on their culture. This means that they ignore the existing corporate culture as they believe that it does not compare to their beliefs (Osland, 2001).

In any consultation, when meeting a client, certain protocols have to be met in order for it to be successful. In this case an outsider or a stranger in a new environment has many advantages. It is a known fact that many global organizations have at one point interacted with Americans at the work place. When a meeting between a client and consultant it taking place, differences are ignored so as to achieve the desired goals. The key goal of a consultant is to deliver knowledge despite there being language barriers. Clients are usually well informed that American consultants are knowledgeable because they follow protocol. White and Shullman (2012) believe that it is possible to train expatriates to have the desirable traits needed at the work place. When the role of a stranger is practiced by a consultant they can conduct their work without any prejudice. Leaders should also act as strangers so that they have a positive impact on their organizations.

Leaders are motivated by different reasons when they want to climb up the success ladder. It is suggested that a number of high-performing and high-potential executives display the mystery-seeking behavior. They succeed in new environments as they are highly motivated to find out what they have never experienced before. Culture seems to affect how leadership positions are given in some organizations. For example in India, a woman or a person from a lower caste may not get a high-ranking job because of the existing culture and traditions. Depending on the organization, western leadership should be tailor made to fit in with the corporate culture (White & Shullman, 2012).

Consultants have a task of addressing cooperate cultural and multicultural responsibilities. An organization has to be analyzed well so that all the elements of corporate culture are known and this will make consulting easy. Clients will at times need the services of consultants even without prior notice and this means that the consultants should always be prepared (Chhokar & Brodbeck & House, 2007). Faith, politics, customs and language differences need to be kept in mind when consulting in international and domestic nations. Most times, the organization’s mission statement dictates the way forward with regards to establishing leadership traits among executives.

American leadership is viewed both negatively and positively depending on the perception of the person making their opinion known. Sometimes, clients want to be taught about American leadership principles and models, but this does not mean that they practice it in their organizations. Learning international English ensures that consultants remain cultural sensitive and effective. They should also keep in mind that some words are interpreted differently depending on how they are used. White and Shullman (2012) have provided some unique examples of some words such as ‘naïve’ and ‘collaborator’ which are used differently depending on a culture. Working with translators is seen to be effective as they are responsible as they act as a link between the client and the consultant. They have to be provided all the relevant information to avoid encountering any challenges. The learning approach has proven to be effective as it enables students to give their input with regards to translation. The various experiences with translation ensure that more knowledge is gained because of the different perspectives.

It is interesting to note that organizations value the input of consultants because they provide them with a non-biased view point. However, it is such a pity that gender and race issues continue to affect consultations. Most corporations still prefer white males who are Americans to provide them with consultancy services. White and Shullman (2012) claim that men of color and women are quite few in the corporate world. They should have instead said that the numbers are increasing because cultural barriers are now being removed. Terms of engagement has been proven to pose a challenge especially when referring to established customs and procedures. Therefore, the authors are correct to claim that before signing a contract all aspects of the consultation should be known.

A lot of emphasize has been put on the importance of cross-cultural awareness as well as making sure that clients always benefit. It has been proven that when individuals learn they gain knowledge and thus overcome any feelings of prejudice. Many professionals in human resources will agree that culture is as important as corporate culture. Communication channels should exist in large co operations as they influence how people will respond to corporate culture. The article has been successful in addressing the fact that it is vital to respect other cultures while maintaining personal values. Human resource professionals should ensure that they motivate individuals so that they choose leadership models and principles that will suit them best (Osland, 2001).

The article by White and Shullman (2012) has provided in depth information about global leadership. Furthermore, it has focused on leadership based upon a cross-cultural context. The information from the other notable authors has ensured that the topic has been well analyzed and addressed. The authors have spent many years consulting in the international arena and thus their input is valid. Human resources interested in the field of consultancy will benefit from this article for various reasons. Firstly, they will learn how to respect the culture and customs of their clients. Secondly, they will help develop better leaders who have multicultural knowledge (Chhokar & Brodbeck & House, 2007). In turn, this will assist in ensuring that once the consultancy work is over they improve the organization.

In conclusion, future leaders have to undergo the needed learning and training required for them to compete effectively in the globalised environment. Part of an organization’s vision is to ensure that it has a corporate culture that accommodates different cultures. The article proved that people can be trained to acquire leadership skills that make them quite effective at the workplace. However, the authors should have provided some information on cross-cultural leadership in some African countries, such as South Africa and Nigeria, and how they view American leadership models and principles. Furthermore, it would have made the article offer more knowledge concerning the issue discussed. Therefore, the article has been quite beneficial as the issues of culture and leadership are addressed appropriately by the authors.

References

Chhokar, J. & Brodbeck, F. & House, R. (2007). Culture and Leadership across the World. The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Osland, J. (2001). The quest for transformation: The process of global leadership development. London, England: Quorum Books.

White, Randall. & Shullman, Sandra. (2012).Thirty Years of Global Leadership Training: A Cross-Cultural Odyssey. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 64, 4, 268.

Critical analysis of Wal-Mart

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Wal-Mart

Prominently recognized as one of the most successful discount stores globally, Wal-Mart is an international chain of discount department stores that is involved with the sales of various commodities and products (Lichtenstein 1). The company runs a number of retail stores, as well as, warehouse stores, which are exploited for the supply and sales of various goods and services for its consumers. Specifically, the company owns a total of 8500 retail store in an estimated 15 countries worldwide, hence allowing the company to generate a considerable amount of annual revenue as compared to its competitors (Lichtenstein 5). Accordingly, the company has been ranked as one of the largest employers as compared to its competitors as it employs over 2 million people worldwide. The company has also made the list for the top 20 largest corporations in the world, making it an interest for academicians in the field of business and management (Lichtenstein 12). Researchers have demonstrated a considerable degree of curiosity regarding the business approach that the company embraces in running its operations for success. Accordingly, researchers have examined the business strategies that the company utilizes for its success, illustrating every single decision that the company makes with regards to prices, products, and other operational activities (Emek 204). Research studies illustrate that the strengths and weaknesses of the company’s business operations are reliant on the fact that the company makes available products and services at a discounted rate. However, even with its success, environmentalist, labor unions, business organizations, and other community groups for its business approaches have criticized some of the company’s business strategies (Ingram 53). These groups have protested against the company’s product policies, entertainment policies, as well as, their well-famed discount policies.

This paper presents a critical analysis of Wal-Mart. Specifically, the paper examines Wal-Mart as a one-stop shopping store, an entertainment center, as well as, the imp0lication of this. The paper also evaluates Wal-Mart’s provision of discounts, illustrating the various criticism’s of Wal-Mart’s discount offers.

One-Stop Shopping Store

The concept of Wal-Mart being a one-stop shopping store has been associated with the company’s overall success in the retail industry (Emek 204). This is because the company’s consumers are provided with access to all of their preferred goods and commodities all under one roof. A recent survey on this business reveals that the customers to the business a find this strategy as efficient and beneficial to them as they can purchase all goods from one shop as opposed to different shops. With this strategy, customers can be assured of purchasing all commodities that they want at a discounted price, which in turn increases the customer base for the organization. This strategy, however, is not favored among the company’s competitors. Especially those that are concentrated on the sale of specific goods and services. Fundamentally, this business strategy has seen such competing companies lose their customers to Wal-Mart, owing to the discounted prices that the company offers to its consumers (Emek 208). Only those customers who have access to a considerable amount of income can purchase products from specialty stores, leaving those that cannot do this to purchase similar items from retail stores such as Wal-Mart. Contrastingly, Wal-Mart has also been criticized for going against its one-stop shopping store rule because of their exclusion of the sale of certain products and commodities. Some of the products that have recently been excluded from Wal-Mart’s shelves include certain magazines, RIAA music albums, and emergency contraception among other things. Their exclusion of such products goes against their “one-stop shopping” strategy, thus illustrating some of the company’s problems regarding their business strategies.

Entertainment

Wal-Mart has also been credited for its ability to provide entertainment to its consumers during their shopping period. Entertainment offered in this store is in the form of games and movies that are aimed at marketing the company to its consumers, as well as, their potential markets (Panle 1263). Research studies illustrate that small towns are quickly putting Wal-Mart at the top most consideration for their source of entertainment. Instead of visiting other entertainment stores for their services, consumers in such towns are quickly engaging in entertaining activities at Wal-Mart. There are various implications of Wal-Mart’s entertainment provision especially in relation to plummeting some educative entertainment activities for consumers. Accessing entertainment at Wal-Mart reduces access to other outdoor activities for consumers. Consumers are unable to engage in physically demanding activities thus reducing their chances of healthy living. The production of their own movies at a subsidized price has also seen consumerism behavior change, as more consumers shun away from the real entertainment production houses and instead seek these services from Wal-Mart. In essence, offering entertainment by Wal-Mart has changed the way Consumers behave with regards to purchasing entertainment products and services.

Discounts

Offering discounts is the business strategy that Wal-Mart is well-famed for (Emek 214). The company has embraced offering products at a discounted price as their primary business strategy, which has enabled the company to succeed in the industry. Not only has this strategy increased the company’s customer share, it has also increased revenues for the company. The enormity of Wal-Mart has also been associated with this business strategy as it provides access to numerous products and services by the company. However, this strategy has also been linked with various criticisms of Wal-Mart regarding employee rights, abuse of power and constant conflict with suppliers. With relation to employee rights, the company has been accused of underpaying their employees and reducing employee benefits, something that is goes out of the requirement for the labor unions. Providing discounts on the products sold in their company forces Wal-Mart to search for other economically feasible options to support this price reduction. The most viable option for the company, is therefore, cutting down the wages and salaries of employees in the company. in addition to this, Wal-Mart has also been accused of employing illegal employees and children so as to maintain their operations and sales costs at a balance owing to their discount strategy. Wal-Mart’s discount strategy has also been linked with some of the problems that the company faces with regards to suppliers. Wal-Mart has been indicted of using “monopsony” power to force their suppliers into producing products the best way that suits the company. More specifically, the issuance of discounts for their products and services has forced suppliers to re-invent their operational strategies and activities, which in most cases does not favor the supplier, as they are forced into loses. For example, most suppliers to Wal-Mart are being forced to shut down their operations or lay off their workers so as to balance operational costs with the cost of sales for their products and services.

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