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Crown Cork and Seal Company

Introduction

Crown Cork and Seal Company is a very popular manufacturing organization known for the production of high quality cans either for food or beverage packaging. Its high profile has over the years been attributed to good management and skill among the workers. Generally, in business, a company’s success is mostly reliant on the commitment of the managers, the level of competence among the employees/workers and most importantly, the ability to make timely decisions and to use skill and due care in cases of emergency. These are qualities that were evidently observed in the manufacturing firm. It is also worth noting that the success of the firm which backdates to 1982 has seen it grow and establish many branches in different regions, thus, increasing their capacity. Though it is based in the United States, financial analysts have also established that its popularity has grown tremendously in other countries as well. This is evident from the economic fact that it earns a greater percentage of its income/returns from outside than within. Due to these factors, the firm has been subject to massive competition from rivals trying to break even in the same field. Similarly, we realize the application of the Porter’s Five Forces in the management of the firm which it partly owes to its success. Thus, this paper is aimed at discussing the Porter concepts and their application in the business which has clearly led to its success in the field.

The ‘Porter’s Five Forces’ is basically used for industry analysis, the study of common and different trends in the particular industry and how they affect other firms in the same field. This is because for a field to qualify to be an industry, it must have enough firms that deal in the same kind of production and engage in healthy competition. This concept breaks down the operations of an industry into very fine details that enable a person understand the mystery behind success or failure in business. We realize that most companies, like humans, form a time plan and set targets regarding their operations and where they wish to be in a number of years from a particular time. This is almost unachievable without considering the actual environment which they are dealing with and the competition. Most importantly, when an organization especially a manufacturing firm is not well aware of the its strengths and weaknesses and those of the competing firms, chances that it will reach its target in the industry are limited. However, knowing the above mentioned factors will be a step forward towards making a boom in the market. When the firms are competing on the same level, it will be right to define it as healthy competition with a balance, thus, any advantage over another will be due to unique skills exhibited.

The different Porter Five Forces that analyze industries and their competitive capabilities in the field include:

Buyer Power

Basically, this is an application of the influence of the buyers in the industry and their capability of controlling the existing prices. This comes down to the demand and supply forces that are attributed to the control of market prices. In an industry, buyers may be ranked in different categories depending on the frequency of usage and the contribution to a firm’s general revenue. Similarly, the loss likely to be suffered should the ‘important’ buyers decide to switch should be considered since in most cases, they determine the stability of the manufacturing firm. All these factors are dependent on the number of buyers, if many, they are controlled by the firm, if few, they can easily determine the prices of the goods or services sold.

The metal cans industry that Crown Cork and Seal competed in 1989 was aced by similar circumstances that distinguished one firm’s ability from another. A detailed analysis by (Bradley, 2005) reveals that the many firms in the industry had not achieved the full capacity of controlling their products and were not able to distinguish their goods as well. The choices that were made available to the buyers were limited due to inability to differentiate which product belonged to which firm specifically. Consequently, buyers would prefer the ones with lower prices without much consideration of the manufacturer. This gave them the power over the prices that were set for them in the market, thus they had to be lowered to their expectations or better still standardized to ensure healthy competition. (Bradley, 2005) also noted that where the buyers purchased the cans, they did not use them as a final commodity. Instead, they were used by food companies to package their product to ready market. As has been proved by business, this kind of transacting would be done at the lowest prices possible, thus, the prices were dropped to almost the cost prices to ensure survival of the firms.

Supplier Power

Under this force, an analysis of the behavior of the suppliers of input is required. The study of economics has proved that there are different factors that drive the demand and supply forces, thus, they may be elastic, inelastic or unitary. These can be derived by the consideration of the uniqueness of the inputs used and the readiness in availability of the suppliers. It can also be determined by the level of control the supplier has over the client which in this case is the Crown Cork and Seal Company. In a case where the company at hand needs the suppliers less than they need them, they will find it easier to manage the cost of production since they are partially in control of the products used as input. When the firm is aware of these issues, the management can plan ahead and be aware of the issues to expect.

According to Bradley, (2005), “The metal container industry, representing 61% of all packaged products in the United States in 1989, produced metal cans … industrial goods.” We realize that the industry was quite competitive when it came to the inputs supplied for production. Similarly, suppliers of the metals that were later on manufactured and transformed into finished packaging cans were diverse and did not necessarily concentrate on one field. Thus, we realize that the organization’s assurance for ready market gave them an upper hand over the suppliers. Where the metal providers had large numbers that needed ready market, the manufacturing firm in question controlled the prices since they could offer the ready market. Thus, unexpected increase in prices was avoidable which gave the Crown Cork and Seal a competitive advantage over the other firms in the same production.

Competitor Power

It is worth noting that in most business set ups, competition is what leads to innovation and coming up with new ideas that will enable each firm survive in the market and maintain its clients. An industry without competition is likely to lack innovation, maintain the same level of profits and under certain circumstances, operate at break even point with no profits to show. Researchers have in most cases compared the concept of competition as a case of survival for the fittest and only the strong ones survive. In business, a firm which cannot use innovation and creativity to improve its products and boost its performance is likely to be kicked out and considered unable to cope with the existing situation.

In the metal can industry where Crown Cork and Seal Company belonged, (Bradley, 2005) states/argues that the level of competition was not satisfactory. Though the mentioned firm stood out, it may have been attributed to the competence and unique abilities of their management team that made decisions and worked towards distinguishing the firm. The industry was there fore characterized with dropping profits that in almost all the cases moved towards break even. Had there been competition and desire to get ranked higher, different and much more improved cans could have been seen which would be a good step forward for the industry and the buyers who would appreciate them more. According to Bradley, (2005), “competing cans ere made of identical materials to identical specifications on practically identical machinery…. in a given market.” This goes as far to show the lack of advancement and uniqueness. To distinguish themselves from this industry trend, the new management team headed by John Connelly worked towards the fact that not only efficiency was needed for improvement but rather, quality was key. The creation of uniqueness and consistent improvement of the quality offered would give competitive advantage and ensure healthy competition.

Threat of Substitutes

Substitutes are generally products from different manufacturers, different kind but serve the same purpose as the product in question. Buyers of the commodity could therefore decide on which product to buy and incase of extreme prices or reduction in quality of the other, they could easily shift. In this kind of circumstances, they are forced to ensure the quality is very high and that the services offered to their clients are too good to easily let go. This goes as far as affecting the price elasticity of the commodity. It is relatively higher where there are readily available substitutes for the product.

In the case of the metal can industry, the substitutes were not as much as would be expected. Since the production was of metal cans, possible substitutes would be glass or even plastic. Though not as much, Bradley, (2005) stated that, “… the 1980s, plastics were … with its share growing from 9% to 18% in nine years. This was a substitute that would have easily been taken care of by the metal industry. We realize that most soft drinks at the time were also packed in glass bottles, for instance, coca cola. Thus, due to the reasons discussed regarding competition, the metal industry was not as willing to make sure they ruled the market, thus, gave substitutes a relatively higher competitive advantage. It was more likely for them to grow because of the obvious innovation and most organizations that needed cans resolve to use the substitutes rather than the metal. The Crown Cork and Seal Company competed in this kind of industry where the substitutes were an actual threat to the growth of the metal industry. These are all economically proven and with the technological changes and innovation in today’s industry, consistent growth is unavoidable.

Threat of New Entry

The power and ability of the existing firms in a specific industry to control their operations is highly reliant on the ease of new firms to enter the industry and adopt similar kind of production. To ensure this does not happen easily, he industry must set its standards high and make it very difficult for other firms likely to create competition to join. This is usually in terms of costs, technology, quality and economies of scale. Where the costs of joining are high, most firms will shy away from joining since they will find it very difficult to raise the capital or risk on a very high priced investment. (Bradley, 2005) argues that the ease with which one could join the metal industry was quite high due to their inability o make the standards high. As discussed in competition, where there is little competition prices tend to go very low. With low prices, the entry of new firms became very affordable, thus, control of the industry became quite difficult.

Conclusion

It is worth noting that the Porter’s Five Forces are very important factors to consider when trying penetrating a market. To ensure stability of an individual firm, they have to ensure that the five are considered so that the way forward can also be determined. It would be challenging, as has been seen for Crown Cork and Seal, to succeed in a relaxed industry. However, though the industry was not as active, the management of the firm is credited with the ability to improve the situation and make the company competitive.

References:

Bradley, S. (2005). Crown Cork and Seal in 1989. Harvard Business School.

Section 1 Identification Questions

Name

Professor’ name

Course

Date

Section 1: Identification Questions

“Bread, Land, and Liberty” was a slogan for Puerto Rico’s Newly formed party, the Popular Democratic Party (PPD). Led by Marin, the slogan symbolized three symbols that galvanized the military-political struggle.

Luis Muñoz Marin was a journalist, statesman and politician. In 1948, he became the first Governor of Puerto Rico to be elected democratically.

Rio Piedras Massacre was a peaceful massacre in Ponce, Puerto Rico, that led to the killing of over 19 Puerto Ricans and wounding of more than 200 others.

Jose Campeche y Jordan was a Puerto Rican painter that is known for his painting and religious imagery.

Julia de Burgos was a renowned celebrated literary icon whose themes of feminism, love, migration, blackness, nationalism, and nature helped birth the Nuyorican movement of 1960.

Nuyorican is a term used to refer to an individual of Puerto Rican descent that is a former or current resident of New York City.

A gag law prevents the public disclosure of information on a specific issue.

Downes v. Bidwell was a 1901 case in which the Supreme Court made the decision as to whether the territories of the United States were subject to the protections and provisions of the U.S constitution.

Pedro Albizu Campos was the leading figure in the independence movement of Puerto Rico.

Operation Bootstrap is the name that was given to numerous projects that transformed the Puerto Rican economy into a more developed and industrial one.

Section 2: Short Answer Questions

What attracted Puerto Ricans to Hartford after World War II was that they had an opportunity to apply their skills and intellect to their economy. Back home, the Puerto Rican economy was shifting from a mono-cultural economy to a platform of export factory production.

The United States became involved with Puerto Rico in a bid to liberate the inhabitants from the Spanish colonial rule that had recently imposed limited autonomy on its government.

The PPD party advocates that the United States should continue as a commonwealth but with self-governance. The Nationalist Party, on the other hand, had the primary goals to liberate Puerto Rico and attain independence.

The Foraker Act made it possible for Puerto Rico to have a civil government leading to free travel between the United States and Puerto Rico.

Operation Bootstrap was a policy for development that was enacted after World War II in Puerto Rico to attain rapid industrialization of the economic structure of the island.

Essay Question 3:

How Puerto Rico Attained Self Government

Puerto Rico has been under the colonial rule of the Spanish empire for more than 400 years. The island became a sovereign nation in 1897 after signing the Charter of Autonomy by the-then Spanish Prime Minister, Praxades Mateo Sagasta. However, it was not until 1948 that Puerto Rico attained self-government. This was after Congress instructed the people of Puerto Rico to choose their governor in the general election of 1948. Around the same time, Congress came up with a line of succession in the event of the governor’s temporary absence or disability. This essay details the United States’ takeover of Puerto Rico, including the conditions and events that led to the takeover.

Illiteracy, poverty, disease, and malnutrition pervaded the Puerto Rican population at the time. These social stresses ignited a wave of low-income workers to move to the United States in the 1930s. At the time, the rate of unemployment was about 65%. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Puerto Rico’s strategic value for the United States centered around military and economic interests. The island was valuable to the United States policymakers as it served as an outlet for extra manufactured goods. It also served as a key naval station for the Caribbean.

In July 1898, towards the end of the American-Spanish war, the United States invaded Puerto Rico. The island was Spain’s possession. Without much resistance, the U.S. troops managed to secure the land. After signing an armistice with Spain, the island was handed over to the U.S forces on October 18, 1898 (Duany, 47). General John R. Brooke was appointed military governor. In December, the war between America and Spain came to an end following the signing of the Treaty of Paris. This officially marked the cession of the island to the United States.

During the first 30 years of its rule, the United States government had made efforts to Americanize the island. This included granting Puerto Ricans full United States citizenship in 1917. They had also taken steps to make English the island’s national language. But in the 1930s, the Popular Democratic Party started a nationalist movement across the island, further opposing the United States’ assimilation. Starting in 1948, Puerto Ricans started electing a governor. In 1952 the United States Congress approved the island’s Constitution. The constitution qualified Puerto Rico to be an independent United States commonwealth, and its inhabitants retained American citizenship. Puerto Rico’s constitution was formally adopted on July 25, 1952. After gaining support across the island, movements for Puerto Rican statehood and other movements have gained popularity. In a recent referendum held in 2020 to decide Puerto Rico’s status, the majority of the people voted for its statehood.

In closing, before Puerto Rico became a self-governing state, it used to be a possession of the United States. However, Spanish colonizers had claimed the land for over three decades before the U.S troops invaded the island and seized power. Puerto Rico did not elect its first governor until 1948, although its constitution became formally adopted after a few years.

Works Cited

Duany, Jorge. Puerto Rico: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press, 2017.

Crown Prosecution Service

Crown Prosecution Service

Name:

Institution: Crown Prosecution Service

The establishment of the 1986, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) was brought about by the 1985, Prosecution of Offences Act and the 1984, PACE (Police and Criminal Evidence) Act 1984 (PACE) (Slapper & Kelly, p. 433). The CPS is in charge of prosecuting criminal cases, on behalf of the state, which are investigated by the police in Wales and England. The 1988, Legal Aid Act makes it possible for defendants facing court appearances and on low incomes, the chance to receive legal assistance for free. In the past, Access to Justice Act (s12) of 1999 directed the Legal Services Commission (LSC) to have a Criminal Defence Service (CDS) set up. The 1999, Access to Justice Act also provided for public defenders appointment (Griffiths & Pritchard, 2010, p. 224). This has the implication that, each individual person arrested for a crime, in spite of his or her status, is legally unrestricted to have an independent and a free legal representative present, prior to the commencement of police interviews. The Crown Prosecution Service will focus on criticism while at the same time identifying and evaluating CPS’s functions, as well as, its applicability in defence during criminal trials. In addition, the paper will also focus on identifying and discussing sentencing powers as well as limitations that are accessible by a Judge during a particular criminal case.

Prior to establishment of the CPS in 1986, the police conducted prosecutions that were presented by the state. Most of the people took into consideration that crime investigation should be treated separately from hearing cases as well as that that conflicts the role played by the police during prosecution. The passing of the PACE Act that was led by the Phillips Commission stated that, in England and Wales, there was no uniform system of prosecution. According to Griffiths & Pritchard (2010) the English Criminal Justice system could be described as an adversarial system; however, the system has shifted slightly to towards an inquisitorial system so as to increase efficiency and increasing the role of the judge through for instance judicial case management (Griffiths & Pritchard, 2010, p. 216). Establishment of CPS was mainly focused on conforming specific roles and functions. The mentioned roles and functions included making of decisions especially on which kind of offences should be charged and case reviews to ensure sufficiency of the evidence to commence a criminal case, and the responsibility for the case and other functions. Nevertheless the Crown Prosecution Service, for most of its time, never partakes in its functions and roles efficiently thus one of CPS criticisms is its figure of discontinued cases.

As mentioned earlier, the CPS has four principal functions consisting of which offences should be charged, ensuring that that there is adequate evidence by reviewing the case files before its commencement, the CPS is also accountable for the cases presented by the police. The CPS is also in charge of prosecuting cases that are in the Crown, as well as, Magistrates Courts. Nevertheless, not each and every one the mentioned functions are carried out in a reasonable standard unveiling some of the criticisms of CPS’ functions and roles. Some of the key criticisms were in the number of cases that had been discontinued. For instance, it was evident that Crown Prosecution Service was accountable for over thirty-eight percent of cases that were dropped in 2004. This was one of the reasons which formed the basis of delays that consequently resulting to unorthodox increment of tax of over 173 million pounds where 24 million pounds was due to Crown Prosecution Service. An example of a case which highlights CPS failures is the assassination of Dr. Joan Francisco, in the year 1993.

Fundamentally, CPS was created in order to present police investigation facts, as well as, aid in determining genuineness of a trial. Authority to make decisions of whether or not a defendant ought to be prosecuted lies on CPS and the DPP (Director of Public Prosecutions) who is the head of CPS enjoys separate powers to, or control the bringing of certain prosecutors (Griffiths & Pritchard, 2010, p.249). A situation of socio-economic status, although unwittingly, may be discriminated against by the police agencies. Sanders (1985) aptly states that, “class bias is a recurring theme in criminal justice study” (Sanders 1985, p.176). Therefore, the Crown Prosecution Service has an obligation to prove devoid of doubt that a crime was committed prior to a conviction been secured.

The other principal responsibility of the CPS is testing evidence for admissibility, as well as, reliability before trial. Nevertheless, Crown Prosecution Service has been under serious scrutiny and profound criticism by Police agencies. This is evident in the Guildhall Report (1999) for the huge figures of cases being acquitted or dropped by the Crown Courts because of poor case management. The CPS has been re-organized due to such criticisms. Currently, they are now split into forty two areas with each district having a Crown Court Prosecutor; moreover, CPS staff at the moment is located in police stations to ensure that they provide necessary advice the agencies during trail. Such significant participations have brought in, considerable changes but the move appears challenging especially in the establishment of the CPS in the first place. Nevertheless, CPS plays a crucial function in making sure that justice is served.

The defense’s core intentions could be provision of advisory the defendant. This can be seen in their principal prosecution’s course of action, which may be pending; prosecution’s case assessment, arguing in opposition to it were indispensable, and on condition that the available evidence will provide the best outcome. They ought to make sure that there a fair trial for the defendants. The question of “How can you defend an individual that is guilty?” is repeatedly posed to the defense lawyers. It is clear that the CPS role is not judging, but representing the defendant. Judgment on the other hand is passed the Jury, Judge or the Magistrates. In the same way, the onus of proof of an offence that has been committed is placed upon the Crown Prosecution Service. Defense lawyers can by no means have the surety that a defendant is guilty or not. There have been so many instances in criminal cases where innocent persons have admitted of being guilty. For instance, the high acquittals rates in trials that involve rape frequently lead to the prosecution having to reduce the charge to a normal offence against the individual, in exchange for a guilty plea; this means that the offenders who be given psychiatric attention, never receive that assistance. Plea bargaining may be against the principle that all offenders ought to be punished for their unlawful actions (Griffiths & Pritchard, 2010, p. 231). However, if the defendant admits of being guilty then the role of the defense role may be to seek for a lenient sentence based on that omission.

There are numerous stages in a criminal trial and at every stage; the CPS plausibly carries the most of the burden. For the period of the first pre-trial hearing at the Magistrates Court, the Crown Prosecution Service ought to demonstrate that there may be a prima facie case to answer; stipulated that they fail; then the case might be dismissed by the Magistrate (Griffiths & Pritchard, 2010, p. 231). Nevertheless, this does not mean that the accused might not face supplementary prosecution as the Crown Prosecution Service may get hold of additional evidence from the police agencies. In intricate cases, there may be several pre-trial hearings, mainly in cases that are listed at Crown Court. These hearings are meant for both sides to establish preliminary procedural matters. Claims and allegations have been made; that defense lawyers and teams intentionally cause postponements in these hearings, and reasons given are that it influences the memories of witnesses, or the delays sustain their income. As pointed out by Burton (2001), the main problem faced by any person seeking to review such resolutions is having the ability to obtain the reasons for such resolutions from the prosecution. There may be obvious reasons why such reasons ought not to be disclosed and these occur from similar arguments as to the rational behind prosecutorial discretion, in general, ought to be reviewed only in circumstances which are exceptional (Burton 2001, p.378). Furthermore, trials may necessitate adjournment due to the Crown Prosecution Service waiting for evidence in forensic results or supplementary reports.

Under the 1996, (CPI) Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act, during the pre-trial hearings both sides are obligated to disclose beforehand undisclosed points well-known to each other. Nonetheless, this Act states clearly that the Crown Prosecution Service ought not to disclose information that they feel can weaken their case; as a result, this exclusive control raises anxieties for lots of defense lawyers. Nevertheless, the Crown Prosecution Service may also be required to update the defense beforehand of the criminal record or bad character, of any witness that they intend to call. When a trial commences, the criminal record delivers a starting speech and carry out an examination in chief. This may be done to elicit evidence complimentary to their case. Nevertheless, they ought not to ask or prompt leading questions, nor refer or question any witnesses to prior statements they had made, in spite of arising contradictions. This may prove challenging as the court’s atmosphere may overwhelm the witness. Therefore, the witnesses may forget to point out some information (Huxley & Martin, 2008). All the same, the Crown Prosecution Service ought to be mindful that their solitary purpose may be to submit the facts of the criminal case, and to aid in determining the truth.

The prosecution witnesses are then cross-examined by defense to test their evidence on that case, trying to discredit it or display that they are untrustworthy. However, it must be recognized that while they are under a responsibility to put ahead the defendant’s situation, they must not allow their individual viewpoint or any emotions of lawful discontentment to prevent them from this course (Martin, 2002). Hence, they must prevent spending time through repeating of questions, bullying, concerns or needless attacks. Protection attorneys have continuously come under judgment for violence tactics. Even so, it is their responsibility to cross-examine powerfully if they are to make sure the person charged gets a reasonable trial. The Crown Prosecution Service may then re-examine their witnesses, they do this to relieve the consequences of the cross-examination, but it must only deal with the factors that it brought up and not used to generate new evidence. They then produce supporting evidence that can provide a deference submission. If these invites are refused then the procedure repeats, with the defense presenting their situation. Both parties must follow the aforementioned decorum. The defense and the CPS then gracefully provide ending presentations and the jury retires to consider their judgment.

If a Jury provides a judgment of guilt for the murder, then a life imprisonment is compulsory, although this does not actually mean life. The 2003 Criminal Justice Act places recommendations for life sentences; these differ significantly based on the characteristics of the criminal activity. The 2003 Act indicates that a Magistrate or a Judge may impose a 30 years minimum sentence for a particularly heinous single killing while most other unique murders ought to be subject to a 12 years minimum sentence. However, the Criminal Justice Act also gives the Judge the power to alter the sentence up-wards or down-wards of the recommendations. Therefore, a judge has to consider numerous factors prior to passing a sentence. They take the defendant’s record, age, personality into consideration, and place significance on Social Enquiry Report that provides in-depth details of the defendant’s conditions and background (Tausz, & Hoyano 2012, p.40).

This report is regarded important in the sentencing process; it indicates any aspects that may have caused the committing of the criminal activity, and indicates the defendant’s likely reactions to various sentences that may be dealt (Daw, & Solomon, 2010, p.745). The defense is permitted to comment on the sentencing procedure through a request in mitigation. They may claim about the conditions in which the criminal activity took place, the defendant’s conduct after the offence and aspects in their individual lives that might indicate their capability to reform. However, the Judge’s responsibility is to encourage retribution for the criminal activity committed; they also have a responsibility to secure people and implement prohibition bearing in mind that the defendant ought to be given to be given an opportunity to reform (Martin, 2008) Even so, a recommendation does not mean that the charged individual will be released once he or she has been served the minimum term; it essentially implies that it is earliest time that they may be regarded for parole.

Conclusion

It is obvious that the pressure of evidence falls upon the CPS which has been the subject of criticism. This must be difficult at times, especially when considering that the defense has a responsibility to powerfully process any evidence presented; if a defense is competent in this place then it could result in inadequate proof being thrown in the jury’s thoughts. Thus, a criminal may be found innocent (Griffiths & Pritchard, 2010, p.249). Nevertheless, the reality remains that the CPS must try to make sure that their situation is leak-proof as injustices are not unprecedented. There is no space for mistake. The Butler Report (1999) made a number of recommendations concerning the practices of the CPS, all of which were acknowledged by the CPS and resulted in the issuing of a new code of conduct in the year 2000.

Most judges also bring significant problems, as they ought to make sure that retribution is dealt. It is a typical false impression that many suggest life sentences ought to be dealt with; thus, many judges are belittled for being too lenient, but this is incorrect. Passing a judgment can be no simple process. Padfield (2010) questions whether an “out-of-court” disposal may result in similar penalty had the case been heard by a judge in court: “repeatedly the fixed penalty is elevated than the defendant would be given the equivalent case in court. Any irritating conditions may have caused to the criminal activity being committed, and the variation is wide and no two situations are the same. It is obvious that the criminal procedure is verbose and at times aggressive, but verbal exchanges between both parties and the judge’s greatest choice are important for justice to succeed.

Bibliography

Burton, M. 2001. Reviewing Crown Prosecution Service decisions not to prosecute.

Crim LR 374. p.378

Daw, R. & Solomon, A. 2010. Assisted suicide and identifying the public interest in the decision

to prosecute. Crim. L.R, 10, pp.737-751.

Griffiths, A. & Pritchard, J. 2010. Law for Non-Lawyers, 3rd edition. Bangor University.

Huxley, B. & Martin, J. 2008. Unlocking the English Legal System, London, England. Hodder

and Stroughton Educational

Sanders, A. 1985. Class Bias in Prosecutions. The Howard J. Crim. Justice

24(3), pp.176-199.

Slapper, G. & Kelly, D. 2003. The English Legal System. Ch. 10. Criminal Justice Process: The

Prosecution. (6th Ed.). Cavendish Publishing.

Tausz, D & Hoyano, L. 2012. Decision to prosecute: whether decision of defendant to prosecute

a child for alleged sexual abuse by her of her two younger sisters amenable to judicial review. Crim. L.R, 1, pp.39-46.

Martin, J. 2002. The English Legal System, London, England. Hodder and Stroughton

Educational.Martin, J. 2008. The Facts at Your Fingertips: Criminal Law. London, England. Hodder and

Stroughton Educational.

Selected League Product Review-New York City FC

Name

Professor’ name

Course

Date

Selected League Product Review-New York City FC

New York City FC is an American-based professional soccer club situated in New York City. It was the first and only team to compete in the highest level of American soccer, known as Major League Soccer (MLS). Currently, New York City FC is the reigning champion for the MLS cup. Since its inauguration into the MLS club in 2015, New York City FC has cemented its position as a keystone in one of the most proud and competitive sporting cities in the world. New York City FC won the MLS Cup in 2021 bringing a major trophy for the first time in more than a decade, New York City FC came into existence as a major soccer league on 21st May 2013 and debuted on March 8th 2015 against Orlando City SC on March 8th 2015. After six seasons, it was crowned the 2021 Champion in the Club’s history.

A majority of New York City Football Club is co-owned by City Football Group and the Yankee Global Enterprises. City Football Group also owns Manchester City, the English soccer club and Yankee Global Enterprises are also the owners of the New York Yankees. The first coach that was appointed, Jason Kreis, remained in office for one year before being replaced by Patrick Veira. Veira gave direction to the team until their first Cup playoff appearance that took place the following season and the runner-up berth at Supporters’ Shied in 2017 (Ginesta and Jordi, 1). The team run by Coach Viera also set a major record in the League for the biggest improvement win in a consecutive season.

In addition to football, New York City Football Club runs other programs including a Football Sports Academy, Youth Programs and Community Works. The New York City FC Academy started in 2015 with the aim of identifying and honing and producing the best youth soccer players locally within the city’s Metropolitan area. The youth system provides a professional and competitive pathway for the highest game levels for local girls and boys. Worth noting, New York City Boys Academy has registered unprecedented success in domestic competition after winning the U-19 USSDA National Championships in 2018 and 2018 back to back making the first club to attain such a milestone at such an age group (Lee, 367). The football club also runs youth programs that aim at supporting youth organizations and soccer players by complementing and assisting them by offering supplementary soccer programs in the form of Camps, Club Training Services, Clinics, Talent Centers and Special Events and Administration. Additionally, the club has a charity Foundation known as City in Community (CITC) which has served more than 30,000 Youths since its establishment.

The mission of the New York City Football Club is to give players the opportunity to advance in a highly rewarding and competitive soccer environment. The target audience of the New York City Football Club includes individuals of all ages from all corners of the world. The Football club targets football fanatics from across the world but with its base of operation being located in New York City, majority of the club’s target audience are mainly located from the United States.

Works Cited

Ginesta, Xavier, and Jordi de San Eugenio. “Football fans as place ambassadors: analysing the interactions between Girona FC and its fan clubs after its purchase by city football group (CFG).” Soccer & Society (2022): 1-15.

Lee, Mitchell. “Self and The City: Social Identity and Ritual at New York City Football Club.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 47.3 (2018): 367-395.

Crumbling Infrastructure

Crumbling Infrastructure

The American society of civil engineers (ASCE) define infrastructure as the technical structure or network that allow proper functioning of the society. This includes sectors such as transportation, water, public facilities and energy. In 2009, the ASCE released a report card, which presents a short description of the different categories of American infrastructure, as well as, their performance in the industry. In the report card released in 2009, the ASCE revealed a lack of performance by all sections of American infrastructure, as all the sectors attained grades poor grades. The solid waste infrastructure section was the best scorer with a grade of C+, whereas bridges came in second with a grade of C. Recreational parks and rail scored a C-, and the energy sector took fourth position with a D+. The report card also gave the aviation, dams, schools, transit and hazardous waste sectors all scored the grade D, illustrating how these sectors have been performing poorly over the years. Drinking water, inland waterways, leeves, roads, and wastewater sectors came in last with as score of D-, thus making these sectors the worst performers in the industry.

Because roads, inland waterways, and leeves infrastructure sectors are the worst performing sectors in the industry. The ASCE recommends an immediate upgrade of these three sectors. However, the ASCE explains that upgrading these sectors will come with a hefty price, which will see the American economy invest a considerable amount of money for these upgrades. As the ASCE explains, the cost to upgrade roads will amount to $186 billion, $125 billion for drinking water and $100 billion to upgrade American leeves. The ASCE has drawn particular attention to the sector of bridges, as they believe that this sector is slowly declining as compared to other sectors of infrastructure. On the issue of bridges, the ASCE states that the typical bridge in America is expected to last for 50 years. However, the current average age of American bridges is 43 years, hence illustrating the declining state of bridges in the state. In addition to this, the ASCE explains that more than 26% of America’s bridges are what they term as “functionally obsolete”. This means that they are too structurally deficient to be in use by the American public, hence being under closure at most times.

Infrastructure has a direct impact on the personal, economic, and social lives of people, and for that reason, it needs proper maintenance at all times. The report card released by ASCE reveals a number of problems with America’s infrastructure that were not previously realized by many. The problems presented regarding hazardous waste and wastewaters are particularly disturbing because they threaten the health of Americans living in the state. Without realizing it Americans are living under life-threatening conditions that could see the loss of many lives, hence an increase in the mortality rate of Americans today. For that reason, immediate action should be taken so as to assure that Americans lives under safe and secure conditions. Just as the ASCE recommends, I believe that the solution to America’s infrastructural problem is the increment of federal leadership to address this problem, so as to promote infrastructural sustainability. Only through this, can Americans be assured of reduced risks with regards to infrastructure, hence maintain health and safety at all times.

Themes in Caged Bird-Maya

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Themes in Caged Bird-Maya Angelou

Introduction

Thesis statement: This text highlights the main themes that are depicted in Caged Bird by Maya Angelou, including oppression, freedom, and resilience.

Body

Main point 1: Oppression

Examples

The caged bird is frustrated with the situation but cannot see through the bars of rage

The oppressive circumstances limit the bird’s ability to take flights

While the bird is not free to fly, its soul points to the freedom that it years for.

Main point 2: Freedom

the free bird’s unlimited access to the sky, sun, and wind

The caged bird laments because of the confinement, and it is clear that he longs to be set free

Angelou juxtaposes the perspectives of the two birds to show that the caged bird appreciates the true value of freedom while the free bird feel entitled to its freedom

Main point 3: Resilience

The speaker describes the song of freedom sang by the caged animal as a paradox

The speaker realizes the song being snag by the bird is a freedom song in a different form.

Angelou lays emphasis on the beauty of the resilience displayed by the caged bird despite the confinement

Conclusion

In closing, the dominant themes exhibited in Maya Angelou’s Caged Bird include resilience, freedom, and oppression.

Crusades were conflicts that were based on religion and perpetrated by the pope of the Catholic Church

Crusades

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Institutional Affiliation

Crusades were conflicts that were based on religion and perpetrated by the pope of the Catholic Church with the aim of re establishing access to in Jerusalem and around it by devoted Christians. The Christians staged six different crusades over a period of two centuries but still failed to reclaim the holy lands from the hands of the Muslims. The last nail on the coffin being the loss of acre to the Muslims as it was the last part of the Christian stronghold in the holy land. After the loss, the Catholic Church in Europe made no further attempts towards the recovery of the holy land. The crusades were held during the periods of middle age and Pope Urban II was the main protagonist behind the first crusade.

The crusades were a direct reaction by the Christians to the treatment they received while visiting the holy city of Jerusalem. Back then, visiting a holy place was something meritorious among the early Christians because it was a belief that the holy son of God, Jesus Christ had graced the land of Jerusalem and visiting the same place would place one in the good graces of heaven. In the eleventh century, after a Turk tribe had taken over the land including the city of Jerusalem, the Christians who visited were persecuted and the churches that remained in the city destroyed by the Turks who were Muslims.

The Christians were also convinced that if visiting a sacred place was meritorious then its rescue from the hands of the Turks was worth even more before God and therefore they set out for the battle. Since the Christian population was so large, they set out for Asia in large numbers in waves that no one had seen before.

Even though civilization was creeping through Europe, the people had not fully shed their ancient barbarian ways and when they were offended, the resorted to the thing they knew best; war. The leaders of the European Christians could not the resist the temptation of going to war especially after the insult they suffered when their people were persecuted in Jerusalem.

The first crusade might have been led by the pope but it was the preaching of a French native, Peter Hermit that moved the people and inspired them. With the blessings of the pope, he moved around Europe preaching the gospel and the need to reclaim the holy land from the hands of the oppressors. His motivational skills played a major part in getting the troops out to defend the holy land from being abused by the Turks.

The crusades had numerous effects both on the people and the church due to their involvement. On the Catholic Church, the crusades made the Catholic Church a wealthy entity while at the same time handing a great amount of power to the pope. This was because of the parts played by the pope during the crusades as they were placed in charge of the forces as well as making decisions on matters that were related to the crusades.

The crusades opened a new avenue for traders as the vessels that were used to transport the soldiers to the east returned with goods for trade hence improving the relationship that Europe had with the east in terms of trade. At the same time the business of building ships enjoyed good business as ships were in great demand at the time.

A mix of the cultures in Europe and the east created a romantic adventure for the people in the regions as they learned more from the social skills and cultures that were appreciated in both sides of the crusades. The European chivalry was undermined as it was the custom in the east.

The crusades might have resulted from the mistreatment of Christians by the Turks who had taken over the city of Jerusalem but they led to changes that were of a great good to the people involved as there were increased relations between the east and Europe through trade and socially. The church lost the battle to reclaim the holy land but got one good in return as it became wealthier and more powerful.

Reference

HYPERLINK “http://www.bibme.org/” o “Edit this item” Bridge, Antony. The Crusades. New York: F. Watts, 19821980. Print.

Critique of This Qualitative Study

Critique of This Qualitative Study

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In “Negotiating identity development among undocumented immigrant college students: A grounded theory study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(2), 251–264.” Ellis, & Chen argues in the essence that undocumented youth in the US face a lot issues as they live with the others based on their undocumented nature. Ellis, & Chen goes ahead to state that this an aspect makes many of these youth get devastated and move out of school. Based on my vast experience as a researcher, I have to say that I find Ellis, & Chen opinions intellectual, fascinating, and possibly notably well worth following.

Ellis, & Chen application of negotiation is an aspect that shows how hard these undocumented youths face as they adapt and stay in the US. First and foremost, Ellis, & Chen denotes that about 40% of the undocumented youths do not complete their high school education as a result of the challenges they face. This suggests that the hardship these people go through and the words they are framed and called affect their self-esteem and confidence in how they associate and relate with the common people. Ellis, & Chen state that the blend of the words they are called and the hardship they face demoralizes them making them live in pain. Ellis, & Chen states that allowing these undocumented youths access education, makes them able to assimilate in the community.

Ellis, & Chen in the course of their research identified that graduation is a terrible process, which causes these youths to suffer a state of shock. Furthermore, the aspect of these youths being referred to as illegal aliens and illegal workers causes them to suffer a state of shock. The aspect of shock leads to financial anxiety and depressed motivation leads youths to drop out of school. Ellis & Chen in their study also noted that out of the privileged undocumented youths who finish high school, only about 49% gets the chance to join College.

Ellis, & Chen further noted that these undocumented youths lack state and federal student financial help thus making them lack money to pay for their schooling. These youths also have low income jobs, thus this would also limit their access to school. Access to school is an essential aspect that all students need to enjoy. This aspect of lacking financial and normal support makes it hard for undocumented youths to access a better life. Being unable to join college is an aspect that will not broaden undocumented youth mind as they can be able to join in different ventures. Ellis, & Chen research was based on identifying how to incorporate identity development into the curriculum as a way of building the self-esteem of undocumented youths. Ellis, & Chen used an interview protocol as a way of collecting and obtaining their data from a sample of eleven undocumented college students. The method of analyzing data was iterative and the methodology it was based on was the grounded theory.

The research carried out by Ellis, & Chen required them to look at the challenges that undocumented youth’s face and how they cope with others as a way of them searching for their belonging. This research also wanted to understand how these undocumented youths develop their identity amidst these challenges they face. This was by identifying how they participate in classes and their normal relationship with the documented public. Ellis, & Chen stated that it was necessary that the use of identity development theories would be a better idea to help undocumented students cope with others. This would also entitle them to join in relationship, which could see them marrying legal people and gaining their legal status and also open avenues for them regarding how they could obtain legal status. This would also make it possible for them to gain visas.

The complete research was conducted and it had staggering results as to how undocumented youths could benefit. This research viewed various themes arising from the research. These themes included challenging reflections, speaking about ways regarding how documentation status possesses a challenge to an individual’s perception of themselves and the world, the formation of identity as a continuous negotiation seizing the long-term shifts regarding understanding of emotional response and status implication to this understanding, enhancing positive attributes due to documentation struggles, and sewn within two threads, which describes bicultural identity salience. The findings of the research were discussed regarding the implication they possess to counseling psychologists, educators, and career counselors. The findings also suggested ways in which mental health professionals can empower and educate immigrant youths.

The research conducted by Ellis, & Chen cites work from various researcher like (Sullivan & Rehm, 2005), who in their study stated that undocumented immigrants face a lot of isolation and marginalization an aspect that leads them to stress, depression, and sadness as a result of their status. Sullivan & Rehm (2005) continued to state that those undocumented people who are employed face exploitation and lower wages as a result of their status. This study also cites its work from (Passel, 2005), who states that undocumented immigrants may further be limited as a result of lower rates regarding education achievement, and an increased rate of underemployment and unemployment. Passel (2005), states that these are the factors that lead to increased poverty among undocumented citizens. This study also cites work from another researcher (Ginorio et al., 1995), who stated that undocumented citizens face emotional and psychological stressors like physical health and poor mental, chronic stress, language barriers, immigration trauma, cultural role conflicts, and discrimination.

The basis of my critique regards how the research conducted its study, but failed to give full solutions to what could be done by the government to end this undocumented crisis. This study has done well in explaining and making us realize and see the pain that undocumented people face. This is an aspect that makes it possible to educate people to understand what these people feel and ways in which they can help accommodate these people.

Strength and weakness

The research has various strengths that it possesses. One of the strengths is the aspect that it was able to clearly understand the challenges that undocumented people face. This is an aspect that makes us see how we can help accommodate these people. The research has a strength regarding the aspect that identity formation is an issue that is affected by the challenges that these undocumented people face. This is an aspect that makes it possible for people to understand various ways in which we can live with them. The research has, however, some weaknesses. These weaknesses include the aspect that it was able to note challenges faced by undocumented people and ways in which various people can help grow the identity of these people, but it does not clearly give a way in which the government can go about helping undocumented people gain visas.

In conclusion, Ellis, & Chen research is very vital to educators, mental health professional, as it offers a wider scope of how they can help undocumented youth grow their identity better. This is an aspect that should be well understood as it would help alienate some of the challenges that these people face. The research should, however, go ahead and research ways in which the government can implement a faster and less tedious way of undocumented youths gaining visas.

References

Passel, J. S., & Pew Hispanic Center. (2006). The size and characteristics of the unauthorized migrant population in the U.S: Estimates based on the March 2005 current population survey. Washington, D.C: Pew Hispanic Center.

Sullivan, M. M., & Rehm, R. (January 01, 2005). Mental health of undocumented Mexican immigrants: a review of the literature. Ans. Advances in Nursing Science, 28, 3.)

Critique Of Toyotas Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Critique Of Toyota’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

IntroductionThe company that is discussed in this paper is Toyota Company. Its CSR is supposed to be a win-win program, this is not the case; the company is expected to make profits so to the society. But the question is who really wins? In the real sense if there is any benefit to the society that the company’s CSR benefits the society, then it is doubtful. One study showed that over 80% of business CSR decision-makers were very assured in the ability of good CSR practice to consign branding and employee advantages. To take the example of easing corporate philanthropy, when corporations make donations to charity they are giving away their shareholders’ cash, which they can only do if they glimpse potential earnings in it. Therefore, from the last sentence is is clear that companies or organizations only take part in Corporate Social Responsibility with intentions of maximizing their profits and not in the interest of assisting the social sphere (Siow, 2012).

CSR as Public Relations

CSR deals. By appealing to customers’ consciences and yearns CSR helps businesses to construct emblem commitment and evolve a personal attachment with their customers. Numerous business charity gain companies’ access to target markets and the engagement of the charity gives the company’s note much larger power. According to the company’s media saturated heritage, the business is ever looking for more innovative ways to get over their message, and CSR boasts up many promise avenues, such as phrase of mouth or guerilla marketing, for subtly coming to buyers (Marpaka & Muralidharan, 2012). CSR furthermore assists to greenwash the company’s likeness, to protect the company’s negative impacts that it has posted to the society and the environment it operates in by saturating the media with appealing messages to cover up the image of the company. It is evident that Toyota’s CSR programs has been more of a burden to the society who have noted various negative features of Toyota products yet the company is only protecting its image forgetting the needs of the society. For example, it is the due corporate responsibility of the company to ensure that its products have a positive view to the society, but this has not been so; last year the company had a problem with brake paddles which lead to accidents hence, the loss of many clients or users of its cars. The company did not mind the social loss of the society, but it went out to protect its image by recalling all the vehicles with brake paddles problems. Since much of the business case for CSR counts on corporations being glimpsed to be socially to blame, CSR will continue to be little more than PR for as long as it is simpler and cheaper to spin them to change. A prominent case against Toyota in the US Supreme Court illustrates this point. When, in 2002, the Californian Supreme Court directed that Toyota did not have the right to lie in defending itself against criticism, disorder ensued in the CSR action. Activists such as Marc Kasky attempted to litigate the business over a deceptive public relative’s campaign. Toyota kept safe by using its free first free talks amendment rights. The court directed that Toyota was not protected by the First Amendment, on the surrounds that the publications in the inquiry were financial speech.

The case proceeded to the US Supreme Court. Legal summaries were submitted to the Supreme Court by public relatives and advertising trade associations, foremost newspapers groups, and premier multinationals, arguing that if a company’s assertions on human rights, ecological and social issues are lawfully needed to be factual, then businesses won’t continue to make declarations on these matters; that CSR is admonished as being a PR stunt is unsurprising, bearing in brain that most CSR workers in businesses sit in the communications and PR departments, and considering that the schemes of CSR – dialogue with NGOs, ciphers of perform, communal accounts – were all conceived and evolved by PR businesses such as Marsteller, Harrison and high ground and a platform that only come about to make Toyota one of the best Automobile manufacturing company and not a society friendly business that aims at maximizing its profit as well as ensuring that its client are socially stable.

CSR is a scheme for avoiding regulation

CSR is supposed to be a corporate answer to public mistrust and calls for guideline. In an Echo research sample, most financial executives consulted powerfully opposed binding guideline of companies. Toyota argues: that setting minimum standard halts discovery; that you can’t regulate for ethics, you either have them or you don’t; and that except they are adept to gain competitive advantage from CSR, but the company stated that it is not ready to support the cost since the company profit has reduced due to claims that it has been working towards building an outstanding corporate culture thereby, costing the company millions of dollars. This is a clear indication that the company can only support CSR if it gets maximum profit and not so when the profit reduce. Businesses are vitally holding the government to ransom on the topic of regulation, saying that guideline will threaten the positive work they are doing. CSR consultancy enterprise in the Community carries business petitioning against guideline, arguing that ‘regulation can only fight back against bad practice – it cannot ever encourage best practice. These contentions, however, easily assist to reveal the sham of CSR (Ganescu, 2012). Why would a ‘socially to blame business’ take a topic with government guidelines to undertake bad corporate perform? Why would this avert businesses from going after the lawful minimum? Possibly the interpretation is that businesses want to be selective about which localities of ‘bad perform’ they eradicate and desire to use their ‘best perform’ to divert vigilance away from the awful, or that ‘socially to blame’ businesses need the bad practice of other businesses to be a counterpoint to their own ‘best practice’.If regulation distracts from best perform, then businesses cannot be portrayed trustingly’ because they accept as true it to be ethically right to do so – only because they are trying to get an advantage over their competitors. CSR is a clear part of the industry’s attempts to co-opt the ecological action. Despite the fact the Toyota has tried to remain environmentally friendly, this CSR principles have failed to meet the expected standards hence the society is facing negative impacts such as carbon emission that has led to global warming.

Conclusion

It is true that CSR is a vital step but this has not been the case with Toyota’s CSR programs. This may be because they desire to improve their likeness by associating themselves with a cause, to exploit a bargain vehicle for advocating, or to counter the assertions of force groups, but there is always an underlying economic motive, so the company advantages more than the benevolent society. This part explores how CSR diverts vigilance from genuine matters, assisting organizations to shy away from regulation, gain authenticity and get access to markets and conclusion makers, and move the ground in the direction of privatization of public purposes. CSR enables enterprise to represent ineffective market-based solutions to communal and ecological crises, deflecting accuse or difficulties caused by corporate operations upon the consumer and defending their concerns while hampering efforts to find just and sustainable answers.

References

Ganescu, M. C. (2012). Corporate social responsibility, a strategy to create and consolidate sustainable businesses. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 11(11), 91.

Marpaka, P., & Muralidharan, P. (2012). A Study of Successful CSR Practices by Industry Leaders. In Proceedings of International Conference on Business Management & IS (No. 1).

Siow, G. (2012). Sustainability Reporting: Japanese vs. European Automotive Manufacturers. In Proceedings of USM-AUT International Conference 2012 Sustainable Economic Development: Policies and Strategies (Vol. 167, p. 713).

Critiquing Capitalism

Critiquing Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic and political system whereby the country’s economy is controlled by the private owners and not the state. The workings of the systems are determined by individual policies, market restrictions, capital movement and labor force within the country. The system was created for synthetic, dynamic and integrated approaches for organizational analysis cross-nationally.

Critically capitalism as argued by Smith (2005) did not give the state national ownership of companies’ matters. Firms activities cannot be monitored and controlled by the state and therefore, the economy left on the private hands. Businesses run through this system can ruin the country’s economic activities as the interests of individuals cannot serve the long term goals of the state. The state should control the political and economical activities for its stability but the capitalist cannot since they are only interested to maximize the profits.

The capitalist ignore the cross-national learning which promotes national cohesion and unity for the state. It does not take into consideration of the national interest and may spark in ethnical struggles which may generate tension if the government does not get in and control the system. Several national cakes with several intentions are produced which does not bring several ethnical groups together. There is great imbalance on the nature and quality of the labor force produced to serve these capitalist firms. They cannot have uniform standard quality to measure the production or output that may determine the rate of economical growth of the country.

The private owners do not consider the national interest. They do not allow societies to display similar institutional configurations which can be identified and spread uniformity across the nation. This increases international mobility and deterioration of the state economy. It does not promote national stability, universal capital movement and market forces. The state may lead to have inappropriate work form or hence have a lot of its population unemployed as the private firm may opt to import the labor force from other countries.

Societal effects may be affected by globalization forces, reinforce the existing forms, instead of changing them. Innovation practices may be concentrated in certain towns, places, zones, or regions instead of spreading across the state. Since it allows individual firms to select their own policies and options to shape up their environment. Environmental management may not be possible and this may lead to adverse environmental degradation. Private firms may not take into consideration to the conservation of the environment by controlling or regulating their activities by generating means to become friendly to environment.

Strengths

The system employs diversity in the work force which improves the business system in the state. The private companies are able to improve the quality and quantity of the products in the market fairly well than when the system is controlled by the state. This is very much possible due to the competition created by the private companies where every business owner wants to be seen the best in the market. The system will improve the innovation and invention processes because the market is free from government intervention.

Capitalism increases the rate of globalization and between organizational policies and forms that support business expansion very fast. International trade becomes more homogenized by facilitating removal of trade differences between the countries involved in the business.

Economy run by small number of pattern can be easily distinguished and distinctive varieties of capitalism are simple to analyze and determine the trend of the economical growth in the state. This system, society and dominance provide the state with an alternative to complexities in the economies.

As a political business system, capitalism is based on the distinctive rights to property which increase due to competition, innovation and invention in the production forces. Through these characteristics the economy possesses a generic system in the firms, labour force and the state in general. The private firms takes advantage to formulate their own policies that enable it grow and expand its activities across the border.

Weaknesses

On the other hand, capitalism it is very difficult for the state to standardize the forces to enable it control the exploitation of its resources across the country. Without regulations the economy cannot have a regular trend and future dependency on the available resources as the private firms do not mind about the future generation.

Products produced by capitalists may be sub-standard. This may leave the consumer with no choice but to accept the product available in the market. To control the quality may also be a problem as the private owners in capitalism are only interested to maximize their profits and not to benefit the common man.

Capitalism dominance may result to condensation of some business systems as the capitalist focuses more in the stock markets and less interest on industrial banks for the benefit of the country. The trend may result in inflation rate going very high as the economy is on the hands of the private people.

Capitalist development does not express uniform fashion across the society. Societal effects tend to create unstable internal relationships in various sectors in the government or state. The coordination between various government departments for economic development gets a great challenge as the system patterns are very much dispersed.

The system absorbs the national practices, ideas, norms and cultural beliefs from institutions from the state and national level for instance education, training, resource distribution, employer’s association and firm interrelationships. This brings up uniformity and standard level of evaluating the outputs in the system.

This system encourages the employment of managers from other countries with different educational background, training and beliefs which may not suit the interests of the state. This system may enable the managerial actors to gain bargaining business power in the states the favor their interests on the expense of the original state. For managers who come from other territories may be influenced by his country of origin. The dominance will follow the policies from country the manager originates.

The system creates an uneven nature of economic power and takes lead on the society’s organization or business practices that are considered to efficient. This makes other states to be dominant in a particular line of production than others.

In conclusion, Smith (2005) focused on the capitalism strengths but assumed the long-term effects of the system to the society and its dominance. It’s a good system but its effects causes more harm than benefits to the state.

Bibliography

Allan, D., 2000, Political Economy in Macroeconomics, Princeton.

Barry, R. W. & Donald, A., 2008, The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy, OUP.

Hahnel, R., 2002, The ABCs of Political Economy, London, Pluto Press.

Hudson, M., 2003, Super Imperialism: The Origin and Fundamentals of U.S. World Dominance,

London: Pluto Press.

McLaren. P., 2005, Capitalists and Conquerors: A Critical Pedagogy against Empire, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Murray, F. & Herbert, S., 2000, An Illustrated Guide to the American Economy: A Hundred Key Issues 3rd Ed., AEI.

Perelman, M., 2006, Railroading Economics: The Creation of the Free Market Mythology, Monthly Review Press.

Perlman, M., 2000, The Invention of Capitalism: Classical Political Economy and the Secret History of Primitive Accumulation, Duke University Press.

Saul, J., 2001, On Equilibrium, Toronto, Penguin.

Torsten, P. & Guido, T., 2000, Political Economics: Explaining Economic Policy, MIT Press.