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cyber warfare

Cyber Warfare

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Affiliation

Cyber Warfare

Cyber warfare is any felony that is commited using a computer or any other computer related device for example the internet. It spans from cyber fraud activities to a simple act like downloading a music file from the internet. It also include activities like creating a program that will create disturbances to the users of a particular group of computers and also posting text and pictures on the websites that will corrupt the minds of some individuals. When somebody information of a company that is suppose to be confidential is also considered as a cyber-warfare (Waxman, 2011). This activity is a great challenge in 2030 globalization vision for many organizations.

There are very many cyber warfare that can be commited using the computer or with the aid of a computer. The most appropriate way to look at it in detail is identifying them by the types and level of cyber Warfare. Cyber Warfare are a deliberate or unintentional unauthorized task, which cannot be avoided or is in avoidable that that is capable of causing a vagary on the cyberspace resources. The scope of cyber Warfare is expands from hardware, software, data that is stored, data in transit, people, documents and other hardware needed like printer cartridges.

The other Warfare is SQL injection. This is a unique Warfare that targets the web pages of the system application. It cuts down the communication between the database and the system application interface (Debeck, 2011). This Warfare is common in organization where system implementation is taking place. An example is a situation where an Warfare alters the name of the database and hence disconnects it from the user interface (United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, 2010). The best measure that can be used to curb this is by limiting the number of the people who has the right to manipulate the database activates and also the punishment that individual that uses a computer to physically hurt another person or tries to commit a felony with an aid of a computer is made severe (Stytz & Banks, 2010). There was also a provision of extensive security to media group that gave hand to the police while carrying out the investigation while the vulnerable Warfare that were frequent were blacklisted so that more security concern were availed in those areas.

Another Warfare that is very rampant is abuse of system access rights. This kind of Warfare is mostly executed by the employees in a company in and intention of vengeance or sabotage. Detecting such issue is cumbersome since the intrusion will be taking place internally and hence task tracking may be a challenge. The employees use his or her right to access the system to make alteration and modification of data with the intension of financial gains for example in an employee in the IT department of a water providing company can reduce the consumption figures of some specific accounts then liaise with the holders of those accounts for payment.

To combat all frauds that are related to inappropriate billing, the people that are authorized to enter the company’s data concerning the customers must exercise the professional ethics to the fullest. Individual that are given this assignment must have the appropriate integrity basing on the previous records. A body that vets such individual should be established. Such a body should be external and should randomly do the auditing to ensure that the way the vetted individuals execute their duties do not deteriorate with time. In addition, a rotational exercise should be in place to stop these individuals from getting acquainted with other employees in other departments and hence conspiracy is avoided. To stop this kind of Cyber Warfare, the company should put in place a tracking system which will compare each consumption figure with the average of the previous five or more months and hence gives an approximate value. In addition, the data security manager should utilize the advantages that the windows active directory has. The Microsoft windows group policy is applied in grouping the different categories of users that are suppose to get access to some particular information. It is a key component that gives specific setups for particular group of users.

Another type of Warfare that that mostly affects the system users who gives commonly known username and password as default credential is unauthorized access via default credential. A good example of this is where the system administrator in an institution put the name of the college as both username and password. This is very vulnerable to Warfare’s because they capitalized the idea of using the default credentials that are related to the institution such as setting the password of accessing the wireless network of Aberdeen College as aberdeencollege. Anyone who knows come within the coverage and has the intention of cracking this password can succeed. To avoid this, the default credential should be unique as in; it should not be related to the name of the institution or the company.

The other Warfare is the violation of acceptable system user policies. In some companies, the system once logged in by the user will remain on till logged out. A user can negligently abandon the system while logged in and go out, this can give an opportunity to unauthorized person to access the system and facilitate any harmful event like altering the data with the intention of causing an embarrassment to the company or the owner. An example of this is where somebody forgets to log from his email account and another person comes and send abusive or vulgar mails to some group of people. This can be detriment to the user’s attribute because everybody believes that the message comes from the rightful owner of the account. To eliminate this Warfare, everybody should be careful while using such system by ensuring that the log out process has been affected anytime you can to quit from using the system.

Nation State

A Nation state is a regional political group for which there is an autonomous composed Government. A Nation state is a state whose essential unwaveringness is to a social character toward oneself, which we call a Nation or nationality, and is currently the transcendent type of state association. Nation states have sway and authenticity. The importance of the Nation state is that, once merged around a specific nationality, it is a stable type of state association. It is the sole structure in which the development of popular government is conceivable and which does not tend to grow its territory (Arendt, 2009). This stable environment ended up being vital for the rise of present day money related, mechanical and innovative civilization in Western Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds of years. The main noteworthy contenders were supreme China, which was innovatively exceedingly inventive however did not turned into a mechanical public opinion until current times, and the early Islamic Caliphate, which was likewise mechanically and socially imaginative yet was prevailed over by military and tribal states and afterward declined.

Until Nation states showed up in the sixteenth and seventeenth century, government was by rulers whose power did not determine from the individuals whom they administered, who were termed their “subjects”. States decided in that way had seven separate structures, individual guideline, religious government, city state, theocracy, military state, tribal state, and domain. The key capacity of such a ruler was to attain peace and request, by judging debate and instituting laws by which question could be evaded. This could just be performed if his (infrequently, her) power did not determine from his subjects, and to strengthen that power the idea of authenticity emerged, which characterized a right to govern autonomously of any protected framework. Authenticity must be sure keeping in mind the end goal to be compelling, and a debated authenticity was undesirable and may offer ascent to civil war.

Individual guideline was the ordinary first type of nation state association, very nearly constantly acknowledged by a genetic line. It was for the most part underpinned by a religious approval, truly the ordinary wellspring of profound quality. Theocracies emerged when religious power got to be stronger than particular tenet, in spite of the fact that the two may be joined together. City states emerged in Europe, likewise when particular tenet was powerless, so as to endeavor the included worth possible in terms of professional career. Before the included quality from exchange and industry was accessible to states, the main manifestation of riches was the surplus possible from farming. Particular states accordingly had an innate propensity to try to enlarge their domains, by success, legacy, or different means, and along these lines regional realms emerged. In a few states, the armed force picked up control of its own recruitment and advancement and set up a free military rank, which we call military standard. In a few states with a pastoral hinterland, pastoral tribes built a type of tribal government, additionally for the most part underpinned by a religious assent. In spite of the fact that the center of most regional domains were close to home states, they have additionally been theocracies, city states, military states, and tribal states (Favell, 2010).

The stronghold of a Nation state involved the exchange of authenticity from a ruler not responsible to those he administered to one responsible to the Nation. This emerged as the improvement of riches from enhanced agribusiness, exchange, and industry made a common public opinion. The civil pop culture looked for a common personality, through dialect, religion, regular social associations, and imparted encounters and diversions, and along these lines turned into a Nation. We can distinguish three stages in the improvement of every Nation state. Stage I was the advancement of a nationality inside a plainly characterized pre Nation State. Stage II was the exchange of authenticity from the ruler to the Nation, by some type of disobedience to the ruler or statement of nationality. Stage III was the outflow of that authenticity by a lawful methodology called a Constitution, under which the administration could be named and evacuated, its powers might be wrangled about and affirmed, and both the legislature and private case are liable to law. Most present nation states have made the move to Phase II and of these an expanding number, maybe a greater part; have made the further move to Phase III.

At the point when Nation states emerged they expanded their national riches by taking part in more across the board exchange, and had a common longing to procure exchanging stations. Thusly, exchanging or pioneer domains emerged, which rivaled one another as new exchanging open doors showed up. There were accordingly two sorts of realm, regional and exchanging. From the perspective of the subject people groups, exchanging domains were likewise not established despite the fact that the center state may be. Despite the fact that at the begin of the twentieth century the world’s wealthiest states were Nation states, they were few in number and most of the world’s populace were liable to realms, either regional or exchanging, all of which have now been isolated into states of which the extraordinary greater part are Nation States.

Globalization

Globalization is a standout amongst the most discussed issues of the day. It is all around on TV, on sites, learning diaries, work gathering rooms and in association’s meeting rooms. Strikingly, for so generally an utilized term, there does not seem to have an absolutely concurred definition. One of the much of the time utilized definitions is that globalization alludes to the developing reconciliation of social orders over the world, it has taken numerous structures, and it is hard to talk about it in a general manner. However, the greater part of the times the term is utilized is to allude to the budgetary mix of the world markets. Thusly our principle dialog will be on the monetary joining of the world and what negative impacts of globalization are, particularly the negative impacts Palast (2002) contends that globalization bankrupts the world’s poor, advancing the rich and pulverizing nature’s domain, while few supporters see it as a quick approach to widespread peace and success.

Numerous created nations began to change in the 1980’s after the burden of World Bank and IMF structural modification approaches. Backers would contend that this liberalization would help budgetary development, which will diminish neediness and that nations with more open markets will have encountered higher development rates that those with protectionist strategies (Ades &Glaeser 1999). However, Manenji (1998) contends that unregulated facilitated commerce, driven exclusively by business sector strengths, in that while it has raised expectations for everyday comforts for some individuals, particularly in created nations, it has not done so for the poorest. Following 20 years of exchange liberalization, destitution in numerous nations has not fallen. For instance in horticulture where the poorest make the majority of their living, nourishment imports are halfway in charge of pulverization of little agriculturists, for instance Malawi which creates rice which it sold in most South African nations now need to battle with rice which is sold at much less expensive rates, which is foreign from Asia.

Global exchange foodstuffs is expanding much speedier than nourishment creation; it took off as an aftereffect of exchange liberalization under the IMF, WTO and World Bank. As an outcome more land in creating nations is constantly utilized by expansive multinational organizations to develop nourishment for the fare market, which has suggestions for sustenance creation for nearby individuals. The cost of numerous farming wares, for example, espresso and tea are at close to unequaled lows. This has an expansive hindering effect on poor agriculturists, for the reason that purchasing foreign made sustenance costs are low to the point that there is no good reason for develop them.

Consequently a percentage of the ranchers are currently forsaking espresso and tea developing for pill development and these pills are, no doubt unlawfully transported to the West and destroying the lives of many individuals, which causes the western governments to use limitless measure of cash to battle this issue and blaming creating nations for corrupt conduct by not doing what’s necessary to avert drug development. Inside the created world we can say that the development of medication creating plants, for example, the opium poppy is not a satisfactory thing to do, yet reprimanding those nations of corrupt conduct and rebuffing them monetarily and politically won’t take care of the current issue. Hence the Governments must thoroughly consider contrasts in social circumstances, technique and why it has happened and get to the base of the issue, when this will be carried out it will be clear to see that there is nothing to do with ethics however with circumstances those nations are continuously pushed into. For associations and nations not handling the issues in just ways is basically getting to their decision for one set of movements over an alternate set of activities. The way that distinctive parts of the world have diverse good practices shows none, of these that they are all just as great nor that any of them is fundamentally improper (de George, 1978). There is nothing the matter with that; however, there is nothing right with that either.

The ideal approach to manage globalization is frankly about it. Globalization brings open doors yet it likewise brings dangers, actually, when neediness falling largely there could be local builds about which public opinion needs to be concentered. Particularly for the creating nations, with their potential absence of recourses for state-of-the-art enactment, it is paramount to recollect that not everything that is lawful is correct. Lawfulness is frequently just the moral least. Subsequently where national principles are deficient, the organization would need to implement their higher gauges and not exploit them. Business is a piece of our public and morals has put good to go as in any viable a piece of social life (de George, 1978).

Recommendations

The following recommendations will help prevent the world from cyber warfare:

The recommendation that I give concerning the security issues that are brought about by all the cyber related issues is that any weakness that can give the Warfare a room to get access to any computer or internet-based materials should not be left. In addition, severe punishment should be put in place for anybody that is convicted with any cyber warfare activity so that the others may fear to engage on it (Knapp & Boulton, 2006). In addition, any other party that handles any internet related information that is meant to be used at any event should be vigilant because some of the employees in these places conspire with the warfare in accomplishing the Warfares. This can be done by applying group policy settings in the computers that those users that do not need to get access to such sensitive information are locked out.

The last layer of the group policy object is used by the administrator to lock down the computers that those particular users operate by applying policy setting to each user (United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, 2010). The properties of multiple local group objects are derived from the processing order. The processing order of the three layers differs. The third layer contains specific user settings that are set to one user on a computer that he/she uses.

One way of ensuring this setting is by redirecting the desktop components that you do not want those specific users to get access. The other way of doing this is by redirecting the start menu and giving the computer a different start menu for example that of windows 9x/NT.

Moreover, the investigation department that deals specifically with cyber warfare should be established and all the laws and regulation governing the cyber warfare must be redefined such that any sign of cyber related warfare is punished.

Conclusion

Basing on the rate at which the technology is evolving, the future of Cyber Warfare, Globalization, and change states to Nation State is unpredictable. This is because the people who engage themselves in cyber warfare and Globalization are also professionals in the field who could be having the intension to cause harm or could be some who are trying to text their prowess in technology and as a result execute a felony. In general, the best way to combat the whole thing is by ensuring that everybody who interacts with the computer becomes conscious and practices the professional ethics as cyber warfare can destroy the world.

References

Ades, A and Glaeser, E (1999) Evidence on Growth, Increasing Returns and the extent of the Market, Quarterly Journal of Economics: 114(3), pp.1025-1046 

Arendt, H. (2009). The Decline of the Nation-State and the End of the Rights of Man.

De George, R (1978) Ethics, free enterprise and Public policy, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 

Favell, A. (2010). Integration nations: the nation-state and research on immigrants in Western Europe. Selected Studies in International Migration and Immigrant Incorporation, 1, 371.Palast, G (2002) The best democracy money can buy, London: Pluto Press. Manenji, F (1998) the effects of globalization on culture in Africa in the eyes of an African woman, www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/jpc/effglob.html Mohamad, M (2002) Globalization and Developing Countries, www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/define/1009malaysiamp.htm

Debeck, C. (2011). The Correlates of Cyber Warfare: A database for the modern era.

Dipert, R. R. (2010). The ethics of cyber warfare. Journal of Military Ethics, 9(4), 384-410.

Stytz, M. R., & Banks, S. B. (2010). Addressing Simulation Issues Posed by Cyber Warfare Technologies. SCS M&S Magazine. n (3).

United Nations. Office for Disarmament Affairs. (2010). Cyber warfare and its impact on international security (No. 19). United Nations Publications.

Waxman, M. C. (2011). Cyber-Warfare and the Use of Force: Back to the Future of Article 2 (4). Yale J. Int’l L., 36, 421.

Needle-Free Diabetic Care

Needle-Free Diabetic Care

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Institutional affiliation

Needle-Free Diabetic Care

Introduction

According to World Health Organization statistics of 2014, diabetes has a prevalence rate of 8.5% with 422 million people suffering from the condition globally. Diabetes is a condition of metabolic disorder that causes an individual to have higher than normal blood glucose levels. The condition is mainly caused by inadequate production of insulin in the body or the inability of body cells to respond to the insulin produced in the body. Diabetes occurs in two types; Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Some of the symptoms of diabetes include weight loss, hunger, thirst, fatigue, impaired vision, hyperglycemic conditions, and excessive urine excretion. If patients fail to respond well to oral treatment, insulin therapy is often the first option in the line of treatment. To diagnose diabetes, blood pricking is the procedure employed in analyzing the levels of blood glucose in a patient’s body. Pricking one’s finger with a lancet can be a painful and uncomfortable experience for many people and it often leads to less frequent testing and poor management of blood levels. If phobia of needles is an obstacle that keeps many people suffering from diabetes from observing their medication protocol, then needle-free injection devices are a game-changer. Although needle-free injections come with their fair share of challenges, they are a step in the right direction in ensuring millions of people battling diabetes access effective and patient-friendly treatment. This essay highlights various innovations in medical technology in the provision of needle-free diabetic care including Eversense, D base, GlucoTrack, NovioSense, GlucoWise, SugarBeat, and Occuity Indigo. The paper also touches on the advantages and disadvantages of needle-free diabetic care in general.

Eversense

To begin with, eversense is one of the recent developments that companies around the world have come up with to facilitate the non-invasive monitoring of glucose. Eversense is an implant developed to continuously monitor the level of glucose in an individual’s blood. It was developed by Senseonics, a US-based company. Worth noting, the device has to be initially deposited under the patient’s skin by a doctor. However, it has a sensor that is capable of lasting a period of three months before it can be replaced. Eversense uses a polymer that responds to blood sugar levels enabling it to measure the amount of glucose within the interstitial fluid (Kojic, Goyal, Lou, & Corwin, 2017). The device is put under the skin in the upper arm of a patient. It sends data in real-time to a transmitter which shows the number of glucose levels in the patient’s blood. The eversense device was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2018 which struck a deal to distribute it with Roche. There was a six-month version which was approved in 2017 in Europe and FDA is set to approve the version by the end of 2021. Senseonics is currently in the process of developing an eversense device capable of lasting a year.

D-Base

D-base is another needle-free development in the treatment of diabetes. D-base is a blood sugar monitor which is the size of a shoebox. The D-base monitor is a development of DiaMonTech, a German-based firm. The monitor measures the level of sugar in a patient’s blood through beaming infrared lasers on a finger’s skins causing the glucose to convert light to heat. Then, depending on the level of heat increase on the patient’s skin, the device is able to calculate the level of glucose. The increase in heat is too small for the user to notice it. In 2019, the D-base devise was approved for use by medical professionals in diabetes centers and clinical trials in the European Union. The German-based developer company is now in the process of developing a similar device for use in the US market. Furthermore, DiaMonTech is also working to develop smaller versions including a small sensor for use in wearable devices and a handheld D-pocket device.

GlucoTrack

Glucotrack is another recent innovation in the management and treatment of diabetes. It is a development of Integrity Applications, a US-Israeli Company. GlucoTrack monitors sugar levels in a patient’s blood using a combination of electromagnetic, ultrasonic, and thermal waves. The sensor is often clipped on a person’s ear to enable it to provide readout. Worth noting, the monitor device is used by adults that suffer from type 2 diabetes and is marketed mainly in Europe. Integrity Applications is aiming at expanding its market in the United States. The company is in the process of developing second-generation GlucoTrack devices that will feature wireless earless clip sensors that will be paired with smartphones..

NovioSense

NovioSense is another medical technological innovation in needle-free diabetic care. This is a Dutch-based startup that is seeking to develop a sugar-based monitor placed under patients’ lower eyelid to enable it to send measurements of glucose levels to a smartphone directly and in real-time (Ji, Gao, Chen, Wang, Ma, Ran, & Shan, 2020). The monitor has a flexible metal coil that is two centimeters long containing nanosensors inside. The coil is in turn covered with a layer of soft hydrogel for protective purposes. The coil measures glucose levels in tear fluid by the minute and uses a similar enzyme technology as the glucose strip tests are based upon. Results from a clinical study show that the monitor can be compared to the Freestyle Libre in terms of accuracy. In 2020, NovioSense was acquired by a private equity firm based in the United States and is licensing the technology to various players within the diabetes treatment space.

GlucoWise

Glucowise is another development that is worth recognizing in the field of needle-free diabetic care. Although it is still under development, it is a sensor that measures the amount of glucose levels in the blood. It does this by simply positioning it on the patient’s skin between the forefinger and thumb. It then sends measurements in real-time to a smartphone application. Its developers hold that it is more accurate than other wireless monitors because it employs specific radiofrequency waves to calculate the amount of glucose levels in a patients’ blood. MediWise is the firm behind this device. In 2018, the UK-based firm was taken over by Metamaterial Technologies, a Canadian specialist for smart materials and photonics. Metamaterial Technologies has since continued with the work of developing GlucoWise. In July 2021, the company commenced human trials of a GlucoWise version that blends machine learning and an array of wavelength sensors to attain more accurate results.

SugarBEAT

SugarBEAT is another device that has proved useful in needle-free treatment. It was developed by Nemaura, a United Kingdom-based Biotech Company. SugarBEAT is a skin patch which is replaceable and is often attached to a transmitter. SugarBEAT non-invasively measures the level of glucose in the blood of a patient (Yale, Dulude, Egeth, Piché, Lafontaine, Carballo, & Guzman, 2017). It does this by passing across low-level electric currents on the skin and draws samples of interstitial fluid located just beneath the skin. The transmitter is rechargeable and it sends data to the patient’s smartphone via Bluetooth thus making it possible to monitor the reading with an accompanying application. Worth noting, SugarBEAT has already attained marketing approval within the European Union. The device is set to gain FDA approval later in the year.

Occuity Indigo

Occuity Indigo is another innovation to diabetes treatment that takes literally, the expression of the eyes being the window to the soul. Occuity Indigo is a glucose meter which is eye-focused. Instead of measuring fluid in tears as did their counterparts, the developer opts to look at the eyeball as it is a stable and transparent environment whose level of glucose relates with the levels in the blood. The Occuity Indigo device sends faint beam lights to the eyeballs and calculates the amount of light which bounces to the device. It can measure the level of glucose in the eye depending on how much the returning lights refract. Occuity continues to fuel the advancement of monitoring technologies with Seedrs crowdfunding campaigns. The company is also in the process of developing another device capable of screening people at increased risk of suffering from diabetes among other health problems in the future.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Needle-free Diabetic Care

Needleless syringes are effective in diabetic care and treatment because of various advantages. To begin with, needless syringes help eliminate the phobia of needles that patients struggle with. Because no needles are required, there is reduced psychological resistance to diabetes treatment. Needleless syringes increase compliance with medication particularly for young children that suffer from diabetes. Additionally, insulin treatment is not easy for patients as they have to deal with injections and holding their tummy on a daily basis which is quite an uncomfortable experience. However, the use of needless syringes makes it fun. Another advantage of needle-free diabetic care is that it is safer as there is a reduced likelihood of needles breaking (Xing, Xie, Xu, Liu, He, Yang, & Ji, 2019). Furthermore, the use of needleless syringes minimizes the risk of treatment as well as the cost and trouble of disposing of medical waste. This is because some patients carry serious infectious diseases. Additionally, needleless medication saves on money and medicine. This is because the body of needle-free injectors can be reused repeatedly and by different individuals which greatly improve the economy as it completely eliminates injection change. Additionally, needleless syringes eliminate the formation of induration which forms in the injection site following repeated injections. On the downside, needless syringes are more costly than conventional syringes. Additionally, there is the worry of the liquid not being injected successfully since the injection process is rapid and mild which is contrary to the traditional syringe. Another disadvantage is that the needless syringes are large in volume compared to the traditional syringe making them more complicated to and use.

Conclusion

In closing, needleless approaches to diabetes care are more effective when compared to convectional ways of administering medication. In recent years, there has been various innovations in medical technology in providing needle-free diabetic care including, Eversense, D base, GlucoTrack, Novio Sense, GlucoWise, SugarBeat, and Occuity Indigo. Although they have their fair share of disadvantages, they have proved effective because they have eliminated the use of needles, a mode of treatment that is notorious for evoking fear among patients. Diabetes patients tend not to follow their medication because of the process of injecting insulin that they must undertake on day-to-day basis. Needless syringes help in saving money and medicine and eliminate the formation of indurations at the injection site. Needlessness syringes are effective for self-injection but they have the downside of having a larger volume compared to traditional syringes. Needleless syringes are also more expensive and may take time for the patients to its use. In the future, there is a need for developers to undertake mass media sensitization to improve the confidence of people in needleless diabetic care. This will make its use more effective as a result of increased uptake.

References

Kojic, N., Goyal, P., Lou, C. H., & Corwin, M. J. (2017). An innovative needle-free injection system: comparison to 1 ml standard subcutaneous injection. AAPS PharmSciTech, 18(8), 2965-2970.

Ji, L., Gao, L., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Ma, Z., Ran, X., & Shan, Z. (2020). Insulin delivery with a needle-free insulin injector versus a conventional insulin pen in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 16-week, multicenter, randomized clinical trial (the FREE study). EClinicalMedicine, 23, 100368.

Xing, Y., Xie, X., Xu, J., Liu, J., He, Q., Yang, W., … & Ji, Q. (2019). Efficacy and safety of a needle-free injector in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with basal insulin: a multicentre, prospective, randomized, crossover study. Expert opinion on drug delivery, 16(9), 995-1002.

Yale, J. F., Dulude, H., Egeth, M., Piché, C. A., Lafontaine, M., Carballo, D., … & Guzman, C. B. (2017). Faster use and fewer failures with needle-free nasal glucagon versus injectable glucagon in severe hypoglycemia rescue: a simulation study. Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 19(7), 423-432.

Cyberbullying Harms Caused By Social Networking Sites

Cyberbullying Harms Caused By Social Networking Sites

Cyberbullying can be defined as the use of information and communication tools to perpetuate intentional or deliberate, repeated behavior which is hostile by a group or group of individuals with ill motives of causing harm to others. Until recently this has not been a subject of discussion albeit heartedly because it was not all that serious. But with the advent of the internet and subsequent advancement of technological tools like notebooks, tablets and mobile phones, cyberbullying has evolved to a very challenging issue in our lives now more than ever before (Smith, 2009). The advancement of social networking sites has also made the matters even worse. This includes such sites like face book, tweeter, LinkedIn, my space just to mention but a few. Cyberbullying mostly occurs in chat rooms, blogs, emails, texting and more commonly social networking sites. For the sake of this article I will mostly dwell on cyberbullying caused social networking sites.

Negative effects of cyber bullying

The effects that cyberbullying can have on an individuals greatly differs from one person to another. This is dependent on a number of factors like age, experience, knowledge, emotional maturity among many other variables. The most common emotional effects that have been reported to have occurred to individuals include depression, anger, sadness and frustration. It is important to note here that the effect that cyberbullying can have on one individual, is not the same effect it can have on another. This is because we all perceive what happens around us very differently (Smith, 2009).

Smith goes further to indicate that physical effects that have been reported include attempts to harm one self, physical harm and even suicide cases have been reported in some extreme cases! Thus it is evident that cyberbullying is a serious challenge facing our generation, more delay to act will pronounce disaster especially to our young people. Psychologically bullying through social networking, have been known to bring about low self esteem, psychosomatic symptoms and even withdraw feelings. This is because the way we feel when and individual bullies you on face to face scenario is more or less the same when he uses social networking sites. In fact the effect can be even far outreaching because social networking sites can reach a wider audience over very short time. For instance if some one hacks your face book account and posts obscene updates, it will reach to all your friends who are on line irrespective of where they are at the blink of an eye! It will in turn be very difficult for you to explain to them what had happened.

There are other harms of cyberbullying that are indirect or are just consequences of the same. One is the fact that it can lead to one dropping out of school (if one is schooling) or from work. This is especially true when the bullying is diminishing and has become public. This will often lead to poor performance in whatever occupation an individual is involved in. On the same note the bullied person can opt to turn violent and harm other people who are near him. Thus as much as this is indirect, it can lead to serious consequences (Smith, 2009).

Conclusion

In conclusion, I can say cyberbullying is a real threat to our lives now than ever before. In fact it has become more serious even than face to face bullying. This is due to the fact that whereas in face to face you can identify an aggressor who is bullying you and take a necessary step, in cyberbullying the aggressor is anonymous. The ability to reach a wider audience, more enduring nature of written word makes the matters even worse. Thus there is an urgent need for us to seek all possible ways to protect ourselves from this new wave of crime.

Reference

Peter Smith (2009). An investigation in to cyberbullying, its forms, awareness and impact, and the relationship between age and gender in cyber bullying. Oxford university press, London.

This is available on line at:

http://www.scribd.com/doc/46845428/Cyberbullying-In-Social-Networking-Sites-Blogs-Legal-Issues-for-Young-People-Schools.

NEEDLESTICK INJURY PREVENTION AND SAFETY (1)

NEEDLESTICK INJURY PREVENTION AND SAFETY

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DATE

Health care workers face a major exposure to a wide variety of hazards in the working environment especially in the medical equipment. Injuries from contaminated needle exposes workers to blood borne pathogens which may lead to serious infections. Most needle stick injuries mostly occur in healthcare settings such as hospitals, ambulatory settings, physician’s offices, nursing homes and home health settings.

Risks associated with infections from contaminated needle sticks or sharp objects in the medical field is majorly dependent on the pathogens involved, the severity of the injury and the ability to use appropriate treatment for the infection. Health care organizations should initiate needle stick prevention programs aimed at improving their compliance with the current blood borne infection standards. These standards by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) were established in 1991. The standards require organizations to utilize safety-made sharps and needless systems in their medical practitioners.

Needle stick and sharp injuries can be prevented by use of certain methods. The nursing fraternity should ensure elimination of the use of needles when safe and make proper use of effective alternatives to help reduce such infections and injuries. Strategies should also be outlined to make use of devices with safety features. Such devices should be well evaluated to determined the most effective and efficient ones thus considering their acceptability for use. Analysis of needllestick and sharp related injuries should be always carried out in the specific nursing fields to point the current hazards and injuries.

Major priorities and strategies should be set out to improve prevention through close examination and evaluation of both local and national information and data about the possible risk factors for needle stick injuries. This will help formulate successful viable efforts and measures for intervention. Health care workers should be well trained on how to safely use and dispose needles and sharp objects in their work environment. Modifications should be made in the work practices that seem to pose needle stick injuries so as to make them safer.

The nursing fraternity should establish procedures to encourage immediate reporting and timely close follow-up of all needle stick injuries and other sharp-related injuries. Evaluations should be made in concern with the effectiveness of preventions methods and efforts. This will pave a viable way on how monitor feedback on performance of medical workers. In case of any hazards from needles in the work environment, health care workers should make reports. They should also make an active participation in blood borne pathogen trainings to enlighten people on the recommended injury prevention practices.

The management of health care facilities should ensure that they make a thorough review of their exposure control plans each year. This will reflect changes and new trends in the modern technology thus giving an upper hand to reduce exposure to blood borne pathoges.They should also inculcate a behavior of involving the non-managerial personnel in evaluation and safe selection of safety engineered devices for use. The employers of health care workers should maintain a sharp injury log in their record systems. This will ensure the privacy of employees and contain information about the type of brand device involved in the occurrence of the incident, the location of the incident and a description of the incident.

The management should also implement universal precautions and ensure provision of personal protective equipment such as gloves and face shields. Implementation of work practice controls should be ensured such as no needle recapping, disposing of sharps anyhow after use.

Needle stick prevention also requires proper disposal of needles and other sharp devices. Health care workers should ensure that they always place sharps disposal containers where sharps are mostly used. Replacement of sharp disposal containers should be done promptly when full to avoid overfilling. The selected disposable containers should be closable, resistant to punctures and leak proof. Clear labeling of the disposable containers should also be ensured and also use of lockable containers for areas under threat of security issues.

Most needle stick injuries can be prevented with the proper use of safety devices with conjunction with enhanced worker education and training and work practice controls. The nursing team should be proactive in ensuring prevention of needle stick injuries in their working environment. In relation to use of safety devices, permission to use needles should only be granted to the practitioners only at all times. The safety devices should be simple and easy to use to avoid complications. They should be made in a way that they can be effectively used by both right and left handed workers. The safety features in the devices should be activated when in use. The devices a should be safe and effective for patient care.

Personal protection and prevention is also very important in case of a needle stick infection. One should seek immediate medical help to assess the risk of developing a further infection. One should also ensure that he or she gets a hepatitis B vaccination and report to a medical officer in case of any nededlestick and any other injuries.

REFERENCES

Wilburn, S.Q & Eijkemans, G. (2004) Preventing Needle stick injuries among Healthcare Workers: A WHO-ICN Collaboration.Int J Occup Environ Health.

Tatelbaum, M.F. (2001) Health Law Review: Needle stick Safety and Prevention Act. Pain Physician.

Cybercrimes In Terms Of How The Problem Started, And Its Current Position

How Cybercrime started and its present status

INTRODUCTION

In the present day context, computer technologies and internet have become essential elements in the day-to-day life of individuals. There has been a significant increase in the number of individuals accessing ‘World Wide Web’ every hour and in every minute. People access the internet and use computers both for legitimate purposes and for illegal motives. The advancement in the field of internet has developed a virtual environment where activities can be executed through networked computers. Currently, criminal activities have increased to a significant extent due to easy and restriction free availability of information from the internet as well as free communication services offered by online service providers both locally and internationally. Illegitimate uses of these services through the internet, as a source of adequate information and economically beneficial way of communication, have become a prime cause of criminal activities over the internet, commonly referred as ‘cybercrime’. This paper addresses Cybercrimes In Terms Of How The Problem Started, And Its Current Position. The paper also looks at various harms that such crimes have to internet uses, the motivating factors, and the possible solutions to this increasing problem.

General Problem of Crime and Internet

The origin of cyber crime can be attributed to the technological advancements of the late 1980s and the 1990s. During the mid and the late 1990s, a lot of innovations were being evident among the developed nations. Wall (pg.1) claims that the availability of various opportunities in innovation were the main initiating aspects of cybercrimes. The United States has had some programs that encourage celebration of genius youths (Wall, pg.4). Such youths could be a major threat to internet use and computer safety. Many individuals and organizations were viewing the technological change from the basis of being a great opportunity for technological and economic growth thereby having nothing to worry about the many growing evils brought in by the computer technology. Such advancements gave birth to computer crime as people looked for better chances to benefit both rightly and through evil actions such as cybercrimes. In contrary to what everyone thought to be a smooth achievement, problems emerged with many companies and individuals losing money to cybercriminals. The deterioration of ethical values was also a major result of cybercrime. Problems like cyber pornography have been a growing issue over the past few years even though many countries prohibit the sale or use of such materials through laws and regulations (Wall, pg.6).

Cybercrime poses problems to both computers user and network user by making the use of internet unsafe in various capacities. According to Wall (pg.8), there are many confusions in terms of who cybercrime victims are and the way they are often victimized. Some case could depict the victims as individuals but most effects are felt in terms of corporate entities. In a typical case, certain computers could be used in committing cybercrimes or the same computers could be targeted. Cybercrimes involve offenses committed against certain individuals or even several groups of individuals. Such offenses are mainly done with criminal motives such as internationally harming the victims reputation, cause physical or mental damage to the cybercrime victim, or benefit financially using the wrong tactics.

Most individuals initiating cybercrime do it with a key aim of benefiting from the criminal actions, which could be direct or indirect. Cybercriminals could be highly skilled to do their job or they could only have adequate experience to execute such crimes but mainly they have high skills, which enable them handle complecated tasks in a smart way (Burns and Price, pg.70). Most, modern telecommunication networks are used, which increases the possibility that those affected have hardly any knowledge links to the cybercrime initiators. Internet tools and techniques used include chat rooms, groups, emails, and notice boards. Other than being a major problem to individuals or small groups, cybercrime has the potential of threatening national security as well as a country’s financial health after the problem has grown to the national level (Burns and Price, pg.72). This aspect has made cybercrime be considered as a high profile issue.

The most appalling cybercrimes are those that revolve around aspects like cracking, copyright, child pornography, child grooming, and infringement. Aspects like pornography are illegal in many countries especially when entailing children. Cybercrime take these legal barriers as an advantage to harm the victims or benefit financially from them. Other than this problem, privacy has become an issue making confidential information face risks of being intercepted or lost. Most of cybercriminals are young, a factor that could being interpreted by the much time that the young population has due to lack of commitments in jobs or in family obligations.

Different Types of Cybercrimes and their respective Problems

Cybercrime involve a number of computer and internet activities that are typically illegal and harmful to many computer users. According to Young Literature (Pg.10), there are four categories of cyber-trespassing. The fore trespassers include utopians, cyberpunks, cyber-spies, and cyber-terrorists. The utopians are cyber trespassers who believe that whatever they are doing is for the societal benefits given that their actions demonstrate the vulnerability of the society. In this case, it would be difficult to stop their cybercriminal activities since they believe that their actions are hardly harmful. Cyberpunks on the other hand are very aggressively anti-establishment. Their actions are intentional and they are directed to causing harm within an international scope but their main target the people who have offended them at some point (Carr, pg.84). Their actions are therefore intentional and specific. Cyber-spies work by obtaining private information without seeking any permission from the users. Lastly, cyber-terrorists are programmers who break into other people’s computers with a motive of stealing or destroying personal information. Their actions are motivated by terrorism intentions according to Wall (pg.5)

Hacking is another major computer crime that is organized in a systematic way. Hackers first target an organization; identify the key interest, and find more about it using search engines. They also identify such targets’ vulnerability using the internet. They then use basic software tools to break into, destroy, or acquire organizational or individual data depending on their motives (William, Boni and Gerald, pg.110).

Cybercriminals using computer devices or networks to make advancements on the other ends include fraud, cyberstalking, information warfare, and phishing scams. Crimes such as spam involve unauthorized emails sent for commercial purposes. This cybercrime is greatly handled by the law. Other cybercrimes such as fraud involve misrepresentation of information. This could lead to wrong processes or information loss. Fraud as a cybercrime also involves the alteration of information in a way that is hardly authorized. Cybercriminals in this case only require some technical expertise. It is common among employees who could enter force data or enter unauthorized instructions. People could as well use unauthorized processes to execute their criminal plans.

Challenges Posed by Cybercriminal to Criminal Justice Systems

Criminal justice systems could only be in a position of helping within the cybercrimes by seeking help from internet users. Internet users should be in the capacity to identify and formulate a report on cases of cybercriminal activities committed against them. The main challenge in this case is that the internet is too wide and endless to point out who exactly committed a given cybercrime. The justice system thus lack the necessary ground of passing judgments on suspected cybercriminals.

In the case of common forms of cybercrime such as offensive content, it may be difficult to point out who exactly committed the crime. Websites and the information contained in websites are controlled such that no obscene content would reach the users. Such obscene content could be created and spread for various reason, most of which are illegal but encryption could be employed to disguise the identity of the cybercriminals. The aspect of the information being illegal varies significantly across different countries and within nations, resulting to another challenge that the justice systems face in passing judgments on cybercrimes.

Again, people have strong but varying beliefs concerning obscene information created on various websites. This aspect makes the intention of the cybercriminals in this category achieve their intended goals and objectives. A major case in this cybercrime is internet pornography which has gone to the extent of child pornography but most of the contents are unknown as to who posts them. Such contents also have warning information on who should or should not view the content. It could be difficult to pass judgment on what seems to be crime in this case especially given that such websites clarify the minimum age as a condition of viewing the web content. People are also warned about the use of unknown websites. Online transaction are also initiated with stun warnings that users need to be careful especially where personal information is required. This could be the best way of preventing cybercrime even without straining the justice systems (Wall, pg.179).

Real World Problems and the Solutions for both Technical and non-technical Professionals

In order for individuals or agencies to protect their personal information or critical information belonging to their companies, such individuals or agencies should be able to recognize any possible cybercrime treats to their businesses in terms of assets, data, and information. It is possible that cybercrime threats could come from a multi-directional perspective, both from within the organization, business or government agency, or from the outside respectively (William, Boni and Gerald, pg.92). In any business organization or government agency, it is good to initiate basic training on aspects related to the way people could identify and recognize threat agents in terms of their motives, opportunities, and rationalization for their illegal actions (William, Boni and Gerald, pg.92).

Internet’s role in information warfare

A number of ways to protect and avoid any attacks from cybercriminals or internet attackers exist. Some organizations or individuals within government agencies however facilitate such attacks due to their actions and motives to benefit from such illegal activities (Carr, pg.67). Some companies and agencies in the United States such as the United States Department of Defense systems aid such cybercrime activities and promote their vulnerability to cyber attacks. The United States Department of Defense systems for instance fail to update their I-way system updates or could simply fail refuse to update thereby ending up to lose millions of dollars. Such losses are as a result of negligence especially by the people in charge o making such updates. This problem is faced by many other organizations in which there could be internal participants promoting such attacks.

Actual Internet Crime cases

Actual cases of internet crimes exist. A good case is Bank Fraud, where a website was set-up for cybercrime motives to obtain funds from ignorant web users. The case involved the reporting of the website as an online transaction business for the Bank Bumiputra Malaysia. This false website asked depositors to give their account numbers and other information to be eligible for a Lucky drawing according to South China Morning Post (8/17/98). Another case is that of Credit Union Fraud where hackers charged more than $1 million to the debit cards of credit union members by using a computer to guess the account members of the members according to the Washington Post (8/15/98).

Fighting Cybercrimes

Complexity of the Emerging Cyber threat

The cases of cybercrimes are today countless. As the frequency of using the internet increases, cybercriminals get even more and better opportunities to exercise their motives. While such cases increase, there are many ways of reducing or eliminating cybercrimes. As technology advances, complexities in the use of internet and the emerging threats increase. Nations find it difficult to deal with cybercrimes due to the lack of the necessary cyber power to handle such criminal situations (Nye and Scocroft, pg.66). The problem of cybercrime has generate a great cognitive cyber stress to the entire world. The world can only deal with such problems by dealing with the cybercrime problems legally, legitimately, and in very organized way (Nye and Scocroft, pg.66).

Crafting effective domestic and international cyber policy

Policy implementation could be a very effective way of combating cybercrime problems. One of the main actions to combat cybercrimes is make some follow-ups and track source computers for evidence as part of the key policies within organizations and government agencies. In this case, keeping track on possible threat should include even people working within security agencies. According to William, Boni and Gerald (pg.92), people from within a given business or a governemnt agency among other organizations could be characterized by gread, financial pressures, jealousy, and other traits that could push them to initiate cybercrimes aginst such organizations. The best way out is to handle such people by keeping a close eye on them and deal with them according to the law (William, Boni and Gerald, pg.92).

From a law perspective, internet service providers in many countries are required to keep meaningful log-files within a given period of time. This is usually a requirement by law. Countries without such laws could implement the same to avoid the cultivation of cybercriminals (Parker, pg.47). Again, justice systems should create tough penalties on cybercrimes or increase such penalties if such penalties already exist. Such penalties could cover crimes such as the unauthorized use of computers, creation of obscene contents, hacking of websites, sending encrypted emails, posting threats, and sending harassment contents to people among other internet crimes like changing people’s passwords (Parker, pg.234). The main failure in these combating efforts includes the case of various companies and agencies that hardly keep update the I-way system updates. A major instance in this case is the US Department of Defense, which through negligence, millions of dollars are lost through cybercrime (William, Boni and Kovacich, pg.119). In general, the injuries caused by cybercrime should be compensated through the charges or penalties (William, Boni and Kovacich, pg.53).

Conclusion

Cybercrimes may seem meaningless to many people especially to those who have never faced the resulting effects. The problem is not only an individual issue or a national problem but it is also a global concern. It may come out that most of the cybercriminals are based in those countries where the local laws are hardly strict on such crimes. While education, technical, and internet skills are critical to every country’s economy, there should be some limits on the way people could technologically use their skills. The use of technology to harm other people should be curtailed as much as possible. The use of internet should be only based on good motives to all parties (Parker, pg.32). Again, given that efforts to combat cybercrimes would turn out to be successful, people have to assist their governments and the responsible authorities. The basic idea in this case is that a problem that is facing another person could possibly face any other individual irrespective of their locations. Again, people should be very conservative when using the internet, especially during online transactions or whenever personal or confidential details are required. A combined effort would be the best way forward to combating cybercrimes.

Works Cited

Burns, Nicholas and ‎Jonathon Price. Securing Cyberspace: A New Domain for National Security. Aspen Institute, 2012 . Print.

Carr , Jeffrey. Inside ‘cyber ‘warfare. 2011. Print.

Nye, Joseph S. and Brent Scowcroft. Securing Cyberspace, edited by Nicholas Burns & Jonathon Price. 2012. Print.

Parker, Donn B. Fighting Computer Crime. 1998. Print.

Wall, David S. Crime and the Internet . London: Routledge , 2001 . Print.

William, C., Dr. Boni and Gerald L. Kovacich. I-Way Robbery: Crime in the Internet . 1999 . Print.

William, C., Dr. Boni and Gerald L. Kovacich. Netspionage The global threat to information. 2000. Print.

Cyberloafers and Cyber sleuths

Title of Essay: Cyberloafers and Cyber sleuths

Student’s Name:

Grade Course

Tutor’s Name

Date of submission:

Introduction

Advances in technology have given rise to a more sophisticated ways of social interaction. Man can now interact with the real world via computer-stimulated systems. This has encouraged social interaction which in turn improves the welfare of the concerned parties. However, the use of company facilities to pursue personal ambitions has raised eye brows between the employees and the employers.

To begin with, the functionalists argue that a society is comprised of different and interdependent structures including economy, education, religion as well as the family. These institutions are related and interdependent and functions together to enhance the stability and social order. It is therefore important that employers understand the significance of such relations and allow their workers to coordinate with their environments on pertinent issues in the society (Layder, 1981).

Besides, it is important to appreciate the differences and conflicts that emerge in a society. According to Karl max in his conflict theory, embraces the tensions and conflicts in the society and argue that such conflicts are necessary in fostering social stability and cohesion. The employers have a right to control what their employees are doing with the company computers during work time. On the other hand, the employees are social beings and have to interact with their colleagues in the society. Cyber slacking should not be encouraged in the workplace as employees are supposed to perform their office duties during such times. In cases where the activity of cyber slacking is rampant, the employers may be forced to initiate cyber sleuthing so as to enhance accountability in the workplace (Lichgate, & Zuckerman, 1997).

Interaction theory on the other hand emphasizes on the creation of social structures through interactions among the people in the society. According to the theory, the people themselves define what a social reality as well as what other people are doing. In a workplace for instance, the employers and the employees’ choice of behavior should be determined by existing situation. The interaction between the two parties should bring forth a standardized code of behavior in the company. Employees should understand that the company computers are only used to perform company duties during work time and not other social duties. However, such computers may be used to perform personal duties when situation demand. For example, an employee may want to attend to argent matters of his family such as sickness of a family member. In such situation, the employer should understand and allow the employee to use the company asset. In cases where employees are engaged in rampant cyber slacking, the employer has a right to initiate cyber sleuthing to ensure worker responsibility as well as accountability (Layder, 1981).

Generally, positive interaction between the employer and the employees in a workplace creates an atmosphere enjoyed by all the parties in the environment. Employees are entitled to respecting the company rules and regulations so as to execute their duties responsibly. They are supposed to carry out company duties during work time and perform personal work outside work time. They should not be engaged in cyber slacking or cyber loafing in an attempt to pursue their personal duties using the company computers during work time. However, employers should embrace some tolerance in situations of agency as mentioned earlier. Employers on the other hand are bestowed with the authority to ensure that the company regulations are adhered to. In cases where the employees are involved in rampant cyber slacking, the employers are left with no other alternative except to initiate cyber sleuthing so as to ensure responsibility and accountability in the workplace (Layder, 1981. However, cyber sleuthing may create conflict in the workplace as many employees would feel that their privacy has been invaded. In such cases, the company should adopt other methods of controlling cyber slacking including assigning workers duties that would be completed within the stipulated office hours.

Conclusion

All the stakeholders in the society should embrace the changes in the technologies as well as appreciate the importance of social interactions as a means of enhancing social stability. Companies should adopt strategies that do not create conflict between the workers and the employers as they pursue their duties and responsibilities in the workplace. Very strict rules in the company should also be avoided including cyber sleuthing which is considered invasionary to the privacy of the workers. More importantly, all the stakeholders should be encouraged to understand and respect the corporate culture and do what is right at the right time and place.

Referencing List:

Lichbach, M. & Zuckerman, A. (1997). Comparative politics: rationality, culture, and structure.

Cambridge University Press.

 Layder, D. (1981). STRUCTURE, INTERACTION AND SOCIAL THEORY. Routledge.

Negative Impacts of Social Media on People’s Lives Analysis of Social Media is Attention Alcohol by Derek Thompson

Negative Impacts of Social Media on People’s Lives: Analysis of “Social Media is Attention Alcohol” by Derek Thompson

In his article, Derek metaphorically compares social media usage to alcohol consumption. He argues that social media is a product that is beneficial but addictive and naturally unwholesome in large doses. Derek writes that although many people use social media regularly, love it and are okay with it, many abuses it, and some develop unhealthy compulsions. Additionally, he proposes that thinking of social media as alcohol can guide reform efforts towards managing its use and impacts. Social media has serious negative effects on people lives; it creates feelings of inadequacy, affects mental health, enhances bullying, creates unrealistic expectations and creates addiction.

Social media creates feelings of inadequacy about life and appearance. Social media gives people a tool to compare themselves with others and to question their self-worth. The life and photographs people view on social media make them feel insecure about what is going on in their lives and how they look. Resulting in feelings of inadequacy and dissatisfaction with their real personal lives. Similarly, social media provides a platform for people to show their best looks, from classic clothes to body and facial appearance. This impacts self-esteem and triggers feelings of inadequacy in people who do not feel good enough. For instance, Derek documents that Facebook and Instagram make young women, especially teen girls, feel worse about their bodies.

Secondly, social media negatively affects the mental health of its users. Social media triggers comparison in people, which is a sure path to anxiety and depression. Social media users tend to post the best parts of their lives, which most people compare to the worst in their personal lives; comparing yourself to another person creates the idea of missing out and negatively impacts self-esteem resulting in depression and anxiety. Derek documents that Instagram and Facebook users, especially teen girls, admit that what they see on these sites negatively affects their mental health. Also, those who already struggle with mental health acknowledge that Facebook and Instagram usage makes it worse. Similarly, the growing use of social media is limiting face to face interactions. Human beings need face to face interactions to be mentally healthy. Therefore, the more people use social media over face-to-face interactions, the more they risk developing mood disorders such as anxiety and depression.

Additionally, social media encourages bullying. Cyberbullying is a constant and ever-present threat in society. Social media platforms provide avenues for people to spread hurtful rumours, abuse or lie about others anonymously or use their real names. Most people who use social media, especially teens, experience bullying from their peers or are subjected to offensive comments. Victims of cyberbullying remains with lasting emotional scars, and some end up harming themselves physically or committing suicide.

Furthermore, social media creates unrealistic expectations, promotes self-absorption and creates confusion between reality with online. Social media platforms form unrealistic expectations of friends and life in individuals minds nurturing a severe lack of authenticity and encouraging lying. For instance, people use social media platforms to showcase exciting adventures, their love for friends and significant other and different successfully aspects of their lives. Although this can be a façade, people always use them as a yardstick to what life should be, creating unrealistic expectations in their personal lives. Similarly, social media platforms provide an avenue to make friends; most people confuse this with actual communication, in-person interactions, and socialising. Most friends on social media networks are not friends and can even be strangers. Additionally, sharing endless information about personal life and innermost thoughts on social media creates unhealthy self-absorption and can affect people’s ability to develop real-life connections.

Besides, social media creates addiction. Social media like cigarettes and alcohol can be addictive. Social media has a powerful draw that keeps people checking all the time without thinking. It is difficult for people with social media accounts to go an entire day without checking updates, commenting or posting. For instance, when individuals post a picture or update on social media platforms, they keep on motoring the likes and comments and replying. These activities can take an entire day without an individual realising. Also, it can build the need and desire to do so the following day. Derick documents that young teenagers often feel addicted to social media sites and are unable to stop themselves. He also documents his personal experience, “sometimes the content is unfavourable, and I regret how I spend my time…only to open the applications again, several minutes later (Thompson, 2021)” This shows some level of addiction.

In conclusion, although social media has beneficial qualities, its dark sides negatively impact the lives of individuals in society, especially teenagers. It affects people’s self-worth, causes cyberbullying, negatively affects people’s mental health, and wastes time due to its addictive nature. Like Derek Thompson proposes in his article “Social Media is Attention Alcohol”, social media should be subjected to guidelines like alcohol consumption to limit its impacts on individuals, especially teens.

Bibliography

Thompson, D. (2021, September 17). Social media is attention alcohol. The Atlantic. Retrieved November 11, 2021, from https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/09/social-media-attention-alcohol-booze-instagram-twitter/620101/.

Cyberwarfare, which is defined by Clarke (2010) as action by a given nation-state

Author’s Name

Institutional affiliation

Introduction

Cyberwarfare, which is defined by Clarke (2010) as action by a given nation-state to maliciously penetrate another state’s computer networks for the main purpose of disrupting or causing damage is a major cause of national and global concern. This threat, which is often politically motivated, has in this year and for the very first time, been regarded to be a larger threat than terrorism or Al Qaeda by various U.S intelligence authorities (Dilanian, 2013). Computer security is indeed is an important concern for governments, businesses and individuals (OPC, 2011, p.11; Guttman & Roback, 1995). In this paper, we investigate the concept of cyberwarfare and explain why it is an area of concern for governments, businesses and individuals. Also investigated is how individuals attempt to breach computer security in this domain (methods of attack). This paper also presents the active and passive defenses that governments, businesses and individuals can use in combating cyber attack. The methods that security specialists employ in safeguarding computer systems are also explored in great detail.

The concept of cyberwarefare

The concept of cyberwarfare is basically a computer hacking activity which is politically motivated for the sake of espionage and sabotage. It is a special kind of information systems warfare which is sometimes viewed as analogues to the conventional warfare (O’Connel, 2012).As noted earlier, this threat, has in this year and for the very first time, been regarded to be a larger threat than terrorism or Al Qaeda by various U.S intelligence authorities (Dilanian, 2013).Indeed this makes cyberspace the 5th domain of military warfare (Taddeo, 2012, p.209).

So grave is the issue of cyber security that the U.S Department of Defense (DoD) has formally acknowledged it as a new domain in global warfare (Lynn, 2010).Lipman Report clearly indicated that several of United State’s key sectors of the economy as well as other nations are at great risk of cyber attacks. Cyber threats range from those targeting private to public facilities such as banking and financial sectors, transportation, education, medical, and manufacturing and government operations. In this regard, we can safely regard cyberwarfare as an event exhibiting characteristics of a conventional warfare but waged only in the cyberspace.

Methods of attack

According to Andress and Winterfield (2011), individuals and nation-states can use several methods in order to wage a cyber attack. These range from the use of malware, viruses, Distributed-denial of service (DDoS) attacks to the use of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) bombs. Wilson (2008) categorized the methods into three distinct issues; physical damage of computers as well as communication lines, the use of electromagnetic pulse to damage computers and the use of malware to manipulate as well as sabotage computer networks.

Malware attack involves the use of malicious software to infect individual, corporate or government computers. A perfect example of a malware that has been used in the past is Stuxnet, a malware which is arguably the most sophisticated cyberweapon ever designed (Bodenheimer, 2012). This malware was developed by United States in collaboration with Israel in order to sabotage the Iranian nuclear enrichment program. Its deployment was hugely successful to its creator since it completely destroyed the computers that were being used for the enrichment operations.

Physical damage of computers as well as communication lines is another method used in waging a cyber attack. This is usually achieved through the destruction as well as sabotage of computer hardware, aerials, cables as well as satellites. The use of EMP is also effective since it completely destroys all computer and communication equipment that are transistor-based.

Manipulation of computer networks is yet another example of cyberwarfare. It involves the use of programs to interfere with the integrity, availability as well as confidentiality of the computer and communication systems. This type of attack involves the use of DDoS attacks as well as man-in-the-middle attacks.

How to combat cyberwarfare

Cyber attacks can be combated through the application of active and passive anti-cyber attack strategies. There is a need for individuals, corporations and governments to develop methods for predicting, identifying and countering cyber attacks. Currently, several entities within the United States cyber community campaigning for the adoption of an anti-cyber attack campaign that is able to strategically as well as tactically deal with the eminent cyber threats (Menn, 2012). These anti-cyber attack strategies involved the application of active and passive defensive strategies to protect computer and communication systems against cyber attacks. Anti-cyber-attack strategies are mostly associated with both active and passive cyber attack defense measures that are used in protecting computer systems while counter-cyber-attack measures are mainly pre-emptive offensive techniques that are used to analyze behaviors and signatures and then subsequently deter, prevent, pre-empt as well as neutralize all sorts of hostile acts or intrusions (Swanson,Astrich,Robinson,2012).

Individuals, corporations and governments must therefore work together with security specialists in coming up with proper anti and counter-cyber-attack measures in order to ensure that the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer and communication networks are never compromised. Intrusion detection systems must be used to help in forming a strategy that is more predictive than reactive. An early warning framework such as Lockwood’s 12-step Analytical Method for Prediction (LAMP) must also be implemented (Lockwood, 1996).The use of antivirus updated software such as Kaspersky Antivirus must also be used. Firewall must also be used with suitable policies put in place.

Conclusion

Cyberwarfare is a concept that can never be avoided in our current and future societies. Individuals, corporations and governments must therefore work together with security professionals in combating all sorts of offensive cyberwarfare. Active and passive defense mechanisms must therefore be designed to be used for predicting, identifying and countering cyber attacks. Otherwise, we might just be headed for a cyber Armageddon!

References

Andres,J.,Winterfield.,S. (2011).Cyber Warfare: Techniques, Tactics and Tools for Security

Practitioners. Waltham,MA: Syngress

Bodenheimer,DZ.(2012).Cyberwarfare in the Stuxnet Age Can Cannonball Law Keep Pace

With the Digital Battlefield? The SciTech Lawyer, 8 (3) (Winter,2012).Retrieved on 17 April,2013 from HYPERLINK “http://www.crowell.com/files/2012-bodenheimer-the-scitech-lawyer.pdf” http://www.crowell.com/files/2012-bodenheimer-the-scitech-lawyer.pdf

Clarke, R,A.(2010).Cyber War.New York,NY:Harper Collins

Guttman,B., Roback,EA. (1995). An Introduction to Computer Security: The NIST Handbook.

Nist special Publication800-12. Retrieved on 17 April,2013 from HYPERLINK “http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-12/handbook.pdf” http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-12/handbook.pdf

Dilanian, K (2013)”Cyber-attacks a bigger threat than Al Qaeda, officials say”, Los Angeles

Times, March 12, 2013. Retrieved on 17 April,2013 HYPERLINK “http://articles.latimes.com/2013/mar/12/world/la-fg-worldwide-threats-20130313” http://articles.latimes.com/2013/mar/12/world/la-fg-worldwide-threats-20130313

Lynn, W.J. ,III. “Defending a New Domain: The Pentagon’s Cyberstrategy”, Foreign Affairs,

Sept/Oct. 2010, pp. 97–108

Lockwood, J. (1996). Lockwood Analytical Method for Prediction, DC: JMIC.

Menn, J. (2012, June 18). “Hacked companies fight cyber criminals.” Retrieved on 17

April,2013 from the Canada.com website: HYPERLINK “http://www.canada.com/technology/Hacked+companies+fight+cyber+criminals/” http://www.canada.com/technology/Hacked+companies+fight+cyber+criminals/

O’Connel,ME (2012).Cyber Security without Cyber War. Oxford :Oxford University Press

Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (2011).

“Fundamental Privacy Rights within a Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Economic Competitiveness”.Submission by the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada to the  Government of Canada’s Beyond the Border Working Group public consultation.

Taddeo, M (2012). “Information Warfare: a Philosophical Perspective.”Presented at the 2012

4th International Conference on Cyber Conflict. Retrieved on 17 April,2013 HYPERLINK “http://www.ccdcoe.org/publications/2012proceedings/3_5_Taddeo_AnAnalysisForAJustCyberWarfare.pdf” http://www.ccdcoe.org/publications/2012proceedings/3_5_Taddeo_AnAnalysisForAJustCyberWarfare.pdf

Wilson,C (2008). Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism:Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for

Congress.CRS Report for Congress Order Code RL32114.Updated January 28,2008. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL32114.pdf” http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL32114.pdf

Negative Leadership Behaviors

Negative Leadership Behaviors

A leader’s behavior is an authoritative demonstration of mannerisms that bear the prospects and standards of an organization and establish the organizational climate (Grojean et al., 2004).Leadership behaviors are either task or relations oriented. Task-oriented leaders gear to reaching organization goals. A leader who displays task-oriented behaviors explains staff roles and objectives, monitors individual performance and actions as well as set short-term goals (Yukl, O’Donnell)

Relations-oriented leadership behaviors dwell with developing close, trustworthy relations with staff (Holloway, 2012). A relations-oriented leader displays supportive, developmental and approval behaviors (Holloway, 2012). Behaviors that indicate a leader supports his employers are showing acceptance, being concerned and sensitive to the needs and feelings of others. A display of developmental behaviors is seen when a leader provides probable welfare to supervisors, peers, subordinates or colleagues new to an organization. Approval mannerisms are illustrated through compliments and gratitude for effective performances, achievements and imperative assistance to an organization (Holloway, 2012).When a leader fails to possess the task or relation oriented leadership, the leader is considered to have negative leadership behavior. Leaders who display negative behaviors are incompetent, inflexible, intemperate, insensitive, fraudulent, blinkered or evil (Kellerman, 2004)

EXPERIENCE

In 2009, I joined a community based organization comprising of members from my community volunteering to assist teenagers live positively. The organization was started by six couples. The purpose of the organization was to guide teenagers on life issues like employment, relationship, dressing and communal living as well as sensitize the teenagers on the challenges and risks associated with being a teenager. According to the organizations policy, membership was free and so were the services. The organization operations relied on sacrifice from parents and teenagers. On each meeting, one or maximum two of the committee parents were assigned to perform the duties to educate and train .it was mandatory that all Sunday afternoons, the committee members would confine in one of the homes and analyze the progress of the organization as well as possible improvements. With time, word spread and the organization nurtured to a point where teenagers outside our community enrolled for the project. However, this positive progress did not last long. Concerned persons commenced raising concerns on negative behaviors among the organization leaders.

First, a committee couple accused a fellow committee member of being unwilling to adjust to new ideas and developments. There were complaints that a male committee member was having a sexual relationship with girl member. One leader was accused of being offensive and harsh to the teenagers. According to the sources he was fond of humiliating teenage members and was not concerned with their welfare. He only claimed to be part of the organization because his wife dragged him into it. This same leader was accused of posing as the organization’s treasurer and used the title to charge new uniformed families for the services. When investigations were conducted, all these accusations were confirmed true. Unfortunately, it was too late for the organization to recover as it had collapsed due to bad image.

ANALYSIS

The leadership traits mentioned in the experience segment above are negative leadership traits which steered the downfall of the organization. Leaders were corrupt, intemperate, callous, corrupt, rigid and insular. Corruption is displayed where a leader lied to be the treasurer in order to extort money from the newly joining families. By posing as a treasurer, he lied. By extorting money from the unknowing families, he cheated. He was dishonest to both the family and the organization. A corrupt leader is one who cheats, lies or steals (Kellerman, 2004).This is a negative leadership trait because leaders should place public interest prior to private interests. Corruption leads to mistrust among followers.

Rigidity is displayed where some leaders declined to adapt new ideas. A rigid leader is one who is reluctant to adapt to fresh information, changing times or new notions (Kellerman, 2004).Rigidity is a negative leadership trait because it deters development yet a good leader is supposed to initiate and perpetuate development. Without development, organizations cannot grow or adapt to external factors not within their control. This way the organization will always be a victim of such factors. An organization whose growth is stagnant cannot achieve its goals.

Intemperance is displayed when a male leader had sexual relationships with a female teenager. An intemperate leader falls short of self-control (Kellerman, 2004).As a leader; one should always be an example to followers. It was bad enough for the leader to educate the disadvantage of teenage sex but still have intercourse with a teenager. Such a leader is no role model. Intemperance is a negative leadership trait as it misleads the followers who are susceptible to emulate their leader’s actions. The objectives of an organization cannot be achieved if both the leaders and followers are behaving unethically.

Callous leadership was displayed when a leader criticized the teenage group members. This was ill and insensible. It is easy to conclude from the critics words “I am here because my wife dragged me into this” that the welfare of the teenagers was not of his concern. This was an insular leader. A callous leader is unkind and uncaring (Kellerman, 2004). The leader under limelight did not care for the teenagers’. A leader who is callous displays negative leadership trait. This is so because by being insensitive and hostile leaders show no support to follower who in turn loose moral and reduce productivity. A good leader should support, appreciate and care for his follower’s welfare failure to which the followers will lose interest and trust in their leadership, collapsing an organization. This leader was also insular. An insular leader degrades the welfare of others (Kellerman, 2004). A perfect example is that of Bill Clinton ignoring the Rwanda genocide or George Bush failing to intervene when summoned to help sojourn the Liberian massacre (Kellerman, 2004).

Summarily, it is recommendable that leaders strengthen their leadership. This is possible if leaders embrace ethics. An ethical leader puts public interest before personal interest. Leaders should incorporate positive character traits in work such as courage, patience and time consciousness. In addition, should be committed to their duties and impose interest for common good. In addition, leaders should support and listen to their followers, be good role models, be honest and perform their tasks with utmost efficiency.

References

Grojean, M. W., Resick, C. J., Dickson, M. W., & Smith, D. B. (2004). Leaders, values, and organizational climate: Examining leadership strategies for establishing an organizational climate regarding ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 55(1), 223-241.

Holloway .J.B (2012) Leadership Behavior and Organizational Climate: An Empirical Study in a Non-profit organization. Retrieved November 25, 2012 from http://www.regent.edu/acad/global/publications/elj/vol5iss1/ELJ_Vol5No1_Holloway_pp9-35.pdfKellerman, B. (2004) Bad Leadership: What It Is, How It Happens, Why It Matters Leadership for the Common Good Series. Boston: Harvard Business Press

Yukl, G., O’Donnell, M., & Taber, T. (2009). Influence of leader behaviors on the leader member exchange relationship. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(4), 289-299.

Cycle Menu Plan for Irish family

2379345-361950Cycle Menu Plan for _______Irish family_____________________

Cycle Menu Plan for _______Irish family_____________________

Week 1 of 2 week Cycle Menu

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

Breakfast

3 ounces of Pineapples(Fresh), 1 cup of Beverages(Hot)

2 Boiled eggs with 3 ounces of Corn flakes 3 ounces of Seasonal fresh fruit

3 ounces of Fresh toast

1 cup of Milk 1glass of Grape Juice

3 ounces of Special K

3 ounces of Sliced of Bread 1 glass of Apple Juice

3 ounces of Pancakes syrup

1 cup of Milk 3 ounces of Fresh Orange wedges

1 Scrambled egg with 3 ounces of cheese

1 cup of Milk 1 glass of Orange Juice

1 cup of Milk

3 ounces of Biscuits 1 glass of Orange Juice

3 ounces of Banana Muffin

1 cup of Milk

Lunch

3 ounces of Apples, 4 ounces of roasted Turkey, 3 ounces of rice, with 1 scrambled egg 4 ounces of left over roasted Turkey and 3 ounces of sandwiched Cheese

3 ounces of Whole wheat roll 3 ounces of Spanish rice

3 ounces of Mexican cone 1 cup of Milk 4 ounces of Breaded Fish

3 ounces of Mexican Cone

1 cup of Milk 4 ounces of Baked chicken

3 ounces oof Whole wheat roll

3 ounces of Peaches 3 ounces of Baked beans

3 ounces of Tossed Salad, 1 cup of milk

3 ounces of of Peas and carrots

4 ounces of Chicken nuggets

3 ounces of Lettuce, 3 ounces of Pickle and tomato

Snack

2 ounces of Animal Crackers

4 ounces of Yoghurt 3 ounces of Blue berry Muffin

1 cup of Milk 3 ounces of Fruit cocktail

4 ounces of Yoghurt 1 glass of Orange Juice

4 ounces of Cheese crackers 3 ounces of Oatmeal meal cookie

1 cup of Milk

3 ounces of Graham Crackers

3 ounces of Banana

1 cup of milk 3 ounces of Vanilla Wafers

3 ounces of Apple sauce

1 cup of milk

Dinner

4 ounces of grilled Chicken and 2 noodles

2 ounces of Peaches

3 ounces of Conned bread 4 ounces of roasted leftover Turkey and 3 ounces of Cheese

4 ounces of left over roasted Turkey and 3 ounces of Spaghetti

3 ounces of Peaches 4 ounces of barbeque Chicken and 3 ounces of Vegetable star fry

3 ounces of Pineapple Tidbits

4 ounces of left over roasted Turkey

3 ounces of Cooked carrots

2 ounces of Oven fries 4 ounces of Barbeque Chicken

3 ounces of Mixed vegetables

3 ounces of Brown rice

4 ounces of roasted Turkey 3 ounces of Mashed potatoes

4 ounces of Broccoli

2 ounces of Green Peas

Notes On Sunday there was a party in which a whole turkey was roasted, the leftover turkey was then used for lunch on Monday The family has tried to minimize its consumption of red eat to avoid problems with their weight On Saturday dinner upon receiving visitors another turkey was roasted its left over was used for dinner on Tuesday 2903220-361950Cycle Menu Plan for __________ Irish family _____________________

Cycle Menu Plan for __________ Irish family _____________________

Week 2 of 2 Cycle Menu

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

Breakfast

1 glass of Orange Juice

1 cup of Milk

2 ounces of Waffles

3 ounces of Cantaloupe cubes

2 ounces of Crispix Cereal

1 cup of Milk

3 ounces of Banana

2 ounces of Apple zings cereal

1 cup of Milk

2 Scrambled eggs

3 ounces of English muffin

2 ounces of Toast

1 cup of Milk

1 glass of Orange Juice

1 cup of Milk

2 ounces of Waffles

3 ounces of Apple sauce

1 cup of Milk

4 ounces of Banana bread 1 glass of Grape Juice

1 cup of Milk

2 ounces of Cinnamon Toast

Lunch

4 ounces of roasted Turkey and sandwiched Cheese

3 ounces of Whole wheat roll 4 ounces of left over roasted Turkey and sandwiched Cheese

3 ounces of Whole wheat roll 4 ounces of Barbeque Chicken

3 ounces of Mashed potatoes

4 ounces of Broccoli

3 ounces of Green Peas 4 ounces of Chicken nuggets

3 ounces of Lettuce, Pickle and tomato 4 ounces of left over Barbeque Chicken

2 ounces of Mixed vegetables

2 ounces of Brown rice

4 ounces of Sliced Turkey

3 ounces of Mixed vegetables

2 ounces of Mashed Potatoes 4 ounces of roasted Chicken and 3 ounces of Vegetable star fry

3 ounces of Pineapple Tidbits

Snack

1 cup of milk and 2 ounces of cheese slice and Pita bread 2 ounces of Granola bar milk 1 cup of Milk and 1 ounce of Oatmeal

cookies 3 ounces of Fresh Broccoli Florets 2 ounces of Assorted crackers and I cup of milk, 4 ounces of Cheese crackers and 1 glass of Orange Juice

I cup of milk, 3 ounces of Orange wedges and 2 ounces of Graham Crackers 1 cup of milk and 2 ounces of cheese slice and Pita bread

Dinner

4 ounces of fried fish

2 ounces of Whole wheat roll

3 ounces of Spinach salad

3 ounces of Sliced 4 ounces of fried fish

1 ounce of Pizza

1 ounce of Fruit cocktail

2 ounces of Macaroni and cheese

3 ounces of fried fish

1 ounce of Hamburger patty

2 ounces of Mixed vegetables

1 ounce Peaches 3 ounces of Salisbury steak

1 ounce of Broccoli

2 ounces of Tater tots

1 glass of Milk 4 ounces of fried fish

2 ounces of Whole wheat roll

3 ounces of Spinach salad

3 ounces of Sliced tomatoes 3 ounces of Salisbury steak

2 ounces of Baby Green lima

3 ounces of Pineapple Tidbits 4 ounces of roasted Chicken strips

2 ounces of Mashed potatoes

2 ounces of Black eye Pears

Notes The family prefers white meat to red meat because it is healthier. Since the family has issues with weight, they are allowed to take between 3-4 ounces of roasted chicken and turkey. On Sunday, Lunchtime the family roasted a whole turkey and the remainder was used as left over on Monday lunch. Milk is a rich source of proteins and the family has ensured it is in every breakfast meal. On Tuesday lunchtime the family bought a lot of Barbequed Chicken the remainder was used as left over on Thursday lunch time. The family of Mister and Miss Robert and Stephaney Williams is an Irish family that lives in Massachusetts. Mr. Robert Williams is a banker by profession and works for the America Bank as a manager in charge of logistics. Mrs. Stephanie Williams is a nurse by Profession and works at the John Hopkins hospital as a Ward Manager. The two live with their aging mother and a son and daughter aged 12 and 10 respectively. The two are in elementary school. Andrew Williamson, their son, has a knack for carbohydrates but since the entire family is ten to fifteen pounds overweight, they have tried to reduce their calorie consumption levels. On the other hand, Susan has stopped taking calories since her peers tease her for her overweight. She takes more of skimmed milk and few snacks.

The family, which lives in Massachusetts, meets every day for all their meals since the children go to the nearby elementary school while the parents work near the home. The parents have two different cars while the children are chauffeured in one car. The Irish family has a liking for Irish food but since they have lived in America for quite a long time, they have tried to blend it with the American and Mexican food types.

Massachusetts is a multicultural state and is made up of over 80% white and 75% non-Hispanic whites. The Irish in Massachusetts are part of the many immigrants who have moved into this state over the years. Owing to cultural assimilation, most of their foods complement a mix up of all the cultures in this state. While some have a liking for Spanish foods, others have a liking for Mexican dishes while others just like it American. The Williamson have been in Massachusetts for at least two decades and are familiar with most of the groceries in their neighborhood where they prefer to go for shopping. The family also loves the great outdoors and in most cases do their own cooking. Since all members of this family are overweight, all their meals are special starting with breakfast with plenty of fresh juices and fruits, Chicken and turkey that are preferred because they are white meat for lunch and supper. . Since the family has a chauffeur, they ensure that he takes packed food for the children in school every day at lunch hour.