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Deconstructive Analysis Of Dubliners

Dubliner is a collected works containing short stories that were written by James Joyce. The short stories are a major boost to today’s play writers as well as essay writers. The first publication of the collection of the stories was first done in the year 1914. The stories were meant for the middle class of the Irish people in Dublin. Joyce’s stories were published at the time when nationalism of the Irish was leaning t its peak (Jeri & Johnson, 2000). At that time identity of the nationalists was at rage and also in its peak as well as with cultural backgrounds and history. This led to several influences been converged at Ireland. Joyce’s idea was mainly for epiphany was about experiences of a certain character and self understanding (Bowen & Zach 1974).

Actors of Dubliners

Several characters that are found in the Joyce’s Dubliners later appeared acting as minor actors in the famous novel of Ulysses which was liked and admired by many people all over the world. Stories found in the Dubliners today are a source of encouragement to many play writers. Child protagonists narrate the stories very well. The stories have passion for the lives of the older generation and their concerns. That was because Dubliners is in a collection of young generation, adult and the most mature generation.

The tale of the ‘The dead’

In the collection of Joyce’s Dubliners, the dead is final story but the longest and the most liked for its sweetness while reading. Gabriel Conrol finds himself in the center of the story. This is at the night when sisters of the Morkan were preparing for the annual dinner which was been celebrated annually, Gabriel surprises himself for discovering that he never understood much about the past experiences of his beloved wife

How and when- he discovers this by just making a joke hen he arrived at the party. The joke not towards his wife but towards the prediction of the maid’s marriage but in the process he is seriously and funky poked by his wife by bringing an old conversation that concerned about wearing of clothes hen the weather is very bad. This leads Gabriel to find himself in a pathetic situation but to show that he is a strong gentleman, he overcompensated some of his statements that he had dedicated to miss Ivors who was a citizen of the Irish origin (Jeri & Johnson, 2000). The two were dancing together at that evening.

Gabriels conventions led to Miss Ivor escaping away from the celebration before serving of dinner. Gabriel had talked issues that praised Irish nationals at the same time considered to hearing the past story on experiences of his wife. He never noted that his wife was standing far away from the staircases when he was talking all that. He got surprised at the last minute when he noticed her deep in thought. This was so amazing; he couldn’t believe it was her. What could he do next, just to stare on her as a real stranger? But Gabriel gains courage goes to her and envisages her as a real model in his illumination of distant heavy music.

Mrs. Gabriel was later so much diverted to a mood of sexual attention towards him but later becomes unresponsive when Gabriel confronted her to a private room. Gabriel notices that her wife had heard the song sung by D’arcy. Gabriel presses on his wife Gretta to openly tell him the reason she was that much affected by the Arcy’s song. Gretta agreed to tell her husband the whole story from her childhood when she fell in love with Michael Furey, a boy of her close age mate at the time when she was staying at her grandmother’s home. Later afterwards she was send away to Dublin and this led to distraction from her beloved boyfriend (Bowen & Zach 1974). Michael was so in deep with her such that regardless been very sick and bedridden he walked a long distance while raining to Gretta’s home whereby he climbed to the window and wished her all the best in her future. In one week’s period, Michael passed away. Michael’s death in the story of ‘the dead’ is like the death of Evelines mother’s death in the story of Eveline. Deaths of the two characters in these symbolize how they brought much effect to the lives of the main characters: that is Gabriel and Eveline. Gabriel was not aware of his wife’s past experiences and when he came to understand to notice, his life was not the same again. There is an indication in Gabriel’s mind that he believed his wife loved someone who was dead more than she loved him. In Evelines case, she realizes that she has to keep the promise of a dead mother rather than that of her boyfriend Frank.

Most of readers claim James Joyce wanted to prove to the world about the power of love (Bowen & Zach, 1974). The love in two dimensions-towards the parent and love towards the boy-girl relationships. The confession of Gabriel’s wife took him to another world of imagining about himself as well as of his wife, does he really feel insecure? This is what many readers ask themselves. Gabriel is also left imagining more about the living and the dead.

The tale of Eveline

This is a story of a young lady who passes through many experiences. She experiences the death of her mother as well as his older brother called Earnest. She tries to imagine how life has treated her poorly to an extend of thinking about leaving home. But will she really make it. The other brother of hers is busy with church activities that concern decoration. The girl is so much full of fear that her father will punish if he came to realize that she had a keen interest on jobs that do concern sales. She too like Greta in the story of the dead falls in love with a young man called frank. Frank has promised her girlfriend that they will tour Buenos Aires (Bowen & Zach 1974). The girl was much anticipating for that time and she hoped Harry, her boyfriend will keep the promise. Eveline hears music on organ grinder been played outside and this takes her memories back to the time her mother passed away. Eveline had promised her mother that she will always protect the home with due respect (Jeri & Johnson, 2000). The situation is very confusing to her. The sad memories over calm her, but will she leave her home and go away with harry.

Love that hurts

When ones love someone and he gets hurt, painful feelings come across. Frank was hurt by Eveline decision to remain at her own home; Gabriel was hurt by his wife’s confession- ‘Michael loved me to an extend of been rained on his way to visit me I was in love with him since childhood’ A difficult situation indeed. Frank was ready prepared for the journey but after been let down by her girlfriend will be a very hurtful situation. Gabriel was hurt by hearing the confession of his beloved wife that before him, he loved someone else. Greta’s love was for her first love Michael while in the tale of Eveline, the love is towards memories of her beloved mother who had died a few days ago. The big question several readers of the Eveline tale ask themselves is that; did Eveline really love frank?, why do they ask this? Its because after she declined to accompany frank in their adventurous journey, she never showed any emotions at all. She knew the situation will be so painful to frank but why did she not show any feelings. In the tale of the dead the readers can confirm that Michael truly loved Gretta! Why? This is because at one point he is seeing travelling all the way to the home of Gretta while it was raining and at the same time very sick, he goes to an extend of climbing to the top of the window to as to talk with his love. Eveline finds herself in an indecisive situation been confused on which way to go. After Michael passed away, Greta had no otherwise other than just to accept the fact and go ahead with his life. Another aspect that leaves readers of the dead tale with suspense is whether truly Greta loved Gabriel? Why? Because after Greta listened to Arcy’s song, his mind went back to the memories of his long time love, Michael. This shows that her true love was not Gabriel but Michael. The situation put Gabriel in an awkward position because he started becoming unsecure of his wife. Maybe he himself asked many questions starting with whether his wife’s heart was really for him or somebody else who passed a long time ago.

Gabriel may also have wondered why in all those years he never understood the life of her wife. In the tale of Eveline, frank may also wonder why he requested Eveline for an adventurous journey a few days after passing away of her mother. The confusing issue is that in the story of Eveline we are not told any other man she had fallen in love with. This to some readers can create a feeling that Eveline loved frank but due to the promise she had whispered to her mother at the time she was dying, her conscience can’t allow. Also in the story of the dead, Greta may have not had any option other than getting married to someone else despite her love death.

These two tales on James Joyce, elaborate on the decisions one may be able make when finds himself in a confusing situation, Greta is pressured by his husband to say why he was so emotionally affected by Arcy’s song. She never knows whether to confess the truth or to ignore, but she takes courage and tells her whole truth about her past. At some point Gabriel was put in a pathetic situation whereby he never knew how to quote one of the poem from the poet of browning Robert. This was mainly because he never wanted to be seen as just pretending. Gabriel gave himself courage and the audience believed on him (Jeri & Johnson, 2000). Eveline is confused whether on whose promise to keep. She gains confidence and decides o keep the promise of her dead mother over the promise of her man in love.

Journeys

There is involvement of journeys in the two stories. Frank was to take Evelina to the Buenos Aires, for an adventurous tour while Greta was to be sent off away from Galway to Dublin at the time her love Michael visited him on the window of her house (Bowen & Zach 1974).

Emotional moments

The story of the dead and Evelina is full of emotional moments- Evelina tries to think of her mother’s death as well as that of her brother and feels sorry for herself and the life before her ahead. When Greta confesses her love for Michael, Gabriel is over calmed by an epiphany of artistic and emotions. Greta is also filled with emotions of Michael’s death. The tale of the ‘the dead’ and ‘Evelina’ sympathize so much on the feelings of love of the Irish nationality.

Works cited

Bowen, Zach, Musical Allusions found in the Works of James Joyce: Early Poetry Through Ulysses Albany: Suny Press publishers, 1974.

Jeri Johnson, “Composition and Publication History”, in James Joyce, Dubliners, Oxford University Press, 2000.

De-criminalization of Illicit Drugs

Student’s Names

Institution

De-criminalization of Illicit Drugs

Serious discussion and debating on the subject of legalizing substances and drugs within the United States has received little public support. Top scholars and other government officials have since backed the idea since the move would be an alternative to the fight against drug-related issues (McKeganey, 2013). The U.S government is losing billions of dollars in the fight against illicit drugs, money that it can use for other purposes. Furthermore, many citizens will escape the penalty of serving jail terms for drug-related crimes. If the government can decriminalize small amounts of illicit drugs in the United States then the judicial system would not be as burdened. Moreover, emphasis could be placed on helping the persons who are plagued and are suffering from compulsion and addiction with plans of treatment, thus reducing the number of persons incarcerated. My goal is to substantiate this hypothesis that the current judicial system in the United States is being used as a treatment plan for individuals who are suffering from addiction.The theory of social deviance, as argued by Harshi, is one of the applicable sociological concepts that we can use in this text. According to this theory, society enacts laws but individuals decide to go contrary to these due to loss of social attachment. There are clear and strict rules against the use of illicit drugs in the United States but still there are criminal offenders. If the government could de-legalize illegal drugs and govern its use, then there would be reduced crimes because people will not be subject to these regulations again (Reid, 2008). Researchers argue that the government waste resources that it can use on other projects in enacting laws. Legalization of drugs will result in a reduction in the number of prisoners. That is because drugs will be affordable and there will be no scrupulous business individuals since the government will be able to set prices of drugs (Wyler, 2010).The practical implications of this move will be evident in the reduced cases of crime. People will use drugs wisely based on the education received and simple regulations set. Prisons will also cease being rehabilitation centers as it has always been. Moreover, Decriminalization will provide safer avenues for accessing drugs since the government will take charge and, as a result, individuals will turn to the recommended drugs. Decriminalization will not lead to increased drug use; it will only provide easier ways of accessing drugs.EvidenceThere have been varied reactions to the debate of legalization of illicit drugs. Some countries have since taken this move and it is evident that it has come with positive feedback. A typical example is Portugal, which took this direction in 2001. This country came up with well-defined reforms on enactment of rules on drug use. The results are positive since there has been a reduction in drug consumption. Cases of drug-related crimes have since reduced and arrests due to crimes have gone down (McKeganey, 2013)Decriminalization has reduced the cost of fighting drug-related crimes in Portugal. Instead of the US government channeling funds to enforce rules on drugs, it can use these funds for building rehabilitation centers and encourage the willing individuals to find help in these institutions. Other countries that have embraced this move and realized its results include Netherlands and Mexico. There might be some bias since people might decide to make individual decisions on the use of drugs. Economic differences can also play a role in these disparities hence the US government should consider doing an extensive research on this move. Scholars and government agencies should be involved to come up with clear guidelines on this matter (Rushefsky, 2013).In conclusion, decriminalization of drugs does not result in increased cases of drug consumption and crime. As research clearly shows, countries that have legalized drug use have reported positive effects. There have been reduced cases of drug use and crimes since these countries have put up clear reforms on this. If US can consider legalization of illicit drugs, the researchers predict similar results. The government will take charge of the whole issue and come up with government recommended drugs. Regulation of prices will come in and this will eliminate drug traffickers, authorized shops companies will channel taxes to the government, hence more funds to use in other projects. It will, therefore, employ resources in building rehabilitation centers that will attract interested individuals instead of using prisons to rehabilitate drug addicts and law offenders. Researches have shown that the effects of decriminalizing drugs will work towards solving the problem of drug abuse and its eventual crimes.If the US government can consider this move, it will still engage in research that is more extensive. Law enforcing agencies and scholars can offer more insight in this since this can directly or indirectly fall under their area of expertise.

References

Mckeganey, N. (2013). A-Z of Substance Misuse and Drug Addiction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Reid, J.M. (2008). Drug Use Sequencing and Kandel’s Gateway Hypothesis. New York: Proquest Publishers.

Rushefsky, M. (2013). Public Policy in the United States. New York: M.E. Sharpe Publishers.Wyler, L.S. (2009). International Drug Control Policy. Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing.

New Product Pricing strategies

New Product Pricing/Pricing strategies

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Course

Tutor

Date of submission

Introduction

The main reason as to why a marketer comes up with a product is so as to satisfy some particular need in the society. The producers thus intend to fill a particular gap in the market place by producing a particular good and at the same time make profits. Setting a price for this product is a very important task as price has to meet the balance between the utility of the product to a buyer and at the same time ensure that the seller gains a profit. This paper will explain the introduction of dietax meal free cholesterol takeaway boxes into the market, the market segmentation for the product, the target market as well as the pricing strategies. The product lifecycle will also be taken into consideration and the prices that will be charged at the different stages.

a) Product

Dietax is an already packaged takeaway meal that is new in the market and it is cholesterol free so as to cater for the needs of those consumers who want to live healthy by eating healthy. The main ingredients in this takeaway meal are raw foods that make it non perishable and thus making it to even be on the shelves and fridges of the supermarket as well as the retail shops. These raw foods including some varieties of vegetables and fresh vitamins and cereals

b) Market segmentation

Market segmentation requires that a producer should know their customers well as well as ensuring that the customers get exactly what they desire from the product (Art, 2004).Art (2004) emphasizes that the process also involves an establishment of strong relationships with the co marketing partners and in a nutshell he defines it as the process in which he a marketer partitions his market into customers who have similar needs thus their consumer behavior is similar or almost similar. In the case of dietax whole packaged meal market segmentation is developed so as to reach the various market segments. The method used for dietax whole meal market segmentation is benefit segmentation (Charles, W., Joseph, F and Carl, M., 2008).This sort of segmentation groups the customers according to the benefit which they derive from the consumption of a product. This group of people is the ones seeking for a nutritious diet without any artificial ingredients out of will or even doctor’s prescription. This particular clientele is derived form people who watch a healthy nutritional intake and at the same time they lack enough or appropriate time to prepare their own meals. This could arise due to their busy schedules that would render it inconvenient for them to do their meals and thus they buy.

c) The benefit market segmentation was arrived at as a method of market segmentation because the target market is composed of people who have similar needs to cut on their calories and to live healthy.

d) Target market

The niche market has been identified by use of psychographics which refers to a group of people who have similar lifestyles attitudes and values as far as diet intake is concerned. As earlier noted the dietax whole meal is free from cholesterol and is also rich in nutrients which are also balanced to ensure that the packaged meal meets all the diet requirements of those people who consume it.

The niche market therefore consists of the following classes of people;

The elderly people who are interested in the consumption of healthy meals and they may not make it to prepare their own meals. Research by the marketing team prior to the production of the dietax meal revealed that there is a large number of elderly people between the age of 60 to 80 years who would like to consume healthy meals but they also they are not in the constant behavior of preparing these meals in their homes.

The people who are suffering from maladies such as blood pressure problems or diabetes and are under the doctor’s prescription of consuming only healthy meals also forms a target market for the dietax whole meal.

Obese adolescent kids who are attempting to watch their weight and are thus on the lookout for the healthy meals and any other obese person attempting to cut down their weight.

Any other person who would like to eat healthy and thus maintain a healthy look and also live long.

e) This product has the benefit of being rich in nutrients and still low in cholesterol thus ensuring that the product is beneficial to the target market by helping them eat and live healthy.

f) The introductory price for dietax is $3.50 per package.

g) The pricing strategy that is used is skimming so as to recover the production costs incurred for the product and thus make it profitable. Skimming shall accomplish the objective of capturing a profit margin that is high and also in achieving an objective of recapturing the production costs.

h) The product is worth this price for the different costs that are have been incurred in the research prior to its production and also to recover the production cost as well as ensure that the producer makes a profit after the sales.

i) The prices charged at the different stages of production are

3.50$ at introduction stage which is relatively high so as to make high profit

3.00$ at the growth stage. The price is reduced so as to capture more customers in the market. At this stage the distribution is also more intense and the discounts are also reduced.

2.75$ is charged at the maturity stage in response to the rising competition from people producing similar products. At this stage incentives are offered so as to make sure competitive products will not drive product out of market,

2.75$ the prices are maintained at this stage as the niche market still identifies with the product and makes high purchases.

Conclusion

The dietax whole meal product as newly introduced in the market has to be promoted and brought to the doorposts of the clientele and this will be especially necessary especially in the initial stages of its production. The product is introduced using the skimming pricing strategy so as to recover the costs that are incurred especially during the research process. This price is reduced slightly after the introduction stage of the product so as to ensure that the price is favorable and also so that it competes effectively with the competing products. The product will also keep undergoing innovations so as to ensure that it meets the standards that are expected and thus maintain the loyalty of the customers.

References

Art, W. (2004) Handbook of market segmentation: strategic targeting for business and technology firms. Chicago. Probus Publishing Co.

Charles,W.,Joseph,F.&Carl.M.(2009) Marketing.USA. Cengage Learning

Malcom, M &Ian, D (2004) Market segmentation: how to do it, how to benefit from it. Oxford. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.

Walter,L., Michael,V &Craig,C (2010)The price advantage USA McKinsey and Company

William, M., Robert, J. &Jack, R. (2009) Business.USA. Cengage learning.

New Required Suggest Reference

New Required Suggest ReferenceTEAM RESEARCH AREA RESOURCE FOUND & CHOSEN REVIEW AND REASON FOR CHOICE

the leader

· Role of production in strategy · Total Quality Management (Journal of Business Ethics. Sep96, Vol. 15 Issue 9, p963-972. 10p)

Raiborn, Cecily

Payne, Dinah

Business Horizons. Jan/Feb95, Vol. 38 Issue 1, p67. 4p. Schonberger, Richard J.

The overall picture of TQM is technique design to improve performance. TQM mostly convince to encourage the high moral behavior. There has three main element for TQM. There is empowerment, involvement and abilities. All of this element lead the employee to push their self to achieve the goal by their objective. therefore, we will use TQM to conduct to quality of an organization by spread the main three factor into deeply function such as training, put the right man in the right job, give new skill, provide the organization plan, emphasize on the need of people to help each other in a cooperative team for effort the goal.

· Just-In-Time and Lean Operation Implementing just-in-time philosophy to reverse logistics systems.Chan, Hing Kai, Yin, Shizhao, and Chan, Felix T. S. (2010) http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a438e909-a888-47c9-985e-8aef946585b9%40sessionmgr115&vid=65&hid=119· Product Screening · Operational competitive priorities Analysis and synthesis: Chapter 8: Operations strategy as a source of sustainable competitive advantage, Strategic Operations Management. 2002, p155-181, Lowson, Robert H http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=ffe09e15-cb4d-42d0-9d9c-351e2a745a1d%40sessionmgr115&vid=2&hid=117 (COMPETITIVE DIMENSIONS)

· Capacity Planning A review on strategic capacity planning for the semiconductor manufacturing industry, International Journal of Production Research. Jul2009, Vol. 47 Issue 13, p3639-3655, Geng, Na

Jiang, ZhibinIt is significant that company need to make a decision on capacity in order to meet a demand. This journal detail about strategic capacity planning and decision making on investment in capacity. The leader can use this strategy in our production.

· Demand Management Strategy Managing demand uncertainty through fuzzy inference in supply chain planning, International Journal of Production Research. Oct2012, Vol. 50 Issue 19, p5415-5429

Jung, HosangJeong, Suk-Jae

Demand Chain Management: Factors Enhancing Market Responsiveness Capabilities, Journal of Marketing Channels. Apr-Jun2012, Vol. 19 Issue 2, p101-119, Agrawal, Durgesh Kumar http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9ccb2585-9773-4e7e-a322-3f8c49084a80%40sessionmgr114&vid=2&hid=117

This journal provide the information about demand chain management (DCM) by focusing on supply chain management and marketing in order to effectively meet differing customer needs.

· Learning curves Using Learning Curves for Revenue Recognition, CPA Journal. Apr2013, Vol. 83 Issue 4, p60-64, McKee, Thomas E.

McKee, Linda J. B

Extracting Value from Learning Curves: Integrating Theory and Practice, Creativity & Innovation Management. Mar2013, Vol. 22 Issue 1, p10-25, Linton, Jonathan D.

Walsh, Steven T. This journal detail about learning curve can increase productivity and can use it as forecasting curve to forecast resource consumption.

http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=339d6323-9804-4e1b-a5c1-5bf982c053fa%40sessionmgr114&vid=2&hid=117

· Inventory Management Dynamic planned safety stocks in supply networks, International Journal of Production Research. Nov2010, Vol. 48 Issue 22, p6859-6880, Kanet, J. J.

Gorman, M. F.

Stosslein, M

Inventory Management, Logistics Management. Jan2014, Vol. 53 Issue 1, p42-45, SAENZ, NORM

DEREWECKI, DON This source provided key considerations and practical recommendations related to inventory management. To have a good inventory management can avoid to excess space that relating to cost control and lower labor cost.

Effective inventory management can help company to reduce the cost. This journal explain about good inventory control to avoid excessive space related costs, higher labor costs, and loss of business.

Research and Development Management Microeconomics (Demand and supply)

COMPETITOR ANALYSIS: THE DEMAND AND SUPPLY APPROACH.Hassan, Hamimah, 2008

http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a438e909-a888-47c9-985e-8aef946585b9%40sessionmgr115&vid=114&hid=119

TEAM RESEARCH AREA RESOURCE FOUND & CHOSEN REVIEW AND REASON FOR CHOICE

Ping & Co.

· Role of production in strategy Operations Strategy

by Ted James (2011) Chapter 1 covers the role of operation, what operation management is and its strategies. chapter 3, operations strategy in organisations as the implementation of an improvement approach such as lean operations. Chapters 4 to 8 cover various improvement approaches including JIT, lean system and TQM (Total Quality Management)

The book covers most of the task outline.

· Total Quality Management Total quality management : NVR Naidu · Just-In-Time and Lean Operation Lean materials planning and execution a guide to internal and external supply management excellence by Donald H. Sheldon this book apply lean to the planning process and how it affects materials planning in supply management. we choose it because you can know how to make decision effectively and using minimum resources in the simulation.

· Product Screening Innovation management and new product development by Paul Trottin chapter 11, introduces the new products strategy and how to compete with other products by screening the most suitable product. And you will know how to make decision effectively when you need to think about your products in every round during the simulation.

· Operational competitive priorities marketing strategy and competitive positioning by Graham J.Hooleythis book focuses on the identification of target markets and the creation of a differential advantage. it helps to build the competitive positioning.

· Capacity Planning operations management :Kumar. S & Anil sureshThis book addresses key topics such as mrp and crp , material requirement planning and capacity required planning.

MRP abbreviation for material required planning precisely identifies the key objectives of how , where and how many units are required . this helps in planning production and storage . this also helps effectively reduce inventory costs and schedule the operation process effectively.

CRP helps determine the personnel and the equipment requirements to deliver the required units.

both CRP and MRp are key drivers to operation planning.

· Demand Management Strategy Demand Management Best practices: Process , Principles and collaboration

Crum collen et al

On demand operating environment: creating business flexibility by IBM Redbooks this book is completely dedicated to demand management. this book gives the overview of the demand management the definition , the process and the best practices .

a chapter dedicated strategic planning to manage uncertainty , performance measurements and managing demand.

this helps the team decide the decisions based on demand. Prioritising and managing the demand and working or making the decision based on it.

this book introduces the on demand operating environment what enable integration between people, processes, and data start deploying. analysis this book can know how to manage the demand.

· Learning curves · Inventory Management Operations Strategy

by Ted James (2011) Chapter 11 of the book covers the area of infrastructural decisions which should be made in the context of the operations strategy. These cover how structural elements should be managed such as Inventory management, capacity management and supply chain management.

Research and Development Management management development perspectives from research and development by Rosemary Hill this is a book which is helpful when you need to know how to do research about the business and make development plan

Microeconomics (Demand and supply) Microeconomics: Optimization,Experiments and behavior by Burkett this book explains what the microeconomics is and how it be applicated when do business.

TEAM RESEARCH AREA RESOURCE FOUND & CHOSEN REVIEW AND REASON FOR CHOICE

sanz consultancy · Role of production in strategy # Foreign market entry: production related strategies. Tang M & Yu JMC. 1990. Journal of Management Science.

#SKU classification: a literature review and conceptual framework. 2009. Kampen, T. Akkerman R. Van Donk D P.

This article discusses production planning methods companies adopt in foreign markets such as joint ventures, greenfields, etc. The authors highlight areas of production planning, pricing, and strategies in any form of foreign investment. This article is key to the business simulation as it helps us do succinct product plans, and investments for the different regions our product is available at. It also helps us guide in decision making, how to minimise production costs, and how to prioritise the efficiency of production when making decision. It also helps in deciding to invest in plants in other regions as well.

Discusses how companies distribute and produce their products. It identifies how companies can use production strategies to maximise demand. It classiﬁes product groups based on either demand value or

demand volume.

This journal will be helpful for heads in their respective divisions to make decisions solely based on demand. As a learning outcome for this simulation, this article would also be helpful in each round of decision making and through analysis.”

Within production and operations management, inventory management and forecasting are ﬁelds where a variety of SKU classiﬁcations is traditionally used to support decision-making’

· Total Quality Management *The intervening effect of business innovation capability on

the relationship between Total Quality Management and

technological innovation.

Ortiz, J. P.,

, Benito, J. G. and Galende, J. (2009)

-Performance Management. Whittle, N. (2014)

# Taking an innovative approach to quality practices: exploring the importance of a company’s innovativeness on the success of TQM practices. 2013. Frank W. Brian F, Edwin T.C, Roberto C. International Journal of Production Research *Total Quality Management (TQM) and innovation management are key subdivisions under operations management division and these areas are essentials to increase company’s competitive advantage. Moreover, from most scholars, TQM is considered to have a positively effect on business performance. There are two types of TQM, Total Quality Control (TQC) and Total Quality Learning (TQL), which are also known as hard focus on efficiency and soft concentration on learning respectively. Consequently, it suggests that companies adopting the hard TQM practices support better innovation performance.

-Total Quality Management programs aim to offer products at the highest quality. Two basic principles are that cost of prevention are lower than cost of reduction and continuous improvement.

Improvements can be achieved via two approaches, i.e. target costing and kaizen costing. In target costing you set a price according to customer perception whereas kaizen costing is adapted when a product has already reached acceptance. In the second case efforts are done to reduce variable costs. Moreover by keeping the initial pricing the profits can be increased. Sanz needs to consider customer needs. according to that a price can be set and in the later stages cost reduction measures performed.

· Just-In-Time and Lean Operation -To Study the Impact of Just-In-Time System. Yap, J. and Shahryar, S. (2013). -In the Just-in-Time (JIT) approach goods are only produced when there is an customer demand. Inventories can be lowered in this case. Furthermore it can help to increase the firms performance. As one of the goals of JIT is to reduce the need for raw materials and work-in-process, there is a thrive to produce in the right quantity and quality. Financial performance can also be enhanced through JIT. For that reason it is important to take JIT as an option in the decision making of Sanz. Costs can be reduced by holding less inventory and by shifting responsibilities to the suppliers. Lower costs can be adapted into pricing and would create higher revenues. The net income and the return on assets will rise as a result of the mentioned aspects.

· Product Screening *Technology-based service proposal screening and decision-making effectiveness. Van-Riel et al. (2011).

*Rapid technological development and unstable consumption trends are the two biggest factors that cause product lifecycle in the technology industry to become shorter. Having said that, without innovation, companies are not able to survive in a long-term. Innovation for tech-based products and services involve high investments and failure rates. Therefore, Sanz have to make the innovation process more manageable and less risky by dividing the innovation process gradually into many stages.

· Operational competitive priorities #Operational · Capacity Planning *Capacity planning and performance contracting for service facilities. Jiang, Y. and Seidmann, A. (2014).

-Essentials of Operations Management. Slack, N. et al. (2011). Essex: Pearson Education Ltd

*It is very challenging for operation managers to make decisions on capacity investment and managerial incentives for the fact that it is time-based competition and the market demand is unpredictable. Investing in capacity is normally based on capital investments and involves considerable up-front fixed costs and its high utilisation can create high profit. If, Sanz over-estimates the demand, allowing capacity to be larger, the company will be over-investing as if it is the vice versa, the company will be under-investing, originating long lines and lost profit opportunities.

-The management of capacity is important to set an effective capacity which responds

to the given demand. In this connection the fluctuation of demand determine the decisions about the capacity. In the capacity planning Sanz needs to pay attention to following objectives:

– quality of product

– speed of adjustment to customer demand

-dependability of supply

-flexibility through surplus capacity

-costs

-revenues

-working capital.

· Demand Management Strategy -Demand Planning Needs Customer Profitability. Lapide, L. (2014). – Demand-shaping, which is the most important part of demand planning, cannot be done without having supply chain and corporate profitability in mind. The demand-supply planning process can be done in Sales and Operations Planning meetings and profitability traced back through Enterprise Resource Planning.

The true customer profitability model gives a comprehensive idea of the customer costs-to-serve. These include supply chain landed costs such as transport, product and ABC costs but also program and service costs as well as financial operation costs. Apart from the costs-to serve true customer profitability is defined by customer net revenues. This interrelation of various costs and the revenue will help to make decisions regarding the demand but also to reduce costs and maximise profits.

· Learning curves *Extracting Value from Learning Curves: Integrating Theory and Practice. Linton, J. D. and Walsh, S. T. (2013)

-Experience, Learning, and Returns to Scale. Arce, D. G. (2014).

*By understanding the behaviours of the learning curve, managers can have a better use and at the same time acquire a product underlying value. For instance, it is essential to consider in which stages learning occurs as it will help avoiding hasty and wrong decisions such as if technologies should be abandon when they are very beneficial from learning and/or to abandon mature technologies with small chances for further improvement.

– The learning curve demonstrates the relationship between cumulative volume and decreasing average costs. Analysing the experiences, costs can be reduced and return to scale increased. For example if Sanz would consider to reduce pricing to capture learning effects sales/production can be increased leading to reach or exceed the capacity. As can be seen Learning curve effects are interrelated to number of topics of production and needs contemplation.

· Inventory Management *Production & Operation Management. Bisen, V. and Srivastava, S. (2009).

#The effect of inventory management on firm performance. Koumanakos. D.P. 2008. International journal of inventory management on company performance.

*Effects of operational and structural conditions on inventory management in large manufacturing enterprises. Başaran, B. (2013) *In the chapter 6 of this book, it can be found the three main reasons to keep inventory. 1- Time: as in supply chain, it is important to maintain a certain quantity of inventory in a “lead time” from suppliers and to consumers at every stage. chain, 2- Uncertainty: as “inventories are sustained as buffers to meet uncertainties in demand, supply and movements of goods.”

and 3- Economies of Scale: it is a costly process in terms of logistic as situation of “one unit at the time at a place where user needs it, when he needs it”. Therefore, Sanz may use the LIFO accounting methods also know as “first in, last out” which is suggested in the book to record the value of inventory. One of the particularities of this method is that allows the production division to record the sale of the most expensive inventory first as prices increase over time because of inflation. In addition, this approach can be used to balance current costs and current revenue.

*Normally, Large Manufacturing Enterprises(LMEs) are able to hold more input supplies (equipment and raw material) and output (components and finished products) compared to medium sized manufacturers. Having said that, inventory management needs to have effective applications as it allows costs to be reduced. For instance, Sanz needs to avoid holding extensive inventories as it will affect net cash flow, reduce revenue and profitability, and increase costs.

Research and Development Management -Knowing When to Leap: Transitioning between Exploitative and Explorative R&D. Mudambi, R and Swift, T. (2013).

*Top management attention to innovation: The role of search selection and intensity in new product introductions. Li et al. (2013).

-In general it is assumed that R&D is beneficial for the companies performance. R&D can be of explorative or exploitative nature. Explorative R&D are associated with the high investments at the early stage of product development. In contrast exploitative R&D is based on existing knowledge. After weighing a number of factors Sanz needs to choose the right strategy according to the existing situation.

*New products and services are essential for companies to achieve higher performance as well as survive in a very competitive market. Such new products in the market is the outcome of search and identification of new knowledge and information, which is responsibility of Top Manager Teams (TMTs). For instance, if Sanz performs a more effective search and obtain new knowledge and information, the production manager will be able to make better strategic decisions in terms of innovation.

Microeconomics (Demand and supply) *Demand, supply, and their interaction on markets, as seen from the perspective of evolutionary economic theory. Nelson, R. R. (2012).

-Principles of Economics. Mankiw, N. (2012). 6th edn. *Companies must conduct a marketing analysis in which explains prevailing prices and quantities purchased and sold within the targeted market. Evolutionary economics believe the existence of long dynamics of the supply side in relation to development of technologies as pace and pattern of technological advances impact tremendously in the economy and industries. Therefore, there is a great value from consumers in terms of the changing and expanding range of goods and services available to be bought.

– The supply and demand model shows the relationship between the two factors and how it determines the price. For example an increase of demand would rise the equilibrium price for the an unchanged supply. Whereas the increase of supply would decrease the price for an unchanged demand. These implications can help to decide about capacity based on potential demand changes based on the situation analysis conducted.

TEAM RESEARCH AREA RESOURCE FOUND & CHOSEN REVIEW AND REASON FOR CHOICE

green · Role of production in startegy1).

Production & operation managementVikram Bisen 2009

Lucknow, India : Word-Press 2009.

2).

Vickery, Shawnee K., Cornelia Droge, and Robert E. Markland. “Production competence and business strategy: do they affect business performance?.”Decision Sciences 24.2 (1993): 435-456.

This textbook data contain how companies produce their products and how to manage the production to fulfill the demand of the market without cut product. It identifies how companies can use production strategies to maximise demand.Which can be use to decide the amount of product that going to produce in simulation production part.

2)This journal directly describe why production effect to the company strategy and how production relate to the demand of the product. Knowledge from this journal can use to analyze the amount of the product that company going to produce in the simulation.

· Total Quality Management 1).

Total quality managementWorld Congress for Total Quality Management (1st : 1995) Gopal K Kanji

London : Chapman & Hall 1995

2.)

Porter, Leslie J., and Adrian J. Parker. “Total quality management—the critical success factors.” Total quality management 4.1 (1993): 13-22. The main purpose of TQM is to improve the performance of the production. The knowledge from this textbook about TQM can use in simulation when company want to analyze their production result and sell result with the competitors. Lots of method and theory about TQM contain in this textbook. Which is very useful to use for the analytical part of the simulation.

2) This source provide how important of the TQM to the product in the company. In the highly competitive market, TQM for the product is very important to make a difference to the market share in the market. This data can also use to help when analyze the result with the competitor.

· Just-In-Time and Lean Operation 1)

Lean operations management gekwantificeerdVandaele, Nico 2008

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

Just-in-Time Systems

By Roger Rios, Yasmín A. Ríos-Solís1) One of the main purpose of JIT is to produce the product to meet the exact demand of the market and reduce the need for raw materials. These is the factor that production department manager have to consider.

2) This source give more understandable about the JIT system which can help to support and describe in the simulation result for each round and the solution to solve the problem that happens.

· product screening 1)

Product innovation leading change through integrated product developmentDavid L. Rainey 1946- MyiLibrary.

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 2005.

Product Management

2nd Edition

Dr. Canandan

1),2)The data from this source show that in business world there are many factor to considering in the selection product to sell or launch in the market. This data can use in simulation to product screening and decison before selling in to the market to gain the most profit and market share.

· Operational competitive priorities 1)

Solutions business problem solving

2012

Burlington, Vt. : Gower Pub. 2012.

Chapter 9 page 182

Marketing principles and practice.

Dennis Adcock 2001

Harlow : Financial Times/Prentice Hall 2001.

Chapter 5 , Page 63

1)In simulation there are many competitors in the market. So it is very important for the head of production part to look at the result after each round and try to find the best solution to make the most effective way to win in the competition between their competitor. This source contain data about how to solve the situation that happen from the result.

2)When the result for each round come out. We can use this data to analyze what happen and preparing new competitive priorities for next round to make a better result and gain market share from the competitors.

· Capacity Planning 1)

Capacity Planning and Its Implications on the Infrastructural Development Needs of Some Selected Higher Institutions in the Eastern Senatorial District of Kogi State

by : Sule, Ja’afaru Garba, Dr. Ogbadu, Elijah Ebenehi & Olukotun, Gabriel Ademola

2)Design of advanced manufacturing systems : models for capacity planning in advanced manufacturing systems

Andrea Matta 2005

Springer 2005.

The management of the capacity is very important to fulfill the demand from the market. Planning for capacity is another factor that company have to consider. The factor for capacity that company have to consider in simulation is how many product that company can produce etc. which this source can use to plan the good capacity for company production.

2)In production department one thing that manager have to consider is the capacity of the product and its relate to the demand. This article provide data about how to plan this product capacity for the production. This data can also use to support the decision for each area production.

· Demand Management Strategy 1)

Demand management best practices process, principles, and collaborationColleen Crum 1953- 2003

Boca Raton, Fla. : J. Ross Publishing 2003.

2)Production control and demand management in capacitated flow process industriesFransoo, JC (Jan) 1993

Technische Universiteit Eindhoven

Demand management is very important in the simulation. Because we have to use theory to support our demand forecast decision for each round of the simulation. This source give us many useful knowledge about how to decide to make the demand for each round to gain the most market share from the competitors.

2)Production and demand always the two critical factor for the successful company. The production that’s not suit the demand can cause the big loss to the company. This source explain how to manage this two important factor together to make profit in the simulation.

· Learning curves 1)

PV Learning Curves: Past and Future Drivers of Cost ReductionKersten, F. ; Doll, R. ; Kux, A. ; Huljic, D.M. ; Görig, M.A. ; Breyer, C. ; Müller, J.W. ; Wawer, P. 2011

learning curves theory, models, and applications

Mohamad Y. Jabar1)This source provide data about learning curve and the reasons why produce more can reduce the price. We can use this source to describe the theory of learning curve that effect to the price of the production in simulation.

2)Learning curves is one of the most complicated theory in this simulation. So this source will describe more about learning curves. This is very important theory to use in support the idea.

· Inventory Management 1)

World class production and inventory managementDarryl V. LandvaterNew York ; Chichester : Wiley 1997

Essentials of inventory management

Max Muller c2011

New York : AMACOM c2011.

The data provided from this source is about how to manage the product to satisfy the demand of the market and what process that the firm should do about the cut product that left from sell. In simulation we have to select the area that produce the product and also where to start to sell the product. Which the data from this source can help to making decision about the order of place that product going to sell.

2)It is important to company to have a good inventory management because without a good inventory management can make loss from cut product that left in the market. This source provide lots of theory to support the idea in simulation about how to manage the inventory in production department.

Research and Development Management 1) Universal methods of research complex problems, develop innovative ideas, and design effective solutionsBella Martin Brudesign : M HaningtonBeverly, MA : Rockport Publishers 2012.

2) Business-driven Research and Development: Managing Knowledge to Create Wealth

Ganguly, Ashok In simulation we have to do research and development for the product.But there’s condition in R&D so we have to plan before do R&D. This source can help a lot about the decision and also the methods that going to use before making any R&D decision in the simulation.

2) This source provide data about how to make the most successful R&D for the company. It is important for company to do in house R&D to decrease the cost of production to gain more profit in the simulation. This source can help manager in production department decide when and when not to do the new R&D.

Microeconomics (Demand and supply) 1)

On-demand supply management world class strategies, practices, and technologyDouglas A. Smock 1948- c2007

Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. : J. Ross Pub. c2007. 2007.

EconomicsJohn Sloman 1947- 2006

Harlow : Financial Times Prentice Hall 2006.

The data from this source is useful when determine the market outlook in the simulation because we should calculate

New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus

The main reason why Charles C. Mann wrote the book ‘New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus’, was to expose a chain of myths that surrounded the pre Columbian. The author writes that the history they were taught while in school about the pre Columbian America was wrong nearly in every aspect. The author writes that Indians were in Columbia much longer and were there in much greater number than earlier thought. The Indians were so successful at working on the landscape.

Mann tries to come up with three main points, synthesizing decades of academic work on the pre Columbian inhabitants, the effect of the aged world pathogens, animals and plants, migration of the Ice Age, the configuration and fall of complex societies in Mesoamerica, Northern and Southern parts of America and other related topics. The work of Mann is very wide in capacity ranging from space and time from the Ice Age of Beringia to the Amazonia’s 20th century and illustration on the minor literature in archaeology, anthropology and history.

Mann’s book was written to general audience and his conclusions were based on interviews, personal observations and also on academic literatures. Most of Mann’s findings are recognizable to educational historians. The most fascinating features of the Author’s book is how learning in the past twenty and over years had little effects on dispelling the pernicious and tenacious myths of what the Americans were like before the Europeans arrived.

The first asset of the book is its expert preference part, in direct and lucid writing style of the underpinnings of the outlook. The asset of this book also shows how the thoughtful Indians known as the Paleo hippies deprives the Europeans of the human agencies they are always thought of possessing. Mann clearly states that the great collapse of the population was due to disastrous decisions on the roles that were played by the leaders. The Indians begun to experience pathogens like drought immediately they sited accountability in the hands of the Europeans.

The other asset of the book to scholars who have the Atlantic belt is the balance it creates between the civilizations of Mesoamerican and the Northern and southern America. The Europeans reached in the landscape when their population had already gone down. The third asset is where Mann summarizes the tense and dense scholarly arguments that surround his various subjects and the implications these subjects have on the today’s political questions. For example, the author argues that the presence of the large Columbian population that was at the centre of the Amazon lead to the constant expansion of the area and has posed destructive effects to the region’s ecosystem. The Indians, Europeans and Americans were very wasteful.

The book is very important especially for undergraduate classes because it works as means of introducing scholars to the expansive implications and minutia and of educational debates. Mann makes interesting assertions on food and food production. The author claims that the first cities in America dating from 3000 years B.C were on the Peruvian coast and one of them was Norte Chico. Mann dismisses the connection between the complex, urbanization and Neolithic Revolution societies that are found in most of the world civilization books. Notre Chico was not interested in food crops because they fed on prolific fish that came from the Humboldt Current therefore cultivated only cotton.

The other food related point in the book is the cultivation of maize and the combinations of beans, squash and maize from both horticultural and nutritional perspective. This theme of this story is an assertion that the New and the Old world were equal in their accomplishment, population and civilization. In the author’s view, the unexplained and unexpected difficult progression whereby maize was hereditarily engineered from discouraging and ambiguous wild grass makes it an artistic accomplishment on same level with those of traditional and antique Eurasian civilizations.

The most striking and unfamiliar assertion in the book is the confirmation for numerous inhabitants centers that were found in Amazon. The author argues that the region had a large population because of the type of the soil found in there which is known as terra preta. The soil is enriched with charcoal therefore more durable and fertile as compared to the acidic soil found in the rain forest.

The author of the book has a marvelous eye for detail and imagery. The suggestion that the Europeans got into a world that was distorted by diseases attacking non local plants and animals is outdated. The evidence of an ecology that was thrown out of balance and the newest way to articulate the point are the images that were used by the Europeans to express the recompense of the American continent like, the boundless herds of bison and the enormous flocks of traveler pigeons.

Despite these virtues, there are boundaries in the attempt to cover so much in single volume. In his comparison of Eurasian and American civilizations, the author is very fast in seizing the dimension of cities and the probable populations so as to compare them. During his comparison, Mann is slow in stressing that London and Cahokia played very different roles.

The final section of the book is very disappointing. In the section, the author describes how the Europeans observation of and interaction with five or six nations stimulated the Americans morals of freedom and person autonomy. The author ropes his element by pointing out that the English settlers always ran off to reside with the Indians during the early time of settlement.

Mann incorrectly assumes that the white Indians were primarily drawn by entice of Iroquois traditions and those in Plymouth were likely to flee hunger. There were no Indians who ran away to unite with the Haudenosaunee: English who were in England were terrified by the Mohawks as they regarded them as the as fierce cannibals while those in Jamestown were far away. Some Indians were captured and Mann tries to explain why most of the captives were unwilling to return from the French families. Mann outlines another scholarly controversy which is known in other word as the Iroquois influence thesis.

The author outlines the scholarly controversy and for the first time, exclusive of naming it or acknowledging the fact that there are wiles on both the sides of the matter. In this section, the author abandons the important distinction between later reminiscences and the first hand accounts. The members of the Tea Party in Boston famed themselves as the Mohawks and not because they had affirmed themselves as rebels but because they wanted to depict themselves as Americans. The moment Indians stopped playing vital role in daily lives, source of food, esteemed allies and feared enemies, many writers came up who wanted to right about them concerning misinformed motivation.

New Trend Report

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Tittle

Professor’s Name

Date

New Trending Report

The emergence of social media, autonomous internet access, and the increase of tablets and smartphones have changed the demands and anticipations of media users. The outcome is an astonishing variety of new digital products and services, which function and exist as new trends. As the emerging media introduce new features and change their algorithm, social media trends similarly undergo an evolution. This paper aims to educate, inform, and report on one of the lasted new trends hitting the industry in social media and emerging data.

Virtual reality is one of the new trends hitting the industry and the emerging media. In overview, virtual reality signifies a computer-generated environment with objects and scenes that appear to be real, making the user feel they are immersed in their surroundings. A device known as a Virtual Reality headset is normally used to perceive this environment. Virtual reality happens to be the future of social media in a way that not only can individuals enrich existing friendships, but they can also make new friends through the ever-growing catalog of social Virtual Reality experiences (Anbarjafari et al., 2017). Virtual social media users can possibly create avatars and then put on headsets to walk around customized virtual worlds, play games, meet up with friends, explore other users’ published worlds, or build places they want to visit. For instance, perceiving Virtual Reality as the future of social media interaction, Facebook acquired Oculus back in 2014 with an idea to unite the globe in a more consequential way.

After the arrival of virtual reality headsets a few years ago, VR has drawn a lot of attention. The future of Virtual Reality appears limitless, and there is strong interest from individuals across industries and the media (Anbarjafari et al., 2017). The buzz about this new trend started with the introduction of the PC-connected Oculus Rift prototype in 2010. The trend progressed from PC-tethered headsets to console-tethered headsets and mobile-tethered headsets between 2014 and 2017. One common thing is that the buzz surrounding Virtual Reality during 2016 has been inevitable. During this year, the consumers’ headsets were launched, and the market started to shape up. With the release of the Oculus Rift in March 2016, the phase of virtual reality actually commenced (Kruzan & Won, 2019). This new trend has been generating buzz since 1990, but the Oculus Rift was the first high-end virtual reality system to reach the consumer market and delivered the kind of experience consumers had been longing for.

The Facebook brand got everyone’s attention about this new trend. Other virtual reality stocks that have got everyone’s attention about this new trend include Microsoft Corp., Alphabet Inc. (GOOG, GOOGL), Sony Group Corp. (SONY), and Apple Inc. The worldwide virtual reality market is now witnessing a rise in competitiveness among several corporations. The market comprises several major players, such as Google, Oculus, Samsung, Lenovo, and HTC. The use of virtual reality in the entertainment and sports industry played a big part in getting people’s attention about this new trend. Location-based entertainment, gaming, music, and theatres are expected to witness the benefits of virtual reality technology. People are paying attention to this new trend because it proliferates through different aspects of their lives (Kruzan & Won, 2019). As a result, individuals face very new different ways of communicating with each other in social media and other emerging data. People are also giving this new trend attention because some of the biggest names in smartphones, social media, and consumer electronics gave this trend a major boost in a series of announcements at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona. Another thing is that virtual reality is breaking investment records and is important to all major players.

Virtual reality is much different from others in the industry. It is different from others in that it can create sensory experiences, including sound, virtual sight, and touch. Apart from being used in the gaming world, it is also being developed by unique Interactive to create virtual representations of architectural designs. It is unique in that it simulates a physical presence in the real world or an illusory world, allowing the user to interact with the world.

Virtual reality can be compared with Augmented Reality and also Mixed Reality. Augmented reality signifies an enhanced version of the physical world that is achieved through using digital visual elements, sound, and sensory stimuli delivered via technology. On the other hand, mixed reality signifies an amalgam of physical and digital worlds, unlocking natural and intuitive 3D human, computer, and environment interactions. The main difference between Virtual reality and augmented reality is that VR entirely takes over the senses and experiences of an individual, whereas AR just adds to real-world experiences. Another thing is that AR uses a real-world setting while VR is entirely virtual. The difference between virtual reality and mixed reality is that VR users have a completely virtual experience. In contrast, mixed reality users interact with virtual elements added to augmented reality users’ real-world experience.

Virtual reality has both pros and cons. Among its pros is that it is innovative and enjoyable, provides realistic scenarios, improves retention and recall, simplifies complex problems or situations, and has little risk. Virtual reality allows users to connect and share on an entirely whole new level. It aids users to meet friends anywhere in the world and share experiences that would not be conceivable in the real world. When it comes to its cons, it is quite expensive, lacks flexibility, it has functionality issues, and it is often an isolating individual experience. It is also a fragmented market and is slow for demos.

One of the examples of how this trend has been used or implemented in the campaign is in the New York Times newspaper. A couple of years ago, the New York Times delivered Google Cardboard glasses to all of their subscribers in order to watch virtual reality movies (Anbarjafari et al., 2017). The result is that the emotional greatness that that this campaign provided viewers reinforced brand loyalty for all three of the products: the New York Times, the glasses, and the featured movies. Some of the lessons learned from this are that virtual reality plays an important part in social media and technology. It plays a part in brand campaigns and marketing. Users are always ready to embrace new technology, and virtual reality develops creativity. Lee at al., (2021) assert that mass communication says virtual reality experiences feel real and appear unmediated. Lastly, constructivism is the underlying learning theory used to discuss this trend. It is a learning theory suggested as an instructional design and development model.

Reference

Anbarjafari, G., Haamer, R. E., Lusi, I., Tikk, T., & Valgma, L. (2017). 3D face reconstruction with region based best fit blending using mobile phone for virtual reality based social media. arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.01089.

Kruzan, K. P., & Won, A. S. (2019). Embodied well-being through two media technologies: Virtual reality and social media. new media & society, 21(8), 1734-1749.

Lee, S. A., Lee, M., & Jeong, M. (2021). The role of virtual reality on information sharing and seeking behaviors. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 215-223.

News Briefing Quest Assignment

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

News Briefing Quest Assignment

The article selected for the assessment is “Congress has a massive voting rights bill in its grasp. It must pass it, now,” written by Dennis Aftergut. The author focuses on how the elections clause in the Constitution makes it difficult for a considerable number of people in conservative states to vote. This fundamental argument made is that the clause provides Congress with the power to override the measures in federal elections. Conversely, he provides information on how the Freedom to Vote Act could change voting in the U.S. For instance, the adoption of the bill would allow former convicts to vote, provide 15 days of early voting to voters, avail absentee voting universally, and assist in leveling the campaign financing arena. All the other freedoms of individuals living in the U.S. are protected by the right to vote. In this regard, electing responsible individuals into office ensures that the officials pass bills that protect all the other freedoms enjoyed by Americans.

Traditionally, for voters to be qualified to participate in elections, states determined the qualification instead of the Federal Government. However, the 15th Amendment gave Congress the authority to guarantee people’s right to vote regardless of their racial backgrounds (Blackmun, 1985). The article covers some of the elements included in the Freedom to Vote Act, consequently comparing the provisions of the bill with the 1965 Voting Rights Act that provided the federal government with different rules that would be followed for registering to vote. The passing of the Freedom to Vote Act would be a step towards fixing enforcement at Federal Election Commission. The enforcement process would be vital to ensuring that the work of the commission would be inclusive of investigating potential violators of the law devoid of being thwarted by partisanship. By description, the federalism doctrine does not explain the regulatory dynamics existing between the states and Congress regarding the federal election Clause. The article provides this distinction substantively.

In my opinion, Congress should pass the Freedom to Vote Act essentially to promote election security. In this regard, the bill could prevent the subversion of the American electoral process. The Act represents a significant step towards the push for enacting legislation that would improve the democracy of the country, including the promotion of racial justice and equity. If passed, the Act would prevent the assault the voting rights of individuals in some states. In addition to the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act, it would be presumed that the Freedom to Vote Act could be the regarded as the most comprehensive law to be enacted in the country in decades. Considering the ongoing redistricting of Congress, including the 2022 midterm campaigns that are set to begin early in the year, Congress should pass the bill urgently. The act will provide individuals in the country with a baseline national standard for individuals to access voting and expand the opportunities for individuals to vote.

References

Aftergut, D. (2021). Congress has a massive voting rights bill in its grasp. It must pass it, now. Retrieved 23 September 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/sep/22/congress-must-pass-voting-rights-bill

Blackmun, H. A. (1985). Section 1983 and federal protection of individual rights-will the statute remain alive or fade away. NYUL Rev., 60, 1.

Newsletter Billiard Lifestyle

Newsletter – Billiard Lifestyle

Name

Course

Course Instructor

Date

Billiards

For better home recreation industry, billiards plays a significant role and enjoys a wide range of fans worldwide. Billiard is such a useful public resource that enhances social and public image. For improved sporting and more helpful advertising, there is an improved billiard that is designed for this. Billiard has had dynamic impression on the lovers of the game. The table is really innovative and natural making it more user-friendly. The new improved billiard is focused, effective, pleasant and innovative. For good relaxation after a hard day work or weekends, go for billiards. Anyone who loves technology will definitely accept the new improved billiards as the best. Billiard provides pleasure, respect, trust and transparency amongst the participants. The picture below is an extract from Del Webb (2011) and shows how Billiard room looks like.

Billiards are designed in a way that they can fit pool halls, fraternal organizations, senior centers, home table, bars and college student unions where the facility is used on a regular basis. Billiards are also made in such a good way that any player can enjoy be it beginners, intermediates and even the most qualified players. For more information about our billiards you can communicate with our customer care on our telephone number or email at the end of the newsletter.

Quality

Our quality is the best and currently takes the lead in the market. The reputation regarding our products is awesome especially our finishing of the billiards tables. The quality of wood is hardwood which is carefully chosen and combined with high quality rubber cushions that enables meticulous bouncing of the ball. The rubber used on the table takes several years before ageing and the original body justifies the billiards long life warrantee. Any repair is guaranteed from our workshops because no other workshop can make our quality.

We provide all the riches of the range which contributes to harmony and freshness. Our billiards is completely handcrafted made and assembled in our workshops. Overly our billiards proves our innovativeness and is based on the business of sports as well as understanding of the consumer behavior. The billiards is very comfortable when placed in coastal houses, high-status hotels, villa and cottages in the mountainous areas or any other place where they present honor. The makers of this billiards were purely guided by great imagination, attractiveness and honor.

Where to get

Our billiards is sold globally such as in Harrods in London and other huge malls in UK, Dubai, France. The billiards is bought mostly by either individuals or luxurious hotels for their better quality, designs and beauty. Royal families and rich politicians are some of the common customers of our billiards. The billiards plays a major role and has a place in the prestigious places such as royal homes and luxurious hotels. It is also easy to reach us through our websites or social media. The picture below was extracted from American Leisure (2013) and it shows one of the royal houses where our billiards retains its high class nature.

Our billiards is the most high-tech billiards found in the market. We deliver the billiards at the customers’ doorsteps anytime of the day. We also do overseas delivery at the shortest time possible with full pack of accessories.

References

American Leisure. (2013).Retrieved http://www.americanleisure.com/locations/residential_lifestyle_properties

Del Webb. (2011). Billiards Room. Retrieved http://www.delwebborlandoinfo.com/Montecito_Clubhouse/Billiards_Room.htm

Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince is a blunt political pamphlet concerning the various kinds of principalities, military affair

Niccolò Machiavelli’s The Prince is a blunt political pamphlet concerning the various kinds of principalities, military affairs, the qualities of a Prince, and Machiavelli’s views on Italy’s political status during the Renaissance. Machiavelli uses many specific examples throughout the text both ancient and current to Renaissance era.

To understand the book more completely and Machiavelli’s reasons for writing The Prince, it is necessary to understand Machiavelli’s life and the times he lived in. When Niccolo Machiavelli was born in the spring of 1469, Italy had attained a high spot in the European community, but it would not last. By the time Machiavelli had reached the age of twenty-five, King Charles VIII of France had driven the ruling Medici family out of the city of Florence, the last resisting Italian principality. The Florentines would not stand for this; they ousted the new ruler out of the city and founded the Florentine republic. Machiavelli soon started work as clerk under Adriani, head of the Second Chancery. Four years past by and in 1498, Machiavelli became Chief Secretary of the Florentine Republic, and then later that year, he succeeded Adriani as head of the Second Chancery.

While in this position as Chief Secretary, he went on many diplomatic missions and observed many foreign governments in action. From these experiences, Machiavelli would later draw the conclusions, he writes about in The Prince. He was entrusted with numerous missions to France, ally of the Florentine republic, to meet with King Louis XII in the years 1500, 1504, and 1510. In 1502, Niccolò Machiavelli married Marietta Corsini and traveled to Romagna, where he observed the incidents that led to the murder of Cesare Borgia. Machiavelli’s study of Cesare Borgia, his actions and the events leading to his death greatly influenced his political beliefs. Machiavelli returned to Florence in January of 1503, later that year he witnessed the election of Pope Julius II. In December of 1506, Machiavelli submitted his plan to organize a Florentine militia to Pierre Soderini, leader of the Florentine republic. Soderini accepted his request and created the Nove di Miliz. After organizing the Florentine infantry, Machiavelli envoyed in 1507 to meet with Emperor Maximilian II, who was preparing his invasion of Italy. The Florentine militia fought at the capture of Pisa in 1509. Machiavelli went on his last mission to France in 1510. Pope Julius II allied himself with Spain and Venice, together they conquered France, the Florentine’s ally. Then in 1512, the Spanish army invaded Florence and defeated the Florentine militia. The Medici family returned to power and deponed Machiavelli from his station. The Medici family accused Machiavelli of participation in a conspiracy against them; they imprisoned him for a small time. After the election of Giovanni de Medici to the papacy as Leo X, they released Machiavelli.

Machiavelli retired to a small farm in San Casciano, where he would write his arguments on politics. He began writing The Prince and his other lesser known work The Discourses in 1513. In 1515, he wrote a comedy, La Mandragola, a satire on seduction. The Medici family consulted Machiavelli in 1519 on a new Florentine constitution. In 1520, he wrote The Life of Castruccio Castracani, a narrative essay on the life of man, who founded the state of Lucca in Tuscany, in the fourteenth century. Machiavelli published seven books in 1521 entitled The Art of War. The seven books contain Machiavelli’s ideas on war tactics and the superiority of national troops over mercenaries. The Medici family used Machiavelli’s services again in 1525; they commissioned him to write The History of Florence. A year later in 1526, Pope Clement VII, a Medici, contracted Machiavelli to survey the defenses at Florence and then sent him to meet with historian Francesco Guicciardini. In 1527, the imperial army invaded and defiled Rome. Following this desecration of Rome, the Florentines removed the Medici from power and established a second republic. Machiavelli did not return to office, for he was a suspected ally of the Medici. He became very ill and died June 20, 1527. Niccolo Machiavelli is honorably buried at Santa Croce, the church of Florence.

The first several chapters of The Prince explicate the four types of princedoms and the methods in which they are acquired. Chapter I states that all governments are either republics or princedoms. From there, all princedoms are hereditary, mixed, new, or ecclesiastical. Then, Machiavelli goes on to say that hereditary princedoms are easily maintained, granted that the prince not diverge from his ancestors policies. Mixed princedoms arise when hereditary princedoms acquire new territories. These princedoms are not as easily kept, for two reasons. The first is that the people will replace their leader if they feel it would better conditions. Machiavelli gives five defenses for this situation. The first and best is to reside in the new province. Secondly, a prince should set up colonies to serve as connections to the mother country. A prince should then become the chief defender of the less puissant adjacent territories. Then, he should weaken his more powerful neighbors. For no reason, should a prince allow any foreign power to enter the province. The second reason mixed princedoms are hard to maintain is a prince cannot satisfy the anticipations of those who helped him take over, and he does not want to use excessive actions because he requires the backing of the people.

Chapter IV is entitled Why the Kingdom of Darius, Conquered by Alexander, Did Not, On Alexander’s Death, Rebel Against His Successors, the answer to the question lies in the different style in which the state was governed. The Kingdom of Darius was ruled in an autocratic style common to Asia during Alexander the Great’s time unlike the feudal system common to Europe. This autocratic style was present in the Kingdom of Turkey during Machiavelli’s time, where in Turkey the prince is the master of everyone and everything. Everyone is his slave; he transfers his governors around at a whim. This form of government is difficult to conquer because everyone who assists the king is dependent upon him, but is easily maintain after the prince’s family is subjugated. The precise inverse is the feudal system in the Kingdom of France where the nobles are loved by their own people and the king would only depone a noble at his own risk. Conquering a feudal government like this is easily done, when the nobles are turned against the king.

There are three methods to retaining a newly acquired territory. The first and most definite, is to destroy it. The second is for the prince to go and reside there. Thirdly, the prince may elect to allow the territory to live under its own laws. This method is not the surest way, although it keeps the people happy. The only way to be sure is to first, destroy it, and second, reside in it.

Chapter VI – IX clarify the four types of new princedoms, grouped by how they are acquired. When a prince acquires a new princedom by his own arms, the difficulty of maintaining his station depends solely upon his ability. Although good fortune may be involved, fortune is worthless without virtue. Princes who acquire their princedoms by the aid of others and good fortune, do not maintain power easily. The best of example of this is Cesare Borgia, whose father, Alexander VI, aided Cesare in conquering Romagna. However, when his father died and Julius II became pope, Borgia was ruined. Princedoms that are acquired through wickedness bring only disrepute to their princes not honors. Civic princedoms can be attained in two manners, by the support of the people or by the assistance of the nobles. Those princes, who come to power by the assistance of the nobles, are less powerful than those who come to power by the love of the people are. For the nobles think they are equal with the prince, but the people are his loving subjects, ready at his command.

Chapter X introduces military affairs, especially military might as the measure of the strength of the state. Princes need to have strong armies and those who do not need strong defenses and abundant supplies. Machiavelli asserts that military power alone is not adequate, a prince must have the love of his people. For a prince loved by his people and that has strong fortifications can outlast any siege attempt.

Ecclesiastical princedoms are governed by religious ordinances. These religious states often have immense secular power. They are troublesome to take over, but easily maintain thereafter, for they prince derives his power from a higher being in the eyes of his followers. The pope, during Machiavelli’s time, was not only a religious leader, but also an enterprising secular prince. The papacy lost some of its secular power after the reformation in the early 1500’s.

Chapters XII – XIV deal with the types of soldiers, Machiavelli’s distrust towards mercenaries, and the obligations of prince involving the military. The four types of soldiers mentioned by Machiavelli are mercenaries, auxiliary, native, and mixed. Machiavelli considers mercenary and auxiliary troops to be useless and dangerous. He maintains that mercenaries will give way in the moment of trial on the battlefield. Auxiliary troops should not be relied on either, due to the fact they not under the direct rule of the prince. Native troops, whether they are the citizens of a republic or the subjects of a princedom, make the best choice. They fight for national causes not a meager wage or an ally. Mixed troops result from blending mercenary and national troops. Mixed troops are better than mercenaries or auxiliary troops, but native troops are incomparable. Machiavelli blames the foreign domination of Italy on the use of mercenaries that were hired to stop Charles VIII in 1494. War is the great equalizer, it can allow a prince to maintain his princedom, and can raise an average man to a seat of power. A prince should study the history of war, imitate the actions of victors, and examine the reasons for defeat.

Chapter XV begins the section of the book dealing with the qualities of a prince. Princes are people; they have good and bad qualities. Machiavelli points this out, he understands their will never be an ideal person. Machiavelli suggests that princes should strive to show those qualities, which would help him maintain his state, and curtail those qualities that would deprive him of his state.

A prince should not be liberal because it requires heavy taxation of the people to maintain the reputation of being liberal. The people will slowly start to dislike the prince, as he requires more taxes. On the other hand, if a prince is miserly, as his princedom grows, he will require less and less taxation on the people. He will present himself, as increasingly liberal and gain favor with is people.

The quality of mercifulness is not an adverse quality for a prince, but he should be alert as not let anyone abuse his mercy. Cruelty can be used for good, like when Cesare Borgia unified Romagna. Cesare Borgia’s cruelty restored Romagna to peace and order, while on the contrary the Florentine’s mercy allowed Pistoia to be destroyed. Princes in the company of soldier should not avoid the reputation of being cruel, because clement generals often lose control of their armies. When a prince uses cruelty, he should do so in a way that he incites fear, but not hatred.

Machiavelli declares that princes are above the moral code for the good of state. Princes must keep a good exterior; they should appear religious and honorable. They must avoid hatred, for a prince who is hated is destined for ruin. A prince should not take property of his subjects or disrespect their women. Princes should maintain a good strong military and good allies to defend from external foes. To protect against conspiracies, he should gain favor with subjects and avoid hatred and disrepute. Machiavelli exhorts the best method to maintain respect for the nobles and to satisfy the people is to create a parliament.

A prince of a new princedom should never disarm his subjects and if he discovers them disarmed, he should arm them. The only instance, in which a prince should disarm his subjects, is just after he has annexed a newly acquired territory. In this instance, he should disarm only his newer subjects to avoid rebellion. A prince should never build a fortress to protect himself from his own subjects. Rather, he should befriend them and avoid hatred.

Chapter XXII presents techniques for a prince to attain admiration and esteem. The first technique is to have an unfaltering foreign policy; an example is Ferdinand of Aragon who unified Spain under the name of Catholicism. A prince can gain a reputation by domestic policy, exemplified by Messer Bernabò of Milan, whose domestic policies of rewarding and penalizing attained him a far-reaching reputation. Princes should avoid declaring neutrality; they should be either true ally or true foe. However, a prince should never ally himself with a powerful leader, to avoid becoming his prisoner. A prince should be a patron of the arts and sciences, and encourage his subjects who prosper and add to the greatness of his princedom.

Princes should be very discriminating when they select their secretaries. He should select people who are wise and prudent, who will freely speak their mind, and not flatter him. A prince’s counselors should give advice only when asked, and should tell the truth at all times. Once a prince has heard the advice of his counselors, he should make a decision and carry it out. A prince’s secretaries are significant choices because princes are judged by the people surrounding them. This chapter concerning the choice of secretaries concludes the section of The Prince pertaining to the qualities of a prince.

The last several chapters of the book discuss Machiavelli’s views on Italy’s political situation and his reasons for writing the book. In chapter XXIV, Machiavelli examines the reasons the princes of Italy have lost their princedoms. The first reason given, they all lacked native troops. They hired mercenaries and used auxiliary troops. Their faults have already been stated. The second, the princes did not pacify and befriend their people or they did not limit the power and protect themselves from the nobles. Chapter XXV explains how princes can control their fortune by comparing fortune to a woman. Chapter XXVI, the last chapter, is an essay on how a prince should unite Italy and liberate the Italians from foreign rule

The dedication and last chapter of book define Machiavelli’s motivations for The Prince. Machiavelli dedicated the book to Lorenzo di Piero de’ Medici the Magnificent. He did this to gain favor with Medici family and return the public life in Florence. His second motivation lies in the last chapter, where Machiavelli elucidates his hope that a prince will unite Italy, under one sovereign ruler, as Machiavelli observed on his missions to France. Machiavelli believed that redeemer would come from the Medici family and urges the Medici to use the knowledge from his book to redeem and unite Italy.

Niccolò Machiavelli was an intelligent politician who defined the science of politics. His book, The Prince, was the first of its kind. It explores not only the obtaining of power, but also maintaining power, which defines a strong leader from the rest. Machiavelli clearly writes about present human conditions not some ideal utopia. He uses logically arguments, is realistic in his approach, and reveals his deep understanding of the autonomy of politics. Many of his ideas still hold true today, and have proven themselves true in the 20th century.

Niccolos book

Niccolo’s book

Introduction

The book was written by Niccolo. It reality they were instructions to a prince on how he was to govern. That was in the year 1531. The letter might have been addressed to Prince Lorenzo de Medici, as at that time Lorenzo was the Prince. It was at a time when Italy was divided, and foreign powers were conquering one state after the other. The taking over of state after state inspired Niccolo to write to the king detailing the steps he was to take in order to keep the Kingdom together.

The tactics that were given to the Prince to remain in power were not ethical and at times brutal. One such tactic that was considered as a means to stay in control was the act of conquering a territory maintaining the law and rules, but making sure the entire family of the Prince is eliminated. By killing the family the Prince would be able to merge the new Kingdom much easily with the old to become one. Even though that was deemed necessary at the time as by eliminating the family there was now minimal chances of a revolt (Niccollo 120). The killing of an entire family which might have included children, women, and the old who are innocent is unethical. This is evident when the Prince is given instructions to conquer colonies within the same country or that shares the same language. The prince is given examples of such states that had been conquered such as, Burgundy Normandy, and Gascony.

To conquer a colony, a great army is needed, but that is not enough. To be successful in conquering q state one needs the support of the people. King Louis was able to occupy Milan as a result of the support of the people but it was the same people that opened the gate for Duke to win back Milan. In order to gain the support of the people the prince had to lie to the people by promising a better life and future. At the end, the people will realize that the ruler is even worse than the leader they had before (Niccollo 150). The other tactic that was used was, use of devastation to help keep possession. The use of force, destroying the newly acquired colony thus making it desperate as it will have to depend on the new ruler. By that the Prince will not be able to face opposition as the people would not rebel against the new ruler. In making the people desperate was a sure way of gaining the loyalty of the people, and a sure way of remaining in power.

Use of violence in order to stay in power was another tactic that was suggested to the Prince. This was to be used on the most rebellious states, even though it was to be fast. In doing so the Prince would have gained control by instilling fear in the people (Niccollo 180).

Most people tend to turn to religion in times of difficulty, and knowing that, the prince is advice to turn to religion to help secure power. By influencing the religious leaders to support the ruler of the time, this is done by providing help to the religious institutions. In so doing the people are convinced that the ruler is religious, and in that more people tend to support the leader (Niccollo 200).

In case problems arose from the newly acquires states, that had different language, and language, the Prince was advised to go and live in the newly acquired states. By living in the states, the prince would be able to stamp authority. The prince would also be able to deal with any problem that might arise on the spot, or remedy them. The Prince presence would also deter the officials from looting the newly acquired state (Niccollo 180).The presence of the Prince would also create more fear in the people who are not on his side, and more respect for the people on his side. The presence of the Prince was also important as it made the Prince easily to the people. The Prince would be able to know the problems facing the people, and solve them in time, and in so doing gain the trust of the people (Niccollo 190).

The Prince is advised further to remain at war all the time. The need for war at the time was necessary as it was the determinant if a Prince was powerful or not. The Prince had to fight to gain more land, and territory. Fighting was also necessary to help the Prince Keep possession of the territory. In taking the advice the Prince was to be at war all the time even with the neighbors in the bid to gaining more land, and territory (Niccollo 220).

Conclusion

As a leader, one sometimes has to do certain things to make sure that the leadership is respected. From the book the Prince had to do what was necessary in order to remain in power. Even though some of the methods cannot be considered ethical in the modern times, back then it was necessary for survival.

Work cited

Niccollo Machiavelli. The Prince(Special Student Edition), SoHo Books, 2010.

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Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince is a blunt political pamphlet concerning the various kinds of principalities, military affair

Niccolos book

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