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This is an interview between me and Abornzine, a student here who is of Indian American descent.

Interview

Author’s Name

Institutional Affiliations

Date

This is an interview between me and Abornzine, a student here who is of Indian American descent.

Me: Hi Abornazine, how are you?

Abornazine: Am great, how are things going with you?

Me: With the semester just beginning, school is manageable. How’s school for you?

Abornazine: Pretty slow, Classes are picking up and you know how it is with the registration..Me: Am so glad you agreed to talk to me today. Its been a real hustle getting someone to talk to with the semester just beginning. Thanks again

Abornazine: Its My pleasure. A. platform to talk about my roots is always welcome. I hope I can be of help to you though, I don’t exactly know what you want to know.

Me: As I said earlier during our conversation, I want to know more about the culture of the Native Americans. I believe you are familiar with this culture, right?

Abornazine: Of course I am familiar with my culture. Remember am of American Indian descent and I have lived amongst them half my life.

Me:. This is a big plus to my research. So, Abornazine, would you be comfortable enough to speak to me about your history, where you originally lived before moving to the United States, your family and what prompted your movement.

Abornazine: Well as I told you earlier am of American Indian Decent. My family lived in Oklahoma west of the Mississippi until late 90s when I lost my father to arthritis and my mother, a single and jobless mother, decided to move to America to try and make a living for us all.

Me: Oh! Am very sorry about your father. So you have been here for over a decade, do you ever miss the culture or the people back in Oklahoma? Is there any family member who remained back there, and do you ever get to see them?

Abornazine: America is an interesting country with different people and different cultures but like the old saying goes, east or west , home is best. Of course I miss Oklahoma. Everything there was more familiar and everybody was pretty the same. The dressing, the cooking, even the language was one. My whole extended family still stays there. We go to them once in a while for visits, especially during festivities that are held high by the American Indian people, like the pow wow celebrations where dancing is the order of the day.

Me: Really. That sounds amazing. But do you get to do some of these practices here in America, considering how different people are here?

Abornazine: Oh yes. So many times by the way. It brings home a little closer though it is never the same. We celebrate events like Christmas the Oklahoma way and we cook our traditional dishes from time to time. Some of the ingredients for our traditional dishes are not readily available here though and the little that are here are quiet expensive for everyday use.

Me: Oh really? Like the Wojape meal?. And your siblings, how are they taking this whole American life thing? You know not everybody has the same tastes.

Abornazine: Actually they are pretty accustomed to the new life now. I wouldn’t really say if they miss the life back in Oklahoma. I come from a family of five. My mother, my two sisters my eldest brother and I. And am still taking cooking lessons on that specific meal.

Me: Seems a well knit family to me. I remember you mentioned earlier that you have experienced different cultures In America. Has this had any effect on you or your family in relation to the culture back in Oklahoma?

Abornazine: Of course. We grew in a culture where celebrations were marked in special ways. Rituals, specific attires specific dances. But here in America, things are different. If I put on my feather hat and rattles to a prom night celebration, everybody would think am crazy likewise our rituals would be termed as voodoo. In Oklahoma, we did most of our food home cooked. The American Indian people like their food spice up and very chilly. But Americans are more fast food people and the ingredients for home cooking are a little bit too expensive.

Me: That’s great. I have really learned so much from you today. I hope we can do this again one day and I want lessons too on that wojape meal. Had it once and fell in love with it.

Abornazine: It’s a good thing to learn something directly from a source, even cooking. Hope I was able to help you in some way though, feels good to talk about my culture.

Me: OH yes. This talk is of great help to my research. We’ll see you around. Goodbye.

In as much as people move away from their areas of birth, their cultural background does not necessarily change. Some people remain faithful to their cultures while others tend to pick up new behaviors.

International Strategy and Organization (2)

International Strategy and Organization

Name:

Number:

Course:

Lecturer:

Organizational structures

There are different types of organizational decision making structures. The major types of these structures include the independent, decentralized, centralized decision making structures. The advantage of independent decision making structures is that it has low communication requirements. The disadvantage of independent structure is that they can neither take the advantage of economies of scale nor pool resources in a simpler manner. In addition, the independent structures are characterized by relatively uninformed decisions as they do not know what takes place elsewhere due to failure to learn from people’s experience in different places (Malone & Team, 2013).

The advantage of centralized structures is that individuals can regularly make excellent decisions when more information is used. The managers can also share finest practices between stores, be able to recognize the best suppliers as well as capturing the economies of scale. In other circumstances, fresh technologies makes it is likely for the personalized, home-grown decisions to be carried out at national level. The disadvantage of this structure is that it has considerably higher requirements for communication hence costly. Another problem is that the stores for the individuals tend to vary greatly in terms of colors and sizes that are sold. Decentralized structures also have the advantage in that decisions can be made based on vast amount of remote information that exist via networks or electronic media. They at times cooperate with one another in addition to competing some other times thus resulting to quality results (Malone & Team, 2013).

The role played by a firm’s strategy in determining organizational structure

In this case, the firm’s strategy of fresh technology implementation which transforms the structure of the management process as well as enhancing the capacity to center on customer service. This implementation of fresh technology comes with relatively low cost and personal computers having sophisticated software and operating systems that are graphically based. This reduces the danger or risk of the change process for the firm (Yetton, Johnston & Craig, 2012).

Meaning of horizontal differentiation and its possible implications to how managers design the company structure

Horizontal differentiation is a situation where by the equilibrium prices goes up whenever the disparity of population goes down. This can help the managers to enhance the effectiveness of the design structure in addition to affecting the design of the hierarchy of the organizational structure (Gabszewicz & Wauthy, 2012).

References

Malone, T. W., & Team, L. Y. (2013). Is empowerment just a fad? Control, decision making, and IT. Sloan management review, 38(2).

Yetton, P. W., Johnston, K. D., & Craig, J. F. (2012). Computer-aided architects: a case study of IT and strategic change. Image.

Gabszewicz, J. J., & Wauthy, X. Y. (2012). Nesting horizontal and vertical differentiation. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42(6), 998-1002.

Interpersonal Self

Interpersonal Self

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

The idea of self is unique to each person. What makes me who I am is not what makes defines another person.

The following traits are unique to my idea of self:

Female

African American

Plant lover

Nurse practitioner

Cat lover

Vegetarian

Christian

Environmentalist

Millennial

College student

The above groups tend to influence my ought self in numerous ways. My ought self is not much different from my ideal self. However, in some cases, I tend to deviate from my ideal self on specific aspects. Traits such as my gender and race have not influenced my ideal self in any way because these are traits about myself that I cannot change. Worth noting, for the larger part, I tend to conform to the rules and expectations of the specific groups that I belong. For instance, because I am a female, I dress according to the societal expectations of a girl’s dress code. I dress in skirts and dresses and look neat and polished at all times, as is expected of any girl. Additionally, I have always wanted to lead a healthy lifestyle, so I choose the vegetarian route. Being a vegetarian has not influenced my idea of self as this is something I always wanted for myself, which is why I remain dedicated to this journey for a long time. The same applies to the plant lover, cat lover, and environmentalist categories. These are things that I am passionate which is why they describe my true and ought self. The instance that I tend to deviate from my ideal self has to do with religion. Being brought up in a Christian home, I have always practiced Christianity, however, that is slowly beginning to change. Although I remain a believer, I no longer consistently practice religion. I do not attend church as often as I used to and am less involved in religious activities like tithing and attending service.

Being a member of the above-named groups has affected my idea of self-preservation in one way or another. For example, because I practice Christianity, there are certain boundaries that I cannot cross. For instance, actions like lying and stealing are prohibited in the Bible, so I try as much as possible to avoid indulging in such activities. While I come across friends engaging in such activities, I try not to judge them as it makes me a hypocrite knowing that I am not perfect.

Interpretive Frameworks Clarifying your Perspective

Interpretive Frameworks: Clarifying your Perspective

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

Trying on Different Lenses

Where would you locate each researcher on the continuum represented in Figure 3.1(in the attached chapter)?

The continuum is composed of two main aspects, the orienting question and the aims of the researcher each of which is made up of four factors. The researcher’s aims can be found by understanding the way things are, questioning the perceptions of the participants, taking issue with a situation, and transforming and unsettling the situation. The orienting questions are composed of a number of questions that helps one discover what is going on (Chapter 3).

Rebecca Rogers’s stance in this case is at fourth aspect of the continuum; the transforming and unsettling the way things are. She does by asking herself whether she should take the challenge of educating the perspectives of the setting or choices they might not be aware of, or not. This stance requires the researcher to decide whether she will add to the basic research she has done the responsibility of aiding those in the setting act upon or attend to a perspective. In doing this, Rogers engages in her research with a mindset which is more confrontational (Chapter 3). In doing this, she assumes the role of raising the critical consciousness in herself and others around the issue at hand. She presents a discourse analysis that is critical of two aspects. She analysis the subjects of her study and feels that she is obliged to make corrections to the prior studies by adding that the CSE meeting is filled with discourses and further gives a number of recommendations. Her position is critical (Rogers, 2002).

Elizabeth Crepeau, on the other hand, takes the second stance in the continuum. She tries to figure out in her research what is it that is going on that makes things fell like they are supposed to be like that in a setting. In doing this, Elizabeth begins by building into her position an inquiry approach that is more value- focused. This means that by asking this question, Elizabeth includes into her goals the intent to show how other perspectives and possibilities might provide an understanding that is more comprehensive if what is going on with a certain group or individual in her survey (Chapter 3). For example, Elizabeth focuses on the responsibility narratives about a patient play in building an image of that patient. She uses the stories given by three participants to show how they can be used to create images of the patients. Her position is, therefore, interpretative (Crepeau, 2000).

How are their respective research purposes, as stated in the articles, served by the extent to which they chose to emphasize a critical or interpretive perspective within their research stance?

The perspectives with which these two authors choose to reach their goals serve them largely by asking questions. The critical perspective, for example, serves Roger’s goal of critiquing the discourse analysis of two studies by engaging in her research with a mindset that is more critical and confrontational than she would if she took a different perspective (Rogers, 2002). Her purpose is served by this perspective because it allows her to raise questions and critical consciousness both in herself and in others. She might also use notions like catalytic validity explicitly with this perspective to help her frame her aims (Chapter 3). Elizabeth, on the other hand, aims to find out the role stories about patients play in forming images about them. She assumes an interpretative stance which also helps her attain the research goals. This is because the stance helps her come up with questions which include in her research goals the intent to show how alternate perspectives and possibilities can provide an understanding that is more comprehensive of what is going on with a particular subject in her survey (Crepeau, 2000; Chapter 3).

In her article, Rogers makes the following statement ‘Further, I gained insight into how, as a female literacy researcher and teacher, I was implicated in a system of education that assumes literacy is women’s work but not their right’, how could Rogers have reshaped her research aims, focus, and/or questions to foreground an even more explicit feminist perspective?

Rogers could have done have shaped her goals to depict her feminist perspective by doing a number of things. For example, she could have questioned the role or the responsibility relationship and power play at both the personal and societal levels between the researched and the researcher. She could have also designed her goals in a manner that establishes a non- exploitative and collaborative relationship through processes in research to show how these relationships really impact the stories being told in a study. Another way she could have shown a more feminist view would be to design her goals in a manner that questions the neutrality and objectivity ideas and the denouncing of ‘distancing’ that most traditional social sciences endorse as the only fair way of observing (Chapter 3).

Would it have made sense for either researcher to filter her ideas, aims and methods through an ecological or systems- oriented perspective? Why or why not?

For Rogers, it would have made a difference because with her feminist ideas, she believes that research should be based on a perspective or on the notion that individuals are equal and the same. The results she would get would be different because she has based her research on the fact that individuals cannot be analyzed based on their differences and that they are the same (Chapter 3). On the other hand, the research by Elizabeth would not be affected because she carried out her research based on the fact that different people have different ideas. Her research would not have been affected.

Developing Sensitivity to your Perspective

Introduction

Qatar museum is an organization that was set up by the government for the purposes of enhancing museums and archeology within Qatar. The organization was set up in 2005, thereby, it is a newly formed with limited experience in the field. The institution is operated and run under the budget provided by the Qatar government and its aims are to improve the services of the institution with time. The company has a number of responsibilities, one being to manage and supervise archeological and museum projects. Furthermore, the company participated in the processes of development in these areas (Qatar living.com, 2008).

Background Information

Before delving into the details of this case study, it is essential to first comprehend the background information on which the operational methods of the company are based. For one to properly understand the human resources issues and employee policies in this country, it is essential to understand the country (Jirasinghe & Houldsworth, 2008). For example, Qatar is one of the richest countries in terms of oil reserves, and products. The largest population in the country is concentrated in the capital city. It is one of the richest countries in the world. The largest population is made up of foreigners, and so is the labor force. As a result, most practices at work have been adopted from the western culture. The country is also largely a Muslim country, therefore, most of the beliefs, and values are based on the religion. Though women have been taking up professional roles, the level has not raised high enough to reach that of other developed countries. The poverty level in the country is extremely low, and so are the crime rates (Qatar living.com, 2008).

Before going to work for the Qatar museum, the author used to work at the fuel industry in the country. This sector employs a larger number of employees than the museum and archeological industry. Management skills and techniques are also different between the two sectors. For example, it has been found that the museum sector does not have any program for managing talent and retaining employees. The author tried to apply a number of methods of talent management and employee retention commonly practiced in the oil sector but they did not work, as the two sectors are governed by different factors (IDS, 2008). As a result, it was found necessary to launch a study to find out methods of talent management that can be useful in the sector. The government has invested a large amount of money in the sector, therefore, it would be wise manage talent and improve performance in the museum. The author was appointed to lead a group of individuals in a program called Young Cultural Program whose main aim is to improve talent management in the museum.

Expected Results

The author and his program team members deem that if the program is successful it will be of immense help to the organization by achieving a number of goals. For example, it is expected that the program will come up with ways that will help the organization retain the talents the employees exhibit and use these talents in building the organization, as well as, improving the whole industry (Baron & Armstrong, 2007). The author and his team can achieve this by ensuring that employees attend constant training on their skills and new skills. The author also hopes that the program will come up with ways of enabling talents in the organization for the purposes if managing the museum’s investments. One way the program can do this is through retaining the motivation of the employees by providing them with incentives. The author and his team also figure that they can come up with a model that fits with the needs of the organization and help the industry manage and retain talent. This model can be developed after a thorough research on the needs of the organization, the strengths and weaknesses of the employees.

Reasons for giving this Research more Importance.

There are a number of reasons why the managing of talents n the museum has been put on the forefront. One of the reasons is that there have been huge investments that have been made towards the improvement of museums in the country which have been made to align with several events in the future such as the 2022 world cup. Additionally, there is a need for an improvement model as the sector does not have any such model which is essential in such a significant industry (Improvement and development agency, 2007). Furthermore, the author has an undying passion for talent management.

Why is the Author so Passionate about the Subject?

Since the author’s career goes in line with the business o museums, he has found it irresistible to avoid talent management issues in the industry. While working at the at the museum and archeological sector, the author hopes that he will be able to come up with a model for retaining employee talent that he will able to retain for a long time so as to minimize costs associated with hiring new talent (North Cornwall District Council, 2007; Rankin, 2008).

Conclusion

The Qatar museum sector is a new venture that the government recently started. It has numerous challenges some of which have to do with maintenance and management of talent. The author was given the responsibility of leading a team that was supposed to come up with a model for managing talent in the museum. A number of ways of managing talent were recognized that the author could use in the management of talent in the industry.

References

Baron, A. & Armstrong, M. (2007). Managing performance: performance management in action. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development Report

Chapter 3. Clarifying your perspective. Positioning yourself for inquiry, 39- 51.

Crepeau, E. B. (2000). Reconstructing Gloria: a narrative analysis of team meetings. Qualitative health research, 10: 766.

IDS (2008). Improving staff retention. Report on HR Studies, 863, 56.

Improvement and development agency (2007). Getting performance management right. Retrieved from http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=440577

Jirasinghe, D. & Houldsworth, E. (2008). Managing and measuring employee performance. New York: Kogan Page.

North Cornwall District Council. (2007). Staff retention. Retrieved from http://www.ncdc.gov.uk

Qatar living.com (2008). The Qatar Museum Authority. Retrieved fromhttp://www.qatarliving.com/user/login?destination=node/24186#

Rankin, N. (2008). Labor turnover rates and costs. IRS Employment Review, 894, 89.

Rogers, R. (2002). Through the eyes of the institution: a critical discourse of decision making in two special education meetings. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 33 (2), 213.

Understanding aspects of the Reid Technique and its effectiveness in modern criminal justice

Interrogation techniques and their consequences:

Understanding aspects of the Reid Technique and its effectiveness in modern criminal justice

Felix Garcia Ortega

Florida International University

Introduction

Interrogation tactics have been around since the start of humans with examples dating back to biblical times. Interrogation techniques or the practice of questioning an individual to solicit the truth is a large part of the criminal justice system. Through the years there have been many alterations and improvements to the practices used by law enforcement personnel to question suspects. From China, circa 1,000 BC where suspects of a crime would be questioned with uncooked rice kernels in their mouth to test if the suspect was nervous causing them to expand the rice kernel with saliva to the Salem witch trials in 1692 which used the gathering of evidence in the form of witness accounts to question suspects. In modern times The Reid Technique is the primary interrogation tactic studied and used within the United States. It was originally developed by John E. Reid a psychologist and former police officer in the early 1950’s. The process begins with the common practice of fact analysis, then a non-accusatory questioning of the suspect to monitor behavior, and lastly the start of the Reid nine step process forming into an accusatory form of questioning (Gudjonsson, G. H., & Pearse, J. 2011). Since the term was coined in the early 1950’s the Reid Technique gained steady traction and began to be the main form of interrogation style taught and practiced in the United States (Dixon, D. 2010). Since its creation many experts have questioned its validity due to its high percentage of coercing suspects into a false confession.

The Reid Technique’s main attraction and most likely its reason for such widespread adaptation as the main form of interrogation technique is the nine-step process taught by John E. Reid and Associates, Inc. The process begins with step one, a positive confrontation of the suspect where the interviewer should express to the suspect that they are guilty. Step two, the interviewer should help provide an explanation to why the suspect would commit the crime to be understanding followed quickly by step three, controlling and minimizing any denials the suspect has during the process. Step four consist of putting the suspect at ease and overcoming any objection to why they could not commit the crime in question. During step five is when the Reid Technique believes it has eliminated any chance of an innocent suspect if they do not move from step three, however, for many individuals this is not the case. During step five of the process the focus is used on keeping the suspects attention and receptive to move into step six, where the investigator will offer the suspect alternatives to why they committed the accused offense to help the suspect rationalize the confession. Step seven and eight offer the suspect no choice but to offer a confession by first presenting the suspect with two different possibilities to what happed but both having the suspect being guilty and finally get the suspect to repeat his admission of guilt. When the interviewer reaches step nine of the Reid Technique it is presented as simple as gathering the confession on video, audio, or written forms.

The nine steps associated with the Reid interrogation style set a dangerous process where many innocent people can fall into the trap of a false confession when backed into a corner of guilt. Each passing step into the Reid Technique slowly but effectively removes a persons ability to combat such accusatory claims and when combined on the fact that many integrations take place on juveniles and people with potential mental disability it almost eliminates all hope of approaching a valid conclusion in an investigation (Gudjonsson, G. H., & Pearse, J. 2011). The Reid Technique has many critics that claim the method can result in a high number of false confessions due to the long lengths of the interrogations and the continuous accusations that this method calls for. The investigators will tell the suspect that they have clearly committed the crime, as the evidence obtained during the investigation leads to them (Dixon, D. 2010). Then they will insist that the person confess for their sake, or their family’s sake, as this will give them a reduced sentence.

Historically in the United States and countries alike the criminal justice system relied heavily on coercive tactics in order to obtain a confession. Focusing heavy on the investigative aspect of the case and assuming that any suspect being questioned to be guilty of the crime in question. Prior to the 1930s torture tactics were commonplace in the investigative process using beatings, starvation, and other forms of torture to solicit a confession from a suspected criminal. These tactics changed in 1936, the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Mississippi where the supreme court decided that any confession solicited through violence could not be entered into evidence. This change in the criminal justice system stopped the use of physical force by the questioning party however, it did not alter the thinking that a person being question is already guilty of the crime even before being found to be in court.

In the early 1960’s an experienced polygrapher and former police officer by the name of John E. Reed developed and popularized what is known today as the Reed Technique. The leading style of questioning used on suspects of a crime within the United States. This form of questioning is based largely with the mentality of the guilt of a suspect just like in the early 1930’s (Dixon, D. 2010). The accusatory form of questing slowly began to grow in popularity. Since the United States Supreme court ruled that no confessions received with the use of physical force would be admissible in court, they did not cover psychological tools that the investigative party can use to solicit a false confession. In 1966, the court addressed the extent questioning of a suspect could be used in court when they decided Miranda v. Arizona.

When the court reached a decision in Miranda v. Arizona among many opinions reached the court decided on what constitutes voluntary versus involuntary confessions. Although, in the case itself it lacked any concrete evidence of the physical torture that court decided that they consider coercion to be both physical as well as mental (Allen, R. J. 2007). This decision by the United States Supreme court allowed the protection of suspects being questioned to be informed of there rights as a suspect as well as established protections from phycological torture that individuals could have been placed under such as confinement to a small room, being isolated for long periods of time, and repeated verbal abuse (Allen, R. J. 2007).

On the subject of interrogation techniques and the consequences they pose for individuals such as the rate of false confessions and wrongfully accused suspects imprisoned, there have been multiple studies conducted.

References

Allen, R. J. (2007). The Misguided Defenses of Miranda v. Arizona. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 5(1), 205–214.

Dixon, D. (2010). Questioning Suspects: A Comparative Perspective. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(4), 426–440. doi: 10.1177/1043986210377107

Gudjonsson, G. H., & Pearse, J. (2011). Suspect Interviews and False Confessions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(1), 33–37. doi: 10.1177/0963721410396824

Salvati, J. M., & Houck, S. C. (2019). Examining the Causes and Consequences of Confession-Eliciting Tactics during Interrogation. Journal of Applied Security Research, 14(3), 241–256. doi: 10.1080/19361610.2019.1621508

Literature Review Reid Interrogation Technique

Interrogation techniques and their consequences:

Understanding aspects of the Reid Technique and its effectiveness in modern criminal justice

Felix Garcia Ortega

Florida International University

Literature Review: Reid Interrogation Technique

Interrogation is a key step in maintaining law and order. When suspects are arrested, it is important for law enforcers to ensure they have the correct suspects in custody and for the suspects to disclose information that may be useful in a court of law. There have often been concerns on the interrogation methods employed by law enforcers to get information from suspects or from witnesses. One commonly used mode of interrogation is the Reid Technique. According to Timothy Moore and Lindsay Fitzsimmons (2011), in their paper on justice impaired they look at the holes that exist in the Reid technique and how highly it is to lead on a suspect into admitting something they did not do. Moore points out that Redid Technique uses a line of questioning that tends to make a suspect believing that there is evidence that points into them.

Confessions are key evidence presented in a court of law as these are statements against one’s own interest. Criminal justice system regard confessions as reliable and at times just mere confessions can change the whole dynamic of a case. Reid technique is often the to go to technique for most officers as it is the easiest in squeezing out information from suspects while they are in the confession room (Kassin, 2010). Just as we see in the movies the tropes are familiar characterized by claustrophobic room, repeated accusation that one is guilty of the offence that they have committed, presentation of evidence that links the suspect to the crime or to the scene which may be real piece of evidence or may be invented and finally a buildup of pressure that makes the suspect feel that admitting to the crime is the easiest way home.

According to Moore and Fitzsimmons (2011), Reid technique has resulted in high number of false convictions. Last year the docu-series When They See Us caused a stir among people as it told a story of five young boys referred to as Central Park Five. Central Park Five were boys who were found guilty of assaulting and raping Trisha Meli a jogger who was a white woman. Boys who were around the neighborhood were rounded up and five were charged for this case. One characteristic thing about the case is the interrogation that was used as all these boys confessed into committing the crime. In the documentary they state that during the interrogation, there was pressure to confess to the crimes and were even convinced that if they did confess they would go home. These boys confessed because the confession seemed as the easiest thing to do but it is this confession that led to their conviction. There are a dozens of cases that suspects later state that they did not intend to confess but rather there was pressure from the interrogation officer to confess however, it is their statement that bites them as prosecuting officers will use these confessions to argue their case.

Eli Hager in an article titled “Seismic Change in Police Interrogation” highlights how most police officers are abandoning this old technique because it has become outdated. The techniques were developed in the 1940s and 5os by John Reid whose intention was to replace the traditional error of interrogation including beatings that police officers would use to get confessions (Hager, 2017). It is for a fact that technology in the criminal justice world was not as advanced as now thus getting confessions was important in ensuring one has sufficient evidence I try a case. However, in this era that we are living in, the technology can help solve a crime without having to solicit forced confessions. There are CCCTVs everywhere which may support or refute an alibi, DNA evidence which is the current strongest form of evidence can be used in determining if a suspect is guilty or not. According to project innocence, most suspects that have been exonerated using DNA evidence were judged because of their confessions.

David Dixon in his article on “Questioning Suspects” he states several reasons as to why a person may falsely confess. Some of these reasons include not having a lawyer or a legal guardian in the room, mental disability, pronged hours of questioning, being put in jail before questioning and intimidation from interrogation officer. Dixon notes that all these are characterized in the Reid technique. The technique creates a conformational bias in the mind of the investigators as all they want to do is to get a confirmation (Dixon, 2010). This results in them overwhelming the suspects to the point that the suspects feel that telling the truth is not a viable option for them. Reid technique used trickery and deception and as Wicklander-Zulawski stated there are no clear lines on the good amount of trickery and deception that one may employ and to what extent can they play the tricks and deception on the suspects.

Torture s one interrogating technique that has often been debated on how effective or non-effective it is. In some cases, Reid techniques are often not as convenient as they should be. Sometimes especially tough criminals do not often easily crack up from police intimidation and do not fall the tricks and deception played by the police during the investigation. While Redid technique abuses the mind, torture causes physical harm to the body. Torture refers to the deliberate as well as the systematic dismantling of an individual’s individuality besides humanity by subjecting them to physical or emotional pain plus suffering. The main of torture is destroying a sense of community, elimination of some leaders for example from society or nation and also it is aimed at creating an environment of fear in a specific culture.

Some researchers have often pointed out that certain investigation may not be solved easily using Reid technique for example terror suspects (Fiala, 2006). Terror suspects are often ready to die for their cause and may not really reveal any useful information during interrogation even with the use of tricks and deception. Terror cases are cases that have the least number of false confessions. People have often supported use of torture in getting information from terrorist on planned bombing or active cells that they may have in a country and their intention to bomb a country. In some aspect torture can be seen as a Reid technique. Aside from inflicting bodily harm, a witness is put in uncomfortable situation that may result in them yielding demands thus creating room for negation. For example, the torture may involve deprivation of water and food and because as humans we cannot survive for so long without certain basic amenities we eventually crack and disclose the information that is needed by the police officers.

Wyatt Kozinski in a research article on Reid technique and how it often contributes to false confession links use of torture to Reid technique. Kozinski points out that the technique uses Third Degree which is illegal in the United States. In 1897, the Supreme court made a ruling against type of inducement that was likely to cast a shadow on doubt of voluntary confessions. Wyatt points out that when Reid was introducing the technique, only the guilty suspects were supposed to be investigated but most police officers are employing the technique even to people who are innocent (Kozinski, 2017). The aim of the interrogator is to get the narrative of the crime, However, in most interrogations, police officers hints to the suspect the aspects of the crime and while confessing, the suspect may use the story in fabricating a confession just to be done with the interrogation. There have been cases where suspects have given details of a crime they did not know about because they got the hints of the crime from the law enforcers.

The Miranda warning of 1966 was a ruling by the court that stated police officers needed to inform the suspects that t they have the right to remain silent and the right to consult an attorney, and that anything they say may be used against them in court” (Beechy, 2014). This was passed ibn order to ensure police officers would not overstep their power in getting confessions from their suspects. However, most suspect often agree to talk even without a lawyer present without realizing how soon things can escalate in the interrogation room The Reid technique is becoming obsolete and people are poking holes into its validity. Wicklander-Zulawski and associates recently stated that it would discontinue their teaching on the Reid method. Other police precincts including Chicago Police department have also hinted on discontinuation on the use of Reid technique in their investigation.

In conclusion, there is vast scholarly materials that looks at advantages as well as the disadvantages of using the Reid technique. One thing that most parties agree however is that in most cases Reid technique is likely to result in false confessions. We also live in an error that officers do not have to use tricks and techniques to get information. DNA evidence CCTV surveillance, phone records are new ways that police officers can use in getting vital information without subjecting the witness into believing that the only way out for them is by confessing to having committed the crime.

References

Beechy, M. (2014). Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Its Impact on Interrogations.

Dixon, D. (2010). Questioning Suspects: A Comparative Perspective. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(4), 426–440.

Fiala, A. (2006). A Critique of Exceptions: torture, terrorism, and the lesser evil argument. International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 20(1), 127-142.

Hager, E. (2017, March 8). The Seismic Change in Police Interrogations. Retrieved from https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017/03/07/the-seismic-change-in-police-interrogationsKassin, S. M., Bogart, D., & Kerner, J. (2012). Confessions that corrupt: Evidence from the DNA exoneration case files. Psychological science, 23(1), 41-45.

Kozinski, W. (2017). The Reid interrogation technique and false confessions: A time for change. Seattle J. Soc. Just., 16, 301.

Moore, T. E., & Fitzsimmons, C. L. (2011). Justice imperiled: False confessions and the Reid technique. Crim. LQ, 57, 509.

Inter-Sectionality in Sports

Inter-Sectionality in Sports

Students Name

Institution Affiliation

Course Number and Name

Instructor Name

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Inter-Sectionality in Sports

Race, gender, and other societal issues that bring about segregation can also be factors to get us together. Most black women in the United States have had a rough past whereby they were completely unconsidered for jobs, education and they lacked a lot in terms of their dignity. However, with time, this has improved and it is better nowadays whereby the women get most of what they need more easily than before. This is especially true for jobs (Swanson, 2015). For example, in Vanderbilt’s case, Candice Storey Lee becomes the first woman to be an athletic director after Vanderbilt removes the position of an interim athletics director. This is a significant move since it recognizes women, and uniquely, it recognizes black women since she is the first woman and she is black.

Inter-sectionality is, therefore, an essential aspect of our daily interactions, which is very well depicted in the story of Lee. This is because not only is she a woman, but she is black. One thing is that women have always been looked down upon through history, whether white or black. However, when it comes to black women, there was a unique way they were never considered at all. Only the men were considered, and they were called boys. So having black women lead a Vanderbilt athletic group is a massive step towards positivity.

In the tide sport, there is also the discussion of inter-sectionality since after the census of 2016 was released, so many people got to understand the importance of all people of color and minorities since they made up to 30% of the total population (Racial & Gender Report Card | TIDES, 2016). Therefore, for any group to be recognized as aware of race and gender, they had to have a minimum of 30% people of color and minorities in their group. They are listed according to A+, A, A- and so on depending on the percentage of individuals in those organizations who are people of color and minorities.

References

Racial & Gender Report Card | TIDES. (2016). TIDES. https://www.tidesport.org/racial-gender-report-card

Swanson, R. (2015). Establishing proper” athletic relations”: The nascent SEC and the formation of college athletic conferences. Alabama Review, 68(2), 168-188.

Intervention, Planning, and Execution of Increasing Lifespan of Autism

Intervention, Planning, and Execution of Increasing Lifespan of Autism Patients

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Institutional Affiliation

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Intervention, Planning, and Execution of Increasing Lifespan of Autism Patients

Introduction

The life span of an individual with autism has shown a tremendous decrease according to the world health statistical data. Majorly, a person with autism dies twenty to thirty years earlier than their peers due to increased development of social and communication disorders. The disorders inhibit the ability of individual patients to show and express their emotions hence leading to the development of stress and traumatic disorders. Notably, the symptoms that characterize the individual with autism get based on the difficulty in communication and social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and obsessive interest (Bernardini & Porayska-Pomsta, 2013). Moreover, the causes of autism include genetic mutation, birth from the older parents, imbalance of the metabolism, exposure to environmental toxins and heavy metals, and viral infections. As such, the paper is premised on describing the steps and methods of specific approaches to intervention, execution, and planning and their adoption to increase the lifespan of individuals suffering from autism.

Behavioral Steps and methods of Intervention in the Lifespan of Autism Patients

Methods

Applied Behavior Analysis creates a framework through which an individual living with autism can increase their lifespan. The analysis changes the behavior of an individual patient using the empirical approaches that involve operant and respondent conditioning approaches. As such, there exist three methods of behavioral approaches.

Rewarding good behaviors

Rewarding good behavior makes an individual exhibit desirable characteristics that create happiness. Happiness increases some level of social interaction with friends and family members (Hume et al., 2022). Notably, when good behavior rewards get applied to children, they become more likely to repeat the same behavior thereby increasing their lifespan through the reduction of traumatic disorders, stress, and anxiety.

The use of Observation Tools

The observation tool exhibited by the applied behavior analysis involves the use of antecedents that characterizes the actions and events which happen before the behavior. Also, behavioral understanding results from the antecedents (Hume et al., 2022). Consequently, the behavioral evection of the consequences that helps in the reduction of the traumatic disorders creates a path through which the lifespan increases through increased interaction, communication, and happiness.

Modification of the Antecedents

Modifying the antecedents creates the target behavior. The positive behavior, therefore, forms the basis of the desired consequences. As such, increased action as per the positive behavior creates inclusivity that reduces the possible occurrence of stress and anxiety.

The steps of Behavioral Intervention

The steps involve the use of behavioral management therapy that reinforces the wanted behaviors aimed at the reduction of unwanted behaviors. The therapy creates a framework through which the caregivers can follow before, during, between, and after the episode of the challenge. Also, the therapy involves the use of applied behavior analysis that tracks the progress for the improvement of skills to reduce the symptoms hence increasing the lifespan. The first step gets based on using the positive behavior and support that examine why an individual exhibit a particular unwanted behavior. Using positive behavior and support creates appropriate behavior (Hume et al., 2022). Consequently, pivotal response training becomes the second step that involves motivation and increased communication initiatives. It helps in making an individual learn new skills in dealing with the situation. Thirdly, the early intensive behavioral intervention involves the creation of large commitment time through the group’s instructions. Lastly, the discrete trial teaching creates steps through which an individual caregiver can use the positive feedback in encouraging the use of new skills.

Methods of social interventions

Social intervention involves the use of social skills to reduce the stress and trauma exhibited by individuals suffering from autism. The methods of intervention, therefore, get based on reinforcing and celebrating strength through the use of positive behavior. Also, modeling the structured behavior and practices creates the determination of the desired conduct (Hume et al., 2022). Talking through the possible social scenarios creates a sense of belonging hence reducing the stress and traumatic disorders. Another motive gets based on setting the environmental success.

Steps

Steps involve giving advanced notice before the transition. Secondly, the use of visual support enables the patient to identify the mistakes. Also, the use of structure and consistency creates a path through which rapid social learning gets exhibited (Hume et al., 2022). The application of reduced language enables the patient to feel accepted in society. Lastly, the provision of light praises for the good transition enables the patient to handle the challenges effectively for positive gain.

Academic/ Vocational

Methods

The immediate method involves the eradication of sensory overloads. The story overloads like the bright light, sounds, and smell increases the distraction of the patients. Also, the use of visual aids enables an individual with autism to learn extensively and act in accordance with the required behavior (Usta & Yazici, 2020). The teacher or the mentor should become predictable to enable the patient to extensively learn through the avoidance of the traumatic behavior. The mentor should continue to use concrete language in teaching direct social skills. Furthermore, the teacher should treat an individual patient or student equally hence reducing the possibility of stress generation.

Steps of Vocational Intervention

The step involves the use of a visual reality system to identify the disorder’s symptoms. After the system, the teacher should follow up on the behavioral changes exhibited by an individual client or student. Follow-up enables the teacher to identify the progress of improvement of all the trained skills (Usta & Yazici, 2020). Lastly, the teacher should provide alternative practical training where the result showed dismal performance.

Execution and Planning and their adoption to increase the Lifespan

Behavioral methods and steps in Execution and planning

Understanding the daily business and challenges enables an individual autism patient to have an in-depth overview of any events and environmental challenges. Also, the individual should insist on realism to enable the patient subsequently learn the desired behaviors (Hume et al., 2022). The patient should get taught to avoid procrastination by setting the goals and priorities hence increasing the lifespan through stress reduction and social acceptance. Following through continues to enable the patient to feel accepted within the society. Lastly, rewarding the doers is a behavioral execution that enables the patient to act positively awaiting the reward.

Social methods and steps in Execution and Planning

Social planning involves expanding and enhancing the development of an individual’s expression and communication system. Developing communication and expression skills involves planning for the best approaches to communication that are inclusive of the contact of any rising argument or information transfer hence capable of increasing the lifespan through the reduction of the stress (Graham Holmes et al., 2020). Alsop, supporting the individual understanding of the language involves execution which is planned through the use of both the verbal and non-verbal cues of communication to eradicate the possibilities of misunderstanding. Accommodating an individual performance on the predictability and structure is an execution that gets planned through an in-depth focus on initiation, predictability, and spontaneity.

Vocational strategies for the Execution and Planning

Vocational execution involves the use of appropriate criteria for handling cases of autism through planning strategies (Bernardini & Porayska-Pomsta, 2013). It also entails coordinating and sharing the attention through emotional expression. Emotional expression is planned through engagement in the reciprocal social interaction using gestures, words, and the ability to use the non-verbal cues in creating happiness hence expanding the lifespan of an individual autism patient.

Conclusion

Autism patient requires social, behavioral, and educational support for their survival in an environment. Provision of support enables the patient to reduce the symptoms like stress, anxiety, and other disorders hence liable to increasing their lifespan within an environment. Notably, the procedures and steps must get followed by a mentor, teacher, or a tutor in enhancing the social inclusivity of the patient within the environment.

References

Bernardini, S., & Porayska-Pomsta, K. (2013, June). Planning-based social partners for children with autism. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling (Vol. 23, pp. 362-370). https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICAPS/article/view/13591Graham Holmes, L., Zampella, C. J., Clements, C., McCleery, J. P., Maddox, B. B., Parish‐Morris, J., … & Miller, J. S. (2020). A Lifespan Approach to Patient‐Reported Outcomes and Quality of Life for People on the Autism Spectrum. Autism Research, 13(6), 970-987. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.2275Usta, M. B., & Yazici, D. N. (2020). Review of the Educational Intervention Models for Autism Spectrum Disorders/Otizm Spektrum Bozuklugunda Egitsel Modellerin Gozden Gecirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 27(3), 134-140.

Hume, K., Odom, S. L., Steinbrenner, J. R., Smith DaWalt, L., Hall, L. J., Kraemer, B., … & Bolt, D. M. (2022). Efficacy of a school-based comprehensive intervention program for adolescents with autism. Exceptional Children, 88(2), 223-240. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00144029211062589

MALCOD081801-Coding Script

Interview Extract Codes

“Compared with my family, I communicate more with my friends. There is basically no difference in the way I communicate with them. At home, I mostly communicate face-to-face with my family members. Unless I’m not in a space, I will use WeChat or make a phone call. After I have WeChat, I don’t think the time of our face-to-face communication has changed.” Communication

Intimacy in communication

Face-to-face communication

Social media

Traditional communication

Relationships

Benefits of social media

“There are three groups about the family, my father, mother, and me, and some uncles and aunts. There is also a WeChat group with only me, my dad and my mom, this group does not have my brother, but only me and my parents. These groups are about the same level of activity, and sometimes what parents post is not interesting. I don’t know how to get involved. Or sometimes post some videos or moments, of course I don’t want to watch it.” Family communication

Group communication

Social media

Intimacy in communication

Traditional communication

Disconnect

Inauthentic communication

Relationships

Benefits of social media

“WeChat is very important to my life. It’s basically how I keep in touch with my family and friends back home. I use WeChat to contact almost everyone around me every day, including my Chinese friends in the UK. I may open WeChat dozens of times a day, and it is normal to get hundreds of messages. I must use WeChat every day, it has become my daily habit. I mainly use WeChat communicate with others, I used to read the official account articles, but now it may be less.”

Communication

Technology

Family communication

Relationships

Benefits of social media

“Online communication can’t control the other’s emotions and tone of speech in a timely manner, and you can’t feel the true mood of the other person. Through text, you may misunderstand the other person’s current mood or tone. Face-to-face communication can more intuitively feel the mood and tone of the other party’s words. When I communicate with my family, I think offline is more effective. Because I am more indifferent to my family online, and sometimes I find my family members very annoying, so I sometimes don’t even reply to their message. But online and offline I treat my friends the same.” Drawbacks of using social media

Disconnect

Face-to-face communication

Relationships

Traditional communication

Technology

Exhibit 1: Interview Extracts and Codes

Codes Theme

Traditional communication

Benefits of social media Traditional familial connections

Communication

Intimacy in communication

Face-to-face communication

Relationships

Family communication

Relationship building

Social media

Traditional communication

Group communication

Disconnect

Inauthentic communication

Technology

Drawbacks of using social media Inability to connect authentically

Exhibit 2: Codes and themes

Interview with Edwidge Danticat-video

Interview with Edwidge Danticat-video

In the video interview held at Miami which aimed at knowing more about the historical background Edwige Danticat and her writings, Danticat was born in Port-Au -Prince Haiti in 1965 where she lived with her aunt and extended family but later joined her parents living in Brooklyn, New York when she was aged 12 years. As a child, the most influential people were her parents, the main being her mother, and insist that her parents sacrifice lead to her future success and enable her and her siblings to good learning institutions. When still living in Haiti, she wrote her first short story “A Haitian-American Christmas: Crémace and Creole Theater.”

In New York, she faced some hard time to adapt and be accepted by the other kid, but dealt with it through reading and writing. She wrote her first newspaper article for The Youth Connection, and called the Haitian Christmas and went on writing articles all through high school. In most of her books, she wrote her personal experiences which influenced her. She claims to have her main themes like; immigration, contrasting culture, loss, and suffering. Over the years, her writings have been of different genres like essays, theses, short stories, novels, and works for young adults.

An Interview With Edwidge DanticatBy Jivin Misra In the Interview Edwidge Danticat by Jivin Misra held to discuss some of the elements in her writings, Danticat claims that she started writing “Children of the Sea” when she was an MFA learner at Brown University. When writing, she was focused on the structure and plot in her work; she insists that the story guided the writer to the structure of the work she is writing on, and the use of letters is the most relevant way to tell a story. In her book, she suggests that the woman is writing in a way that would not impose danger to her or her family in case the military authorities who ruled over their country found these letters and the man is writing as a person who at any time could die while at sea.

When writing Children of the Sea, she says she did not do too much research, and most of the information came from her interaction with people. She would listen to the testimonies of the people in church about their experiences. She researched without realizing she was doing it by gathering information from the past experiences of people. She claims that what makes a story a story is that no matter the length, character or other elements; doing what the writer feels like doing and thinks is important for the story is the most important thing