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Is there consideration supporting

Is there consideration supporting Talla’s promise to Dementas? Dementas v. Estate of Tallas

Talla’s promise to Dementas lacked consideration. Dementas actions towards Talla were actions of kindness or action of friendship. Thus Dementas did not expect to be paid for those acts. The courts found out that there was no evidence of consideration. However, it is a moral issue; the estate has adequate resources to comply with the wishes of Talla’s. At the time Dementas was offering his services, he was not looking forward to be compensated since they were actions of kindness. On recognizing this, Talla wanted to leave a gift for Dementas in his passing. It was unfortunate that Talla died before he could include Dementas in his will as an heir to his state.

Is Wal-Mart good or bad for the economy

Is Wal-Mart good or bad for the economy?

There is a great amount of debate on this topic due to Wal-Mart’s huge nationwide impact. The two main thoughts on this argument are that Walmart destroys local businesses due to low cost products, and underpaid employees. The counter argument is that Wal-Mart supplies cheap user friendly goods to low income families, and supplies countless numbers of jobs. The debate is fueled by Walmart’s growing presence in the grocery store arena, and those that believe that Wal-Mart is too much of a monopoly and it’s destroying local economies.

Those that argue Wal-Mart has a negative impact on the economy complain that Wal-Mart’s low prices force other companies to go bankrupt because they cannot compete. They argue that Wal-Mart imports much of its goods from other countries and this makes it too difficult for the average mom and pop store to compete with them. They further argue that the jobs Wal-Mart gives are underpaid, and they are creating more and more jobs oversees rather than here in America. Those that do not think Wal-Mart is good for the economy believe that it is too difficult to compete with them, and its forcing quality out the door. They believe that Wal-Mart is an all for profit business that maximizes their profits by destroying American jobs.

Those that argue Wal-Mart has a positive impact due so because they believe that Wal-Mart’s cheaper product allow for families to save money on goods that would cost them more if they were to go to any other store. They would further argue that the jobs Wal-Mart creates are far more than the jobs that Wal-Mart outsources to other countries. Those that are in favor of Wal-Mart most frequently support American ingenuity and the business model behind Wal-Mart. It seems that more of the support for Wal-Mart is given by those that support a good business model rather than the quality of goods.

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)

Name

Institution

Date

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)

The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan is a group of militias from Uzbekistan and thus can clearly understand where their name came from. The group can be dated back to 1998 and has been an active cell group since then. The group had actually been in existence before 1998, but before then they were not really organized and consisted of a couple of different groups each having a different name. The group was formed to overthrow the government that was in power then as the government was said to be pro-communist and was headed by President Karimov (Abdullaev, 2011). The group was formed by Thir Yuldashev who an Islamic Ideologue in collaboration with Juma Namangani was who was a former Soviet trooper. They felt it was time to overthrow the government and establish an Islamic state governed by sharia laws.

In 1999, the group conducted several attacks in Tashkent which was the capital of Uzbekistan as a way to destabilize the government and assassinate president Karimov. Karimov responded by becoming tougher on Muslim individuals especially to the conservant Muslims that stayed in Fergana valley. This, however, had adverse effects. More people joined the IMU and became stronger. From then they were able to conduct successful attacks. These raids impacted central Asia, and there was international pressure to expel IMU from their already established base. Russians flew Namangani and his soldiers to Afghanistan, Karimov saw this as a betrayal as he though the Russians were helping IMU. The group created a close affiliation with Taliban and Al-Qaida which are also notorious terrorist groups known for carrying out attacks especially in the US (Zen, 2016). While in Afghanistan and with permission from Taliban to operate, they set up their offices and training camps and started recruiting people. By 200, IMU had the number of people, equipment ranging from sniper rifles to night-vision goggles. Transport had also been improved as bin-laden ad provided them with helicopters.

With the right amount of people and fighters, Namangani conducted an attack in Batken in Kyrgyzstan and some northern parts of Tashkent. They also kidnaped 4 US mountain climbers and held them hostage in exchange for ransom from the US government. This angered the US government and was declared as a foreign terrorist organization. Ties between IMU and Taliban became even stronger that Namangani was said to be the deputy defense minister of Taliban Government. They even provided soldiers to Taliban during the campaign on Masoud.

After the 911 attacks in the US that are considered the deadliest attacks, the US government decided to invade Afghanistan and try to quash the terrorist cells especially Al-Qaida and Taliban. The IMU training camps were largely destroyed and most of their soldiers killed. Namangani, their leader was also killed during this period by a US airstrike. They retreated to tribal areas of Pakistan and laid low for a while. They, however, continued recruitment to try and build the organization up again. The Uzbek ethnic religion was mostly the members if the group but when their recruitment base expanded to Afghanistan, Tajikistan and other parts of Central Asia other ethnic groups joined (Carlisle, 1995). Their leaders now even came from other groups such as Kyrgyz who was a military commander in Abbas Mansur, Abu Zar al-Burmi who was a Pakistani. Other commanders included Usman Ghazi, Abu Usman Adil, and Tahir Yuldashev. In 2010, Abu Usman Adil became the new leader following the death of Tahir Yuldashev. Adil was however killed in 2012 in a drone strike by the US military. He was replaced by his deputy Usman Ganzi who was killed in 2015, their current leader is not yet known.

There are several systems that were used by the Arabs and Muslims in recruitment of youth to join IMU. They used to offer dirhams to individuals who attended Friday prayers in the mosque. It is in the mosque that they taught radical ideas. These radical ideas included telling the youth of how they will be rewarded with nine virgins if they killed non-Muslims or participated in the holy war. They also kept blaming the US government for their troubles such as the death of children and women due to the airstrikes. These preaching were enough to stir hatred among the youths, and most were ready to dedicate their lives to the holy war. The mosque is the most notorious location where the recruitment of youths take place. They use the religion to justify their acts, and many fall victims to this. They believe that if they die fighting this war, they will be heavily rewarded. Their media has also been another form of recruitment through the spread of the propaganda. It is known as Jundallah Studio and aside from airing their content they produced audio, newsletters to help draw more people to the group (Moore, 2007).

Just like all other terrorist groups, IMU needs to money to carry out their day to day operations. Their common source is the money paid by residents in the territories they control which can be considered as the tax we pay our governments. They also engage in criminal activities such as smuggling of drugs and selling them to get money (Wayback, 2012). They have also obtained funding from well-established groups such as Al-Qaida and Taliban. Irfan Demirtas was arrested due to the links that he was aiding the IMU in raising funds through fundraising. He was an Irish/US citizen who used his western influence to source money for the group

There are several attacks that IMU have taken acknowledgment of (The Investigative Project on Terrorism, 2010). In 2004, they were accused of the Tashkent bombing leaving 47 people dead and a dozen injured. In 2006, they attacked supporters of Tajik’s President Imomali. In 2011, they were blamed for the attack in Toloqan. In 2012, they took responsibility for the bombing of Peshawar Airport, 2014; they attacked Jinnah International Airport in Pakistan killing 39 people. They have not been involved in most international attacks although it is said that they helped Al-Qaida conduct the 9/11 attack on the US soil. They have played a great role in attacks in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan.

In a nutshell, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan played a major role in attacks especially locally and just helped groups like al-Qaida to conduct international attacks. They were able to run the organization smoothly and recruit quite some individuals into the group. With the right amount of personnel and armor, they were a feared group for quite a while. The US invasion of Afghanistan may have marked its slow extinction and eventually it’s extinction. With the death of their leaders and the leadership wrangles, the group became divided, and the attack from Taliban was almost thee final blow. The group may be regrouping again under new leadership and is trying to take control of various regions in Uzbekistan although with the war by US and Uzbekistan government against them it may be hard.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdullaev, E. (2011, July 16). Islam Sng. Retrieved from Islam Sng: http://www.islamsng.com/uzb/dialogue/2101

Carlisle, D. (1995). Geopolitics and Ethnic Problrs of Uzbekistan and it’s Neighbouts. In Muslim Eurasia: Conflicting Legacies, 71-103.

Moore, C. (2007). Combating Terrorism in Russia and Uzbekistan. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 1-19.

The Investigative Project on Terrorism. (2010, March 4). The Investigative Project on Terrorism. Retrieved from The Investigative Project on Terrorism: https://www.investigativeproject.org/profile/133/islamic-movement-of-uzbekistan-imu

Wayback, M. (2012, June 18). Eurasia Critic. Retrieved from Eurasia Critic: http://www.eurasiacritic.com/articles/drug-trafficking-uzbekistan

Zenn, J. (2016). The IMU is extinct: what next for Central Asia’s jihadis? The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst.

safety policies in aviation Industry in USA

Introduction

Safety concerns are the most relevant in all aviation establishments. The fact that a considerable number of human lives are always at stake makes it worth all the attention. The U.S government, through Federal Aviation Agency(FAA), extends their monitoring and control of the aviation industry. The organization’s mandate is to develop and oversee implementation of safety policies. Safety is not only a professional and noble responsibility,but also a law.

Pilots’ Shortcomings

Quite a number of aviation accidents occur due to human errors. Failure to maintain professionalism is a major undoing for pilots. Professionalism in aviation requires pilots to oversee flight endeavors in the best way possible. Flight details, such as airspeed and control functions, should remain under close watch. It is the pilot’s responsibility to acknowledge that human lives depend on their actions. Pilots should have a full time awareness regarding air and flight conditions. Pilots shortcomings are diverse and range from incomprehensibility, invalidity, plain biases and faulty suppositions and analyses. Incomprehensibility referes to general failure of pilots to understand emergence of risky issues. Plain biases implies that pilots fail to prioritize the sensitive safety issues and instead focus on others not as urgent.

Visual Related Conditions

The aviation industry is highly dependent on weather conditions. Bad weather conditions affect visibility which is a key factor in air transportation. The aviation industry is well aware of the challenges posed by bad weather conditions, but these conditions are uncontrollable. Ways to deal with visibility issues such as flight route diversification and aviation area forecast are in place. There are low visibility procedures set to allow flight takeoffs and landings under unfavorable conditions. Safety measures intend to place aviation activities beyond interruption from weather conditions.

Mechanical Problems

It is practically inevitable to have mechanical troubles in the aviation industry. Mechanical hitches usually jeopardize security measures and safety control mechanisms. Aviation monitoring agencies such as the FAA recommend maximum attention to flight mechanical issues. Safety oriented and experienced aircraft maintenance engineers help in resolving mechanical problems. These professionals should have certified operating licenses from aviation regulatory bodies. Air crafts should also have automated systems to detect mechanical problems.

Safety Training

Total maintenance of safety measures requires continuous education, orientation and awareness. These essential aviation qualities equip aviation workers with the knowledge to promote a culture of safety maintenance. Safety training enlightens workers and flight engineers on the techniques to avoid accidents. It keeps them at bay with recent safety tips and practices. Safety training is a basic practice considering that technology changes happen rapidly. Safety training recognizes the need for the aviation industry to keep up with technological changes.

Similarities are based on the geographic settings, the portrayal of racism, and the specifics of the court case

Introduction

Similarities are based on the geographic settings, the portrayal of racism, and the specifics of the court case

Body

Geographical setting

Similarity in Portrayal of racism

Similarity in the specifics of the court cases

Conclusion

What entails moral courage and the summation of Tom Robinson and Scottsboro boys’ case

social security and medicare programs

Introduction

At the center of social welfare programs is a need to reduce poverty. Actually, every key industrialized country has put in place some programs meant to transfer part of the country’s GDP to the populace in an effort to uplift the well being of individuals on the lower side of income distribution.

While these programs were meant to reduce the poverty levels, the contrary has actually happened. There are three reasons why this may be happening.

To begin with, while these social welfare programs were meant for the poor, most of it actually end up with the upper and middle classes. For example, over half of tax benefits and transfer payments dispensed in 1991 ended with individuals earning more than $30000.

Secondly, social welfare programs have been known to foster reliance on the benefits rather than encourage the people to work their way out of poverty. The welfare programs pay sufficient amount to keep these people alive but not to get them out of their condition.

Third, if you look at the programs on the broader economic perspective, social welfare programs are known to undermine the country’s economic growth. According to the theory of equality-equity tradeoff, higher progressive taxation rates and increased government benefits lower the incentive to work or invest. This undermines the reason they came to be in the first place.

Recent developments in the social security and Medicare raise doubts about the possibility of the programs being there in the next few years. Rather than use social security income, Cost of living Adjustment based on Chained CPI means eroding the Social Security Income’s buying power which would be detrimental to low income earners. In addition, the proposal to extend the age at which one starts earning raises doubts about the feasibility of the programs in the future. Also, the government’s ability to remit the Social Security and Medicare Benefits has been put to doubt by its inability to raise debt ceiling.

Conclusion

The future seems very bleak for the social security and Medicare programs. Going by the current developments in the government sphere as far as these benefits are concerned, chances are they won’t be there for long.

References

Friedman, Milton, and Rose Friedman. 1979. Free to Choose. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich

Crook, Clive. 1997. “The Future of the State.” The Economist, 20 September: S1-S48

Castles, Francis G., and Deborah Mitchell. 1993. “Worlds of Welfare and Families of

Nations.” Pp. 93-128 in Families of Nations, edited by Francis G. Castles.Dartmouth.

Proposed Cuts to Social Security and Medicare: What You Need to Know

Read more: http://moneywatch.bnet.com/retirement-planning/blog/money-life/proposed-cuts-to-social-security-and-medicare-what-you-need-to-know/4550/#ixzz1cNC5nyej

student and nurse

Introduction

Every status or level in the society comes with duties, responsibilities and roles for the individuals concerned. Right from one’s childhood to adulthood, duties and responsibilities take on dynamism in line with the demands of that particular level. While students are basically taken to be children, they have a role to play both in the society and in the institutions in which they are. However, higher education comes with relatively more roles and responsibilities for the students since they are basically considered as adults.

While there is no uniformity as to the roles of students in particular institutions, there are roles that students in higher education would be under an obligation to play not only in their respective institutions but also in the society. These include but are not limited to the following.

Dedicating all their efforts to furthering and attaining the highest levels of excellence for the better of the institution and the society at large. As much as students in every other institution are expected to play this role, the responsibility is more pronounced for students in higher education. This is because they have more freedom which definitely comes with more responsibility as to their affairs. In this case, furthering their knowledge and academic excellence in particular fields is their ultimate responsibility all in an effort to make the institution and the society better.

Orienting other or new coming students to the system in the particular higher education institution they are in- more often than not, there will be new students or at least some individuals who are not conversant with the system of the institutions. While it would be possible for such individuals to be oriented to these systems with time, the students play a critical role in fastening the orientation process. This has the effect of stabilizing the institution and ensuring that all processes run smoothly. This also ensures quick implementation of the policies and other fundamental frameworks that exist to guide the smooth running of the institution.

Contributing to improving the systems and structures of the institution in order to enhance efficiency- in many institutions, students play a very minute role in determining the systems within which they will be operating. However, this would be a bit farfetched as far as students in higher institutions are concerned. They are expected to come up with ideas on how the structures and policies guiding the operations of that institution should be made in order to ensure high levels of efficiency in delivery of services. In fact, this is recognized as the only way in which the students would feel part of the system or as if they own the system and therefore contribute to ensure it runs smoothly.

Observing the rules and regulations of the institution in an order to safeguard peaceful coexistence in the system both with the administration and the other students. As much as the students may not have contributed in the making of the existing rules and regulations, they are charged with the responsibility of observing them in order to safeguard peace in the institution and the society at large. This however, does not limit or undermine their duty to make the policies better or offer ideas on how these policies could be structured to make them better and align them with the current times.

Conclusion

While the role of students may not really be recognized in many education systems, it is important to acknowledge that they play a very crucial part in enhancing the excellence of the education system not only today but also in the future.

Roles of nurses

Introduction

Quality is one of the major areas of focus in healthcare facilities more so as pertaining to patient safety, quality improvement, quality assurance and regulatory quality. For all these aspects, the importance of nurses cannot be gainsaid as far as enhancing the smooth running of a particular institution is concerned. Right from the very first day, they assume a very responsible role in the healthcare system. This underlines the importance of knowing their roles and responsibilities in order to attain the highest level of integrity both for him/her and for the institution. While these roles change vary with the particular area of practice, there are some shared roles which crosscut every aspect of the career. These include the following

Care provider or caregiver- this is the most essential and traditional role of the nurse irrespective of the particular setting they operate in. They are charged with the responsibility of nurturing and provision of direct care in an effort to promote the comfort of the client. These roles involve knowledge as well as sensitivity to the things that matter and of importance to the clients. In this case therefore the nurse should be concerned with the welfare of the client and accept the patient as an individual.

Teaching- nurses are charged with the responsibility of providing information and assisting the clients to learn and acquire technical skills and knowledge pertaining which would help them in the healing process. In essence, they should encourage the patients to comply with the prescribed therapy and advise them on how to promote a healthy lifestyle. Interpreting information pertaining to the illness and therapy to the patients is also their responsibility.

Advocate of the patient- the nurse should show concern for and act on behalf of the patient in order to bring about any modification. In this case, the nurse should be promoting the clients’ best interests and ensuring that the needs of the clients are met while safeguarding their rights. On the same note, the nurse should be able to offer explanations in the language of the patient or client and support their decisions in line with their welfare. In essence, the nurse should be a change agent where he or she should initiate changes and assist the patients to make changes in themselves as well as the healthcare systems.

Researching- nurses play a role in the identification of considerable researchable problems. Basically, he or she participates in the necessary scientific investigation and is required to use incorporate the research findings in the practice. He or she should be aware of the research language and processes and be sensitive to the issues pertaining to safeguarding the rights of the human subjects.

Managing the affairs of the healthcare institution he or she is operating in- nurses are supposed to make decisions pertaining to the diverse issues that may crop up, coordinate the activities of other people, allocate resources and evaluate the personnel and the care provided to the clients. They are supposed to incorporate proper planning, direct the personnel under them, develop staff and monitor the particular operations taking place. They should also fairly reward their staff and represent the staff as well as the administration as required.

Conclusion

The roles of nurses are diverse depending on their areas of practice and levels of education. Some will be specialists, practitioners, midwives, anesthetists, educators, entrepreneurs and even administrators. Either way, they have a very important role to play in ensuring the quality of services in healthcare facilities.

References

Seymour, Daniel T. (1993), On Q: Causing Quality in Higher Education, Phoenix, AZ: Orxy Press, 42.

Gerdes, Hilary and Brent Mallinckrodt (1994), “Emotional, Social, and Academic Adjustment of College Students: A Longitudinal Study of Retention,” Journal of Counseling and Development, 72, January/February, 281-288.

Evans, N.J., Forney, D.S., & Guido-DiBrito, F. (1998). Student development in

college: Theory, research, and practice. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Astin, A. W. (1984). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher

education. Journal of College Student Personnel, 25, 297-308.

Schroer, K. 1991). Case management: clinical nurse specialist and nurse practitioner, converging roles. Clinical nurse specialist, 5, 189-194.

Siegel, E., & Bryson, S.C (1963). Redefinition of the role of the public health nurse in child health supervision. American journal of public health, 53, 1015-1024

Rose, S. B., All, A. C., & Gresham, D. (2003). Role preservation of the clinical nurse specialist and the nurse practitioner. The internet journal of advanced nursing practice, 5, 1-11.

management functions and roles

Introduction

Health care institutions are some of the most important in the framework of any country. Though they have a simplified façade on the outside, you would acknowledge that their administrative structures bear an element of complexity. There are various aspects of leadership that hold these institutions together ensuring their smooth running as well as enhancing the efficient allocation of the available resources.

Significance of leadership in healthcare institutions

The importance of leadership as far the smooth running of the healthcare institutions is concerned cannot be gainsaid. Though the role played by this particular aspect in the healthcare facilities remains unexplored on the larger part, you would appreciate its particular function.

To start with, leadership has everything to do with setting the goals of the organization. There has always been a conflict of interest in healthcare organizations as to whether the main focus should be profit making or enhancing the quality of the services provided. Setting the goals of the organizations determines the allocation of the available resources. This is because; leadership entails commanding resources, whether human, physical or financial towards the achievement of a common goal.

In this endeavor, the leadership allows for prioritization, or making choices amongst conflicting alternatives in the healthcare facility. Top on the agenda is the cultivation of respectful relationship within the organization’s staff as well as coming up with ground rules which provide a basis for decisions that set the priority, provide the context, choice as well as information necessary for making appropriate decisions on the running of the organizations.

Current activities and the skills neededLeadership pertains to the act of influencing resources whether human, physical or economic towards a common goal. One of the activities relating to leadership would be fostering the vision they have. In this case, the vision would mobilize all the stakeholders into a united direction, set the boundaries as well as the limitations on the realistic goals and set goals. In addition, it would set agendas for consolidations and efficiencies and form a basis on which shared values are built.

In this endeavor, prioritization and management skills would be necessary in order to set the time frames within which the vision will be attained and therefore align the stakeholders to the goals set.

Key challenges to leadership

Leadership in any organization is faced with numerous challenges. Healthcare facilities are definitely not left behind. As indicated, leadership entails uniting all factors necessary towards attainment of a common goal. In health care facilities, it is definitely very challenging to motivate as well as retain workers. Motivation has a definite bearing on the productiveness of the healthcare facility workers.

In addition, you will note that retention of workers in the healthcare organization has a bearing on the productivity as well as profitability of the organization. With a high turnover, the health facility would have to spend even more resources in the recruitment and training. This definitely underlines the importance of the ability of leadership to enhance team-building in order to motivate the workers.

Leadership styles would also play a part in enhancing team building. Workers would definitely be motivated when they feel that their opinion is put into consideration. In this case, allowing for participatory leadership would make them feel part of the decision making and therefore they will own the process and be more connected to it.

Strategies in combating the challenges

Challenges pertaining to motivation of workers have everything to do with the leadership style that the leader inculcates. It would be important that the leaders in the health care facilities focus their energies on ensuring cohesion through more team building. This would definitely improve the productivity of the team. In this endeavor, it would be imperative that the leaders reach out to their staff and help them find solutions to their problems by empowerment.

Delegation of tasks is always an important strategy as it allows the staff to come up with solutions pertaining to the problems. The delegation should help them figure out the impediments to their success and therefore come up with solutions in their own accord. The leader should only step in, in cases where they are needed.

Conclusion

Leadership in health facilities is a very contentious issue. It has a bearing on the smooth running of the health facility. Understanding the challenges and the ways to tackle them would be imperative in order to enhance the efficiency and productivity in these organizations.

http://www.utoronto.ca/cpsrn/html/documents/PSleadershipHEALTHPOLICY.pdfLeadership and priority setting:

The perspective of hospital CEOs

David Reeleder a,∗, Vivek Goel a, Peter A. Singer b, Douglas K. Martin c

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-most-common-leadership-challenges.htmhttp://www.leadership-expert.co.uk/leadership-challenges/http://www.wisegeek.com/topics/leadership-challenge.htmhttp://www.leadership-expert.co.uk/leadership-styles/

Trauma its Causes and Nature

Introduction

Homes that have addiction cases are often painful to live in, which is why the family members are often left traumatized through experience by various degrees. Broad shifts, from one side of the psychological, behavioral, and emotional spectrum to the other, all too often signify an addicted family structure. Family members living with addicts are often put under unusual stress. It affects normal routines by undergoing frightening or unexpected experiences that are part of living with addiction. What is often communicated mostly does not relate with what is felt or seen in front of the eyes or beneath the surface by the family members.

The family members, as well as drug users, may manipulate, bend, and deny reality as they try to maintain family order that they sense is slipping away. The whole system becomes engulfed by the problem that is gradually getting out of hand. Big issues are minimized while little things are maximized as pain is sidelined. This essay will mostly centralize on trauma as one of the factors that promote addiction within families. It looks at the causes and general nature of trauma, a particular type of trauma, its mitigation modes, and possible causes. Attempts will be enacted to analyze some of the practical and theoretical ways of trauma treatment. Reliable spiritual and academic sources will be used throughout the article to support the analysis.

Trauma: its Causes and Nature

Living in this type of intense emotional atmosphere during the early childhood period can set up feelings of fear or those of attachment that are filled with ambivalence and anxiety. Children of drug peddlers or alcoholics during their youthful years may be over by powerful feelings that they lack the sophistication development and family support to understand and balance their predicaments. Due to this they may end up increasing their defense, such as denying there is a problem, shutting down their feelings, over controlling, rationalization, self-medication, and withdrawal symptoms as a way of controlling the inner turmoil they feel. These phenomenal developments make people face life resulting to trauma and depression.

When drugs or alcohol is introduced into the family structure, the ability of the family to control its behavioral and emotional functioning is significantly changed. The disease can subsume the family members to such an extent that they lose their normalcy senses. Their life centers on lies, preventing the truth from their children, themselves, and their false world. Faith and trust in a predictable and orderly world can be disputed as their family life becomes chaotic, their friends and family depended upon become untrustworthy, and promises are broken.

Both adults and children in this family may lose their sense of what or who they can rely on. Since the disease is advancing, members of the family quickly settle into routines of communication that progressively become dysfunctional. Such families often leave the children to fend for themselves, the members may compete for the little attention and love or retreat into their own world. Since there are no reliable adults, children may take up the parental role and attempt to provide the comfort and care that is missing for each other. Often the trauma refers to the persistent or continual negative effects of experiencing extremely distressful actions. These adverse effects include; psychiatric disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, distrust and resentment that are personal psychological orders (Allen, 2001).

Happenings that are traumatic objectively may be events such as experiencing a near death event like being in an accident or feel helpless while about to die. The painful experiences do not only come because of the disaster. Undergoing these disturbing events in life could result in a person exhibiting symptoms of trauma (Allen, 2005; Pearlman et al., 1995).

Socially factors that can cause trauma include political/ war violence; which is prolonged, severe, unpredictable or repeated. In addition seeing, events that are life-threatening or executing violent actions towards others can be disturbing violation of human rights example in severe cases as torture, kidnapping, rape, or criminal violence; which are the biggest (PSTD) Posttraumatic Disorders contributors. In marriages, the most significant causes of trauma include domestic violence; kicking, slapping, beating, sexual abuse and rape.

One’s emotions can be greatly affected by trauma. Naturally, avoiding emotional distress is possible, but it can malfunction, but blocking emotions can be sidelined by intense internal emotional disruptions. Therefore, it is advisable to nature one’s feelings and develop them effectively and control them before they get uncontrollable. Sentiments such as panic, anxiety, and fear play an important aspect in trauma. Nurturing awareness of these feelings allows one to implement defense structures before they get uncontrollable (Allen, 2005; Fahrion 1990). Since every person has a deferent reaction to the situation, it is important to know the signs associated with trauma. It can fuel or stir up feelings such as fear, anger denial, or guilt. On other occasions, it can have destructive results in life such as having compulsive or obsessive behavior, withdrawal symptoms, and drug abuse.

It can be easy to recognize a traumatized person if you are aware of the symptoms. Often, these are categorized into cognitive, physical, and behavioral responses or symptoms (Heraman, 1992; McMahon). The physical symptoms include fatigue, pain, aches, heightened or lessened appetite, low energy, or lack of sleep. Whether a person has physical injuries or not these signs will are seen. Emotional signs of trauma include fear, depression, shock, anxiety, grief, disbelief, sadness, and guilt. These reactions make the patient stunned. In the aftermath of emotional trauma, stress may change how a person relates and communicates with others. The person may realize late that they are withdrawn or isolated from others, they are easily frightened by the slightest noise, increase drug abuse, be disrespectful or distrusting to others.

A person thought pattern may change after a traumatic experience. Cognitive signs seen include; confusion, decreased concentration, forgetfulness, lowered alertness and difficulty in decision-making. These reactions may happen after hours or immediately after the occurrence. It might take a duration maybe years to fully recover from a disturbing event and be normal.

Psychological Trauma

So far, the article has demonstrated that trauma is the result of a tremendously stressful event and occurrence that leaves the person with unbearable haunting reflections. Trauma makes you feel helpless, lonely and deprives your emotions of security and safety. Any event or action that may not cause actual physical injury but leaves you mentally affected is traumatic. Life dissatisfactions; as a result of death, midlife crisis or any other event are all factors that directly can lead to psychological trauma. In 2008 wellbeing Bolton of the wellbeing clinic categorized trauma into six main groups, namely blunt force trauma, physical trauma, psychological trauma, penetrating trauma, childhood trauma, and post- cult trauma. The nature and designs of psychological trauma will be the focus of this article.

Extremely stressful adverse events and happenings that leave the individual lonely, insecure, and helpless are the main causes of psychological trauma. This makes you feel helpless in a defenseless world. If this condition continues, you are probably going to change your behavior, for example, start isolating friends, engage in drug abuse, and become hateful among others. Traumatic experiences commonly involve a threat to the safety, life and security, but any occurrence that is probably going to make you feel alone, and overwhelmed is traumatic even if it there is no evident physical injury. It is not the events objective aspect that determines whether it is traumatic or not but the emotional, subjective experiences of the events.

The more helpless and insecure you feel, the higher the probability that you will be affected. Stressful events will be traumatic if it happens suddenly since you are unprepared for it, you cannot prevent it, perhaps it happened frequently, in childhood or instigated intentionally. Single incidence can also cause psychological trauma, relentless stress, horrible accidents, ailments, natural disaster or broken relationships can instigate psychological and emotional trauma. In accordance with the person, not all traumatic events lead to an extended psychological trauma.

Even from some of the most traumatic experiences some people recover quickly. Experience overwhelms others that on the surface may seem less traumatic (Blackeney & Creson, 2010). Negative experiences are likely to traumatize a person if they are under other stress factors. Analysis also points out that people who have undergone traumatic experiences initial example while young are more open to new attacks. Some of the sign of psychological trauma are mood swings, anger, blame, feeling disconnected, sadness and many others.

Psychologists and researchers also argue that traumatic experiences while young are more likely to have long lasting impacts that extend to adulthood. Children affected while young see the world as dangerous, unfriendly, and scary (Eth, 1994; Terr, 1991). If such situations are not fixed, it multiplies and transits into adulthood setting the conditions for possible future shock. This can fasten the family and addiction experience. Sexual assaults, separation from parent, neglect, or bullying are some of the possible psychological trauma contributors.

Psychological trauma signs may wither away within months or days after the event. It is possible to feel emotions triggered by an image, sound, anniversary, or problems of painful memories or situations that remind them of the unfortunate experience. Weeping is the most natural and common way people react to traumatic experiences. Survivors are encouraged to go through the process of grieving with others for sharing experiences and comfort.

(PTSD) Post-traumatic stress disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder is considered as a primary type of emotional and psychological trauma. It develops after the unfortunate experience. The peak of the PTSD is undergoing the same adverse event in reminder response of the event. Symptoms of PTSD include nightmares, flashbacks, and memories. Recalling things that can instigate feeling of fear, helplessness, and insecurity can cause unbearable and intense reactions (Rose, 1993; Wellbeing, 2008). Knowing how to distinct the current from the past is a major issue in handling trauma.

Factors to consider while coping with trauma

Through the experiences, people instill meaning into their lives they instill and experience their life choices through these stories. They tell and make about themselves. The life story is not just a platform for telling oneself or others about life, but an avenue by which a person’s identity shapes (Giddens, 1991). The design of one’s story is structured by several factors that may be psychological example their culture, values, personality, norms or situation. Therefore, to effective cope these cognitive factors should be considered. The ability to retain stability and consistency at a particular trauma level and ordinary level of life is thought as a better sign of recovery (Bruner, 1990; Wigren, 1994). This capability should project itself and be evident to the survivors re-telling their ordeal.

Constructing a meaning of life is also another important aspect in mitigating trauma. Coping process effectively incorporates a profound search for meaning of life on the survivor’s side. Questions like; what have I achieved? why now? What needs to be accomplished now? What have I learnt through these events? Are examples of a survivor’s strategies to get meaning to their life (Crossley, 2000; Frankl, 1984). Self-evaluation is also another suggested means of mitigating trauma. Divergent modes of self-assessment associated with the trauma event are an effective means of effectively coping or maintaining a sense of self-control. Feeling active, guilty, responsible or passive are some of the factors that can happen when coping begins (Steptoe, 2000).

Spiritual leaders and psychologists suggest that one should implement one or more of these methods of handling trauma. These include; regular exercise, taking care of the body regardless of physical harm or not, getting enough good sleep. Physical actions like running or jogging can help lift one’s spirits and reduce stress. Restructure of the support system by making connections with others and sharing the experiences. Telling others about it helps you understand the aspects of your emotions that need immediate change. Keeping the usual routine, do not withdraw or isolate yourself from the normal activities work, socialize and exercise frequently. This will help in re-setting your usual sense of order and routine in your life.

Have fun; enjoy yourself through spontaneous and creative functions such as painting, cooking, singing, or gardening will help restore happiness into your life. Getting support and help; it is advisable to seek aid from a professional, may be a counselor, psychiatrist or church pastor or any person in a position to offer some assistance. Players and meditation; is also recommended by the spiritual leaders such as priests and pastors. Seeking spiritual answers can help you find and understand your questions and life better.

Avoid drugs; under situations that are stressful, an individual can get involve with drug abuse, example illegal drugs and excess alcohol. It may be appealing and attractive to take drugs that can interrupt your capacity to manage. They can possible help you delay the trauma. Relaxing; taking some time off from your activities, taking a soothing and warm bath, walking around the park, clear your moods and thoughts or listening to music. Spending quality time with loved ones; take a meal with friends, play with children, those social communications inject new energy and perspective back into your life. Humor and laughter can take out fear, maintain a feeling of relaxation, and restore a peaceful mindset. Regardless of whether it is a trauma or a midlife crisis, these events can help you set and re-analyze life.

Practical and Spiritual Approaches of Treating Trauma

Trauma as already shown involves both emotional and psychological changes. An effective means of trauma treatment is one that can treat restore the meaning of life and peace of mind to the survivor. Both practical and spiritual approaches in treating trauma are encouraged. Members are encouraged by the religious leaders to take trauma and depression seriously. They guarantee us that with prayers, anything can be achieved, but additional attention may be needed for trauma. Trauma in Christianity is believed to be induced spiritually by feeling guilty of wronging or hurting others, or a sense of having lived out of what God required of us can instigate a traumatic experience. Fear of dying can also cause trauma.

In such situations spiritual things, prayer and meditation can bring up bring about a sense of wellness and in mitigating the shock. We are encouraged spiritually to accept frustration and discouragement, not to get defeated. As temptations and problems come when we are at our lowest point, when in despair and believe there is no way out, we are encouraged to believe in a higher power. Another way to get out of trauma and depression spiritually is through confessions. Spiritual mitigation of trauma and depression has a lot of justification, but in this territory, leaders encourage their followers to view life in a more practical and use experts for sorting the issues.

Options of Trauma Treatment

It is advisable to tackle the massive memory related issues that have been pending to mitigate the dangerous effects of trauma. Treatment of trauma relieves troubled thoughts and emotions that weigh heavily on your mind. It is a nicer option and good decision to heal trauma. Sometimes it is re-traumatizing to treat the condition. Conditions that demand seeking a professional include; when having difficulty forming and sustaining credible relationships, when having problems functioning, avoiding things that can remind you of the trauma, when experiencing depression, dissatisfaction, and anxiety.

Choosing a specialist that you are comfortable with goes a long way on the treatment success. Healing and treating trauma should include; processing trauma-related memories and feelings, regulating and effective learning strong feelings, re-building and developing the confidence to believe in others and to release all that stored energy effectively.

Treatment Approaches; Trauma Therapy

In mitigation of emotional and psychological trauma the below approaches are implemented (Pearlman et al., 1995; Allen, 2005).

Many of the people-undergoing traumas implement somatic experiencing that uses the ability of the body to self-heal. Body sensation is the focus of this therapy as compared to thoughts or memories that instigated the issues this aids you release trauma, concentrate on your body, and release the trauma pent up tensions and energy. A strategy of natural survival effectively releases and takes over the stored energy.

A combination of behavioral and cognitive therapy through the implementation of (EMDR) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing helps mitigate the trauma. Focus is on memories and traumatic emotions while following using your eyes to follow the therapist’s finger. Negative emotions and memories are believed to be freed through the finger movements and consecutively giving the patient a chance to handle them. CBT or (Cognitive-Behavior therapy) is designed to help you process and evaluate your thoughts and feelings. The psychological impacts may not be sorted through CBT, but it can help when incorporated with other body therapies like EMDR.

Conclusion

The scope of trauma studies is quite extensive; there may be divergent ways of viewing what cause the issues, effective ways of handling it, its categorization, best ways to cope with it and possible practical and spiritual ways of effectively coping and treating it. This analysis has suggested a combination of both practical and spiritual resources that give us a guide on how to treat, cope, and understand the trauma. It has offered a familiar as well as a strategic way of handling the issues. Regardless of the trauma cases, the above information can apply in all cases.

Summary Paragraph

Introduction

In “Financialization and income inequality: bringing class struggle back in”. Yair Kaldor discusses the association between indicators of financialization and income inequality. Yari Kaldor is a researcher who works in the department of sociology at the university of Haifa, Israel. He has a Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison: Madison, Wisconsin, US. Although its writing style is convoluted, Kaldor (2022) writes an effective article because of its clearly stated main argument and sufficient evidence.

Summary Paragraph

Kaldor (2022) states that both financialization and individual income inequality are strongly related to statistics. To start, the author begins examining the relationship between economic and income from the perspective of the struggle between the working class and the capitalist class, he proposes that financialization has an impact on worker’s income because of class struggle. Then the author expands that by describing the harm of inflation to investors and financiers, the author reflects the direct relationship between financialization and class monetary inequality from the side. After that, he describes the story of Volcker as chair of the Federal Reserve, referring that the policies implemented by the state for economic situations, such as reducing inflation by lowering workers’ wages also has an impact on workers’ income. In the End, the author concludes that income inequality brought about by financialization is inextricably linked to the struggle between the working class and the capitalist class

Evaluative

Although the article is effective, the author’s writing style is complicated. In more detail, the author often uses complex sentences and delicate words to modify and describe the topic. For instance, when the author is explaining why he uses various evidence to proof his argument in the article, he states that: “This is not meant to deny the insights provided by existing approaches, but to incorporate them within a broader perspective that can better account for the impact of financialization on the distribution of income.” (Kaldor, 2022) Evidently, the author is using complex sentences to suggest that analysis of the impact of financialization on income distribution should be observed and analyzed from a broader perspective. However, such complex sentences are too long to read, thus causing the reader to forget the main point the author was trying to emphasize. In addition, the article also highlights: “The economic recessions that followed the Volcker Shock combined with the high level of debt already carried by NFCs gave rise to the novel phenomena of concession bargaining in many U.S. industries.” (Kaldor, 2022) For this reason, this reveals that in the process of presenting evidence, the author frequently uses many professional terms and words to describe the national financialization decision impact on income, such as “NFCs”, “novel phenomena”. Moreover, these complex and unfamiliar words will drive the reader to lose interest in the article, or even make the reader give up reading. Therefore, despite the fact this article is valid, its writing style is complex, and it contains convoluted patterns and unfamiliar vocabulary.

However, one of the most important elements about the article is how it effectively uses references and extant research on a variety of subjects and issues. The utilization of references and prior study by Kaldor (2022) is designed to assist him in making sense of the situation and gaining a better understanding of its complexities. In addition to this, he is able to demonstrate the fundamental distinction between his perspective on the subject, the manner in which meaning is created, and the manner in which references are drawn from study that has previously been carried out. This article makes effective use of references, which makes it simpler to read by illustrating how many subjects are related to one another and how they are distinct from one another. Kaldor (2022) makes use of references to previous research in order to assist in the construction of a comprehensive information network, a thread in which each individual piece of knowledge is linked to the next. For instance, Kaldor (2022) quotes a number of academics who state that ever since the economic crisis that occurred in 2008, there has been a greater focus placed on the connection that exists between the evolution of the financial sector and the degree of income disparity. The researchers addressed by Kaldor (2022) also demonstrate that there is a robust statistical connection between indices of financialization and measures of income inequality at various levels of analysis. This is done by comparing data from different countries.

Also, a notable element of the paper is that it clearly identifies and works toward bridging an identified research gap. Every research must be conducted as a way of identifying a research gap and then working towards covering the same gap. Identifying areas where further study is needed is a valuable strategy for accelerating the learning process in general. Finding a hole in the existing body of knowledge and then being able to fill it through the conduct of an exhaustive and extensive study could be very satisfying for the researchers who are involved in the project, not to mention the fact that the results of the study might be of use to the community as a whole. According to Kaldor (2022), the number of explanations for the connection between growing income disparity and financialization is still limited, and these theories do not lay a significant focus on workers. As a consequence of this, the author takes a novel approach in the essay by investigating financialization and income inequality through the lens of how class struggle has developed in the economy of the United States over the course of its history. It demonstrates that the economic crises of the 1970s, which led to financialization, were intimately tied to the escalating labor-capital confrontations, in which the state became a more prominent battlefield (Kaldor, 2022). The article very articulately addresses this problem.

Conclusion

Kaldor discusses the association between indicators of financialization and income inequality. He states that both financialization and individual income inequality are strongly related to statistics. Although the article is effective, the author’s writing style is complicated. In more detail, the author often uses complex sentences and delicate words to modify and describe the topic. This is a huge problem because it means that the study is only suited to professionals and those that are familiar with the jargon used in the article. However, one of the most important elements about the article is how it effectively uses references and extant research on a variety of subjects and issues. The utilization of references and prior study by Kaldor is designed to assist him in making sense of the situation and gaining a better understanding of its complexities. Also, a notable element of the paper is that it clearly identifies and works toward bridging an identified research gap. Finding a hole in the existing body of knowledge and then being able to fill it through the conduct of an exhaustive and extensive study is not only satisfying for the researchers who are involved in the project, but also to the community and research body that benefits from the results of the study.

References

Kaldor, Y. (2022). Financialization and income inequality: bringing class struggle back in. Critical Sociology, 48(3), 381-396.