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Making Law

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Making Law

The first law to be initiated was termed as common law. This was a feudal law initiated in England as a result of Norman Conquest of England. Henry II is accredited as the Father of the common law, he developed the body of law that was applied nationally, and the decisions were written down, circulated and summarized. Henry de Bracton further the commonality into case laws. Judges justified decisions in regards to customs, traditions and history. This earned him the name “father of the case law.’ Under common law system, every final decision from court ruling creates precedent. Precedent and stare decisis governs court issuing decision as well as any lower court. Not every pronouncement court makes in a ruling establishes precedent. Precedent are not necessarily unchangeable. William Blackstone believed that laws were creations of God waiting to be discovered via use of reason. He categorized laws into four parts: private wrongs, public wrongs, rights to individuals and property rights.

There exist various sources of legislative laws, these include; statutes, ordinance, administrative regulation and the constitution. The other source of appropriate conduct are religion and ethics. Administrative regulation is another form of regulation that has force of law. Statutes are frequently written broadly. They are written ambiguously for two main reasons: political implication and need for compromise, and difficult to define something involving human conduct. Sources of individual rights include case laws, federal and state constitution and court rules and legislations. The bill of rights was ratified in 1791 with the first eight amendments set out twenty three individual rights.

Making-Strategic-Dec

Making Strategic DecisionSTR/GM 581University of PhoenixMaking Strategic DecisionIntroduction

The changes that are taking place in the world today can have a direct impact on organizations both domestic and international. These changes are leading businesses to create innovative strategies that will help them survive and evaluate their competitive environments. Over these years we have seen the role Innovation strategies plays in organizations and how vital they are for businesses to succeed. One of the easiest ways to grow a firm is through diversification, especially unrelated diversification through mergers and acquisitions.

METRO GROUP is an international retailing company with Head quarter in Germany. The company has over 280,000 employees in 180 nations around the world with over 2,200 outlets in 32 countries in Europe, Africa and Asia. The company wants to expand its operation in Canada; the purpose of this research is to identify two new strategies that will be implemented by Metro Group and explaining in detail why I recommend these two strategies.

Two new strategies identify

Firms vary in the extent to which they diversify the mix of businesses they pursue, in order for corporate diversification to be economically valuable to Metro Group, two conditions must hold. First, there must be some economy of scope among the multiple businesses in which a firm is operating. Second, it must be more efficient to manage these economies of scope through hierarchical forms of governance than through alternative intermediate or market forms of governance (Jay Barney, 2007). The two new strategies for Metro Group will be; unrelated corporate diversification because less than 70% of Metro Group’s revenues come from a single line of business, the other new strategy that must be implemented is forming a strategic alliance with a local organization in Canada that shares the same views and values as the company.

Sustainable competitive advantage

Notwithstanding the number of challenges facing Metro Group, opportunities for growth are plentiful particularly through expansion of the new market in Canada. For the company to develop a sustainable competitive advantage in the new market, it must improve value-creating products, processes, and services that cannot be matched by competitors now, and plan content to maintain that position in the long-run. For a strategic alliance to be a source of sustained competitive advantage, the company must evaluate the venture and make sure it is rare and costly to imitate. Also, VRIO framework can be used to analyze the alliance to see if it is a source of competitive advantage.

Organizational structure and leadership changes

In recent years, organizations begin to realize how globalization has brought about both previously unimaginable opportunities and significant and complex challenges for many organizations. Culture is the most subtle aspect of organization, it can play a formidable role in helping Metro Group developed a global strategy that will be successful in Canada. The goal is, leveraging all the company’s leadership talent to do this right. Senior management at the company must constantly restate that intention and to act in accordance with it. With the unstable market environment, organizations are finding it difficult to predict their future. It must be the top priority of the company to make sure that the employees are well informed about the organization policies and regulations, what are the obligations of each employee, and a detailed structure of the changes which are to be implemented in the new market.

Cultural consideration

As organizations have become more culturally diverse, the possibility of culturally based communication barriers has increased. Developing a strong corporate social responsibility will be an added advantage; Metro Group will have to behave responsibly as regards both society and the environment. As the most international retail and wholesale company, Metro Group features in the daily activities of millions of people globally. Metro Group is a member of the world’s largest corporate social responsibility network, the UN Global Compact. Having a clear understanding about the cultural circumstances about the targeted market which is Canada in this case is imperative, it will not only help Metro Group save money, but will also prevent the company from making avoidable mistakes.

Conclusion

The complexity and interdependence of the global economy increases the need for firms to plan strategically. Making strategic decisions and implementing them in Canada will drive the company’s profitability curve upward. Understanding customer demand, market niches, new product production while monitoring the current economic status will be essential to building an effective and successful strategic marketing plan. Forming a strategic alliance will help in identifying the demographic makeup of consumers. To gain competitive advantage in the new market, Metro Group has to ensure that it manages its core business in a sustainable manner, providing exceptional customer service and producing world-class products that are difficult to imitate will give a competitive advantage against other competitors in the market.

References:

http://www.businessinsider.com/the-6-keys-to-sustainable-competitive-advantage-2010-6?op=1#ixzz27Pktocwj

http://www.metrogroup.de/internet/site/metrogroup/node/10781/Len/index.html

Pearce, J. A., II, & Robinson, R. B., Jr. (2009). Strategic management: Formulation, implementation, and control (11th ed.). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Yip, G. S. (2003). Total global strategy II (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Mintzberg, H., Lampel, J., Quinn, J. B., & Ghoshal, S. (2003). The strategy process: Concepts, contexts, cases (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson-Prentice Hall.

https://www.bea.gov/scb/account_articles/international/1097srv/maintext.htm

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/080522/dq080522c-eng.htm

Male Abuse Victims

Abuse is a lack of control by a person who believes they can exercise dominance though humiliating, manipulating and controlling other people to get them to fear them or respect them. There is a growing concern of increased number of male victims of domestic abuse. Depending on the nature of a relationship, men can be abused by a female or male partner. Generally, domestic abuse can be physical emotional or mental and anyone can be a victim. In India, abuse of men is mostly physical and is associated with changing gender roles and relations guided by the power (Kumar, 2012).

Abuse is not limited to certain religions, persons or groups. 33.8% of women and 20.1% of men of 1,431 conservative Christian members in 49 churches reported physical abuse by their partners in a research at the Northwest region of the United States (Drumm, Popescu & Riggs, 2009) Physical abuse is characterized by actions that may result in bodily injury or physical pain for example beating, kicking, slapping. Embarrassing, insults, intimidation, belittling, denied access to socialize with others, criticism, false accusations and lowering one’s worthiness consists of emotional and mental abuse. Sexual assault can be physical mental or emotional.

The effects of male abuse are similar to those of women. One study shows that results of Intimate partner violence (IPV) on both men and women are similar in that they are physical and psychological ( Dutton, 2006) Abused men have low self-esteem, guilt, confusion, fear, embarrassment and low confidence and for these reasons most abused men may fail to speak up. For many years, global focus has been with men who abuse women in a domestic platform but not much emphasis has been placed on the abuse of men by women or fellow men yet it warrants attention.

There is a need for the society to recognize that abuse is illegal and immoral. We blame the media and some support groups for the lack of awareness of male abuse. National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) statistic citations from 600 websites of Google omitted or misquoted facts on the number of abused men. For example, the New York Times’ article on NISVS does not indicate IPV against men (Rabin, 2011). Among 49.9% of men who sought help in DV agencies, 63.9% in DV hotlines and 42.9% online, we’re told the help is specifically for women. There are also assumptions by most criminal justice interventions and evaluations that men are more likely perpetrators of IVP (Dutton, 2007).

There is evidence that the figures for abused men are higher hostility in women have been high for the past several years. Result from a study of 457 college men and 958 college women, indicates that in the year 2006, the men abused were 35.4% as opposed to 26.0%(Cogan & Ballinger III, 2006). Another study in 2004 reported higher hostility levels towards partners in women(Cui, Lorenz, Conger, Melby & Bryant , 2005).A 2010 article reveals that the total number of deaths from domestic violence are higher in men than women when calculated from data of violent related suicides and homicides (Davis, 2010).

British Crime Survey statistics indicate that at least 400,000 men are abused annually making up a third of the domestic violence victims between 2004 and 2010. Between 2006 and 2007, 43.4% victims of partner abuse were though the figure rose to 45.5% between 2007 and 2008 in 2008 and 2009 it reduced to 37.7%. Home Office statistics show use of severe force of women to men was 48.6% in 2006 and 2007, 48.3% in 2007 and 2008 and 37.5% in 2008 and 2009. 30 to 40 percent of these domestic abuses are perpetuated by women. In the United Kingdom, the total figure of women sued for domestic abuse in 2004-05 was 1,575 but hiked to 4,266 in 2008-09 (Campbell, 2010).

In the United States, facts from the NVAW survey confirm that 40% of the IPV injuries in the past twelve months were initiated by females (Hines & Douglas, 2009).In the United Kingdom, there has been growing concern these women abusers also abuse children after statistics by NSPCC revealed that ’over 85% of women trust physical disciplining of children (Roberts, 2012). Besides this, one survey reveals that women perpetrators avoid arrests (Felson & Pare, 2007)

Another survey conducted by the University of Pennsylvania, among the men in the emergency room, thirteen percent claimed to have been abused by women in the preceding year (Angelucci).among these abuses 50% were hit with flying objects, stifled, thrust, bitten or punched (Angelucci).Another 37% were abused using a weapon while fourteen percent were critically injured and required to visit a hospital (Angelucci). In December 2011, the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) reported that in 2010, among victims of physical abuse, 41.7% were men. Of the 5,356,000 men abused, 42.3% (2,266,000) were severely violated (Hoff, 2012). NISVS findings show that 4.5 million men have been wounded and among them 1.8 million needed medical attention (Hoff, 2012).

A California State University study on 1000 female college students, 30% of the women confessed to have at one time violated their male partner for either not listening, being insensitive or to gain their attention (Angelucci).In a recent Journal of Family Violence, statistics indicate a high number of incoming calls from men claiming to have been severely abused by their female partners (Angelucci). A University of Washington research established that women are twice as likely as men to commit physical domestic abuse (Angelucci). Another report by University of Florida showed that there is a higher possibility for women to abuse, stalk or attack male partners than men would (Angelucci)

A study by Midwest Children’s Resource Center of 226 girls and 64boys of St. Paul Children’s Hospital between age ten and 15 disclosed that sexual assault on boys within 72 hours was more likely than in girls (Pappas, 2011). According to an estimate, one in every six men (16%) is abused before age 16 equating to2.6 million male victims (Pappas, 2011). A study of 3600 divorced German fathers revealed that 1/3 of the men were physically abused during the divorce process and out of them, 2/3 of the abuses were started by ex-partners (Amendt, 2008)

A report in the United States concludes that in every 71 men, one has been raped at a point in his life while 22 percent of men report to have been abused sexually in other ways not rape. In addition, five percent that one in every 19 men hasbeen stalked (Hoff, 2012). Also, 20,548,000 men (18.1%) and 16,578,000 (13.9%) women were subjected to psychological hostility in the last 12 months (Hoff, 2012). In the same year, among teenager reporting PDV victimization a year before the survey, 8.9% were males and 8.8% females (Tjaden and Thoennes, 2000) In conclusion, IVP (intimate partner violence) is prevalent in both male and women. Statistics show that male abuse is greater than women abuse. There is an indication of increased female hostility toward their partners a factor that has increased the number of women perpetuating domestic violence. Every individual has a role to increase awareness of male abuse and forward cases and perpetuators to avoid eradication of the male species by women.

Reference

Amendt, G. (2008). I didn’t divorce my kids! How fathers deal with family break-ups. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag Publishers.

Angelucci, M. E. (n.d.). Male Victims of Domestic Abuse. Retrieved December 11, 2012 from http://divorcesupport.about.com/od/abusiverelationships/a/male_abuse.htmCampbell, D. (2010). More than 40% of domestic violence victims are male, report reveals. Retrieved December 11, 2012 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/sep/05/men-victims-domestic-violenceCogan, R., & Ballinger III, B. C. (2006).Alcohol Problems and the differentiation of partner, stranger, and general violence.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(7) 924-935

Cui, M., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Melby, J. N., & Bryant, C. M. (2005).Observer, Self-, and partner reports of hostile behaviors in romantic relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1169-1181

Davis, R. L. (2010). Domestic Violence-related deaths. Journal of Aggression, Conflict, and Peace Research, 2 (2), 44-52

Desmarais, S. L., Reeves, K. A., Nicholls, T. L., Telford, R. P. & Fiebert, M. S. (2012a). Prevalence of physical violence in intimate relationships. Retrieved December 11, 2012, from http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDQQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fspringer%2Fpa%2F2012%2F00000003%2F00000002%2Fart00003&ei=KC_HUKXfJLGhiAfi8YCoBA&usg=AFQjCNHomz8hlBDY0wT5zvrlIqPDZd275gDutton, D. G. (2007).Female intimate partner violence and developmental trajectories of abusive families.International Journal of Men’s Health, 6, 54-71.

Dutton, D. G. (2006).Rethinking Domestic Violence. Vancouver: UBC Press.

Drumm, R. D., Popescu, M., & Riggs, M. L. (2009).Gender variation in partner abuse.Findings from a conservative Christian denomination. Retrieved December 11, 2012, from http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Faff.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F24%2F1%2F56.short&ei=cDDHUOiQKfCiiAfLroHIBg&usg=AFQjCNGG7a7-gy-jbNHXHeKjeFyRCTyXagFelson, R. B., & Pare, P. (2007).Does the criminal justice system treat domestic violence and sexual offenders leniently? Justice Quarterly, 24.

Kumar, A. (2012). Domestic violence against men in India: A Perspective. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 22, 290-296.

Pappas,S. (2011).Male Victims of Sexual Abuse Face Unique Challenges.Retrieved December 11, 2012 from http://www.livescience.com/12909-senator-scott-brown-male-sexual-abuse-stigma.html.

Roberts, P. (2012).The day my wife beat me up because she hated my haircut.Retrieved December 11, 2012from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2091837/Male-domestic-violence-victim-The-day-wife-beat-hated-haircut.html.

Tjaden, P. G., & Thoennes, N. (2000).Full Report of Prevalence, Incidence and Consequences of Violence Against Women. Retrieved December 11, 2012, from http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDcQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2Fpdffiles%2F172837.pdf&ei=1jHHUOTYJOmfiAf9lYAQ&usg=AFQjCNEv_isT2VWFJTpNnDagdNIp3ioM7w

Male and Female Differences in Perceptions of Sexual Harassment

One of your male co-workers has a revealing photograph of a female on his desk at work. You ask him to remove the picture because it makes you feel uncomfortable. He does not remove the picture. Do you think this is a form of sexual harassment? According to Bertha Brooks, a speaker on the subject of sexual harassment, this scenario exhibits a form of sexual harassment. For many people sexual harassment implies different behaviors; there are people who believe this scenario would be far from any type of harassment.

This study investigates the different perceptions of how men and women define sexual harassment. It may be a simple look, slight touch, or a verbal comment. Whatever the situation, there will be a variance in the degrees, as to what men and women constitute as being sexual harassment. “Psychological tests on sexual harassment outline various forms of behavior ranging from quid pro quo demands for sexual services to hostile jokes and sexual innuendo” (American Psychological Association, 1981, 1991).

“Sexual joking, touching, and patting may be considered unwelcome sexual attention to some, but not others” (Gutek, Morasch, and Cohen, 1983). Women more often than men conclude that these forms of sexual harassment are serious and offending.

Is there a difference between what men perceive as sexual harassment and what women consider sexual harassment? The purpose of this study is to determine if in fact there is a difference. According to earlier research, men and women would perceive and define sexual harassment differently (Ellison v. Brady, 1989). “The findings that women define sexual harassment more broadly and inclusive than men is reliable” (Ellison v. Brady). “A significant difference between the sexes shows up both in surveys of working people and in scenario studies; fifty-nine percent of men rated sexual touching as sexual harassment whereas eighty-four percent of women” (Dunwoody-Miller and Gutek, 1985).

This study was conducted on a small northeast public college campus by four experimental psychology students. Before the actual research was done, twenty males and twenty females were pre-tested to see if the questionnaire, that was to be used for the actual research was a valid measure; one that would prove differences in perceptions between males and females beliefs on sexual harassment. After the data was collected, the researchers moved forward because they found differences between men and women. A total of one hundred subjects were then randomly chosen to participate in this study. They were given a questionnaire where they had to rate sexual harassment on a scale when given different scenarios. Previous research has uncovered gender-based differences in a variety of sexual harassment related issues. For example, “females are much more likely than males to report that they experienced some form of unwelcome sexual attention” (United States Merit Systems Protection Board, 1980, 1988). Moreover, females consistently define more social-sexual behaviors as sexual harassment than do males; Females believe that sexual harassment is a more frequent occurrence (Ronrod & Gutek, 1986).

The terrain of events called “sexual harassment” by some women and called “normal” or “acceptable” by men is vast. Women generally state that the subtle forms of sexual harassment are just as serious as the more extreme and obvious forms. Men and women often perceive sexual harassment situations differently (Gutek, 1985). As a result of our research the hypothesis of this study was: Men and women will not always agree on what constitutes sexual harassment. Women will perceive milder forms of harassment more than men.

Male Youth Psychopaths and Crime Behaviors

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Abstract

Psychopathy is personal traits that shape people’s characteristics and behavior in society. According to research, psychopaths actively participate in or significantly contribute to various criminal activities, particularly violent ones. Numerous academics have conducted extensive research on the connection between psychopathy and crime and have shown that the two are closely related. This proposed research is based on a correlational and staged experiment that will be performed in the presence of male youth psychopath inmates. The research participants will be a group of actors and male youth psychopaths. Throughout the research observation data, a collection method will be utilized by watching inmates’ physical and facial expressions to see whether they will show empathy to those who will be undergoing violent criminal actions like robbery and beating. The expected result of the research is that no male youth psychopath will show sympathy for crimes they commit against others or see people experience violent criminal acts. This research implies a need to invent a new treatment for psychopathy to reduce juvenile incarcerations since psychopathic traits begin to develop early.

Male Youth Psychopaths and Crime Behaviors

Introduction

Psychologists define psychopathy as the primary characteristics of an individual. It creates a foundation of particular societal behaviors that begin to be evident in early development stages, especially in teenage/adolescence. Researchers indicate that psychopaths play a significant role or contribute to involvement in different forms of crime, incredibly violent crimes in society. Various scholars have intensively researched the relationship between psychopathy and criminal actions and identified a close relationship between the two. In defining a psychopath, researchers define it as a person who exhibits or demonstrates a discernible pattern that differentiates from the general population based on sensitivity, empathy, guiltiness, and compassion. Research indicates that psychopaths, this diagnostic group of individuals, demonstrates or show particular behavioral (crime), neuropsychological and cognitive characteristics that are not the general population. However, today, the psychopath has been misunderstood in our society since people do not know the term’s meaning; thus, they misuse the name. Researchers have indicated that psychopathy is an antisocial disorder through which an individual develops amoral and antisocial behaviors and characteristics that contribute to criminal behaviors. Because it portrays a lack of ability to love and develop healthy and morally upright personal relationships, portrays egocentricity, and demonstrates an inability to learn from experience and other related behaviors.

Additionally, research denotes that biological and environmental factors contribute to the development of psychopathy and sociopaths. However, s of psychological researchers have approved that psychopathy is also a genetic or inherited condition passed from one generation to another. This is because it is associated with the underdevelopment of brain parts responsible for emotional regulation and impulse control (Marsh, 2017). This research paper will primarily focus on the hypothesis that male youth psychopaths never show genuine empathy for the crimes they have committed or committed against others or those they watch while happening. This research will be correlational and experimental since it will be a staged robbery and beating to collect first information if the inmates show empathy to crime victims or they will not be concerned. This research has been motivated by the high prevalence of violent criminal activities in society, primarily among male youths who, to some extent, end up being inmates. Still, they do not confess the mistakes that they have committed in the community. This is because Flight & Forth (2007), in their research, indicate over 50 adolescent offenders have been incarcerated due to violent actions that psychopathic traits have fueled. The research result shows that violent youths were classified as having high scores on psychopathy, which was instrumental to reactive violence.

Literature Review

This section provides sufficient background literature on male juvenile participation in violent crimes instrumented by psychopathy traits. It also focuses on describing relevant peer-reviewed research carried out by different scholars concerning the matter. Research done by psychologist DeAngelis (2022) concerning a broader view of psychopathy indicates that psychopath has contributed to significant trends of violent criminals since individuals, especially youths, are capable of heinous or egregiously selfish actions on a wide-range scale. Researchers denote that psychopath is much further nuanced compared to stereotypes. The author affirms that psychopath victims (individuals) show a wide range of disconcertion propensities, including: grandiosity, aggression, low empathy, remorse, impulsivity, and violent behavior. Further, the research indicates that these psychopathy traits make people do antisocial things that reduce their compassion in society since people do not like being associated with them, and as a result, it leads to resistance.

According to prison department reports, a significant percentage of adults in the United States show a considerable range of psychopathic traits. However, these adult psychopathic traits developed during their early ages. As a result, it has contributed to a significant percentage of 15%-25% of inmates, as per the American psychological association reports (DeAngelis, 2022). It has been identified that these inmates were convicted of violent crime incidents in society, such as violating others’ rights. According to the triarchic model, separable psychopathic traits are constructed through disinhibition composed of tendencies towards irresponsibility, challenges in controlling emotions, impulsiveness, and mistrust of others. Meanness is another psychopathic trait construct involving a lack of empathy, inability to bond with others (antisocial), and destructive exploitativeness. Lastly, according to Patrick’s triarchic model, boldness is another psychopathic trait that constructs boldness,s which comprises social assurance, emotional resilience, dominance, and adventurousness. Research indicates that all the traits mentioned above contribute to the development of different and unique neurobiological features correlated (Ribes‐Guardiola et al., 2020).

Scholars have endeavored in research to spur psychopathy neurobiological based on genetic, environmental, and behavior. Research has indicated that there have been studies conducted in the United States among school-age kids, preschoolers, and even juvenile offenders. It clearly shows that psychopathy is more often at early ages. And as a result, this contributes to youngsters who exhibit severe and planned aggression and lack of emotion when responding to fear and misery. Research-based on emotional intelligence conducted by Erme et al. (2012, showed that many incarcerated male juveniles are associated with psychopathic traits. This is because these juvenile males have low emotional intelligence, which is associated with the ability to perceive, control, and reason about emotions based on oneself and others. This research shows that people with psychopathy experience some challenges in social life, especially in interaction, since they have some impairment based on emotional tasks.

Research by Amy Morin (2021) on signs of psychopathy in kids indicates that a lack of remorse or empathy signifies a significant threat and a problem. Since it implies that the child has psychopathy, even though no parent wants to imagine their child to be in such a state, this is a child with psychopathy who is mostly cruel and unemotional. Scholars have associated psychopathy victims with those shown in most movies as serial killers. This is because these serial killers do not show empathy or be concerned with their inhuman actions toward other people. However, they continue their inhuman actions and end up living behind bars. As clearly portrayed in the movies, serial killers tend to learn their actions based on their background environment where they were raised since childhood. And due to early exposure, these children become psychopathy victims and end up incarcerated. They can watch an individual being humiliated in their presence and show no concern or empathy to rescue him/her from suffering or torture. However, researchers have estimated that about 1% of adults meet psychopathy, with a large number being men compared to women. In the research on signs of psychopathy among kids, Amy Morin indicated that they show various symptoms to their caregivers. These signs include; the kid constantly lying, the child is always selfish and does not share anything with others, never guilty after misbehaving, and even if punished, the child not changing their behavior. These remorseful behaviors have been associated with male adolescents, which contributes to a significant number of them being juvenile inmates for committing crimes and unwillingness to confess their mistakes and ask for forgiveness (Amy Morin, 2021).

Research done by Virginia Commonwealth University researchers indicates that individuals with psychopathic personalities are primarily associated with antisocial behavior, such as committing violent crimes, which result in incarceration. However, researchers denote that based on background, some individuals can control and manage their psychopathic traits, which contribute to antisocial tendencies and avoid engaging in malicious actions that can result in imprisonment. However, despite having antisocial behaviors, some psychopathy individuals still exist in society. This is because these researchers found that some have neural advantages that enable psychopathy people to counteract their hostile tendencies within society, enabling them to coexist despite their antisocial impulses.

My proposed research will be based on correlational and staged experimental robbery and beating in the presence of male youth psychopaths to test whether these males will show empathy or concern to the affected victims. Primarily the research will involve a group of actors and male youth psychopaths. This research will effectively contribute to previously conducted research studies since it will mainly prove that psychopaths lack or show low empathy, covering those facing criminal or being mistreated by other youths. The research will be based on the hypothesis that male youth psychopaths never feel or show genuine empathy for the crimes they have committed against others or those they observe. Research indicates that people with psychopathy commit around two to three times more than others who engage in antisocial behavior, contributing to 25% of incarcerated individuals in various prisons (Arielle Baskin-Sommers, 2022).

Researchers show the close relationship between psychopathy and the continuous happening of crimes in society. This is because even after psychopathy inmates have been discharged or released from prison, they continue to show antisocial behavior and commit similar or new crimes. This tends to happen higher rate before incarceration. This is accelerated by drug and substance use that they introduced while behind bars serving their terms. A clear indication that substance use among psychopathy people makes them commit violent crimes and continue showing antisocial and violent behaviors (Arielle Baskin-Sommers, 2022). This shows clearly that male youth psychopaths never show empathy or care for those who experience crime since they continue committing new crimes even after being released from incarceration.

Methods

To collect information, my research study aims to test whether male youth psychopath inmates will empathize with people being violently robbed and beaten, aiming to meet the research hypothesis. The correlational experiment was staged in the presence of male youth psychopaths inmates. First, I would use the observation method. Through observation, I would watch inmates’ reactions to witnessing the staged crime happen in their presence and note their physical behavior regarding the occurrence of the crime. Observation would be the most appropriate method for data collection since I will be able to directly observe inmates’ reactions and have greater accuracy on the information gathered, which would help me frame my research hypothesis (Weston et al., 2021). Another method that I will utilize is a survey questionnaire with one-opened questions to allow the inmates to express their feeling about the incident.

Participants

Participants of my research study will be a group of actors from my team performing the staged crime and twenty male youth psychopath inmates who will be the audience. The inclusion criteria for my group actors would be based on diversity to show the unity of different people to carry out a particular violent mission. I will select people willing to educate inmates on behavioral changes and control their antisocial tendencies despite being psychopaths.

Procedure

Procedure for carrying out my research to get the anticipated result would be performing staged robbery or even beating and showing it to the inmates to see if they will feel any empathy towards the person who has been a victim of the crime or done to them.

Measures

Research indicates that there are several measurements based on a continuum of discrete and continuous. For my research will use nominal measures for my research variables. This is because nominal-scale measurements of variables are used when research variables can be categorized but not ranked (Dalati, 2018). For instance, the research will be based on gender since it primarily focuses on male youth psychopath inmates.

Predicted Results

My correlational and staged experiment on robbery and beating for research will be performed in the presence of at least twenty male youth inmates. The predicted result is that I expect none of the male youth psychopaths will show empathy or feel sorry for those crimes being done to them and mistreatment as per the performance. This is because the literature review has indicated that this group has been used in seeing such incidents since some of them have performed such crimes over and over again. Therefore, they have nothing to show empathy for since it was them they could do the same as portrayed in the staged robbery experiment.

Discussion

Concerning the result obtained from the research experiment that out of twenty male youth psychopath inmates, none showed empathy or felt those whose crimes were committed against them can be well described through the triarchic model. The triarchic model/theory denotes that psychopathy among people is constructed based on three major domains: disinhibition, meanness, and boldness, as discussed in the literature review, through the triarchic model concerning psychopathy conceptions that contribute to people’s personalities which are based on their emotional intelligence. And due to a lack of emotional intelligence, none of the twenty male youth psychopath inmates showed empathy to those experiencing crimes in the experiment. Based on the three domains of the theory, inmates lack emotional intelligence, which is why they never show empathy for the crimes they commit or see happening in society (Marsh, 2017). In future research on this topic, various data methods will need to incorporate both qualitative and quantitative data. Through various ways such as surveys, questionnaires, and interviews among different youth age groups to compare the results to determine how psychopathy affects different age groups, resulting in overpopulation in prisons.

Conclusion

Conclusively, psychologists define psychopathy as the fundamental traits that make up an individual and lay the groundwork for specific social behaviors that emerge early in a person’s development, particularly throughout adolescence. Based on three triarchic theory domains, boldness, disinhibition, and meanness significantly contribute to developing criminal and antisocial behaviors among male youths. Additionally, drug and substance use among youths significantly contributes to behaviors that make them show no empathy when they have committed crimes or when watching them happen in society. As a result, concluded from the research, there is a need to search for a proper way to treat psychopathy with current technological innovation to have a sustainable solution for increased crimes in our societies.

References

Amy Morin, L. C. S. W. (2021, December 6). Signs of psychopathy in Kids. Verywell Family. Retrieved October 25, 2022, from https://www.verywellfamily.com/is-my-child-a-psychopath-4175470Arielle Baskin-Sommers Assistant Professor of Psychology. (2022, October 20). Psychopaths can feel emotions and can be treated – don’t believe what you see on crime shows. The Conversation. Retrieved October 25, 2022, from https://theconversation.com/psychopaths-can-feel-emotions-and-can-be-treated-dont-believe-what-you-see-on-crime-shows-181446Dalati, S. (2018). Measurement and Measurement Scales. In Modernizing the Academic Teaching and Research Environment (pp. 79-96). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74173-4_5DeAngelis, T. (2022, March 1). A broader view of psychopathy. Monitor on Psychology. Retrieved October 25, 2022, from https://www.apa.org/monitor/2022/03/ce-corner-psychopathyErmer, E., Kahn, R. E., Salovey, P., & Kiehl, K. A. (2012). Emotional intelligence in incarcerated men with psychopathic traits. Journal of personality and social psychology, 103(1), 194.

Flight, J. I., & Forth, A. E. (2007). Instrumentally violent youths: The roles of psychopathic traits, empathy, and attachment. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(6), 739-751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854807299462Marsh, A. (2017). The fear factor: How one emotion connects altruists, psychopaths, and everyone in-between. Hachette UK.

Ribes‐Guardiola, P., Poy, R., Patrick, C. J., & Moltó, J. (2020). Electrocortical measures of performance monitoring from go/no‐go and flanker tasks: Differential relations with trait dimensions of the triarchic model of psychopathy. Psychophysiology, 57(6), e13573.

Weston, L. E., Krein, S., & Harrod, M. (2021). Using observation to better understand the healthcare context. Qualitative Research in Medicine and Healthcare, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.4081/qrmh.2021.9821

Malnutrition and starvation

Malnutrition is a condition that happens due to sub-optimal intake of the necessary nutrients. Even malnutrition can attack those animals that intake surmountable amount of food, but they are incapable to ingest, digest, absorb or utilize the food. Therefore, malnutrition arises prior to starvation, i.e. long-term deprival of food and its unpleasant effects (Boullatta & Armenti 2010). Causes for malnutrition are parasitism, presence of antibodies in the digestive tract, injuries, disease, poor teeth, and amplified motility of the digestive tract or tumor.

Some symptoms of malnutrition and starvation include:

Bones of the rib, hip, shoulder, and back-bone starts to protrude.

Eyes become drowned, and abdomen appears as if stuck-up.

Little or poor quality food maybe traced in the alimentary canal.

Fatty tissues are absent around the kidney, heart, in the bone marrow, under the skin, and other organs.

Organs and muscle mass may well decrease in size (Malnutrition- what to look for).

Metabolic adaption expresses the change in the nature of a biological system in reaction to alteration, in external or internal environment. Starvation can induce several behavioral and psychological alterations in the human body. For instance, take the case of Boitel, who starved for 53 days before dying. However, before he died he had to undergo several metabolic adaptations due to starvation as discussed below.

Early Stages of starvation

At the beginning, his body became endogenous i.e. utilized stored calories to manufacture energy for essential functions. At first, glucose was the primary energy substrate for the CNS, leading to metabolism of 100 to 150g/day absolutely in to water and carbon (iv) oxide. As he went on with starvation, glucose continued to be unavailable, leading to rapid change in neuronal activity, marked by personality alteration, coma, lethargy and confusion (Shils 2005 pp. 741-742).

His system recycled lactase in Cori cycle in the liver and kidney, back to glucose. The process used energy obtained from oxidation of fatty acids. Pyruvate may be used as a substrate for gluconeogenesis in the liver, or underwent oxidation to form ATP. Phagocytes and fibroblasts obtain their energy from anaerobic metabolism of glucose to lactate (Freeman, 2002). The oxidation of free fatty acids to acetoacetate, ketone and acetone was to suppliy energy to the liver, heart, renal cortex, and skeletal muscle. The branched-chain amino acid was also oxidized in the skeletal muscle to provide energy. In addition to this, gastrointestinal tract oxidized glutamine to water and carbon (iv) oxide (Payne, Grimble & A Silk 2001pp. 3-4).

His body depended on gluconeogenesis to stabilize glucose requirements. This was due to little preservation of glucose in extracellular glucose and liver glycogen. Also, the inability to convert muscle glycogen to blood glucose was due to the absence of glucose-6-phosphate in muscle contributed to dependency on gluconeogenesis (Metabolic effects of starvation).

His kidneys supplied approximately a half of the total glucose manufactured as the starvation continued. During his early starvation, gluconeogenesis took place majorly in the liver with alanine as the substrate. Production of pyruvate in the muscle was through anaerobic metabolism of glucose. The nitrogen moiety was conveyed to pyruvate to produce alanine that was discharged in to blood. In the muscle, the branch-chain amino acid carbon skeleton was totally oxidized to water, and carbon (iv) oxide to supply extra ATP for the body usage (Payne, Grimble, & A Silk 2001).

The alanine was later absorbed by the liver, where nitrogen was split-off. The consequential pyruvate was reprocessed to glucose through gluconeogenesis. Not all nitrogen is excreted in the urine as urea, but also some are reused in protein synthesis. Glutamine form the principal substrate for gluconeogenesis in the kidney, and numerous amino acids are changed in to glutamine through transamination. Ammonia, which is a crucial nitrogenous by-product, is partially reutilized in protein synthesis and partially discharged in urine (Peitzman et al 2007 pp. 469-470).

Late stages of Starvation

As his body mass fell metabolism decreased to preserve resources and energy. The consequences were increased sleep, lessening muscle activity and reduced interior temperature. Furthermore, the requirement for gluconeogenesis decreases due to conversion of the central nervous system (CNS) to use ketone bodies for energy other than glucose. The stimulus for this adaptation was partly attributed to increase in ketone body or serum alanine concentration or by reduction in serum molar ratio of insulin to glucagon. Consequently, there was a drop of 75 to 20g/day in protein catabolism, followed drop of 3 to 5g/day in urea nitrogen excretion (Metabolic effects of starvation).

As he continued with starvation, about 5% of the total daily calories were produced by the protein catabolism. With a reduction in gluconeogenesis, adipose became significant energy substrate with metabolism of fat, conversion of free fatty acids to ketone bodies, and metabolism of ketone bodies by peripheral tissues producing approximately 60%, 10% and 25% of total daily calories spending (Metabolic effects of starvation). Rise in fat metabolism stimulated an increase in serum ketone body concentration, which finally surpasses the renal threshold. The physiological reaction towards prolong starvation is characterized by the availability of ketone bodies in urine. It is in this modification state that enable him survive for 53 days before he died (metabolic effects of starvation).

Conclusion

About 160g of adipose tissue and 75g of the body are metabolizing daily for every 1800kcal used during early stages of starvation. Every endogenous protein is used-up, even those with crucial tasks in metabolism, like digestive enzymes and organ and plasma proteins (Metabolic effects of starvation). Clinical evidence indicates that a majority of protein loss is traced from skeletal muscles. Lipolysis produces glycerol and free fatty acids, and it rose as concentration of serum insulin dropped with an increase in starvation. Although, free fatty acids were crucial energy source in the liver for Cori cycle, they were not directly involved in gluconeogenesis. The Cori cycle facilitated the transformation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate. Finally, to survive a prolonged starvation, depends one’s body preservation, the age and the ruthlessness of the Caloric deficit (Peitzman et al 2007 pp. 469-470). Studies indicate that nitrogen-sparing is effective when used with water solutions or glucose-free salt, permitting complete adaptation to starvation.

Bibliography

Gaw, A et al. 2008, Clinical biochemistry: an illustrated colour text, Endinburgh. New York: Churchill Livingstone.

Boullatta, JI & Armenti, VT 2010, Handbook of drug-nutrient interactions, New York: Humana Press.

Kent, G 2005, Freedom from want: the human right to adequate food, Washington, D.C., Georgetown University Press.

Davis, A 2010, Handbook of pediatric neuropsychology, Ney York; London: Springer.

McGuire, M & Beerman, KA, 2011, Nutritional sciences: from fundamentals to food, Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Brown, JE , Isaacs, JS et al. 2011, Nutrition through the life cycle, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage learning.

Duckett, S 2001, Pathology of the aging human nervous system, Oxford [u.a]: Oxford Univ. press.

Muller, MJ & Seitz, HJ 2000, Starvation-Induced Changes of Hepatic Glucose Metabolism in Hypo- and Hyperthyroid Rats in Vivo. Vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1370-1377.

Hervant, F, Mathieu, J & Durand, J 2001, Behavioural, Physiological and Metabolic Responses to Long-Term Starvation and Refeeding in a Blind Cave-Dwelling (Proteus Anguinus) and a Surface-Dwelling (euproctus asper) Salamander, Vol. 204, pp. 269-281.

Cahill, GF 2006, Fuel Metabolism in Starvation, vol. 26, pp. 1-22.

Becker, BL 2001, Principles and practice of endocrinology and metabolism. Philladelphia, pa.[u.a.]:Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

Peitzman, AB, et al. 2007, The trauma manual: trauma and acute care surgery, Philadelphia, Pa.; London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Shils, ME 2005, Modern nutrition in health and disease, Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Sss Payne, JJ, Grimble, GK & A Silk, DB 2001, Artificial nutrition support in clinical practice, London: Greenwich Medical Media.

Berg, JM, Tymoczko, JL & Stryer, L 2002, Section 30.3: food intake and starvation induce metabolic changes, viewed on 23, November, 2012, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22414/>.

TPN Team, Metabolic Effects of Starvation, viewed on 23 November, 2012, <http://www.tpnteam.com/secure/starvation_metabolism.html>.

Malnutrition- what to look for 2012, viewed on 23 November, 2012, <http://huntingtondisease.tripod.com/swallowing/id62.html>

New Technology and the End of Jobs

Man versus Machine in the Workplace:

Investigating the role of Artificial Intelligence in the Increasing Levels of Unemployment

Course

Date

Proposed Research Topic:

New Technology and the End of Jobs

Human beings are slowly being replaced with machines in almost every sector as well as industry by technology revolution. Many people are getting eliminated from their jobs permanently as the work category and job assignments continue to sink even further. Jobs are also being restructured and others are disappearing because of the continuous adoption of technology. There is continued unemployment and according to findings, global unemployment is at its record high since the great depression back in 1930s. An estimated 800 million people are un employed and this figure could even rise further. Millions of graduates who are hopeful for employment opportunities, who are continually entering the work force are continually finding themselves jobless. It is now clear that the rising figures of unemployment indicates a short term adjustment to a market so powerful and powerfully driven by forces that drive the global economy towards a new direction. The global market is looking forward towards an exciting world of high tech automated production, abundant materials that are unprecedented, and booming world commerce. In the US alone it is estimated that 2 million people are being eliminated annually from their jobs by corporations. In return the jobs that are created are low paying low sector jobs. The worrying factor is that this transition is all over the world. Even the developing nations are increasingly eliminating employees with built state of art which tech facilities used for production CITATION Bai13 l 1033 (Bailey, 2013).

Technology has changed to the disadvantage of human labor. There is what is referred to as “Big Data” by scientists. This is the use of computers to thrive on information from the international website, barcodes are placed on nearly every product. More information is passed across the internet every second twice the total amount of information that was stored on the entire internet some 20 years back. Giving an example with Wall-Mart, the store is capable of collecting approximately 50 million cabinets of information from the customer’s transactions every 1 hour. This is far much the capability of a human if they were to be left to handle the transactions, according to Andrew McAfee and Erick Brynjolfsson, (2012). Computers can make sense of so much data than human beings.

It is true that the world is changing technologically and this the major force towards unemployment, because machines are replacing human labor but corporations are taking this as an advantage to gain Return on Investment. ROI refers to the capital invested in a company and the return realized from the capital based on then net profit of the business. It is important to understand that profit and ROI are two different things. Profit is used to measure the performance of the business. ROI is not necessarily the same as profit. However ROI can be used to gauge the profitability of the business. It is used to identify the past and potential financial returns of a business looked by the managers as a project. This is because it can portray how successful a business is expressed in ratios or percentages. It is also used to describe financial returns and increased efficiencies in the organization. It is also used to calculate the much of a value an investment is.

ROI has been used in line with Artificial Intelligence (AI). It worth knowing that it is customer demand that drives today’s business and the demand patterns varies from period to period. Because of these variables it has become very difficult for organizations to develop accurate forecasts, which refers to the process of estimating future events. Forecasting reduces uncertainty and used to provide benchmarks used to monitor performance. Combinations of AI and emerging technologies have been used to improve the accuracy of forecasts to contribute to organization enhancement. It is perceived that the use of machines to replace human labor is more effective and contributes to profitability and improved ROI. This has also fueled investors to replace human labor with machinery and computer software.

There is a saying that goes that whatever is measured gets done. Human nature can also be measured. It is true that many workers constantly re-prioritize their work activities. It is also worth understanding that not everyone in an organization will work towards a common goal, that is, the success of the organization. It is therefore important to measure performance against input. Metrics have the attention of both manufacturing and business leaders. It is important to measure sectors in business activities and provide improvement where necessary. The following are some of the manufacturing metrics utilized mostly by process, discrete, and hybrid manufacturers:

Improving customer expectations and responsiveness such as on time delivery and manufacturing cycle time, Metrics to improve quality such as yield, consumer rejects, material returns, supplier quality incoming, Metrics for improving efficiency such as capacity utilization, throughput, overall equipment effectiveness, schedule of production effectiveness, Metrics for reducing inventory like WIP Inventory/ Turns, Metrics on increased flexibility and innovation like rate of new product introduction, and Engineering change order cycle time. Metrics for Ensuring Compliance, Metrics for reducing maintenance like percentage planned, Metrics for cost reduction and increasing profitability like net operating profit, productivity in revenue per employee, energy cost per unit, productivity in revenue per employee, and manufacturing cost as per percentage of revenue.

Variables Definitions Metric References

ROI Return On Investment-this is a business term used to identify the past and potential financial returns. It helps to indicate how successful a business is. Metrics on Improving Costumer Experience and Responsiveness-Manufacturing cycle time,

On-time delivery to Commit

Bailey, R. (2013, February 8). Were the Luddites right? Smart machines and the prospect of technological unemployment. Reason, 45(1), 48.

AI Artificial Intelligence-this is a computer science emphasizing on intelligent machines working and relating like humans. Metrics on improving quality-Customer rejects,

Yield

Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2012). Technology’s influence on employment and the economy. In Race against the machine: How the digital revolution is accelerating innovation, driving productivity, and irreversibly transforming employment and the economy (p. 10). Lexington, MA: Digital Frontier Press.

Metric These are quantifiable measures used to assess the position and status of a venture. Metrics on Improving Efficiency-effectiveness,

Through put,

Capacity utilization,

Grint, K., & Woolgar, S. (2013). The machine at work: Technology, work and organization. John Wiley & Sons.

Inventory These are stock held by a business in form of materials or goods for the purpose of repair, resale, or raw materials waiting processing. Metrics on Reducing inventory- Work in progress inventory turn Sachs, J. D., & Kotlikoff, L. J. (2012). Smart machines and long-term misery (No. w18629). National Bureau of Economic Research.

WIP Work In Progress- these are materials that are partly finished. They are materials that are already in the production process but have not yet turned to a fully finished product. Metrics on Increased flexibility and innovation-Engineering change,

Rate of new product introduction

Hart, M. (2013). Educating cheap labour’r. The learning society: Challenges and trends, 96.

Big Data This is the use of computers to thrive on information from the international website, barcodes are placed on nearly every product Metrics on Cost reduction and profitability-Productivity in revenue per employee,

Net operating profit

The agricultural industry has seen numerous changes in the previous 100 years. Since the conception of the modern horticulture in 1900, we have pushed ahead to the period of computerized improved farming where everything that is carried out before seeding and up to after harvesting produces data that can be broke down or analyzed. Big Data officially changed the horticulture industry a ton and in the impending decade this will get to be unmistakable or visible in every aspect of farming in the Western world and progressively likewise in the Developed world. There are three ranges that will be influenced the most by the chances of big data: reduced costs of operation and improved efficiency, crop and animal efficiency and improved productivity, optimization of crop prices and mitigation of weather conditions CITATION Gri13 l 1033 (Grint, 2013).

In the agricultural industry, the internet of things and industrial internet are adversely affecting agricultural equipment such as sprayers, tractors, harvesters, milking machines and soil cultivators. Farmers are now capable of getting information thanks to the sensors that have been deployed in machines such as tractors, cow milking and several others. These machines offer information in real time 24/7 even in the absence of the farmer. These machines act as smart machine that are capable of talking and can coordinate with each other to give the farmer the overall condition of the farm. They can predict problems and even take action before adamage can be realized. The farmer can take action immediately he sees a problem dismayed by the sensors and if the problem is very serious, a service employee will visit the farm.

These sensors have led to increased productivity in many processes of agriculture. They also predict failure and maintenance and also safe the farmer fuel and energy for harvesting and transportation by optimizing the best driving conditions especially in large farm because they can predict shorter routes to drive and help save a lot of fuel. These computers are integrated and they pass information to each other making the entire process manageable by only 1 person. These machines are managed by diagnostics to make sure that optimal settings are in place. These data are passed to the farmer who will then analyze them to ensure continuity of effective operation now and in future. Big Data technologies are continually making precision agriculture interesting. This includes recognition, understanding, exploitation of information capable of quantifying variations in crops and soil. This has helped the farmers a lot especially in optimization of the crop productivity CITATION Sac12 l 1033 (Sachs, 2012).

Not just yields and crops can be enhanced with huge information, additionally the farm animals will gain from enormous information innovation. Having sensors in the sheds will allow input on the states of the animals. Sensors can consequently measure the animal’s weight and conform bolstering if needed. Contingent upon the conditions in the shed or the states of the creatures, sustaining can be balanced too. The creatures will get the right nourishment and the perfect sum at the right minute. There are also chips inserted on the animals that can monitor their health conditions. Sick animals can receive medication through the food there are given and conditions of the sheds adjusted in any case they are affecting the animals. The heard can also be traced via the smart phone with the help of the chips placed on them. These sensors also display the mental health of the animals. Big Data flips around the customary horticulture industry. Despite the fact that the ventures can be significant for ranchers, the potential advantages of applying huge information advancements on the field are gigantic CITATION Har13 l 1033 (Hart, 2013).

I used both primary and secondary data collection methods to collect data. Under primary data collection, I collected the data myself by through qualitative and quantitative methods. I used observations, interviews, focus group interviews and questionnaires.

The following were the sourced of data I used:

Primary Data: interviews-I will use forms that will be completed by the respondents. Interviews are better for complex questions that I will be asking even though being expensive than questionnaires. Questionnaires: these are forms that are completed and returned by respondents. I will use this method of data collection because it is cheaper and they allow the respondents humble time to give feedback to the questions asked. Focus group interviews: I will identify a group of a particular group of people especially the farmers and people employed in the agriculture industry and conduct an interview on them. Observations: I will use direct observation to collect data. I will try and find observer programs to help me with the exercise.

Secondary data sources: Previous researches: I would use previous researches on how smart machines are affecting employment in Agriculture industry; official statistics: statistics published by government agencies or other public agencies on economic and social development and environment; Mass media products: data from media houses on development in the Agricultural and horticultural industry and how machinery is affecting employment in the industry; Government reports: the government publications and reports on Agricultural Industry and how smart machinery and Big Data is affecting employment; Web Information: searching the international network for data on Big Data and smart machinery and how they are affecting employment in Agricultural industry; Historical data and information: the history of smart machinery and Big data.

References

Bailey, R. (2013, February 8). Were the Luddites right? Smart machines and the prospect of technological unemployment. Reason, 45(1), 48.

Grint, K., & Woolgar, S. (2013). The machine at work: Technology, work and organization. John

Wiley & Sons.

Sachs, J. D., & Kotlikoff, L. J. (2012). Smart machines and long-term misery (No. w18629).

National Bureau of Economic Research.

Hart, M. (2013). Educating cheap labour’r. The learning society: Challenges and trends, 96.

man Vs Machine III

Man versus Machine in the Workplace:

Investigating the role of Artificial Intelligence in the Increasing Levels of Unemployment

Managerial Research Analysis (BUS 518)

January 25, 2015

Proposed Research Topic:

New Technology and the End of Jobs

Variables Definitions Metric References

On-time delivery to Commit

Bailey, R. (2013, February 8). Were the Luddites right? Smart machines and the prospect of technological unemployment. Reason, 45(1), 48.

AI Artificial Intelligence-this is a computer science emphasizing on intelligent machines working and relating like humans. Metrics on improving quality-Customer rejects,

Yield

Metric These are quantifiable measures used to assess the position and status of a venture. Metrics on Improving Efficiency-effectiveness,

Through put,

Capacity utilization,

Grint, K., & Woolgar, S. (2013). The machine at work: Technology, work and organization. John Wiley & Sons.

Rate of new product introduction

Hart, M. (2013). Educating cheap labour’r. The learning society: Challenges and trends, 96.

Net operating profit

The following were the sourced of data I used:

References

Bailey, R. (2013, February 8). Were the Luddites right? Smart machines and the prospect of technological unemployment. Reason, 45(1), 48.Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2012). Technology’s influence on employment and the economy. In Race against the machine: How the digital revolution is accelerating innovation, driving productivity, and irreversibly transforming employment and the economy (p. 10). Lexington, MA: Digital Frontier Press.

Grint, K., & Woolgar, S. (2013). The machine at work: Technology, work and organization. John

Wiley & Sons.Sachs, J. D., & Kotlikoff, L. J. (2012). Smart machines and long-term misery (No. w18629).

National Bureau of Economic Research.Hart, M. (2013). Educating cheap labour’r. The learning society: Challenges and trends, 96.

Man with a Movie Camera film

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Man with a Movie Camera film

The documentary, Man with a Movie Camera, seems to be a straight reportorial documentary, but it does not give the impression of the reality presented and remains unaffected by the film medium. Alternatively, Dziga Vertov proclaims editing with cinematography manipulative power as the aspect tends to shape tiny scenes multitude of daily reality to highly idiosyncratic to an experimental documentary. At the same time, Vertov name is linked to an editing technique, which he equates the eye with a filmmaker gathering shots from different places and then links them in a creative manner for the spectator. It is evident that Vertov theoretic writings tend to compare the camera lens to the eye with the use of both theoretical and practical approach.

The documentary borrows a similar idea as the basis for the whole associational form. It is a celebration of the power of a documentary filmmaker to control people reality perception by using special effects and editing. In the film, the opening image confirms a camera in a close up position. A double exposure effect makes the film camera operator climb the giant camera top and come up with an extreme long shot. He sets up a camera on what seems like a tripod for some time and then climbs down. The play shot scale in a single image seems to emphasize the cinema power to alter reality in magical way. The cinematographic special effects appear as a motif in the entire film and with no intention of being visible like a science fiction documentary. Instead, Vertov flaunts the aspect that he makes us of the camera to alter the daily realities. Such an example is evident when he makes use of pixilation in objects animation. Another scene shows him conveying radio sound by a dancer superimposed images and a hand-playing piano in a black background. The virtuosic motif with special effects tends to culminate into the famed final shot. The camera is also personified at various points in the film, which is linked with human beings actions being edited.

A brief segment in the film illustrates the lens of the camera focusing and later blurry flower shots coming into focus. It is instantly followed by a comic juxtaposition, which rapidly intercuts two aspects’ woman fluttering eyelids, while drying her face using a towel and venetian blinds sets opening and closing. Lastly, another show demonstrates lens camera with a diaphragm also closing and opening. The eye of a human being is equated to venetian blinds with the lenses being the eye, which opens and closes in the process keeping out or accepting light. Later on pixilation permits the camera to move independently and walk on three legs. The film belongs to documentaries genre, which become of great significance in the 1920s.The opening of the documentary, has a camera operator busy filming as he passes between curtains of a movie theater, which is empty while moving towards the screen. The next action that follows is the theater opening as spectators start to come, an orchestra starting to play with the commencement of the play.

The film first watched by the audience seems to be of a city symphony depicting the normal day of town life. There is an asleep woman, empty streets, closed shops as few people start appearing to awaken the city. The film’s applies a rough development principle, which progresses from waking up, daily activities to leisure time. The early waking up segment sees the camera operator setting out all his equipment as if he is starting to work again. The action tends to create one of the many deliberate inconsistencies in the film. Seemingly, now the camera operator appears in his own film as Vertov emphasize the aspect by cutting back instantly to the sleeping woman who was the first thing we had seen before in the film within a film. Throughout the documentary, same captions as well as effects are filmed, edited, and eventually viewed in a scrambled order by the onscreen audience. Towards the end of the documentary, the audience in theater watches the camera operator on the screen, while filming on a moving motorcycle. Various motifs in the films used in the earlier segments return, although in a fast motion. It is evident that the simple that the simple ordinary city symphony orders remains broken and jungled. He creates an extraordinary time scheme, which emphasizes impossible cinema manipulative powers. The film does not show one city and instead mixes the footages that have been filmed in Kiev, Odessa and Moscow. This means that that the camera operator moves easily during the ‘day’fiming.

Vertov cinema view in relation to the cityscape is conveyed well in one shot, which makes usage of extraordinary focused composition against the camera found in the foreground and looms over remote buildings. Although the film is a city symphony, it goes past the genre. Apart from the exuberant power celebration of the cinemas, the film has different explicit and unspoken meanings, which at times might be missed by viewers who do not understand Russian. The film aims at praising as well as criticizing Soviet society aspects after the decade revolution. The film has many juxtapositions comprising of machines as well as human labor. Vertov pints out the weak points associated with the contemporary life like the evident class inequalities. The shots taken in a beauty shop depicts other people bourgeois values, which have survived the famed revolution.

Leisure time sequence, which is almost evident at the end of the film, conflicts with the shot where workers are participating in outdoors sports, as chubby women seem to be exercising in weight loss gyms. He also take time to analyze drunkenness as main social problem in Russia as evident in the first shot in the inner film, which shows a deserted person sleeping outdoors next to a big bottle advertising a café. At the same time, a shop front easily noticeable advertises alcoholic drinks like wine with many shots of workers clubs, which were formerly churches. There is also a scene, whereby the camera operator also visits a bar with the contrast between the two places made clear by associational crosscutting. A woman shooting at specific targets in one of the clubs shoots away beer bottles, which disappear by stop motion from crates in the bar.

The documentary is viewed as Vertov argument on filmmaking as he opposes the narrative form and usage of professional actors. He prefers usage of camera techniques in films together with an editing table, which creates effects on the audience. The camera operator wakes up to go to work in the morning just like all other workers. At the same time, like them h makes use of a machine during his filming as the camera crank is compared to a cash register crank at various points. The projector’s moving parts in the theater is likened to factory machines evident in different sequences. Vertov demonstrates further how the film being watched the audience and the audience within are a product of specific labor. The editor at work who is Vertov wife together with the real editor of the documentary are seen at work. Her gestures, which involves scrapping and then using a brush to put cement on it to make splices are cut in with beauty parlor shots where a manicurist tends to wield a similar brush together with a nail file.

Various scenes in the film illustrate similar shots in different contexts in both the screen and the screen in the movie theater. They are not supposed to be viewed as recorded reality moments but also pieces put together by film workers to make it whole. The camera operator has to resort to different means, although at times dangerous to get his shots. He climbs a big smokestack and crouches across various stacks for filming of oncoming train by riding a motorcycle using one hand cranking the camera to capture the race action. The art of filmmaking is presented as a craft unlike an elite oriented craft. Vertov hope is that the Soviet public finds his filmmaking entertaining as well as educational judging from the audience delighted reactions in the theater. The implicit meaning seems to relate to a sysmptomatic meaning evident in the film.

Conclusion

Vertov’s fascination film is evident in his experimentation with the material as he layers, tilts and crosscuts the film to create unusual effects and improve the narrative. He constantly makes uses of the camera’s whole potential with careful selection of the right aspect for an individual subject. Elements such as fast panning and cutting to evoke high pace in growth, work and development as well as slow motion helps in understanding human as well as animal body, which are in such as motion, stopping, together with handheld movement. Vertov finds the film’s comparable to magic as he films the performance of a magician as well as captures the mesmerized children’s faces. Another scene shows the editor as magician by bringing the movie alive for spellbound audience watching in the theatre. Apart from the form or the film being a medium, Vertov’s manifesto seems to carry a solid ideological content. He dislikes fiction film genres as well as fake romanticism, which drive humankind to long for prosperity and comfort.

It is evident that he believes in realism values instead of giving the audience together with the society artificial emotion. In the film, he sets a man in motion to ensure he is physically and mentally active to the machine that makes him a new man. The film captures activity, work, enthusiasm and production as he watches human beings together with their machines work together for the creation of a new society ,which is classless .Such a society understand that all genders are equal with athleticism celebrated in the same way as a inquisitive mind, and sincere soul ,which views work as important like leisure. Vertov’s perfect society believe that leisure is also active and comprise of sports and maintenance of motion. The documentary is a celebration of growth, vitality, and energy being optimistic as well positive.

List five benefits and drawbacks to strategic outsourcing. You may use any mix of benefits and drawbacks in your response.

Management (Take Home Final Exam)

Presented by

Institution

Section A

Question three

List five benefits and drawbacks to strategic outsourcing. You may use any mix of benefits and drawbacks in your response.

Benefits

Strategic outsourcing increases the profitability of an organization by enabling effective distribution of resources. Outsourcing ensures a firm acquires new experts from other companies who use their knowledge in increasing productivity within the assigned departments.

An organization becomes more flexible and can easily adapt to changing market situations hence achieving a competitive advantage. When an organization contracts another organization, it makes its operations more flexible by learning new methods of conducting businesses to achieve a competitive advantage.

The transparency of the company is enhanced as people focus more on core competencies.

The organization gets access to skilled expertise

It ensures better risk management whereby an organization can easily take control of risks by using contractors to highlight them and advice on their mitigation measures

Drawbacks

Outsourcing encourages loss of managerial control in an organization

When an organization signs a contract with another company to perform the functions of a certain department, the management and control of that particular department turns falls in the hands of the outsourced company. This leads to the contracting company losing managerial control over some areas.

High hidden costs

Once an outsourcing company is contracted, it performs all assigned duties covered in the contract while the contracting company caters for other extra costs in line with the contract. The extra costs slowdown implementation of organization’s strategic plans.

Loss of organization’s strategic alignment

An organization fond of outsourcing other companies is unable to carry out its strategic processes because it always depends on others for business advices. In addition, the management lacks quality strategic commands when it comes to implementing changes aimed at increasing company profitability.

An organization experiences poor quality control

Strategic outsourcing decreases the control in an organization because, many essential operations are conducted by the contracted companies. In addition, the organization has difficulties organizing its employees especially those under the contracted company.

Decreased company loyalty

Strategic outsourcing makes an organization lose its loyalty. Other companies who used to transact businesses with the organization minimize their interaction.

Question four

Explain the differences between related and unrelated diversification. And provide an example of each?

Related diversification takes place when an organization expands its existing product lines and business (Braksick, 2007). For example, a phone company might decide a strategy of diversifying its services introducing wireless gadgets and services such as wireless internet through purchasing a company offering wireless services. On the other hand, unrelated diversification occurs when occurs when an organization introduces a new product lines or market different from its core business activities. For example, the same phone company could decide on starting a broadcasting station for both television and radio programs.

Question 5

A diversification strategy can increase firm profitability, list only five means

Reducing risks of failure

Diversification allows an organization to depend on many customers and loss of one customer does not introduce any risks of failure.

Decreased pricing pressures

The Company has the capability of maintaining its prices because of a wide range of customers to choose from.

Increased organizational competitiveness

Diversification allows an organization to focus many hence giving an opportunity for growth and development. The company therefore; ends up increasing its competitive advantage

Diversification increases firm performance and output

Diversification encourages sharing of resources across businesses that lead to reduced costs of production and high profitability.

Question 10

Name five (5) advantages and disadvantages of vertical integration strategies

Advantages

Vertical integration strategies encourage control over the value chain because retailers are more involved in production and distribution process.

Vertical integration strategies offer an organization the ability to control costs during the whole distribution process

Vertical integration strategies increase the competitive advantage on a firm by blocking competitors from accessing principal markets

Vertical integration strategies increase differentiation by giving a company access to more production inputs, effective distribution of resources and encouraging retail channels.

Vertical integration strategies encourage investment in specialized assets like human assets.

Disadvantages of vertical integration strategies

They lead to higher costs when a firm fails to manage new strategies effectively

Lack of competition may lead to owners of supply and distribution channels producing low quality products.

It increases high potential for legal repercussion leading to a monopoly market situation

It may lead to competitive disadvantage where old strategies corrodes with new strategies

High investments results into reduced flexibility and increased bureaucracy.

Section B

Question 3

When firms enter international markets, they often are confronted with pressures of cost reductions to remain competitive. Please provide 4 situations whereby firms will face the need to reduce their costs in order to remain competitive

If other firms selling the same products market them at lower prices: A firm that enters the international market while selling its products at higher prices than its competitors will be forced to reduce the price in order to be at the same level

The quality of products also triggers the company to reduce prices upon entering the international market. New entrants into the international market might discover their products are of low quality hence are forced to sell them at lower than normal prices in order to make customers buy them.

Many businesses offering the same product also opts an organization to reduce its prices in order to attract more customers.

Promotion and advertisement: A new business needs to promote and advertise its products upon entering the international market to do this they have to offer their products at lower prices than normal.

Question 4

In some markets, firms discover that in order to remain competitive they must “localize” their product, including modifications of the entire marketing mix. What situations might bring about these marketing modifications?

Understanding marketing fundamentals of marketing assists business owners in creating a perfect market entry strategy using market mix modifications. Current marketing challenges require an organization to create a sustainable business environment in order to remain competitive (Armstrong & Kotler, 2011). Some of the situations that bring about market modifications include the following. Firstly, the firm might realize it is using a product distribution strategy that affects the entire market mix. On such a case, the firm can modify its means of distribution in order to meet the new market demands. Secondly, when a firm enters a new market it may come across different business laws. The firm will have no other alternative but to modify its marketing mix operations to fit the new market rules and regulations.

Question 6

Firm’s distinctive competencies may play a role in determining the choice of international entry mode. What entry mode would a highly tech firm most likely prefer? Explain why.

A high tech firm would look for an international market entry mode that offers best opportunities for making profits. Licensing is the best entry mode for high tech firms into the international market. Licensing entry mode favors companies with protected assets because they form the key differentiating factors in their marketing channels. For example, Sony Electronics is a high the firm that would require its products licensed to trade in an international market upon entry in order to maintain its brand name. Sony would license its characters to manufacturers and marketers in all categories such as music system and television sets as it focuses on its core business goals and competences. Sony’s licensing agreements in many countries allows it an easier entry to new markets without many challenges (Arnold, 2003).

Section C

Question 1

Competitive advantage is the key to creating customer value and superior profitability. Construct a model of competitive advantage. Be sure to properly use the following terms: resources, capabilities, superior quality, superior innovation, superior efficiency, superior customer service, distinctive competencies, value creation, generic strategies and superior profitability. Additional labels will enhance your illustration.

The figure below shows an example model of competitive advantage.

Figure 1: Competitive advantage structure

From figure 1, a firm’s competitive advantage requires adequate resources, distinctive competences, capabilities, superior customer service, efficiency, distinctive competences and superior quality control. Cost advantage leads to value creation resulting to superior profitability of the firm.

Question 2

Construct a model that shows the relationship among the following: distinctive competencies, a firm’s business model and the set of strategies that configure its value chain that leads to competitive advantage for the firm.

Figure 2

Question 3

Explain how quality affects a firm’s profitability. A model that includes the terms reliability and productivity will greatly enhance your response.

The profitability of a firm is greatly affected by the quality of operations. To start with, the quality of people managing the firm contributes a lot to its success. Managers who are ready for changes and perform according to the current business environment have a high probability of increasing productivity of a firm and make it acquire more profits. Secondly, the performance of employees in a firm determines how much profits it receives. A firm whose employees understand the meaning of reliability and efficiency at workplace produce quality services that enhance firm’s growth and development. In addition, higher concentration of employees to their duties encourages perfect behaviors and increased profitability. Thirdly, the quality of products and services offered in a firm contributes to its profitability. A firm that understands the value of its customers through offering effective customer services and producing quality goods always receive more profits in return. Finally, the quality of the operations on a firm influences its level of profit. A firm with an effective structure whereby flow of information is free and fluent from the top management to the bottom level management receives many gains when it comes to productivity. Effective communication of ideas, strategies and plans improves growth and productivity that in turn leads into increased profits (Fulmer & Conger, 2004).

Quality of employees productivity

Performances of employees

Quality of products and services

Quality of operations. Example, firm structure management and effective communication

Profitability

Figure 3: effects of quality on firm’s profitability

References

Arnold, D. (2003). Strategies for entering and developing international markets: Modes of

market entry. Pearson FT Press. Retrieved from:

http://www.ftpress.com/articles/article.aspx?p=101588&seqNum=2Braksick, L. W. (2007). Unlock behavior, unleash profits: developing leadership behaviour that

drives profitability in your organization (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Fulmer, R. M., & Conger, J. A. (2004).Growing your company’s leaders how great

organizations use succession management to sustain competitive advantage. New York: AMACOM.

Peters, T. (2013). The benefits of outsourcing. Retrieved from:

http://www.outsource2india.com/why_outsource/articles/benefit_outsourcing.asp

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List five benefits and drawbacks to strategic outsourcing. You may use any mix of benefits and drawbacks in your response.

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