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Applications of Nanotechnology

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Introduction

The importance of nursing as a profession cannot be gainsaid as far as enhancing the quality of services provided in healthcare institutions is concerned. Underlining the fundamental roles that they play in the healthcare sector is the fact that they communicate with the clients, other healthcare professionals, support persons, as well as individuals in the community. Their work is spread out across being caregivers, teachers, communicators, client advocates, counselors, managers, leaders, and even case managers. Like every other profession, nursing has underlined the importance of incorporating technology in the conduction of the varied activities. It goes without saying that technology goes a long way in enhancing the quality and efficiency of services in the healthcare industry (Ball and Kathryn 41). Varied forms of technological advancements have been crafted in the recent times, with nanotechnology coming as one of the most promising one.

Nanotechnology and nanoscience refers to the study, as well as application of extremely small things that may be used in other science fields such as biology, engineering, material science, physics and chemistry. The Merriam Webster dictionary defines nanotechnology as a science that deals with the manipulation of materials on a molecular and atomic scale in an effort to build microscopic devices such as robots. Its application revolves around the capacity to see, as well as control these individual atoms and molecules so as to achieve a certain objective. Nanotechnology comes as a rapidly advancing area of science, with development being seen in an array of sectors (Allhoff and Patrick 43). The utility of the nanotechnology resides in the extremely small nature of the nanoparticles, which allows for enhanced interaction with other substances at the subatomic and atomic levels. These particles do not behave like liquids, gases or solids, and they come with distinctive electronic and mechanical properties (Ball and Kathryn 43). Nanotechnology has gained widespread application in the form of nanorobots (molecular robots) that can be implanted in the human body so as to monitor and alter physiological functions, drug delivery, disease alterations, enhancing cellular repair, as well as counteracting the process of aging, among other uses.

One of the most fundamental applications of nanotechnology is in the treatment of cancer. Currently, there are more than 20 nanotechnology drugs that are in clinical trials for varied types of cancers that range from blood cancers to solid tumors. Varied nanomaterials have gained immense use in medicine. These include nanoshells, which incorporate a core of silica, as well as a metallic outer layer, and have the capacity to be decorated using molecular probes for cancer-related compounds (Allhoff and Patrick 45). Nanoparticles are used in targeting tumor and other cells for treatment and imaging, while quantam dots are nanoparticles that are created from semiconductor materials that have the capacity to be connected to antibodies or other molecules that have the capacity to bind to a target (Murray 38). Fullerenes have the exceptional strength and distinctive thermal and electrical properties, while nanowires have diameters in the nanometer range, which have been valued for their electronic and structural properties. Other nanomaterials used in medicine may include dendrimers, liposomes and micelles.

Nanotechnology has been seen as extremely useful thanks to the complexity of cancer. It is worth noting that cancerous tumors are heterogeneous and are persistently changing with time. The technology has the capacity to enhance precision and control. Scholars have also noted that nanotechnology has the capacity to enhance the diagnosis monitoring of cancer through enabling high-throughput detection pertaining to complex molecular signatures, as well as enhancing the contrast of imaging (Allhoff and Patrick 47). Nanochips, for instance, may be used in separating proteins in the blood by charge and size, thereby fostering the identification of the molecular signature of cancers in an individual patient.

In addition, magnetic iron-based nanoparticles that have fluorescent tags may be used in imaging, where they would act as improved magnetic resonance contrast agents, thereby being used for MR-based assays (Ball and Kathryn 45). Currently, there are clinical trials on progress that use silica-gold nanoshells as real-time molecular probes in breast tissues that have the capacity to over-express HER2, the breast cancer biomarker.

In addition, nanotechnology has gained immense use in cancer treatment. Nanotechnology has the potential to enhance precision pertaining to targeting the appropriate or desired cells using an anti-cancer drug, thereby reducing the undesirable side effects through the reduction of systemic spread throughout the body (Allhoff and Patrick 56). Scholars and researchers have noted that nanomedicines used in the treatment of ovarian and breast cancer encase the conventional or typical cytotoxic drug such as liposome nanoparticles and paclitaxel in albumin, thereby hindering the release of their contents until such a time when they get to the target cells, thereby reducing the destruction that such medications have on the healthy cells (Allhoff and Patrick 76). One of the key benefits pertaining to the use of nanomedicine in cancer treatment is the fact that the maximum tolerated dose for the drugs would be far much higher in instances where it is encased in a targeted nanoparticle. Studies have outlined the fact that tumor necrosis factors (TNF) can be administered safely at high doses to melanoma patients in instances where it is incorporated in gold nanoparticles. Of particular note is the fact that tumor necrosis factor has had its use limited or restricted by the toxic reactions that it elicits.

Moreover, nanotechnology has been immensely used in the prevention of cancer. It has been noted that nanotechnology would be useful in the field of cancer prevention as far as the delivery of sufficient cancer-fighting compounds to patients in instances where those patients do not have the capacity to take in that compound in sufficiently high quantities through conventional or ordinary means. This is the case for Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), for instance, which is a compound that is found in green tea that incorporates cancer-fighting activities but is extremely poor oral absorption (Ball and Kathryn 47). In addition, researchers have come up with a nanoparticle that has the capacity to deliver EGCG in high doses, with studies being conducted on an animal model pertaining to prostate cancer. It is worth noting that the nanoparticle-enclosed EGCG, in the animal model, induced programmed cell death, decreased the volume of the tumor and hindered the formation of new blood vessels (Ball and Kathryn 47). Of course, there is immense work that remains to be done in an effort to enhance the development and design of nanomedicines. Of particular importance is the improvement of the knowledge pertaining to the things that make up precancerous lesions, as well as the manner in which they populations that are at risk can be detected. These populations would, undoubtedly become candidates for studies pertaining to prevention using nanomedicines that are developed in such a way that they can lower the risk of cancer.

While nanotechnology has gained immense use in the treatment of cancer, there have been a number of safety issues. It is worth noting that the long-term toxicities pertaining to nanoparticles that are used in medical practice currently remain unknown. However, nanostructures have the capacity to enter into cells of organs and reside there for an undetermined period of time prior to relocating to other organs or even being excreted. All this time, it would have unknown effects on the organs with which it comes into contact. This underlines the importance of collaboration between the varied regulatory agencies in the United States to ensure that the effects are not detrimental to the health of individuals, as well as ensure that the risks are not higher than the benefits derived from the technology as far as the health of individuals is concerned (Murray 48). Indeed, the general public incorporates natural fears pertaining to nanotechnology, especially considering the numerous unknowns. In essence, it is imperative that the public receives more and improved education pertaining to the nature of nanotechnology, including the meaning of naotoxicity in food or the environment, versus the meaning that it carries in medicine and nursing (Murray 49). In this regard, it is imperative that there is increased knowledge pertaining to biodistribution, excretion, metabolism, as well as the degradation of nanomaterials, which would go a long way ion demystifying the new field especially in the eyes of the public. On the same note, it is imperative that studies are conducted on the nanoparticles that are not excreted or metabolized so as to determine the long-term effects that they have on the human body. In instances where tracking some nanoparticles in vivo is difficult as is currently the case, it is imperative that new techniques of tracking them is identified.

Works cited

Murray, J. Peter. Nursing Informatics 2020: Proceedings of Ni2006 Post Congress Conference. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2007. Print.

Allhoff, Fritz, and Patrick Lin. Nanotechnology & Society: Current and Emerging Ethical Issues. Dordrecht?: Springer, 2008. Print.

Ball, Marion J, and Kathryn J. Hannah. Nursing Informatics: Where Technology and Caring Meet. London: Springer, 2011. Print.

Applying Economics to Current Issues

Applying Economics to Current Issues

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Applying Economics to Current Issues

Part A Economic Systems and Government policy

Q# 1. Choose a recent example of a Government policy measure that has been introduced to influence the market’s outcome to the fundamental economic question: What to produce?

The law of demand and supply for a particular products has been inlay in almost all government activities, some of the main issues include the fact that the government relies on the market forces in determining what to produce and how much to produce. Fiscal policies and taxation are the main policy measures that the government uses to determine what to produce. The taxation policy is meant to reduce the level of reliance on gas and petrol. The government is concerned about the green house effect and has increased its taxation on oil and gas. The main problem that the government experienced while using this policy included the resistance from special interest parties and pressure from the OPEC.Q# 2. Choose a recent example of a Government policy measure that has been introduced to influence the market’s outcome to the fundamental economic question: How to produce?Explain the policy measure, and what it was intended to achieve. Comment on any problems that may arise.

The policy measures that the government uses to determine how to produce is the redistribution policy in which the government determines what how to produce with the public interest at heart. The US government uses the redistribution policy to determine which area is fit for producing a particular product. And which method is fit for this work. The government always relies on reviving industries to provide create employment tom its citizens. For example the federal government intervened when the three main out-manufacturers in the country needed bailout. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler have all been having financial problems and the employees were laid out to cut production cost. However, as time passed by, the government had to intervene by giving out load with some companies paying back .some paying and some plunging deep into debt. The federal government has however, failed to realize the amount as it is counting its bailout losses.

Part B Economic Analysis of Contemporary Events.

Oil and gas prices are the main news item that captured the headlines of newspapers and media in the last three years. This was caused by the escalating prices which have been on the increase for a number of reasons. However, the bottom line for news items was that the escalating prices of oil and gas was due to the environmental and economic factors which can only be related to the forces of demand and supply of oil and gas. It is also important to note that the prices of oil and gas have also defied most of the economic projections made by economic analysts.

Boardman, David & David, (1996) argue that some of the main projection about the 2012 is that the general demand for oil in the US will drop; this is based on the weakening economy. The EIA estimates that the volume of crude oil demanded will fall after the strong dollar value in the past two quarters; this is also assumed to affect the general rate of consumption of oil in the country. The modest economic growth projected by (Foster, 2000), the total demand for oil and gas in the US is likely to fall below a certain level upon which the country. These fall in demand s due to the increasing unemployment and the slow inflation that has been lurking over the past few months. With the rate of unemployment in the country, most households are cutting on their general expenses; this makes using family cars a luxury thereby reducing the demand for oil and gas.

The key influencers of the economic condition are likely to change in the final quarter of the year 2012 based on the data provided in the table 1. The demand for gas in the US is as shown in the table below:

 

Buyer Demand per Consumer

Price per liter Quantity (liters) demanded per week

$3.00 50

$2.75 60

$2.50 75

$2.25 95

$2.00 120

The schedule shows the correlation between the prices of gas in the country and the relative change in the quantity of gas demanded by an average family in the US. When the price of oil and gas in the US was low, the quantity of gas and oil demanded was very high; however, the sudden increase in the price of oil and gas in the country resulted into a decrease in the volume of oil and gas that the country uses. Government increased the price of oil and gas before that market forces came into play by increase the tax paid on oil and gas product, making oil and gas very expensive. The inverse relationship between the price of oil and demand for the same goods is the fundamental law behind oil and gas prices in the country (Foster, 2000).

The Law of Supply

The supply of good and service determines the price of the same good, for example, when the price of gas increased, the suppliers increased the volume the volume of oil and gas that they produced based on the various efficiency issues. However, these same metrics are also at play, when the government intervened. For example, when the suppliers were many, the price charged on oil and gas was very low, however, as the demand increased the prices of the oil and gas increased which then forced some household to stop using oil and gas products,.

Gas Supply per Consumer

Price per liter Quantity (liters) supplied per week

$1.20 50

$1.30 60

$1.50 75

$1.75 95

$2.15 120

The data shown in the table above have been used to develop, the supply curve shown bellow.

.

These two forces lead to the formation of an equilibrium price at which the prices of oil and gas is agreeable to both the suppliers and the customers. At this market equilibrium, the consumers are willing to pay for what the producers and the government charge to the gas and oil

These changes are likely to affect the general consumption of oil and gas, but the fact still remains that the producers and the customers are in charge of the market. The government intervention to reduce reliance on oil and gas is effective as the number of oil and gas consumers decreased remarkably. The market equilibrium price is $1.50, with a supply of 75 liters per consumer per week (Dahl, 2010).

Changes in Demand and Supply

According to Thurman, (2009), a number of changes in the volume and prices of the oil and gas demanded and supplied by the companies can occur, when this occur, the government will have to intervene. However, a number of forces are still at play, causing shifts in the curves as well as movements along the curves. The shift in the demand curves is caused by changes in the Consumer income, Consumer preference Price and availability of substitute goods as well as the population. These forces are

.

  Quantity (liters)per week

Price per liter Demand 1 Demand 2

$2.00 50 30

$1.75 60 40

$1.50 75 55

$1.25 95 75

$1.00 120 100

You can see this in the graph in figure 4, below. At each price point, the total demand is less, and the demand curve shifts.

On the other hand, when the demand shifted, the equilibrium prices also shifted.

Demand 2 Demand 1 Supply

Quantity (liters)per week Price per liter Quantity (liters)per week Price per liter Quantity (liters) per week Price per liter

30 $2.00 50 $2.00 50 $1.20

40 $1.75 60 $1.75 60 $1.30

55 $1.50 75 $1.50 75 $1.50

75 $1.25 95 $1.25 95 $1.75

100 $1.00 120 $1.00 120 $2.15

These are some of the key issues in the oil industry, it is also important to understand that any change in the prices of oil and gas in the US reverberates to the whole world.

Conclusion

The price increase in oil and gas increased the price of most of the things in the world, leading to inflation. Additionally, if the US does not implement proper fiscal measures to check on the escalating prices, the rate of inflation would increase and major trading blocs would break leading to more economic problem. It is therefore important for the fed to develop and implement policies that would help in minimizing the general impact of the oil crisis, by initiating measures geared at reducing the overdependence on oil and gas product. An alternative source of energy can be the only solution; however this new source should also be environmentally friendly.

References

Boardman, E., David H. & David W., (1996). Cost-Benefit Analysis Concepts and Practice. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Dahl, C., (2010). “Review and Critique of Elasticities Used in the World Energy Projections plus Model.”U.S Energy Information Administration, Department of Energy, Office of Integrated Forecasting and Analysis. Washington D.C.February 1, 2010.

Foster,G., (2000). Petroleum Supply and Demand Elasticity Estimates.Presented to the U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service inpartial fulfillment of Contract No. 1435-01-99-CT-30996

Thurman, N. (2009). “AppliedGeneralEquilibrium Welfare Analysis.”American Journal of Agricultural Economics 73(5).

Appointment System of State

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Appointment System of State Judges

State judges carry out various duties just as federal judges but they differ in other aspects. Depending on a state’s legal arrangement, there may be different types of judges at the state level. Selection of state judges varies from state to state and it can be political at times since some judges are elected to their positions. State judges ought to be appointed since they keep watch over the legislative and executive branches of the government.

There are different types of state level judges thus their qualification differ from one level to the other (United States Institute of Peace 1). For instance, if one is looking forward to become a justice of peace in Texas. The candidate should be acquainted with the following qualifications; the candidate must be a citizen of United States, must be 18years of age prior to the appointment date, must be mentally competent, must have a clear or no criminal record and must be eligible for the office.

State judges therefore need to be appointed and not elected since their work is sensitive and requires high qualification levels, legal knowledge and ability, professional experience, judicial temperament, diligence, good health, financial responsibility, public service and integrity. State judges are in most cases appointed by state governors. These governors appoint judges who agree with their positions, while voters select governors who support their positions. There are two types of state judge’s appointment, i.e. gubernatorial appointment and legislative appointments (Maxwell, Crain and Santos 286). The main reasons as to why state judges should be appointed are as follows.

Most state judges who use appointment systems are appointed according to their integrity, experience and academic qualification unlike the elected state judges who may lack the necessary qualifications but be elected on basis of their political popularity. In most cases, appointed judges serve for a long time unlike the elected ones and this increases secrecy, competence and consistency in the judiciary. Mostly where state judges are elected, there are higher chances of negative campaigning and publicized disagreements over important issues getting into the judicial election process, especially where a candidate runs as a member of a well known political party. Judges who are influenced by campaign contributions are in most times unable to resist problems faced through associations and friendships that are brought forth in court (Oakley and Amar 48). This is unlikely to happen when appointment process is used. Appointment of state law judges ensures there is gender equality and increases chances of women representatives in the judiciary, especially where the court is already male dominated. In gubernatorial appointment, most people feel the selection mechanism is necessary for the promotion of judicial independence. In appointment system, judges are protected from the threat of removal that would result from an election. In addition, appointed judges have no worries about voters’ approval of their decision-making.

It is therefore important to employ the appointment method during selection process of state judges. This is because the appointment process is reliable, efficient and it guarantees secrecy and competence in the judiciary. However, it is necessary for any government to put in check the judges to be answerable to governors and citizens at large (Neubauer and Meinhold 87). This in return will reduce engagement of their personal affairs in the judiciary and political interference, thus increasing their performance and competency.

References

Maxwell, William Earl, Earnest Crain and Adolfo Santos. Texas Politics Today: 2011-2012 Edition. Michigan: Cengage Learning, 2011.

Neubauer, David W. and Stephen S. Meinhold. Judicial Process: Law, Courts, and Politics in the United States. Michigan: Cengage Learning, 2012.

Oakley, John Bilyeu and Vikram D. Amar. American Civil Procedure: A Guide to Civil Adjudication in Us Courts. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2009.

United States Institute of Peace. United States Institute of Peace in Brief. Michigan: University of Michigan, 1989.

ARCH8015 Module 1 Assessment. Module 1 Funding Body Profiles Template

Funding Body ProfilesARCH8015 Module 1 Assessment Task – Funding body profiles

1. Name of the funding body: The Toyota Foundation

URL (website address) An explanation of where their money comes from A list of what types of activities / items they will provide money for How much money will they award? A list of who is eligible to apply A list of who is ineligible to apply

http://www.toyotafound.or.jp/english Toyota Motor Corporation limited

Toyota Motor Sales Company Limited.

(The Toyota foundation, (Dec 2010) Education

Researches

Development practices

Activism in Japan and internationally

(The Toyota Foundation, April 2010) Small scale grants to Asian neighbours of up to 2 million yens

Regular grants to Asian neighbours ranging between 2 million to 8 million yen per project for two years

Individual research grants of up to 2 million yen per project for one or two years

Joint research is awarded up to 8 million yen per project for one to two years.

(The Toyota Foundation, April 2010) Researchers at universities

Research institutes

NGOs

Individuals without organizational affiliations

(The Toyota Foundation, April 2010) Political parties or candidates

Lobbying activities

Labour organizations

Fraternal organizations

Religious

groups

(The Toyota Foundation, April 2010)

A brief summary of their objectives or aims in providing funding

The Toyota foundation is a grant making body established in 1974 by the Toyota Motor Corporation. According to Vision 2010 of Toyota foundation, this foundation aims at creating frameworks that will lead to concrete solutions to issues faced by their communities in the course of their revitalization and advancement, (The Toyota Foundation, Sept 2010). This foundation aims at fostering young generations to carry the community forward.

As explained in The Toyota Foundation, (Sept 2010), this foundation aims at supporting efforts to establish networks among neighbours. Under its mission The Toyota foundation focuses on providing support for projects aimed at preserving, utilizing and transmitting indigenous documents in Asia containing histories, customs and world views of people in Asia. Generally, this foundation intends to form a sustainable framework through giving support to ambitious projects by local residents, (The Toyota Foundation, Sept 2010).

A brief description of at least three projects they have funded in the past

Project 1: In the year 2007, the Toyota foundation implemented a two year grant for building a network among weavers and rattan farmers in Kalimantan., (The Toyota foundation, (Dec 2010).

Project 2: In the year 20087, Toyota Foundation put up a 12 million yens project to create a peace-building network for the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh, (The Toyota foundation, (Dec 2010).

Project 3: In the year 2007, Toyota Foundation funded a 3.5 million yen project under the Asian neighbours’ network program headed by Won Gi-Joon, (The Toyota foundation, (Dec 2010).

Any other relevant information

The Toyota Foundation does not fund indirect costs, administrative costs or overheads. In addition, it does fund events and functions held on regular, (The Toyota Foundation, April 2010)

2. Name of the funding body: National Geographic

URL (website address) An explanation of where their money comes from A list of what types of activities / items they will provide money for How much money will they award? A list of who is eligible to apply A list of who is ineligible to apply

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/research/grant/rg1.html Net proceeds from the sale of the geographic public participation kits

Government grants

Private and public contributions

(National Geographic, Jan, 2011). Research investigations

Conservation projects

Exploration projects

Geographic education

exhibitions

curriculum materials

outreach programs

(National Geographic, Jan, 2011). The grants range from $15,000 to 20,000.

(National Geographic, Jan, 2011). Individuals

Groups

organizations

Research institutions

Geographic archives

(National Geographic, Jan, 2011). Archaeological sites

Artefacts sites

Racists

Persons with criminal records

(National Geographic, Jan, 2011).

A brief summary of their objectives or aims in providing funding

National Geographic is a funding body based in United States that supports conservation activities around the world that fall within its mission. Through awarding of grants, this body intends to support projects with both geographic dimension and relevance to other scientific fields and also with broad scientific interest. As explained in National Geographic charter document, the mission of this body is to increase and diffuse geographical knowledge while promoting conservation of the world’s cultural and natural resources, (National Geographic, March, 2010).

According to National Geographic charter document, this organization seeks to fulfil scientific and education objectives through supporting vital projects in the areas of research, conservation, exploration, education and public outreach. In short, the fundamental objective of National Geographic is to support projects that contribute significantly to the preservation and sustainable use of the earth’s biological, cultural and historical resources, (National Geographic, March, 2010).

A brief description of at least three projects they have funded in the past

Project 1: National Geographic is currently funding an initiative aimed at preserving African lions, which was pioneered by veteran wildlife film makers and photographers, Mr Dereck and MR Breverly in the year 2006.( National Geographic, Jan, 2011),

Project 2: Since the year 2005, National Geographic has funded a project aimed at saving the endangered fish species in lakes and oceans that was initiated by Mr Zeb Hogan. The project has been funded to gather data, work with local fishers to catch the endangered species, tag them and release them back for future studies, (National Geographic, Jan, 2011).

Project 3: National Geographic has been supporting project intended to help women from Afghanistan to the improvement of educational and life opportunities. The body has been providing creative tools and resources to help Afghanistan women to develop their own skills, and sense of self. (National Geographic, Jan, 2011),

Any other relevant information

Applications for grants are limited to the following disciplines: biology, geography, anthropology, archaeology, astronomy, botany, geology, oceanography, palaeontology, and zoology, (National Geographic, Jan, 2011).ARCH8015 Module 1 Assessment Task – Funding body profiles

3. Name of the funding body: The Isolated Children’s Parents’ Association of Australia (ICPA)

URL (website address) An explanation of where their money comes from A list of what types of activities / items they will provide money for How much money will they award? A list of who is eligible to apply A list of who is ineligible to apply

http://www.icpa.com.au/ ICPA is funded by the government of Australia, (ICPA, 2011) Distance education

Hostels for boarding schools

Travel

Early childhood education

Rural and remote education

Specific learning needs such as learning disabilities and difficulties

Tertiary education

(ICPA, 2009, p. 10)

The amount of money awarded subject to the activity in question. For example, boarding allowance is set at 55% of average boarding fee in Australia. However, additional allowances may be given but which are subject to tests.

(ICPA, 2009, p. 10)

Individual students and citizens

Families

schools

(ICPA, 2011) Non-citizens of Australian

Charities

Councils

Groups

Agencies

(ICPA, 2011).

A brief summary of their objectives or aims in providing funding

ICPA is a political and non-profit making independent body established in Australia which is dedicated to ensure that all students from rural and remote areas have equity access to appropriate and continuing education, (ICPA, 2011). This body seeks to ensure that the federal government continually gives adequate funding to students and schools from disadvantaged regions on an equitable basis. In addition, aims at assisting students from rural and remote areas have access to educational opportunities that are at least equivalent to those available to urban students.

As stipulated under ICPA policies and objectives (2009, p. 2), ICPA aims to ensure that children and families are able to reach their individual optimal educational potential through special education, school term hostels, country area programmes, distance education, education allowances, travel boarding schools and others. In short, the aim of ICPA is to ensure that all elements of education including cultural experiences, social contacts and other enriching activities are available to all children irrespective of their home location, (ICPA, 2009, p. 15)

A brief description of at least three projects they have funded in the past

Project 1: ICPA has been undertaking a project known as Country Areas Programme (CAP) that seeks to ensure that federal government adequately funds students and schools from disadvantaged geographic regions, (ICPA, 2009, p.4).

Project 2: Through a project called early childhood education and care, ICPA seeks to ensure that an appropriate and affordable range of early childhood programmes are available to provide support to children and parents who live in rural and remote areas, (ICPA, 2009, p.3).

Project 3: ICPA ensures the provision of suitable government allowances to students in rural and remote areas, (ICPA, 2009, p.5). Such allowances assist in compensating families and their children for additional costs incurred in their education.

Any other relevant information

Not Applicable.

References

National Geographic, (Jan, 2011), conservation trust grant application,

Available from http://www.nationalgeographic.com/field/grants-programs/conservation-trust-application.html

The Isolated Children’s Parents’ Association of Australia (ICPA), (2011), Working together for equity of access to education

for all students who live in rural and remote Australia

Retrieved from http://www.icpa.com.au/

National Geographic, (March, 2010), Genograghic Legacy Fund Charter Document

Retrieved from www.nationalgenograghic.com/genograghic/legacy_fund.html

The Isolated Children’s Parents’ Association of Australia (ICPA), (2009), Policies,

Available from www.icpa.com.au/documents/…policy/federal-icpa-policies-booklet.pdf

The Toyota foundation, (December 2010), Grant Projects: Activities,

Retrieved from http://www.toyotafound.or.jp/english/00topics/topics02/

The Toyota Foundation, (September 2010), Toyota foundation Vision 2010: Building Better Future

Available from http://www.toyotafound.or.jp/english/

The Toyota Foundation, (April 2010) developing and managing information about grants for agriculture, energy, environment and

natural resources in the worlds developing countries,

Available from http://www.terravivagrants.org/Home/view-grant-makers/foundations-and-ngos/toyota-foundation

Situational Approach

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Situational Approach

Case 5.1: Marathon Runners at Different Levels

Part 1

The runners are new to this activity and have accumulated no experience at all. Because they are all novices to running, they are classified as (D1) under the development levels. Their excitement about the race and their effort to show up each day is an indication of high commitment. So under the development levels, they are D1, low competence, and high commitment. This group asks basic questions constantly and is worried about their abilities in the race. For this reason, David should adopt the qualities of a coach represented by (S3) leadership styles. The group needs direction on the technicalities of a marathon. David does not expect, however, to deal with these kinds of questions and is not prepared. He is rather prepared to use Directing (S2), in his mind, his work is to direct and not to encourage this group coming to him with childish insecurities.

Part 2

It is clear from their choice of words and their concerns that runners in group two are considerably experienced and know a thing or two about running, they possibly lie under the (D3) developmental level (Northouse). With this group, David is at his element being highly supportive and because of their experience, he does not need to apply a hands-on approach or exercise high direction.

Part 3

This group’s experience and the ability of several of them to finish in the top ten put them at the D4 developmental category. It might not be David’s fault that he appears ineffective as a coach for this team. Their ego and an idea in their minds that they need a certain level of practice and tactics mean they do not appreciate David. They feel bigger than the New York marathon and look to focus on marathons beyond this one.

Part 4

David’s experience as a marathon runner himself is important for his coaching; his idea of the sport makes him suitable to speak to other people as a coach. The way he deals with group 1 may suggest a little bias, which is not a strong point for a leader. He needs to exercise patience if he is to succeed in this position. He also needs to exert a little more authority and demand respect from Group 3 runners.

Case 5.3: Getting the Message Across

Part 1

The current problem may be that training and leadership may be absent. It is good that Ms. Calder is interacting with students and relating with them, however, not having standards to run the station is major problem. She should focus some of her time training the students and holding them accountable than being friendly.

Part 2

Ann’s hands off approach means she is mainly doing things the S4 quadrant way and has no idea why the students are not following the rules. It is important for her apply the S1 or apply more of the S2 approach where she exerts more direction and becomes more involved. The nature of students and their ages mean their excitement for working for WCBA and learning the radio does not teach them right from wrong. They should be coached with an experienced individual and moderate during shifts.

Part 3

Ann can spend several shifts with the students and coach them on an individual basis. This will help her know how directive she needs to be with each of them. She will also be more informed on their level of skill. This is because situational leadership is based on the evaluation of employees’ skills and decides the level of need to amend in accordance.

Works Cited

Northouse, Peter G. Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications, 2018.

The “First Wave” of Feminism

Name

Professor

Course

Date The “First Wave” of Feminism

The first wave of the women’s rights movement began with the formation of a women’s rights movement. The movement, however, split due to differences over the issue of suffrage of African American men. This is when Susan B. Anthony formed the National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA) alongside Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1869. Susan B. Anthony was the president of the NWSA and worked tirelessly for the right of women to vote. Her work is was what paved way for the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 which allowed women to vote. In honor of her work, the Amendment was named the “ Susan B. Anthony Amendment.” She also became the first woman to have her face minted on a coin from the national mint (History.com Editors).

Elizabeth Cady Stanton like Anthony was a fierce abolitionist, an advocate for human rights and the founding mother of woman’s rights movement. she came from a privileged family and made a resolve very early in her life to fight for the rights of women. She was a close associate of Susan B Anthony-and was stated to be the intelligence behind Anthony’s brawn- for half a century and supported her to win the rights of women to vote. She was instrumental in the formation of the First Women Rights Convention with the like of Marry Ann M’Clintock, Jane Hunt and Martha Coffin Wright (History.com Editors). She also contributed to the writing of the Declaration of Sentiments, which was liberation documented that imitated the model of the Declaration of Independence and outlined the rights that women should enjoy and compared the struggle of women to that of the founding fathers.

She and Susan B Anthony formed the Women’s National League that encouraged the enactment of the 13th Amendment and the abolition of slavery. However, contrary to the disagreement of fellow women activists, they lobbied against the 14th and 15th Amendment, which allowed black men the right to vote citing that these amendments had no sections that allowed women to vote. Stanton went on to advocate for liberal divorce laws, the liberty for won to reproduce at will as well as greater sexual liberty for women. This sentiments, however, made her marginalized as a voice for women reform. After diving from the Women’s Rights Movement, Anthony and Stanton formed the NWSA. Anthony, however, managed to reunite the women under the NWSA in 1890 (History.com Editors). Although like many others, Anthony and Stanton did not get to enjoy the right to vote, they were instrumental in the enactment of the 19th Amendment that gave women the right to vote on August 18, 1920.

Victoria Woodhull is mostly remembered as the first woman to run for president of the United States. Woodhull was a progressive American reformer who fought for free love, championed mystical socialism, women suffrage, and the Greenback movement. She was an ardent speaker and delivered moving speeches. She delivered a speech before the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives in 1871 that opened a way for her to join fellow women suffrage leaders that initially kept away from her due to her apparent off-putting newspaper and reputation (Encyclopedia Britannica). She was invited by Susan B. Anthony to the NWSA and soon emerged as a rival for the top position in the land.

Anna Julia Cooper was an author and educator that wrote one the most classic feminist text A Voice From the South by a Black Woman of the South. She was the daughter of a slave but overcame the obstacle to become a distinguished student and later an educator. She joined the club movement, which constituted educated middle-class women who made it their duty fellow African Americans that were less-privileged. During this period, Cooper became a renowned public speaker who addressed important functions such as the First Pan-African Conference in 1990.

Ida B. Wells-Barnett was a journalist that focused on the anti-lynching campaign and was an active justice reformer for African Americans. She began an anti-lynching campaign in 1892 after witnessing the lynching of her three friends (Encyclopedia Britannica). She later joined the National Afro-American Council and participated in the Niagara Movement and contributed to the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). She also founded Chicago’s Alpha Suffrage Club that is possibly the first woman suffrage group for black women.

All these women had one thing in common and shared in the sentiments of the speech delivered by Susan B. Anthony on American to vote. Susan gave the speech after she was arrested for casting a vote in the 1872 presidential elections. Although the United States was the land of the free and every individual was born with unalienable rights that even the state could not deny, women and people of color were exceptionally excluded from these rights. Anthony quoted the Preamble of the constitution that swore to protect the welfare of the people of the United States without specifying gender, color or origin (Anthony). She reiterates this statement citing that the preamble was representing the people, not the white male citizen but the citizens regardless of color and gender.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Echoed these sentiments in her speech dubbed The Destructive Male were called out the white-dominated government as disorganization in matters religion civilization and society. The male element had made society a reflection of him without an element of womanhood, there was violence everywhere, acquisition, selfishness and all the ills of a disorganized society (Stanton). She called for women enfranchisement, as a step towards the realization of a healthy government, and a strong prosperous nation.

The speeches of these four women called out the domination of the white male and the mockery of the principles that were set by the founding mothers. Cooper and Wells-Barnett connected the suffrage of black people to that of women. Both groups were considered unimportant and shared no significant in the male-dominated government. They all called for the organization of activists and the effort of the marginalized in the fight against this great imperialism.

Just like the sentiments in these speeches, women’s studies began as a response to prejudice against women and their exclusion in various aspects of academics and disciplines (Thompson). These speeches proclaimed action against the exclusion of women from major leadership positions, denial of self-liberties and the inferior rhetoric awarded by the male-dominated society. The exclusion of women in academics and the dismissal of their opinions from traditional academic disciplines was only a subset of the overall exclusion rhetoric that was being fought by these women in these speeches. Another connection between these speeches and women’s studies was that both the instigators of the curriculum and the speakers were active feminists.

Works Cited

Anthony, S. B. “Great Speeches Collection: Susan B. Anthony Speech – Women’s Right to Vote.” The History Place, 1873, www.historyplace.com/speeches/anthony.htm.

History.com Editors. “Elizabeth Cady Stanton.” HISTORY, 20 Nov. 2019, www.history.com/topics/womens-history/elizabeth-cady-stanton. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020.

—. “Susan B. Anthony.” HISTORY, 20 Nov. 2019, www.history.com/topics/womens-history/susan-b-anthony#section_2.

Encyclopedia Britannica. “Ida Bell Wells-Barnett | Biography & Facts.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 12 July 2019, www.britannica.com/biography/Ida-B-Wells-Barnett. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020.

—. “Victoria Woodhull.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 19 Sept. 2019, www.britannica.com/biography/Victoria-Woodhull. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020.

Stanton, E. C. “Great Speeches Collection: Elizabeth Cady Stanton Speech – The Destructive Male.” The History Place, 1868, www.historyplace.com/speeches/stanton.htm.

Thompson, Jane. Learning liberation: Women’s response to men’s education. Routledge, 2017.

Restricted view of Human Reason.

Name

Professor

Course

DateChapter 7

Criticism of the Rational Model

Restricted view of Human Reason.

The rational model specifically confines to the human reason view. Ramos (1981) in his book, “the new science of organizations” gives a connection between growth of market economy and modern concept of instrumental rationality. The rational model leaves little space for self actualization and mostly when it happens it becomes as a surprise. Politics administration dichotomy links to rational model’s distinction of means and ends. The rational model advocates for participation in societies when it comes to societal values and decisions although rationale sometimes ignores the human life aspects of intuition and emotion. Also, the model tends not to focus on the moral context within which an action can occur.

Incomplete understanding of knowledge acquisition.

The rational model assumes a single way in which absolute knowledge is accessed and that is through spontaneous application of positive scientific methods to technical and social relations in an organization. A positive science model has basic tenets that must be thoroughly applied. The tenets guide an individual to come with science oriented solutions. However, limitations of positive science model should be as well taken into consideration. A limitation such as the fact that human behaviour varies due to new information, human subjective experiences, and the scientist own objectivity in the areas of study.

Inadequate link between theory and practice.

The gap between academics and practitioners, theory and practise can be explained as ways individuals want their experiences to be important in influencing disciplines and giving explanations on phenomenon. However, the gap between theory and practice widens in an organizations in the sense that sometimes individuals consider one way of acquiring knowledge, that is through jargon which leads to communication breakdown and not appreciating other people’s way of understanding knowledge. The rationale model seeks to objectify human experience and at the same time it comments on experience therefore, it deviates from its course.

The Inspiration of the Public Service and the Restoration of Democratic Citizenship

The development of the official race and ethnicity groups is nothing ‘natural’ according to Yanow but an American contemporary race ethnic discourse. Although, this is also a governmental policy that seeks to identify and give a sense of identification to groups. The Queer theory that originates from gender and feminism studies builds itself from the experiences of people who break societal norms.

The Queer theory rejects the advances of ‘normality’ that may have been in existence in the society. Denhardt and Denhardt (2007) in their ‘new public services note that it draws its inspiration from; alternative approaches to management and organizational design and democratic political theory. The latter; democratic political theory is mostly used model. Whereby, the government and the citizens have roles to play. For instance the government provides for the rights and enforces these rights in order to protect its citizens and the citizens in return exercise their rights through voting to choose leaders that meet their personal ideologies and respect other people’s rights. An individual in this case is given the rights to act on behalf on the rest of the society through the individual self interests to the general good interests of the citizens. This kind of arrangement is referred to new public management.

Moreover, democratic citizenship allows for the idea that an individual is more active in self government. Citizens should shelf personal interests and pursue general and public interests that transcend them. This obviously requires much more from an individual therefore; individuals should have knowledge on public affairs and a sense of belonging. For citizens to share self rule they should have a civic virtues that they as a community embrace. To restore a new public service and democratic order there should be systems in place that prepare individuals at basic levels in order for them to have stronger political systems for the people.

Teaching Against Idiocy

Name

Professor

Course Date

Teaching Against Idiocy

Idiocy has not just plagued our time but was also a problem for ancient Greece, although the meaning might have changed over time. The author explores the challenge that democratic societies encounter in developing public-minded citizens. He argues that schools are in the best position to succeed in finding the root of idiocy. He also continues to compare schools to “village squares, cities, crossroads, meeting places, community centers, marketplaces,” since today schools are growing large and turning into small cities (Parker).

While contemplating the root of the term “idiocy,” the author explores the problems faced by democratic societies in the development of citizens that are mindful of the public. Schools today are working to create democratic environments in fulfilling their obligation to create public citizens. In addition to his argument on schools being suited to deal with this task, he provides suggestions on how best to improve these efforts and archive much success.

The role of schools in introducing children to different situations cannot be undermined. Integration allows children to meet other children from various backgrounds. The various types of tasks presented to these kids allow them to think for themselves. However, the idea that school does this solely is misplaced because the so-called idiots still go through these systems, which indicates that it is something beyond school that they lack.

If my understanding is correct, this description of Mr. Parker correlates with the high school I went to that was like a miniature college campus. In this, institutions are where children should learn how to deal with life. He thinks that schools are where children are made into adults or at least given the ability to deal with life and to become independent. He creates a reference to his school as having the most useful resources that are beneficial for children.

I grew up in a home that is well-grounded, family-oriented, which I believe has equipped me with the value of rationalizing, being compassionate, considerate, understating, and a good listener, with the latter being the foundation of all these other qualities. His idea is that school nature children into “puberty,” which is a term I believe he is using metaphorically. It is true that school probably play a crucial role in engaging children into various issues that define an environment outside the comfort of a home, but I am not sure whether diversity and problems are the most essential tools for a child to develop and become naturally capable of “growing up and thinking for themselves.” Instead of tossing them into a scenario like a simulation or a practical exercise, it is important to first teach a child right from wrong. A well-rounded person that is “democratic” is a result of guidance from the most important mentors the world has offered them, and that is their parents.

Before I joined the school and started interacting with various children from diverse races and ethnicities, my dad had taught given me reasons as to why our skin tone did not make us different. I was really curious because I did not know why God could create people who differ in terms of appearance and so I had questions. My dad went as far as bringing me to work where I was able to interact with people from different races because my neighborhood was not that diverse. So when I got to school, I was the only child that was friends with all minorities at my school. I knew what it meant to be “democratic” before I was five years of age.

Why this effort requires an all hand on deck approach is its complexity. Democratic citizens do not just come from nowhere to perfect the principles of tolerance, the need to question unmeasured power for the majority, the separation of state from the church, impartial justice, or the distinction between liberty and license. Children are not born with the natural disposition to agree with beliefs and cultures that are not familiar or with the ability to deliberate on public policy with different minded people. Rather they are molded by society, presented with moral and intellectual abilities in the process, virtues that are extremely hard to win.

There are many situations that can be presented to a child where a decision or a reaction is required depending on what they have learnt. Who should prepare the prior for these decisions one might as. The answer is parents, relatives, the community, and teachers. The only way a child can mature is from every person’s input and rationalization. Leaving such a task for school is illogical because of the overwhelming nature of school work and the lack of specific concentration of teachers on individual children. In this case, the “school should not be the center of attention. It is what the child learns from a collective unit that makes them “Democratic” and goes a long way in helping them avoid idiotic characteristics.

Works Cited

Parker, Walter C. “Teaching against idiocy.” Phi Delta Kappan 86.5 (2005): 344-351.

The Art of Story Telling

Name

Professor Course

Date

The Art of Story Telling

Initially, I defined a good story as a way of telling an account by understanding factors that satisfy the audience or a reader without regardless of intricate details such as genre. I believed that stories should achieve certain effects such as being inspirational or moving the audience emotionally. A good story is something that the audience acknowledges as good or important. Over the semester my definition of a good story has changed to include dramatization. A story scenario should rely on a dramatic premise to advance itself inform the resulting actions and the outcome that comes from the primary story scenario. A good story contains conflict, tension, Controversy, surprise, suspense, and characters who are out of the ordinary.

Periods of Literature

I enjoyed studying the Romantic period because one, it was a period that constituted writing from American authors and marked the transition of literature from British nonfiction writers. The fascinating thing about writings from the Romantic Period was that they explored the values of the individual over the group. A value that has evolved to define societies today. In an age where we are losing nature at an alarming rate the value of nature illustrated in these writings is reminiscent. Edgar Allan Poe was my favorite writer from this period. His accounts depict and inhabit the role of the Romantic individual, he describes his torment and strugglers in such an educative and engaging way. His invention of the modern detective story is legendary.

Thoughts on the Final Project

The story I am trying to tell is how a girl grows up shaped by society or the experience of growing up a girl. The prose form imitated from “The Girl” by Kincaid is befitting of this story. although this is not a poem like Kincaid’s work, just like it, it does not follow the rules of literature which I hope will have the effect of ensuring a continuous flow of reading and increase reader engagement. The goal of this story is to pass a certain message and that is the most important thing just as many forms of modern writing. I am learning that it is okay to ignore the traditional rules of writing especially with poems, which I initially thought strictly required to follow a certain form to be considered a poem.

Changes I would make to the Course

The change I would like to make to the course would probably be increasing the content or making it longer. The study of literature is very interesting and has a wide scope which I understand is inexhaustible but I would wish to read more especially on deeper forms of literature such as the language that was used in the early days. I would keep “The Girl” by Kinkaid and give up Love and Other Catastrophes: a MixTape” by Amanda Brown just because it is a requirement otherwise I would lose neither.

Knock Down the House Analytic Review

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Knock Down the House: Analytic Review

Knock Down the House is a documentary directed by Rachel Lears, who also does part of the writing (Lowry). The film follows chronologically the activities of Democratic activists who successfully challenged incumbents. Ocasio-Cortex gets the biggest share of screen time, with her experience depicted as a movement that allows the filmmakers to spend time with other challengers such as Paula Jean Swearengin, Cori Bush, and Amy Vilela and telling their stories. The lesson of this documentary does not, however, become evident until towards the end where Ocasio-Cortez consoles herself by saying that in order for one to make it through, then a hundred must join the battle.

The tragedy begins with the backgrounds of each of the individuals that the documentary is based on. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez was born in the Bronx in a not so privileged family, and when the financial crisis hit them, and their house was on the verge of foreclosure, she has to work double shifts at a restaurant to prevent this from happening. Amy Vilela was left devastated after losing a loved one due to the awful health care system. She was dealing with anger that she did not know where to direct. Cori Bush joined his community in protests against police shootings that left an unarmed black man dead. On her part, Paula Jean Swearengin watched helplessly as her family and friends died from pollution from the coal industry (Jordan). These stories are resonating, very compelling, and are worth knowing as they create a significant basis for the entire documentary. The director, however, captures these stories just in the right amount and does not go so much in-depth that the women appear weepy.

These four women refuse to sit back and remain helpless and decide to take action at a period of historical volatility in the politics of the United States. Without the resources afforded to well-established incumbents or corporate financing, there create a movement of rebellious candidates criticizing powerful incumbents in Congress. What follows is one of the most significant upset in the nation’s history.

The documentary does a great job highlighting the huge and extraordinary odds that Ocasio-Cortez overcomes to clinch the political seat. It also puts into context the dismissive nature of Joe Crowley, who is a well-established political veteran. The documentary follows the modest campaign of Ocasio-Cortez, where she goes door to door and attends meetings only attended by a handful of people. It captures a moment when Crowley sends a stand-in for the debate a sign of how much he considered the 20-something year old up and coming politician insignificant.

The documentary sheds light on the idealism and vigor that Ocasio-Cortez and other characters invested in their campaign and shows the people the hurdles small politicians face during campaigns and the influence of money in politics. The glimpse of the grassroots campaign offices is very eye-opening. With these hurdles, any individual, whether Republican or Democratic, would not help but admire the ambition of these legendary women. They have no experience, no finances, or experience and lay everything on the line with a vision to change the country for the better.

The film does not have coordinated storytelling but has a strong message for pro-minority or pro-female in politics activists. It inspires, anger, and conceivably even motivates its audience to do something about the current political situation. It is a message for all women who have chosen to willingly take on the male-dominated political scene and withstand the harassment that comes with the challenge. The documentary shows the campaign staffers warning candidates of the consequences of coming turning up with facts and truths. It is an indication of how the political era today has bid farewell to polite discourse.

The application of ethos in this film is natural. Ethos is the major character of a culture and is used to appeal to an audience through underlying sentiments that advise the beliefs, practices, customs, and practices of a certain society. The characters in this film operate using ethos at each point. Ocasio-Cortez is an upbeat young woman who goes around driving home points of inequality to people regardless of their age. She uses facts and truths to eviscerate her competition and does exceptionally well in doing so. The depiction of Ocasio-Cortez, Paula Jean Swearengin, Cori Bush, and Amy Vilela as ethical or the use of ethos creates credibility with the audience. Although the message is not intricately persuasive, the audience is challenged to take action and join in the movement.

The creators of the documentaries use pathos a lot in the film. It begins with the background stories to each of these strong women that evoke pity, although not to the extent that depicts them as victims rather than heroes. Pathos is a value that arouses sadness or pity. The documentary creates an emotional response from the audience, especially with the death of Amy Vilela’s daughter due to the negligence of the health system. The journey of these women during campaigns is also pitiful. Their campaign funds come from well-wishers through crowdfunding and have stories of relatable hardships. There are a lot of women out there whose children have been denied treatment for lacking insurance or having the wrong one like in the case of Amy.

Although the film is not based on any conspiracies, it appeals to the audience a sense of logic. Logos is a persuasive element that challenges the audience to reason, use logic, and be rational. Logos is applied through the campaigns and the message carried by the candidates. Ocasio-Cortez, Jean Swearengin, Cori Bush, and Amy Vilela campaign using points about the extent of social inequality and get people to start seeing what was already in front of them.

This documentary is an indication of the slow but significant success of minorities in response to change. There is still a long way to go, but this documentary evokes a reaction from a larger audience and beyond the people that have had contact with the woman depicted. No matter what happens in the future, Knock Down the House will remain a significant record of a pivotal movement in the politics of this nation.

Works Cited

Brian Lowry. “‘Knock Down the House’ Puts AOC’s Stunning Victory in Larger Context.” CNN, 30 Apr. 2019, edition.cnn.com/2019/04/30/entertainment/knock-down-the-house-review/index.html.

Hoffman, Jordan. “Knock Down the House Review – Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Doc Brings Down the House.” The Guardian, 30 Jan. 2019, www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jan/28/knock-down-the-house-review-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-doc-brings-down-the-house.