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Case Analysis Mueller-Lemhmkuhl GmbH

Case Analysis: Mueller-Lemhmkuhl GmbH

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Statement of the Problem

Operations of Mueller-Lemhmkuhl Company that is located in Germany, Europe and produces and sells apparel fasteners and attaching machines are noted to be faced with some complications as regards to attainment of organizational strategic goals. There is intense competition arising from price wars posed by Japanese Hiroto Industries that price their products at 20% lower than Mueller-Lemhmkuhl Company. Marketing, R&D and cost accounting systems ought to be re-designed so as to ensure that the firm attains competitive edge in the market, expand its operations, increase sales and profits not only in the short run but also in the long run. The loss of the market share to the Japanese Hiroto Industries that has been partially caused by forming a merger with the Atlas Group also has to be assessed since it is limiting attainment of comparative advantage in the industry (Kimmel, Kieso & Weygandt, 2008).

Executive Summary: Sound Solution to the Problem

Mueller-Lemhmkuhl Company ought to implement proper marketing strategies, revamp its cost accounting system and conduct what if analysis so as to assess the sensitivity of each of the costs incurred in relation to the revenue earned. This has an insinuation that issues relating to cost determination, marketing, research and development and effective management have to be implemented to ensure that the firm maximizes its profits. These stratagems will ensure that the organization competes effectively with other participants in the market. Mueller-Lemhmkuhl ought to adopt mechanisms that involves competing on a non-price approach so as to maintain customer relationships and increase profit margins. Porter’s five forces model has to be implemented so as to ensure that different segments of the market are reached through adoption on cost-effective marketing policies.

Analysis from Excel Spreadsheet to Support the Executive Summary

Mueller-Lemhmkuhl Company is involved in production of different apparel fasteners using automated and manual machines so as to cut on the costs of production. It has also formed an alliance with the Atlas Group that also offers apparel fasteners, though this has resulted in reduced geographical expansion prospects for the company. Hiroto Industries, which are the main threat to Mueller-Lemhmkuhl Company sell their commodities at 20% lower than the prices offered by Mueller-Lemhmkuhl Company. This has an implication that competing based on price wars would result in losses due Hiroto Industries possessing cost-advantage as they uses a cost-leadership strategy to capture wider market region. Porters’ Five Forces Model would be imperative in this context as it will ensure that more revenue is earned by the firm and make it expand its operations.

Market Condition Evaluation

Mueller-Lemhmkuhl Company is noted to the leading apparel supplier in the European market after forming an alliance with Atlas Company and thus gaining wider market share as compared to the Japanese firm. This competition is indicated to be aligned on production costs, with Mueller-Lemhmkuhl having an advantage in being located closer to a bigger market segment. Despite this, the production costs (wage and overhead) of Mueller-Lemhmkuhl Company are higher than those of the Hiroto Industries (Japanese firm). This means instituting R&D and using Porters Five Forces will ensure that effective decisions on marketing strategies are made so as to attain competitive advantage. The revenue for Mueller-Lemhmkuhl as at 1986 was estimated to be $103 million, insinuating that it was making substantial profits despite the rivalry from the Japanese firm. (Weygandt, 2012).

The executive team of the organization adopted diversification of its products so as to increase the firm’s revenue through selling different but related apparel fasteners. This diversification ought to be well managed through use of marketing, research and development as well as refurbishing the cost accounting method. This will ensure that all transactions or activities entailed in the manufacture of the products are considered in the computation of costs. This has an insinuation that investing in advertising, sales promotion and other product marketing strategies was pivotal in reaching many customers, not only in Europe but also around the globe (Weygandt, 2012). Continual evaluation of the operations and profitability of the firm has to be done so that suitable competitive strategies can be used to increase the organization’s returns. The firm has to strive to reduce the production costs and use competitive strategies other than price wars so as to attain competitive edge in the market and out do the Japanese firm.

Production Analysis

An assessment of the production processes of Mueller-Lemhmkuhl Company indicate that it has uses both manual and automatic machines so as to increase the production capacity, maximize sales and minimize production costs. The automated machines used in the production of fasteners are viewed to be effective and efficient as they produce many products simultaneously within a short period of time. They are also imperative in the whole manufacturing process as they help in reducing overhead costs such as the manual labor costs in operating the manual machines. Refurbishing the production can be done so that costs used in operating manual machines could be diverted to marketing or be retained as profits and enable the organization to make profits. In this context, it is portrayed that planning and appropriate cost analysis ought to be implemented so as to use only productive operational plans.

There is a need for the organization to conduct R&D so as to be cognizant of the market and consumption patterns of its clients so that the management can plan on marketing or promotional strategies to be used. For instance, Mueller-Lemhmkuhl Company is said to have segmented consumers into two groups; large companies purchasing large volumes of different commodities and smaller companies purchasing huge quantities of a major component. This segmentation of the consumers based on their volume of fasteners purchased is significant as it will enable the organization to make projections on sales, revenue and promotional/advertisement costs. Customer relationship marketing should be used as it enhances development of brand loyalty, maintenance of long term personal links and an eventual increase of sales and profits in for the company.

Sustaining quality production and service delivery to clients is also imperative as it will ensure customer satisfaction and development of consumer loyalty. These affirmations indicate that through the use of generic marketing schemes and use of the Porter’s Five Forces, cost-saving and efficient promotional stratagems can be implemented so as to cover wider market region, increase sales and profits for the organization (Weygandt, 2012). Mueller-Lemhmkuhl Company would not have to compete on price wars but by ensuring that the quality of the services and products offered is of high standards. It is evident that adoption of these strategies by Mueller-Lemhmkuhl will increase its sales and profit margins substantially. However, the markets’ condition and their viability ought to be evaluated through R&D before offering products and services to clients so as to losses.

What If Analysis for Mueller-Lemhmkuhl Company

What if analysis is an imperative model that enables the company to make judgemental and feasible decisions relating to cost accounting and maximization of its sales and profits. The computations in the excel sheet are based on Tornado and Spider chart analyses so as to ascertain the sensitivity and allocation of costs. Aspects put in consideration in this case relate to costs incurred in R&D as well as marketing using the Porter’s Five Forces Model so as to ensure that decisions undertaken facilitate profitability and wider market coverage. Through this analysis, operations of the organization will be coordinated and ensure that decisions made on cost accounting system and profit maximization are put in place.

Tornado chart for 10% variation on either side of the base value which is the actual budgeted value are used. If the company decides to increase marketing cost by 10%, there is a 65.07% variance. This has an insinuation that, if a decision to increase marketing or product promotion by 10%, there is an increase in net margins by $1,586 (8.3%). An increase in R&D by the same value results in an increase in revenue by $ 1162 (6.1%) on a higher variation. If Mueller-Lemhmkuhl GmbH Company varies the two costs by 25%, marketing increases by 20.9% ($3,965) and R&D 15.3% ($2,905) respectively. Detailed information is presented in the Microsoft Excel spread sheet (Edmonds, 2007).

Engaging in market surveys through R&D are vital as they will enable the firm to be cognizant with the preferences and demand as well as their market concentration. This insinuates that Mueller-Lemhmkuhl’s executive team can comprehend changes in the market and the economy at large and manufacture fasteners to suit the apparels that consumers have. Estimates of the projected costs in fastener production have to be done and be compared with projected earnings so that decisions on implementing suggested plans can be gauged. It is worth noting that these activities ought to be well coordinated and be carried out in a timely manner so as to avoid losses or unfounded decisions making that may make the organization to be overtaken by the Japanese firm.

Transaction cost accounting system ought to be adopted since it will encompass all cost elements in the calculation of production costs, pricing and decision making on appropriate marketing stratagems to use. It is through the consideration of all the costing elements that accurate standard costs for production of every item; either done using automatic or manual machines, can be determined and then proper prices can be set. There is a linkage between production costs and the prices charged regardless of those charged by other rivals in the industry. Assessing this correlation enables production and cost management officers to plan suitably what has to be done as regards to marketing, pricing and market segmentation so as to maximize profits.

In the excel spread sheet there are computations that show Mueller-Lemhmkuhl possible analyses that can be done. Tornado charts, allocation costs and sensitivity analyses are done through what if analysis so as to facilitate prosperity of the firm (Edmonds, 2007). Technological improvement such as using online order placement and marketing can be instituted so as to capture diverse market segments. Training employees and hiring qualified personnel has to be done so as to promote attainment of competitive edge in the market. Marketing strategies ought to be increased, research and development and planning implemented to meet customers’ needs since customer satisfaction leads to long term consumer relationships and increased revenue to the company.

References

Edmonds, T (2007). Fundamental Financial and Managerial Accounting Concepts, 1e. The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Weygandt, J (2012). Managerial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making, 6e. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Kimmel, P, Kieso, D & Weygandt, J (2008). Managerial Accounting. Tools for Business Decision Making, Fourth Edition. John Wiley & Sons.

Case Review and Counseling Plan. Case Study 1 Tanya and Nicole

Case Review: Intervention Therapy

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Case Study 1: Tanya and Nicole

As explained in the case study, Nicole and Tanya are a lesbian couple who wish to start a family after two years of being together and living together as a couple. In order to proceed with their plan to start a family, they both need to inform their families of their decisions so as to receive maximum support. A problem has arisen because only Tanya has been open with her family regarding her sexual orientation, with Nicole holding back on revealing this to her family. Accordingly, Tanya is not willing to go ahead with the plans to start a family with Nicole until she informs her family about Tanya and her relationship with Tanya. At the outset, Nicole needs to come clean with her family and inform them of her sexual orientation. However, this would mean that Nicole risks the possibility of rejection by her family, which will have adverse effects on her. Accordingly, there is need for intervention therapies to help Nicole deal with her problem. Two techniques have been identified to assist Nicole in dealing with her problem including reality therapy and group psychotherapy.

Reality therapy is important in this case, as it will facilitate problem solving, hence encourage understanding of the problem facing Nicole (Matthews, 2005). Accordingly, this intervention therapy technique focuses on present events and their effects on the client’s future life. In essence, the therapist encourages the client to explore their needs and wants, and whether their present actions draw them further away from or nearer to the achievement of their needs and wants (Matthews, 2005). Nicole will be the key participant of this intervention therapy, as she is the one who has chosen to hide her relationship with Tanya from her family. Nicole has gone to the extent of lying to her family about Tanya, and she claims that Tanya is just but her roommate. This intervention therapy will assist Nicole in comprehending how her actions, hiding and lying about Tanya, will affect her in the future. This intervention therapy will encourage Nicole to be honest to her family about Tanya if she wants to start a family with her spouse, as this is the only way Tanya would be willing to go ahead with their plans to start a family together.

Group psychotherapy is another intervention therapy technique that can be used in the case of Tanya and Nicole. This intervention therapy necessitates group counseling for problem solving and as a mechanism of change with those involved in the process (Lorentzen et al., 2002). The key aim of this intervention therapy is the evaluating interpersonal relationships within the group. More specifically, the group psychotherapy to be applied in this case will involve psycho-education for those involved in the group therapy. Accordingly, Nicole and her family have been identified as key participants in the group therapy. This is because they are the group that is more prone to psychological disturbance after the revelation of Nicole’s sexual orientation (Fjell et al., 2007). Nicole risks rejection after revelation hence psychological disturbance, whereas her family also risks psychological disturbance after finding out their daughter has gone against their beliefs. Because her family lives over 200 miles away, the group therapy sessions will take place at her family’s home town and Tanya will be required to attend too to ease the therapy process for problem solving purposes.

References

Fjell, A. et al. (2007). Innovations: Psycho-education: Multifamily Group Treatment in a

Program for Patients With First-Episode Psychosis: Experiences From the TIPS Project. Psychiatric Services 58(7):171-173.

Lorentzen, S. et al. (2002). Change During and After Long-Term Analytic Group Psychotherapy.

International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 52(3): 419-30.

Matthews, A. (2005). Cognitive Behavioral Theories of Counseling: Traditional and

Nontraditional Approaches. Psychiatric Services 56(3):1164-1165.

Case Study on Reverse Logistics

Case study on Reverse logistics

Reverse logistics is process of handling goods from their intended final destination to the point of origin with the aim of acquiring their value or for the purpose of proper disposal. The process involves planning and controlling of the inventory process to ensure cost efficiency. The physical processes are remanufacturing and refurbishing of tangible goods. It also involves handling of returned merchandise as a result of recalls, damage, salvage and inventories. The reverse logistics manages the hazarders’ waste materials and asset recovery from the previous dispatches (Rogers & Tibben-Lembke, 1998).

The factors that are driving companies in implementing reverse logistic strategies include the information on the benefits of reverse logistics have resulted to great interest in other companies and legislatives on waste management that require the companies to manage on the disposal of their products from their customers. Other factors are cost reduction and customer satisfaction. Technological developments are rapidly changing the electronic consumer market. This makes companies dealing with electronics the major players in implementing reverse logistics (Price water House Coopers, 2008).

Reverse chain processes involving commercial returns occur when the goods being retuned have value in another market. Electronic products in markets within the developed nations become outdated at a rapid rate due to emergence of new products. The products that had been distributed to the market may lose value as new models of those products are made. Outdated electronics in developed countries are of great value to poor countries like in Africa. The reverse chain strategy employed in dealing with such products involves shifting them to other markets. Commercial returns are caused by customer dissatisfaction, overproduction and other factors.

Products under warranty forms a chain on return based on repairable products or components. Companies develop strategies to deal with the products that are covered under warranty. The repairable returns may be used as modules in other products. Exchange repair can also be carried out in which the returned products are repaired using good components from previously returned products. Manufacturing companies develop strategies on possible product recalls. The recalls may occur due to a manufacturing defect that is identified after the products are already in the market. The manufacturer takes the full responsibility of rectifying the defects. Strategies on refurbishing of products deal with end of user returns in which product may be of no use to the original user but still have value. End of life returns are the products in which their use is void accordance to the set rules. Companies use these products to reduce on the cost of production. The products may be refurbished to add value (Price water House Coopers, 2008).

The process of reverse chain involves five general processes that include: product acquisition, product collection, product sorting testing and deposition, product recovery and product redistribution and sales. Product acquisition involves the retrieval from market or from the consumer use. Acquisition of products from the market requires cooperation with the supply chains especially at the final end of the distribution chain. The collection of products involves shipment and storage in the facilities that will handle processing of the products. The products are then sorted to classify them on their quality. Sorting determines whether the products will be used in the next stages of reverse chain or they will be disposed. Products with quality undergo through recovery process in which they can be repaired, refurbished or dismantled into valuable components that can be reused. The recovered products are then reintroduced in the supply chain and their value obtained through sales (Rogers & Tibben-Lembke, 1998).

Reverse logistics implementation occurs for different reasons which in turn creates two different forms of reverse chains based on cost. Policies on product recall involves a process where the cost incurred is on the manufacturing company. The benefits of value addition are passed to the customers in case of a product recall. In the other forms of product returns the company benefits from the redistribution and sale of the products (Rogers & Tibben-Lembke, 1998).

The barriers to implementation of reverse logistics are costs that cannot be quantified in reverse logistics especially on products which leads to more cost. Lack of a proper management system makes it difficult to keep track of the products in the market especially for big companies. The time of processing claims and returns by customers creates a negative effect to the companies.

The awareness by top management on the benefits of reverse chain has created cross functional collaboration with other partners. Auctioneers form an important part in redistribution of returned products to the market. Products such as furniture can be easily refurbished and auctioned back to the market. The perception of the returned products as waste makes the reverse chain to be easily analyzed in obtaining an insight in cost and performance (Price water House Coopers, 2008).

Reverse logistics are an important part in managing costs that are associated with unprecedented product performance in the market and in sustaining customer needs. The level of awareness on the reverse logistics determines the benefits obtained from the process. Collaborations in the implementation of reverse chain are essential especially in managing product returns and redistribution of products.

References

Price water House Coopers (2008). Reverse logistics. Retrieved on April 14, 2012 http://www.remanufacturing.org.uk/pdf/story/1p293.pdf

Rogers, D. & Tibben-Lembke, R. (1998). Going Backwards: Reverse Logistics Trends and Practices. University of Nevada, Reno Center for Logistics Management Retrieved on April 14, 2012 http://www.rlec.org/reverse.pdf

Causes of Volcanic Eruptions

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Causes of Volcanic Eruptions

Introduction

The cause of volcanic eruptions range in terms of nature and the amount of force involves when triggering the magma to forcefully erupt beyond the surface of the earth. Over the years, scientists have conducted adequate research that has formed the major causes and their nature. By studying the causes of volcanic eruptions, geologists are able to predict the exact time and nature of the eruption. The technological advancement in the area of geology combined by ingenious plate tectonic study, the world today feels safer as the volcanic eruptions can be predicted and avoided. For example, Indonesia that has been the recent and most regular victim of volcanic eruptions has attracted the eyes of the geologists who have pinpointed the occurrence of these eruptions thus saving millions of lives. The core reason for studying the causes of volcanic eruptions is to be ahead of disasters and thus come up with the right precautionary measures like evacuations.

The most common type of eruption is caused by the movement of tectonic plates. When one is pushed under the other the magma, sediment and seawater is forced into the chamber which eventually overflows and the volcano erupts spewing lava into the sky (Rokhmana et al., 7). This kind of eruption produces sticky, thick lava at temperatures from 800 to 1,000C. The cause and nature of occurrence of volcanic eruptions is thus vital to be studied to ensure that the world understands what and how the disasters strike and how they can be avoided. Plate tectonics and movement of the earth’s plates is one of the major causes of volcanic eruptions. The world is composed of major plates that are in constant movement to or from each other (Sigl et al., 549). The push and pull within these plates create friction that heats the rocks making them met and thus magma or molten rock is formed. The continuous accumulation of this magma builds pressure where it finds way out through the faults within the plates thus creating eruptions of magma known as volcanic eruptions (Inan et al., 719). Over the years, the study of plate tectonics has been a major focus when trying to understand the formation of volcanos and even the pattern of earthquakes around the world. One of the key aspects of the volcano formation and eruption of is the forces involved that originate from the internal earth movements.

The analysis of the rock formation and plates movement has shown that over the years, the earth rock movement and the increased temperatures are responsible for the magma formation (Rokhmana et al., 9). The buildup of this pressure causes the magma to find a way out through the points of weaknesses that erupts with huge force known as volcanic eruptions. Studies have shown that the volcanic eruptions caused by tectonic plate movement have increased by 23%in the past ten years. This signifies that the earth’s crust and the plates are more active than before and this is also contributing to the increased patterns of earthquakes around the world (Sigl et al., 547).

The other major cause of volcanic eruptions is the pouring in of magma into a chamber that is already full thus adding to the pressure. Studies shave shown that volcanic eruptions can be caused by the glacier meting where the pressure form the upper ice layers adds to the layers below thus cresting more weight (Inan et al., 713). This weight thus pushes more magma and rocks into the already filled chambers thus pushing the layers to the extreme until it erupts as a volcano. In line with this, the study of the earth geology in the area of volcanic eruptions has revealed staggering evidence where the flow and formation of magma can be caused by many factors. The wright of the upper rock layers that are responsible for the internal pressure can cause heat to generate and thus the rocks melt. The effects of this melting are more liquid rocks known as magma falling to the layers below until they get to their limits in terms of pressure accumulation (Sigl et al., 543). The magma thus finds paths through the vents upwards thus causing very strong eruption spewing magma into the sky. These kinds of volcanos account for 45% of the total eruptions around the world.

Surprisingly, the largest percentage of these type of volcanic eruptions occur in the seas ad oceans thus are rarely recorded or noted (Inan et al., 711). However, the current marine technology as well expeditions have helped uncover this natural wonder that is gradually putting the geologists closer to understanding the whole mystery of volcanos. The forces behind the volcanic eruptions vary in intensity and nature and thus the study and understanding how these forces interact is vital to realizing how and where the eruptions may occur (Rokhmana et al., 13). Over the years, volcanic eruptions have changed the occurrence patterns with the global tectonic plates and climate change being the major factors to this change.

Conclusion

The world below is always active and the movement of tectonic plates helps prove the active nature of the earth. The increased cases of volcanic eruptions and intensity of these disasters is a testimony to their changing nature. To better understand the nature and occurrence of volcanic eruptions, it is vital study how and where the tectonic plates are moving. Moreover, the movement of plates along the fault lines and the increased pressure from these movement is known to be a rot cause of the volcanic eruptions that have increased over the past ten years.

Works Cited

Inan, Dedi I., Ghassan Beydoun, and Biswajeet Pradhan. “Developing a decision support system for Disaster Management: Case study of an Indonesia volcano eruption.” International journal of disaster risk reduction 31 (2018): 711-721.

Rokhmana, Catur Aries, and Ruli Andaru. “Utilizing UAV-based mapping in post disaster volcano eruption.” 2016 6th International Annual Engineering Seminar (InAES). IEEE, 2016.

Sigl, Michael, et al. “Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years.” Nature 523.7562 (2015): 543-549.

Centralia is a borough and looks like a ghost town

Centralia is a borough and looks like a ghost town which is situated in  HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_Pennsylvania” o “Columbia County, Pennsylvania”Columbia County, Pennsylvania, States. From over 1000 people now there are only 10 people living in this borough . This has been cause by massive mine fire which has been raging underneath from 1962. The local administration knew about the fire and did nothing whatsoever to warn the people or take steps to mitigate the effects of the fire raging beneath the borough The definition of a public administration system is meant to be one where the administration takes care of the public and makes sure that the people living within their area of supervision are properly taken care of. This is the meaning of what a public administration should do. In case of emergencies it has to make sure that people are protected and evicted to safe places and no loss of life occurs either property or to life. The role of the public administration is safeguarding the people and educating themselves about imminent disasters and of all possible cases of natural calamities and informing the people about the natural calamities that the area is likely to be hit by. The function of the public administration is like that of a guard and a police officer under whose care giving the people are protected. They function as well wishers who are to take care of the public. But in this case neither were the public administration caring enough nor were te employers careful enough. This shows apathy of the authorities .the public administration is like a welfare body instituted to take care of the local people.This is hwere the system failed.

Cervical cancer is a significant open wellbeing issue; it is the second most normal growth among women on the planet, and one

Introduction

Cervical cancer is a significant open wellbeing issue; it is the second most normal growth among women on the planet, and one of heading reason for death by gynecologic threatening cancer in creating nations. Furthermore, cervical cancer is a standout amongst the most preventable and treatable growth when it is distinguished early, and this is because of its moderate movement, since it take a few years to develop from a perceivable forerunner injury (Von Karsa et al,. 2010). This key peculiarity gives a huge window of around ten years or more for compelling early discovery of the precancerous sore, and keeping its movement to obtrusive growth. A comparison between UK and Malawi health care concern about cervical cancer will be noted in this paper.

From this point of view, decently composed avoidance methodologies have been connected by high wage nations in the course of recent years, and have brought about an amazing decrease in bleakness and mortality from this obtrusive sickness (Bloom & Canning, 2000). The screening system is a fruitful case for viable anticipation from cervical growth, it has been utilized as a part of the Nordic nations (UK); this project was inspected by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1960s and it was discovered that the death rate in these nations fell by around three- fourth, The most extraordinary lessening was checked in UK by 74 %, Malawi by 54% and this was because of the wide target age range for screening in this nation . Nonetheless, over the same period, creating nations have fizzled through utilizing the same project to lessen the load of the ailment, and cervical growth keeps on meaning the lives of a huge number of women, this may be because of the absence of a compelling counteractive action methodology.

We will attempt in this paper to survey the determinants of cervical disease screening among UK and Malawian women, to clarify the striking hindrances in regards to screening and to highlight the chief variables impacting the individual wellbeing conduct, for this study, we will utilize the Health Belief Model as a reasonable structure, we will clarify the structure of the Health Belief Model (Becker) and how the diverse builds of the model could anticipate the women’ wellbeing conduct with respect to cervical neoplasm screening , at last the application of this model as a controlling skeleton to ground behavioral mediations and to enhance disposition of women in regards to cancer screening will be examined (Hilton & Hunt, 2010).

Cervical Cancer Case in UK

It was not until 1988 that the NHS cervical screening system started; from that point forward it has turned out to be a fruitful plan in the identification and anticipation of cervical malignancy sparing 4500 lives for every year. Regardless of the adequacy of smear tests, proof demonstrates that just 80% of women with cervical malignancy would have had cervical screening (Hilton & Hunt, 2010).

In 2013 2,828 new instances of cervical malignancy were diagnosed in the UK, and worldwide there are 493,000 cases yearly. With the predominance of cervical malignancy expanding there are concerns with the uptake of cervical screening in the UK especially among ethnic minority of women. Prove by Kitchener et al,. (2010) has indicated there is a low uptake of cervical screening in ethnic gatherings of women; British women were 1.35 to 3.42 times more inclined to have a cervical spread in correlation with women from an ethnic minority. Albeit different components, for example, age and financial as showed in Forman et al,. (2011) have an effect on the uptake of cervical screening, ethnicity is by all accounts a noteworthy impact. Cervical screening is offered to women matured 25-64 years of age; for women matured 25-49 screening is at 3 year interims and for women matured 50-64 it is at regular intervals. Despite the fact that uptake of cervical screening is lower in general in ethnic minority bunches, there are contrasts in the uptake between ethnic gatherings. Cervical malignancy is the second most normal disease in women under age 35 in the UK (Jemal, Siegel, Xu & Ward, 2010). As the name proposes cervical growth is malignancy of the cervix. The cervix is piece of the female regenerative framework and unites the uterus to the vagina. The cervix has numerous capacities: amid feminine cycle it permits the entry of blood stream and amid labor it enlarges for the infant to pass through the uterus and into the vagina (Forman et al,. 2011).The cells of the cervix can create to precancerous changes known as dysplasia. Dysplasia (which is anomalous cells on the cervix) can be sorted utilizing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) characterization. Therefore it is essential that women have normal spreads as right on time identification of cervical variations from the norm can launch treatment before cancer creates.

There are two sorts of cervical cancers: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most widely recognized manifestation of cervical cancer and records for 80- 90% of cervical malignancies. Squamous cell carcinoma attacks the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix (Jemal, Siegel, Xu & Ward, 2010). The other type of cervical disease is adenocarcinoma, albeit less regular as it records for just 10% in all cases it is thought to be the more serious than squamous cell carcinoma (Cuzick et al,. 2010). Also the cervical smear is not intended to catch adenocarcinoma, however is essentially expected at locating the early changes of squamous cell carcinoma.as cervical growth advances gradually it might be asymptomatic, however as it advances the manifestations, for example, spasmodic dying, draining or agony after sex and expanded release may be an indication of cervical cancer. As per Symonds et al,. (2010) there is solid proof to recommend that Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) causes cervical growth, with sorts 16 and 18 esteemed to be firmly connected with cervical malignancy. Other danger elements incorporate, smoking, number of sexual accomplices, and time of first intercourse and utilization of oral contraceptives (World Health Organization, 2010).

Cervical Cancer case in Malawi

Malawi has a populace of around 50.14 million women who are at danger of creating cervical growth. It is the commonest gynecological threat and current evaluations show that consistently, 10034 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 8030 kick the bucket from it (WHO 2010). World Bank Group (2012) expressed that the fundamental purpose behind the pointedly higher cervical growth frequency is the absence of viable screening projects went for identifying precancerous conditions and treating them before they advancement to intrusive cancer. The current perspicacity about cervical disease control is the basic vitality of ahead of schedule location. Most women in Malawi present with cutting edge ailment when radiotherapy and hysterectomy is of no profit. Bloom & Canning (2000) exceptional a few explanations behind late presentation and these are; lack of awareness about the condition and indications, fatalistic state of mind, humiliation, status to credit neoplastic ailment to extraordinary reasons, apprehension of affirmation of suspicion and the lasting issue of low scope of the populace by human services benefits particularly the country regions. It has been assessed that just 10% of women in Malawi have been screened for cervical dysplasia in the previous 10 years contrasted with 50 – half seen in created nations (Von Karsa et al,. 2010).

Malawi has not had a lot of accomplishment in actualizing successful cervical cancer screening until date. The conveyance of cervical cancer screening in Malawi is normally led in an artful way, whereby screening relies on upon the activity of the lady and/or her medicinal services supplier. This may prompt improper screening use and insufficient catch up of anomalous results. There is presently no mass screening project for the identification of cervical disease in Malawi. Administrations are just accessible in showing healing centers and are not enough used. Stipulations against underutilization were discovered to be destitution, obliviousness and framework disappointment (World Health Organization. Reproductive Health, 2010).

Conclusion

Today, the HBM is utilized by numerous scientists to rule the advancement of methods for viable wellbeing intercession, in this area, I will attempt to compress some finding from the distinctive intercessions based HBM that push me to recommend this model to enhance women’ conduct in Malawi and UK. The wellbeing conviction model has been utilized by a few study, alone or consolidated with other wellbeing advancement models to and to enhance conviction and practices among women in regards to the screening program, a case of this study, has been led in UK, in 2010, this study demonstrated that the “HBM has structured the premise for an interventional project to enhance conduct among Iranian women”, For the information accumulation instrument, a self-regulated multi-decision survey was created focused around the ideas of the HBM. It is clear from the study that the UK has advanced policies and frameworks to manage the case of Cervical Cancer as compared to that of Malawi.

References

Arbyn, M., Anttila, A., Jordan, J., Ronco, G., Schenck, U., Segnan, N., … & Von Karsa, L. (2010). European guidelines for quality assurance in cervical cancer screening. —summary document. Annals of Oncology, 21(3), 448-458.

Bloom, D. E., & Canning, D. (2000). The health and wealth of nations. Science (Washington), 287(5456), 1207-1209.

Cuzick, J., Castanon, A., & Sasieni, P. (2010). Predicted impact of vaccination against human papillomavirus 16/18 on cancer incidence and cervical abnormalities in women aged 20–29 in the UK. British journal of cancer, 102(5), 933-939.

Hilton, S., & Hunt, K. (2010). Coverage of Jade Goody’s cervical cancer in UK newspapers: a missed opportunity for health promotion?. BMC public health,10(1), 368.

Howell-Jones, R., Bailey, A., Beddows, S., Sargent, A., de Silva, N., Wilson, G., … & Kitchener, H. (2010). Multi-site study of HPV type-specific prevalence in women with cervical cancer, intraepithelial neoplasia and normal cytology, in England. British journal of cancer, 103(2), 209-216.

Jemal, A., Bray, F., Center, M. M., Ferlay, J., Ward, E., & Forman, D. (2011). Global cancer statistics. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 61(2), 69-90.

Jemal, A., Siegel, R., Xu, J., & Ward, E. (2010). Cancer statistics, 2010. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 60(5), 277-300.

Ronco, G., Giorgi-Rossi, P., Carozzi, F., Confortini, M., Palma, P. D., Del Mistro, A., … & Cuzick, J. (2010). Efficacy of human papillomavirus testing for the detection of invasive cervical cancers and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomised controlled trial. The lancet oncology, 11(3), 249-257.

Vale, C. L., Tierney, J. F., Davidson, S. E., Drinkwater, K. J., & Symonds, P. (2010). Substantial improvement in UK cervical cancer survival with chemoradiotherapy: results of a Royal College of Radiologists’ audit. Clinical oncology, 22(7), 590-601.

World Bank Group (Ed.). (2012). World Development Indicators 2012. World Bank Publications.

World Health Organization. (2010). World health statistics 2010. World Health Organization.

World Health Organization. Reproductive Health. (2010). Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. World Health Organization.

Challenges in Dealing with My Selected Topic (2)

Challenges in Dealing with My Selected Topic

Author’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Challenges in Dealing with My Selected Topic

The topic that I will research in my final project is the role of leadership in the management of disasters and emergencies. As I prepare to tackle this subject matter, I anticipate facing several challenges, one of which is the relative overabundance of reading materials and scholarly works relating to leadership. Thus, sorting through them to identify those that will be relevant and specific to my research area will be somewhat challenging in that it will require establishing a particular set of inclusion criteria. Also, this will be a challenge in that it will complicate the scoping of my literature review. Scoping the literature review is crucial in identifying its linkage with the research questions, especially when qualitative research methods are adopted, as Fellows and Edwards (2014) suggest.

The second challenge is the quantity of literature. Given the potential of the overabundance of sources and reading materials on the construct of leadership, the quantity of literature that I will likely access will be overwhelmingly large. Dealing with such literature quantity will be a challenge for me because a literature review is usually an iterative engagement rather than a linear process. By iterative I mean that literature review entails managing the quantity of literature accessed, retrieving data that will support the framework of my research, and determining the keywords and alternative search terms while constantly looking for new research sources to validate findings (Hagen-Zanker & Mallett, 2013; Lentz et al., 2016). For this reason, I will most likely find myself revisiting each of the literature-review steps multiple times before I can complete my literature review.

The third challenge I anticipate to encounter is the concern relating to the narrowness or broadness of my study focus. I see this concern as inevitable because I have to balance the focus to ensure that it is neither too narrow nor too wide, as Donahoe and Ross (2013) advocate. On the one hand, a study focus that is too narrow will imply possibilities of covering little about the topic because I cannot find enough information to work with (Fayetteville State University, 2020), hence missing out on the real impact of the research. One the other hand, a study focus that is too broad will be deemed vague while leading to the problem of overabundance of information that can overwhelm my research efforts. For this reason, I will be obliged to prepare myself for adapting my research as I skim through literature to ensure I maintain the desired level of study focus and make my research manageable.

The fourth challenge that I expect to face when researching my selected topic is the time management issue. As I grapple with attaining a balance between my part-time job commitments and research efforts, meeting research project deadlines, and juggling other tasks, I will need to manage my time better. A significant amount of time will be necessary for me to conduct an in-depth inquiry into literature, engage in an intense exploration, and draft and polish my research project paper. Accomplishing these research steps without proper time management will be impossible.

The last challenge will entail choosing the right research methodology that appropriately aligns with the scope and design of my research. While the research methodology is the necessary procedure for moving forward with my research topic, getting it to align with my research question will be challenging because it will require considerations of three factors. These factors will include honing my research design, soliciting feedback from my instructor, and deciding whether a qualitative or quantitative orientation or a mixture of both approaches will best work for my research methodology.

References

Donahoe, D., & Ross, J. (2013). Chapter 7: Student scholarly writing: The seminar paper. Legal Writing Pedagogy: Commenting, Conferencing, and Classroom Teaching. Pressbooks.

Fayetteville State University. (2020). Develop a research topic. Fayetteville, NC. Fayetteville State University. Retrieved June 06, 2020, from http://library.uncfsu.edu/reference/intro-to-library-research/develop-a-research-topic.

Fellows, J., & Edwards, M. (2014). User guidelines on qualitative methods in health workforce planning and forecasting. London: Centre for Workforce Intelligence.

Hagen-Zanker, J., & Mallett, R. (2013). How to do a rigorous, evidence-focused literature review in international development: A guidance note. London: Overseas Development Institute.

Lentz, J., Kennett, M., Perlmutter, J., & Forrest, A. (2016). Paving the way to a more effective informed consent process: Recommendations from the clinical trials transformation initiative. Contemporary clinical trials, 49, 65-69.

Challenges in Dealing with My Selected Topic

Challenges in Dealing with My Selected Topic

Author’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Challenges in Dealing with My Selected Topic

The topic that I will research in my final project is the role of leadership in the management of disasters and emergencies. As I prepare to tackle this subject matter, I anticipate facing several challenges, one of which is the relative overabundance of reading materials and scholarly works relating to leadership. Thus, sorting through them to identify those that will be relevant and specific to my research area will be somewhat challenging in that it will require establishing a particular set of inclusion criteria. Also, this will be a challenge in that it will complicate the scoping of my literature review. Scoping the literature review is crucial in identifying its linkage with the research questions, especially when qualitative research methods are adopted, as Fellows and Edwards (2014) suggest.

The second challenge is the quantity of literature. Given the potential of the overabundance of sources and reading materials on the construct of leadership, the quantity of literature that I will likely access will be overwhelmingly large. Dealing with such literature quantity will be a challenge for me because a literature review is usually an iterative engagement rather than a linear process. By iterative I mean that literature review entails managing the quantity of literature accessed, retrieving data that will support the framework of my research, and determining the keywords and alternative search terms while constantly looking for new research sources to validate findings (Hagen-Zanker & Mallett, 2013; Lentz et al., 2016). For this reason, I will most likely find myself revisiting each of the literature-review steps multiple times before I can complete my literature review.

The third challenge I anticipate to encounter is the concern relating to the narrowness or broadness of my study focus. I see this concern as inevitable because I have to balance the focus to ensure that it is neither too narrow nor too wide, as Donahoe and Ross (2013) advocate. On the one hand, a study focus that is too narrow will imply possibilities of covering little about the topic because I cannot find enough information to work with (Fayetteville State University, 2020), hence missing out on the real impact of the research. One the other hand, a study focus that is too broad will be deemed vague while leading to the problem of overabundance of information that can overwhelm my research efforts. For this reason, I will be obliged to prepare myself for adapting my research as I skim through literature to ensure I maintain the desired level of study focus and make my research manageable.

The fourth challenge that I expect to face when researching my selected topic is the time management issue. As I grapple with attaining a balance between my part-time job commitments and research efforts, meeting research project deadlines, and juggling other tasks, I will need to manage my time better. A significant amount of time will be necessary for me to conduct an in-depth inquiry into literature, engage in an intense exploration, and draft and polish my research project paper. Accomplishing these research steps without proper time management will be impossible.

The last challenge will entail choosing the right research methodology that appropriately aligns with the scope and design of my research. While the research methodology is the necessary procedure for moving forward with my research topic, getting it to align with my research question will be challenging because it will require considerations of three factors. These factors will include honing my research design, soliciting feedback from my instructor, and deciding whether a qualitative or quantitative orientation or a mixture of both approaches will best work for my research methodology.

References

Donahoe, D., & Ross, J. (2013). Chapter 7: Student scholarly writing: The seminar paper. Legal Writing Pedagogy: Commenting, Conferencing, and Classroom Teaching. Pressbooks.

Fayetteville State University. (2020). Develop a research topic. Fayetteville, NC. Fayetteville State University. Retrieved June 06, 2020, from http://library.uncfsu.edu/reference/intro-to-library-research/develop-a-research-topic.

Fellows, J., & Edwards, M. (2014). User guidelines on qualitative methods in health workforce planning and forecasting. London: Centre for Workforce Intelligence.

Hagen-Zanker, J., & Mallett, R. (2013). How to do a rigorous, evidence-focused literature review in international development: A guidance note. London: Overseas Development Institute.

Lentz, J., Kennett, M., Perlmutter, J., & Forrest, A. (2016). Paving the way to a more effective informed consent process: Recommendations from the clinical trials transformation initiative. Contemporary clinical trials, 49, 65-69.

Challenges in Establishing a company

Name:

Instructor:

Class/course:

Date:

Strategic Human Resource Management

Establishing a company is never a smooth sailing affair as one has to be prepared to deal with different challenges. The management plays a critical role on how a company progresses since they are mandated to set both short and long term goals for the company. Positive attitude and determination to succeed should always be the mission of every individual or group of people who want to start a company despite the challenges that may come up.

Capital is the major challenge that any person or groups of individuals would face when starting a company. Murphy and the six who quit their job in the public sector to start an IT company were not spared of this challenge either. This was made difficult by the fact that their family members were against their resignation from the job they had got in the public sector and family support being important in any project undertaken by anyone proved to be the first great challenge they faced. However the determination to succeed enables any management team to achieve their set objectives. Murphy and the six having that determination to see their company grow never even listened to their ill-wishers who expected them to fail. They also faced challenges such the bureaucracy in government at that time, difficulty in importing computer and telephone lines but this made them more determined. This was an excellent attribute shown by this management team. Keeping the company’s goals and hope alive proved to be the determination of all the six members of the company. This enabled them encourage each other in the meetings that they regularly held to be strong and determined. This is what is expected of any management team.

Secondly, any management team has to develop a vision and mission statements for their company. These statements motivate both the management and other staff to work harder in order to achieve the set objectives. Infosys group had a vision creating wealth in a legal and ethical manner and become a global company. Their aim was to work transparently and in accordance with the set laws of their country. They also strived to be unique and different from other firms in India which were dominated by family members in their management teams. Their company was to be managed by professions and in professional manner. The current C.E.O reaffirms this by noting that they wanted to build a professionally owned company managed by professionals with good cooperate governance, good employee management and good ethics.

The management should also be able to review its strategies when need arises in order to improve the quality of services they provide as well as expand their customer market. Infosys’ initial vision was to offer services to foreign clients in their own country but they later reversed this and in subsequent years, they sent their employees to the clients in different foreign countries to offer direct services to them. This improved their customer base as well as the quality of their services. They were able to value added services such as IT design and IT strategy.

The management team has to be able to work on how to branding quality of their goods and services to make their product competitive in the market. This is a great challenge that every company faces especially when the said product is manufactured by several companies and every company has to stand out.

The management is also bound to face several challenges within the company and should establish clear mechanisms to deal with the challenges. Bonding between the employees and the management should be prioritized as well as bonding among the employees for example, offer support services to its employees in emergency situations.

The management shout also be able to find ways of managing employee discontent by making the work place more fun as well as offering good pay for the employees. Good remuneration increases work morale among employees.

Challenges managers face in companies

Challenges managers face in companies

Student’s Name

Affiliation

Course

Date

Managers are the foot solders of directors in a company any happening or event must be recognized by the managers. Any loss or tragedy that befalls the company is usually taken to be the manager’s fault. According to (Punch 2014) the Power Holding Company of Nigeria was privatized and the lead reason was managers. Managers are faced with the task of always achieving a stretch goal by being aggressive .The new CEO of Apple Tim cook apologized after the company promised that the Maps application would be ready. His dreams were shuttered after the internet was outraged about the mapping errors prompting him to apologize (Nnodim, 2014).

Continuous improvement

Manager should ensure constant improvement through change in process, embracing new technology embracing change in owner. In PHCN the privatized firm that took over wanted to change its operation to technological thus would retrench people as they would not have any work to do. Large organizations manage performance and provide feedback thanks to online applications Apple has not embraced the evolution and it would be better if they would purchase twitter and integrate it to IOS5 and it would take advantage of the evolution. This is also done by keeping up with technology especially with growth of new devices everyday and managers should instill constant improvement in all employees. Managers should also foster next generation talent to get better success rate as they are the future.

Responding to a crisis

In PHCN there was the striking loom that would cause a shutter in the production industry. Managers should find alternative solutions to beat such occurrences. The crisis in Nigeria was brought about by retrenchment policies that would cause 40,000 employees to be jobless. Managers should have organization plans that will response to change in the environment conditions such as strikes. Creative management should anticipating the trend, companies should spot potential customer groups and new channels of distribution that would improve sales and new technology that make company more efficient to reduce such instances.

Employing the right employee

Private investors who took over the company also required labor personnel who had experience in the power field. The reason for retrenchment was to hire personnel who could perform work, with qualification in the energy industry. Human capital management is a challenge that the human resource goes through. Constant change in the technology field needs skills from employees and constant training to enable them adjust to change. Online human resource services such as cloud based services can provide much higher security than paper kept in file cabinets which Apple Company adopted. The traditional interviews are not practical anymore and managers should adapt technology.

Resource allocation

Managers are faced with the task of allocating resources to ensure success rate is constant. Human resource was lacking in the Nigerian industry as they retrenched most of their personnel. They required recruiting more individuals to be given roles and responsibilities. Resources should not be wasted but choices have to be made to allocate the financial and human resource. Financial resource should be allocated to major departments to develop products that would improve a company’s profit ratio. This can be done by controlling costs and identifying opportunities to build profitability in equities

Reference

Nnodim O (2014, 04 23) Strike looms in power firms over job losses. Punch

Connor, T (2014) how are you handling the five biggest challenges facing managers and business owners today? Employee Performance