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Class 418 Week 4 Discussion

Class 418: Week 4 Discussion

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Class 418: Week 4 Discussion

In 5 to 10 years’ time, malware will have become more sophisticated and complex. Malware will grow exponentially and there will be a shift from how malware is socially engineered to leveraging new ways of targeting victims. Cyber-attackers, malware authors and engineers, and hackers will utilize high-tech machine learning techniques for victim identification and targeting and outpace defenders by churning and generating multiple thousands of new malware versions with functionally new malicious codes each day to their advantage as Bakdash et al. (2018) submit. This will enable them to exploit changes in the epidemiological patterns and technical details of malware, hence remaining ahead of defenders. Ransomware attackers will leverage the internet of things to create the internet of insecure things characterized by high-level vulnerabilities of systems to rapid remote manipulation, with the collateral damage of compromised systems going beyond the innocent individuals who will get compromised through faults they never committed.

Some of the technologies that hackers might be targeting with their malware in this time frame are technologies that make it easy for them to compromise victims’ information. Such technologies include 5G networks, functional quantum computing, artificially generated deepfakes, the internet of things, and digital media. They are likely to target these technologies because they facilitate quick decryption and cracking of encrypted data, data brokerage, identity manipulation, and the hijacking of communications while allowing high speeds of compromising systems and networks at corporate, individual, and society levels. Also, these technologies will be hackers’ primary targets because they lessen the timeframes of solving algorithmic problems needed in encryption of data and bypassing security protocols, making their hacking work easier than it is currently.

References

Bakdash, J. Z., Hutchinson, S., Zaroukian, E. G., Marusich, L. R., Thirumuruganathan, S., Sample, C., … & Das, G. (2018). Malware in the future? Forecasting of analyst detection of cyber events. Journal of Cybersecurity, 4(1), tyy007.

Class 607 Discussion 1

Class 607 Discussion 1

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Class 607 Discussion 1

The role of a private industry security officer entails enhancing the company’s capability to meet security requirements, ensuring compliance with industry security these prerequisites, and being accountable for contract security programs. So, the roles of the officer include protecting and safeguarding organizational property and people from criminal activities, monitoring areas continually for security, reporting incidences of insecurity, instructing security personnel on security engagements, and maintaining organizational security clearances. Also, the private industry security officer secures assets and information, conducts security briefings and drills, raises security awareness, and updates and upgrades individual security reliability statuses. The role of a chief security officer in the development of a business continuity plan for a corporation involves ensuring data protection, conducting due diligence of dealers, facilitating compliance management, addressing security risks, and integrating risk mitigation strategies (Wackrow, 2017).

The evolving threats and security priorities that are of greater concerns to private industry security professionals than to public security professionals are business intelligence, digital information security and cybersecurity, functional threat intelligence, identity management, and security information and event management (SIEM) as suggested by Fruhlinger (2018). In the last 20 years, the role of the chief security officer has evolved to become a mission-critical business service spanning broad risk areas that range from vendor due diligence and data protection to business continuity regulatory prerequisites, addressing the ever-changing security risk landscape, and managing compliance (Wackrow, 2017). The integration of security in business operations impacts the skills, knowledge, and traits needed to be an effective chief security officer in two ways. Firstly, such integration necessitates a CSO to be endowed with technical skills in information technology, along with the knowledge of comprehending the relationship between information technology security strategy and business strategy (Karana, 2017). Secondly, the integration impacts a CSO’s traits and skills by requiring them to be an effective strategist with sound collaboration, negotiation, and communication skills, strategy formulation and execution competencies, and change management capabilities (Onibere, Ahmad, & Maynard, 2017).

References

Fruhlinger, J. (May 8, 2018). What is a CSO? Understanding the critical chief security officer role. IDG Communications, Inc. Retrieved January 14, 2020, from https://www.csoonline.com/article/2122505/what-is-a-cso-understanding-the-critical-chief-security-officer-role.html.

Karanja, E. (2017). The role of the chief information security officer in the management of IT security. Information & Computer Security, 25(3), 300-329.

Onibere, M., Ahmad, A., & Maynard, S. B. (2017, July). The chief information security officer and the five dimensions of a strategist. In PACIS (p. 77).

Wackrow, J. (2017). The evolving role of the chief security officer. IDG Communications, Inc. Retrieved January 14, 2020, from https://www.csoonline.com/article/3173067/the-evolving-role-of-the-chief-security-officer.html.

Class 607 Discussion 3

Class 607 Discussion 3

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Class 481 Discussion

Efforts should be made to balance safety and privacy by ensuring that intelligence gathering strategies for national threat investigations are balanced against citizen privacy rights (Holt, Bossler, & Seigfried-Spellar, 2017). Difficulties in maintaining such a balance were apparent in Edward Snowden’s revelations regarding information collection processes adopted by GCHQ and NSA, raising questions whether Snowden was a hero or a traitor. From a critical outlook, Snowden is both a traitor who undermined ethical aspects of national security and a hero protecting individual privacy rights for several reasons.

On the one hand, Snowden is a traitor for three reasons. Firstly, he adopted questionable approaches to leak the information on Karma Police and classified NSA documents. Rather than utilizing ethical and legal avenues for patriotic whistleblowing, Snowden delivered information to foreign journalists, encumbering them the tasking role of deciding which of the documents he had stolen should reach the public and which should be treated as confidential. Secondly, he was not willing to face the consequences of his actions. If Snowden was genuine and believed that his actions were honorable, he would not have escaped away from the U.S. but would have confidently remained there to bear the consequences. Lastly, Snowden damaged his country’s foreign relations because most of the information he leaked related to the United States espionage on foreign operations in other countries (Holt, Bossler, & Seigfried-Spellar, 2017).

Conversely, Snowden is a hero for three reasons. Firstly, his revelations of illegal U.S. government’s activities sparked a global discourse regarding surveillance, which prompted the government to change its laws towards superior protection of Americans’ right to privacy (Holt, Bossler, & Seigfried-Spellar, 2017). Secondly, he demonstrated some sense of responsibility by revealing information about illegal practices and not U.S. military intelligence and diplomatic conversations. Lastly, Snowden paid an immense price in defending citizens’ liberty in that he risked his freedom to reveal how the U.S. government was jeopardizing their civil liberties.

References

Holt, T. J., Bossler, A. M., & Seigfried-Spellar, K. C. (2017). Cybercrime and digital forensics: An introduction. Routledge.

Class 607 Discussion

Class 607 Discussion 3

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Class 607 Discussion 3

The readings from Anderson et al. (2011), Hillson and Hulett (2004), IEC (2009) and PQRI (n.d) present essential insights into risk assessment. For instance, IEC (2009) presents a diagrammatic representation of the steps and phases to be considered in the risk assessment processes. After reading these materials and looking back to my initial risk assessment for day-long canoeing down Delaware River, I realized that the only part of the risk assessment process as provided by IEC (2009), which I overlooked in my first risk assessment, was the risk analysis stage. From my initial risk assessment, it is clear that I covered all the other three stages of the process, namely, risk identification, risk evaluation, and risk treatment, but I did not cover risk analysis. From what I understand from the readings, risks analysis entails considering the causes of risks, sources of risks, and their consequences, which are reflected in updated risk assessment.

In my initial assessment, I delineated risk treatment for each risk. Some different ways to treat risks that were not covered in this assessment could include but not limited to providing directorate’s mandatory procedures, a prior inspection of canoeing locations on the river for potential hazards, availing first aid equipment, and supervising the pacing and rest stops of canoeing participants. Different ways of treating risk in other scenarios beyond the canoeing exercise include risk acceptance, avoidance, transfer, mitigation, and retention. Lastly, an organization’s risk appetite is determined by the company’s risk attitude and risk capacity (Anderson et al., 2011). While risk attitude is the enterprise’s approach to handling risk, which can entail a risk-seeking or risk-averse approach, risk capacity refers to the amount of risk the enterprise can bear.

References

Anderson, R., Aujla, B., Clatworthy, G., Garrini, R., Galileo, S., Hopkin, P., …, & Williams, C. (2011). Guidance paper: Risk appetite and tolerance. London. Institute of Risk Management.

Hillson, D. A., & Hulett, D. T. (2004). Assessing risk probability: Alternative approaches. In Proceedings of PMI Global Congress (pp. 1-5).

International Electrotechnical Commission [IEC]. (2009). Risk management – Risk assessment techniques. International Standard. IEC.

Product Quality Research Institute [PQRI]. (n.d). Hazard & Operability Analysis (HAZOP). In Manufacturing Technology Committee – Risk Management Working Group: Risk Management Training Guides. Product Quality Research Institute (PQRI).

Class 607 Week 5 (2)

Class 607 Week 5

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Class 607 Week 5

After conducting a red team analysis of a local power plant based on what we understood from the red team handbook by TRADOC G2 Operational Environment Enterprise (2015), we identified three vulnerabilities that jumped out at us. One of these is the aging of the workforce. Aging means losing expertise, which translates to less reliability of the power system and augmented susceptibility to external threats such as disruption by natural phenomena and terrorist-related intrusions. The second vulnerability is security threats instigated by insiders. Contractors and employees of this local power plant who have authentic reasons for accessing the systems can change their motives and end up doing great harm to the systems by damaging physical assets and the entire power plant. The third is the lack of preinstalled physical tamper detection hardware to shield transmission systems and towers, transformers, control centers, and fuel delivery systems from internal and external tampering.

The aspects of the operations in this power plant that we might seek to exploit include automation errors by maintenance and control room workers. The operators in this power plant can improve their current security posture by redesigning systems and procedures for error detection and avoidance, augmenting surveillance, and implementing better error detection and correction training. The process we used to get to the results of our analysis was consistent with what we learned from the red teaming text, and it entailed three steps. The first of these steps included putting ourselves in the circumstances of a potential adversary and reacting to external stimuli as if it were a real-life situation. The second was to develop some first-person questions that the potential adversary would ask regarding the ensuing circumstances. The last step was to develop decisions and recommendations on the next course of action.

References

TRADOC G2 Operational Environment Enterprise (2015). The applied critical thinking handbook Vol. 7.0. Leavenworth, Kansas. University of Foreign Military and Cultural Studies.

Class 607 Week 5

Class 607 Week 5

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Class 607 Week 5

The local power plant we analyzed based on the knowledge garnered from the red team handbook by TRADOC G2 Operational Environment Enterprise (2015) is Harbor Generating Station (HGS). Following the analysis, we identified three vulnerabilities that jumped out at us one of which includes regulatory and compliance concerns regarding environmental protection. The cumulative emission of particulate matter, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, regeneration wastes, and other pollutants from HGS will increase, raising concerns about the plant’s compliance with environmental protection regulations. The second is the use of technology in observing effluent limitations. HGS must meet technology-based numeric effluent limitations established for cooling tower blowdown under the effluent limitation guidelines. These standards necessitate HGS to enhance its technologies to meet them adequately. The third vulnerability is the absence of physical tamper detection controls aimed at shielding HGS’s transmission systems and towers, control centers, transformers, and fuel delivery systems from tamper.

Based on our analysis, the aspects of HGS’s operations that we might seek to exploit are automation errors by maintenance and control room workers. We would target these because they can allow for easier access to information and generate large amounts of money for adversaries. HGS’s operators can improve their current security posture by augmenting surveillance, restructuring procedures and systems for error detection and avoidance, and implementing better training for error detection and rectification. In gathering our results, the process we used aligned with the three steps provided by the red teaming text. The first step entailed putting ourselves in potential adversaries’ circumstances and reacting to external stimuli as if they were real-life situations. The second involved developing some first-person questions that potential adversaries would ask concerning the circumstances. The last step involved developing action decisions and recommendations.

References

TRADOC G2 Operational Environment Enterprise (2015). The applied critical thinking handbook Vol. 7.0. Leavenworth, Kansas. University of Foreign Military and Cultural Studies.

Class 643 Discussion 2

Class 643 Discussion 2

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Class 643 Discussion 2

Defining the terms Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources from a policy perspective is important because the security and resilience of the two are principal priority areas, especially in the aspects preparedness, public awareness, training, and implementing activities and requisites (DHS, 2013). Defining these two terms from a regulatory perspective is important as key resources and critical infrastructure networks, systems and assets reside in specific jurisdictions, compliance and authority mandates, and regulatory standards that should be observed (DHS, 2008; Knapp & Langill, 2014). Defining the two from a management perspective is important because protecting them requires the integration of management functions such as coordination, planning, and risk management.

Adopting a unified public, private, and cross-agency approach to managing and protecting critical infrastructure as advocated by PPD21 and the NIPP is important due to strategic collaboration. Specifically, the joint efforts of partners in the private and public sectors and agencies help in attaining collaborative, flexible, inclusive, and proactive coordination, action, and information sharing essential in advancing critical infrastructure security and resilience (DHS, 2013; The White House, 2013).

The fact that a significant portion of the United States’ critical infrastructure is managed privately has implications for emergency management, raising concerns for national security and the handling of community and regional risks. The portion of critical infrastructure managed privately is increasingly aging, augmenting vulnerability to failure and susceptibility to evolving terrorist threats, hence creating challenges for national emergency management (FEMA 2011). I see the attempt to manage the 16 critical infrastructure sectors, which contain many national resources, as feasible but only when an aggressive and collaborative approach is adopted. Each of these sectors has a specific protection plan and unique man-made and natural threats and risks (Hemme, 2015). This necessitates a holistic and comprehensive approach that brings together the collaborative efforts of all players in the public and private sectors to attain feasible management.

References

DHS. (2008). A guide to critical infrastructure and key resources protection at the state, regional, local, tribal, and territorial level. Washington, DC. DHS.

DHS. (2013). NIPP 2013: Partnering for critical infrastructure security and resilience. Washington, DC. DHS.

FEMA. (2011). Critical infrastructure: Long-term trends and drivers and their implications for emergency management. Strategic Foresight Initiative. Washington, DC. FEMA.

Hemme, K. (2015). Critical infrastructure protection: Maintenance is national security. Journal of Strategic Security, 8(3), 25-39.

Knapp, E. D., & Langill, J. T. (2014). Industrial network security: Securing critical infrastructure networks for smart grid, SCADA, and other Industrial Control Systems, 2 Ed. Syngress.

The White House. (2013). Presidential policy directive/PPD 21–Critical infrastructure security and resilience. Washington, DC. The White House.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT (APPLE INC)

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How to use market growth and market share to develop strategy

Strategic management is a dynamic process that changes course with change in a number of factors to ensure that the corporate’s mission is achieved best. It entails analysis, decision making and taking an action towards the achievement of the firm’s objectives. A strategy is a plan that is adopted by an organization especially in a competitive environment that enables it to enjoy an advantage over the other rival firms. A marketing strategy is therefore a plan by a firm which is adopted by a firm after a close analysis of the market and their resources which enables them to increase their sales and on the other hand maintain a competitive advantage over their rival firms in the market.

Before any firm ventures into the manufacture of any product it has in mind the prospective market (Kottler and Keller, 2005, 465). A single market may have numerous firms producing close substitute product but there may be variance in the price and quality of the products. Various firms serve a different proportion of the market. Some firms control and occupy a larger share of the market while others occupy a negligible part of the market. For a company to maintain or improve on its market share, some sound strategies have to be formulated by the firm. A company may experience market growth depending on the strategies used.

The Apple Inc. is a renowned manufacture of technological products. It is a multinational company based in the United States of America and its products are sold all over the world. It sells a number of consumer electronics which include; computer hardware, computer software and personal computers. Their brand names includes; the iPod music player, iPhone smart phone, the iPad tablet handheld personal computer, the OS x and iOS computer operating systems, the safari web browser and the iTunes. The company was founded in 1979 and boasts to be the world’s second largest information technology company and is among the top most sellers of mobile devices. The apple brand has been admired all over the world. The company has experienced a rapid market growth in the last span of ten years and now boasts a large market share in the world’s information communication technology market.

In developing a marketing strategy for the jumbo Apple Company the company has to consider internal as well as external factors in respect to the market situation. The strategies should change from time to time depending on the market environment (Jobber and Chadwick, 2012, 234). The company can employ marketing growth as well as the market share to develop a strategy.

Marketing growth strategies involves employment of the market behavior knowledge. Being a large company with numerous resources, use of market growth to develop a marketing strategy is highly achievable. This chiefly entails marching the marketing opportunities and the company’s resources without forgetting the company’s objectives. Market growth can be defined as a bid to increase the sales of a firm in the existing markets and the introduction of the products into new markets (John and David, 2012, 473). Market growth also involves creation of new products or tailoring of existing products to get new uses in a bid to encroach the market.

To ensure that the market development is used to build new strategies a number of factors have to be put into consideration (Morden, 2007, 174). One of these factors is the attractiveness of the new market the Apple Company wants to encroach. Investing in creating markets in some geographical areas would be a waste of resources (Simerson, 2010, 278). Not all regions have adopted sophistication in terms of communication. Some areas especially in the poverty stricken continents still use low quality cheap products in communication or no mobile devices at all. It would sound ironical if the Apple Inc. tried to expand its market in Africa by intensifying its marketing strategies in the sub-Saharan Africa. There are countries in which the Apple Company has not deepened their market in them. These countries may however have a great potential of purchasing their products. This includes the Middle East. This is an attractive new market which has a potential of increasing their total annual sales by a great deal. Therefore it is advisable that they consider first the attractiveness of the new market.

The second factor that the company should put into consideration before using market development to create a strategy should be the availability of resources and their willingness of the company to commit them. Some market expansion plans may require intensive capital expenditure to achieve. Expansion of the market requires capital resources as well as human resources (Simerson, 2010, 295)). Therefore it would be of great importance for the company to evaluate first the kind of market being intruded, the resources required and the power of the company in respect to the requirements. For example some regions would require intensive advertising and promotion before they would purchase the products while other would call for less advertisement and less product promotion before purchase

The third factor the Apple Inc. would have to consider is any modifications or rather adaptations that would be necessary for the company in covering new markets. Entering into new markets would have some obstacles. It would be necessary if the company evaluated if it had the time and the power to overcome any obstacles encountered (Morden, 2007, 234). The Apple Inc. is a multinational firm however some obstacles which include government regulations in different continents and countries would be a barrier to their activity especially in development of new markets. Some countries may enact legislation to protect their young information technology industries.

The fourth factor to put into consideration is the competitive advantage in the new markets. A competitive advantage is an advantage that accrues to the firm over other firms that may be as a result of better quality and better pricing (Jobber and Chadwick, 2012, 463). Therefore it would be necessary for the Apple Inc. to evaluate the new prospective market’s status, evaluate the other technological products in that market, their market price, quality and their utility to the consumers. This would enable the company to establish possible modification of their products or revision of their prices. Competitive advantage is of great importance in a multiple seller market. It ensures that one firm is ahead of the others in sales and preference by the consumers.

The fifth factor would be comparing the advantages of new markets and their disadvantages. In some situations the advantages of market development may surpass the handicaps (John and David, 2012, 345). In this case after weighing the two then it would be advisable that the Apple Inc. expand its market to areas with such situations. In some regions, the drawbacks and the bottle necks would exceed the benefits of escalating the market. In such situations then it would not be advisable for the Apple Inc. to impinge such new markets.

It would also be necessary for the company to establish it strength and weaknesses. It would be of great importance for the company to carry out a SWOT analysis prior to expanding and developing new markets. The SWOT analysis basically involves analysis of a firm’s strengths and weaknesses, the threats and opportunities (Kottler and Keller, 2005, 278). This would give a good direction to be taken in capturing new markets for this technology giant, the Apple Inc.

In their bid to ensure market growth it would also be necessary to establish well defined sales and marketing strategies. The main objective of expanding the market or market growth is the increment of sales for the firm. Consequently, this would necessitate the presence of strong sales and marketing strategy that would ensure proper sales in the new markets gotten into by the Apple Inc. this would involve a proper study of the market prior to the expansion. This prior study is referred to as pre-feasibility study in a technical term (Jobber and Chadwick, 2012, 375). It enables the marketers to establish the viability of that particular market in terms of future sales. It would be good to have a rough estimate of the possible sales in a given location and compare them to other area hence establish which is the best area to expand to.

The market growth can be used as a marketing strategy in various ways. The first would be establishment of new geographical markets. The Apple Inc. is a multinational company. However, the company has not done it sales to all geographical locations on the earth’s surface. Consequently in this bid to strategize its marketing it would be of great importance if the Apple Inc. expanded its sales to new Geographical regions. Entry into new markets with a prefeasibility test done prior would definitely result in the increment of the aggregate sales (Morden, 2007, 278)).

The other market expansion strategy would be expansion of the Apple’s brand and improvement of the currents product utilization. Currently in the world the information and communication technology sector has experienced a massive growth. Formulation of new and unique products in the same line would be a milestone in encroachment of new markets (Kottler and Keller, 2007, 478). There also exists a great potential to improve and increase the satisfaction yielded by the current Apple Inc.’s. Products. Consequently improvement of their current products to higher standards would enable them to jet into new markets. For instance they may introduce children laptops. The company can also tailor their computer operating systems and other soft wares to meet more needs of the consumers. This would result in expansion of their market as more people would be attracted to their products.

To such a large company like the Apple Inc. the distribution channel is quite large and complicated. Their distribution of their products in the market determines to a great extent the aggregate sales of their products. The choice of the distribution channel may influence the sales made and the markets reached. If the company would wish to expand into new markets it would be necessary to find the best distribution channels to ensure that their products are available and their after sales services are also available to their customers. This would mean that new procedures that are more viable be applied in the distribution of the products. This includes increasing the number of the distributors as well as diversifying their physical location. These efforts would result in the market expansion of the Apple’s products.

The other effort that would be required in expanding the market of the Apple Company is the pricing policies. Most of the customers are mired from purchasing the Apples products by their relatively high prices. Price of the product is interrelated to its demand and supply. Therefore, it would be of great importance if the Apple Inc. revised the price of all their products to make them more affordable to the consumers. Affordability would mean increased sales of the products.

The market share can also be used by the Apple Inc. as a strategy to reach more market and hence increase their total sales as well as revenue. Market share is the percentage of the market total sales that is earned by a given firm (John and David, 2012, 345). It can be expressed as the command of the company in the market. In this respect a company can be termed to be a market leader if it commands the greatest market share. On the other hand the other firms with lower market shares are called market followers. The Apple Inc. is a multinational company that commands quite a big share of the total technological market share. It is estimated to be the third largest seller of mobile devices. Improving the market share is a strategy embraced by many companies. The Apple Inc. can also use this as a strategy.

The primary purpose of investments is to raise more revenue for any money that is invested that is, the capital (Kottler and Keller, 2005, 435). Therefore it is important for any company to command a better part of the market in this bid. In order to improve the market share a number of information has to be put into consideration. The Apple Company can increase its market share by first studying the business environment. They also have to study their internal structure which includes their resources. After the study, the company is in a position to establish the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities in the market.

After they are through with the market study they can set strategies on how to increase their market share. This may include use of product promotion methods or even tailoring the products to meet the needs of their customers. It is also important for the Apple Inc. to study the methods used by other giant corporations like the Samsung Company, the Nokia Company and the Hewlett-Packard Company. This enables the company in setting up unique strategies that beat those of their rivals and hence increase their market popularity.

A blend of the two, that is the market growth and the market share, the Apple Company can have the best marketing strategy. If they expand the market to sell their products to places which did not previously receive the product the increase their market share, therefore the combination of the two can be referred to as a strategic plan. It would result in more sales of the Apples brands and hence more revenue would accrue to the company.

Reference

John, F and David, J. (2012). Foundations of marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Jobber, D and Chadwick, F. (2012). Principles and practice of marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Kottler, P and Keller, K. (2005). Marketing Management (14th edition). New York: Prentice Hall Pearson.

Morden, T. (2007). Principles of strategic management. New Jersey: Ashgate Publishing.

Simerson, K. (2010). Strategic planning. New Jersey: Ashgate publishing LTD.

Social sciences theories

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Social sciences theories

Social theories are backgrounds of experiential evidence used to study and explain social spectacles (Macionis and Plummer 2005). There are used by the social scientists to bring out the relationship between historical debates using the most valid and reliable procedures. In a nut shell, social theories are a set of logical explanations about patterns of human social life. There are two methodologies used in the quest which include positivism and ant positivism. The positivism theory is based on the view that all known information is derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of corporeal involvement is the only source of the authoritative knowledge. Ant- positivism is based on the view that the social realm is not subject to the similar procedures of inquiry as the natural world.

Some of the social theories remain confined to the scientific perspectives and they strictly remain descriptive and objective. In the contemporary world, social science is used to refer to a wide scope of issues ranging from sociology, economics, political science and jurisprudence. There also exists social theories which are of an informal nature and their perspective is neither in the academic social nor political science. Such theories can be comprehensively referred to as social criticism or social commentaries. Numerous social theories exist and more are still cropping up. Social scientists have been fighting hard and researching on various social occurrences in the world (Macionis and Plummer, 2005). This attempt is aimed at producing knowledge in a bid to understand and explain the world around us.

For a single phenomenon a number of theories may be formulated by multiple social scientists in a bid to explain it vividly. Each of the social scientists armed with facts to support his synthesized information. The multiple theories revolving around one social phenomenon may exhibit similarities among them and contrasts may also be evident. The differences may be as a result of the methodologies used to derive the theories. The dissimilarities may be also as a result of the different views of the social scientists used to derive them. The social science theories comprises of two perspectives; the scientific perspectives and the theoretical perspectives. The scientific perspectives are the experimental derivatives and observations that support the particular theory. The theoretical perspectives are based on written logical explanations to a particular theory (Derek and Sheffrin, 2003, 4). Theoretical aspects assist in making sense of what has been observed. Statistics are used when designing theories to compare the observations to what is logically expected.

There exist a number of theories that try to explain economics. Two of the most famous theories are by renowned economists; Adam Smith and Karl Marx. Each one of them came up with economic theories that have been continuously used in the world for generations. Both theories exhibit a number of similarities as well as differences.

Similarities between Karl Marx theory of economics and Adam Smith’s theory

Both Adam Smith and Karl Marx made a critical inquiry into the world of business affairs. The chief similarity that occurs between the two theories is that they both tried to elaborate the economic situation in the world (Harvey, 2005, 24). Despite taking totally different stands each of the theory expounded on the forces behind the daily monetary transactions in the world. They have been both classified into a school of thought by the name, the classical economics. This school of thought of whom Karl Marx and Adam are the custodians insinuated that the free markets regulate themselves when free of any intervention. They both speculated an unknown force that controlled the market system without requiring an external force. Both also related the market system to political systems in their theories. Thus both of their theories were political economic.

Differences between Karl Marx theory and the Adam smith’s theory

There is an immense rift between the two theories by the two philosophers that are as a result of disparities in views between them. The main incongruence between the two theories is the ideologies used by the pair to express their finding. Karl Marx used a communist approach while Adam took a capitalistic approach. Karl Marx used a pessimistic explanation that the free market would crumble down to pave way for a more expansive system in which monetary benefit was not the main aim (Michael, 2000, 123). On the other hand, Adam hinted that the world was heading to a situation whereby every person’s aim would be making monetary gains.

Karl Marx’s enlightenments indicated that the world was slowly but gradually slipping into an expansive welfare whereby joint ownership of resources would be the order of the day unlike Adam whose clarifications on the future economic system gave a direction that it would be branded by individual ownership of property in which the distribution of goods would be determined freely by the market forces and the investments made by individuals. Adam insinuated harmony and growth in his theories unlike Karl Marx who saw instability, struggle and decline. Marx also stated that the class struggle would cause the crumbling down of capitalism due to the tension that would arise between the capitalist and the workers which is incongruent to Adam who predicted prosperity of capitalism if the governments gave the economies a laissez-faire approach (Derek and Sheffrin, 2003, 112). Therefore, their theories are seen to yield controversy in this view.

References

Brass, T. (2011). Labour regime, change in the 21st century. New Jersey: Brill LTD.

Derek, I and Sheffrin, H. (2003). Economic principles in action. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Pearson.

Harvey, D. (2005). The new imperialism. London: Oxford University Press.

Macionis, J and Plummer, K. (2005). Sociology: A global introduction (3rd ED). Harlow: Pearson Education.

Michael, P (2000). The invention of capitalism. Cambridge: Duke University Press.

social science theories

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Social sciences theories

Social theories are backgrounds of experiential evidence used to study and explain social spectacles (Macionis and Plummer 2005). There are used by the social scientists to bring out the relationship between historical debates using the most valid and reliable procedures. In a nut shell, social theories are a set of logical explanations about patterns of human social life. There are two methodologies used in the quest which include positivism and ant positivism. The positivism theory is based on the view that all known information is derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of corporeal involvement is the only source of the authoritative knowledge. Ant- positivism is based on the view that the social realm is not subject to the similar procedures of inquiry as the natural world.

Some of the social theories remain confined to the scientific perspectives and they strictly remain descriptive and objective. In the contemporary world, social science is used to refer to a wide scope of issues ranging from sociology, economics, political science and jurisprudence. There also exists social theories which are of an informal nature and their perspective is neither in the academic social nor political science. Such theories can be comprehensively referred to as social criticism or social commentaries. Numerous social theories exist and more are still cropping up. Social scientists have been fighting hard and researching on various social occurrences in the world (Macionis and Plummer, 2005). This attempt is aimed at producing knowledge in a bid to understand and explain the world around us.

For a single phenomenon a number of theories may be formulated by multiple social scientists in a bid to explain it vividly. Each of the social scientists armed with facts to support his synthesized information. The multiple theories revolving around one social phenomenon may exhibit similarities among them and contrasts may also be evident. The differences may be as a result of the methodologies used to derive the theories. The dissimilarities may be also as a result of the different views of the social scientists used to derive them. The social science theories comprises of two perspectives; the scientific perspectives and the theoretical perspectives. The scientific perspectives are the experimental derivatives and observations that support the particular theory. The theoretical perspectives are based on written logical explanations to a particular theory (Derek and Sheffrin, 2003, 4). Theoretical aspects assist in making sense of what has been observed. Statistics are used when designing theories to compare the observations to what is logically expected.

There exist a number of theories that try to explain economics. Two of the most famous theories are by renowned economists; Adam Smith and Karl Marx. Each one of them came up with economic theories that have been continuously used in the world for generations. Both theories exhibit a number of similarities as well as differences.

Similarities between Karl Marx theory of economics and Adam Smith’s theory

Both Adam Smith and Karl Marx made a critical inquiry into the world of business affairs. The chief similarity that occurs between the two theories is that they both tried to elaborate the economic situation in the world (Harvey, 2005, 24). Despite taking totally different stands each of the theory expounded on the forces behind the daily monetary transactions in the world. They have been both classified into a school of thought by the name, the classical economics. This school of thought of whom Karl Marx and Adam are the custodians insinuated that the free markets regulate themselves when free of any intervention. They both speculated an unknown force that controlled the market system without requiring an external force. Both also related the market system to political systems in their theories. Thus both of their theories were political economic.

Differences between Karl Marx theory and the Adam smith’s theory

There is an immense rift between the two theories by the two philosophers that are as a result of disparities in views between them. The main incongruence between the two theories is the ideologies used by the pair to express their finding. Karl Marx used a communist approach while Adam took a capitalistic approach. Karl Marx used a pessimistic explanation that the free market would crumble down to pave way for a more expansive system in which monetary benefit was not the main aim (Michael, 2000, 123). On the other hand, Adam hinted that the world was heading to a situation whereby every person’s aim would be making monetary gains.

Karl Marx’s enlightenments indicated that the world was slowly but gradually slipping into an expansive welfare whereby joint ownership of resources would be the order of the day unlike Adam whose clarifications on the future economic system gave a direction that it would be branded by individual ownership of property in which the distribution of goods would be determined freely by the market forces and the investments made by individuals. Adam insinuated harmony and growth in his theories unlike Karl Marx who saw instability, struggle and decline. Marx also stated that the class struggle would cause the crumbling down of capitalism due to the tension that would arise between the capitalist and the workers which is incongruent to Adam who predicted prosperity of capitalism if the governments gave the economies a laissez-faire approach (Derek and Sheffrin, 2003, 112). Therefore, their theories are seen to yield controversy in this view.

References

Brass, T. (2011). Labour regime, change in the 21st century. New Jersey: Brill LTD.

Derek, I and Sheffrin, H. (2003). Economic principles in action. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Pearson.

Harvey, D. (2005). The new imperialism. London: Oxford University Press.

Macionis, J and Plummer, K. (2005). Sociology: A global introduction (3rd ED). Harlow: Pearson Education.

Michael, P (2000). The invention of capitalism. Cambridge: Duke University Press.