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Negotiation and intra-team communication

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Negotiation and intra-team communication

Negotiation and intra-team communication are principal elements in any organization. This is because they both aid towards conflict resolution. In a multicultural scenario, the given team must make decisions that affect a considerable number of communities. Multicultural teams are products of globalization that introduces a new challenge and complexity to management. The concept of teams is a critical tool that helps organizations accomplish complex and huge tasks. Teams possess the stimuli for creativity that produces unique products and accomplish decisions that stimulate corporate growth (Brett 175).

Teams only achieve prosperity when the top management engages members in meaningful debates. When organizations tolerate open-mindedness, there is a huge capacity for creativity. It is crucial to highlight that teams are not wholly effective at conflict resolutions and decision making. This is because they negotiate agreements in which members have varied views. In as much as conflicts are necessary, they introduce complications such as emotional outbursts.

In intra-team communication, it is crucial to assess the impacts of the disputes on the between-party process. The article draws examples from Israeli-Arab conflicts. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has entailed a long period many negotiations and wars that do not lead towards meaningful solutions (Matz 63). At the David Camp negotiation, there were mini-conflicts that emerged in the process. Thereafter, the economic situation of Palestine deteriorated as the negotiators did not make a concrete solution. It is evident that the inability to strike a compromise made both sides lose their intended goals.

It is discernible that intra-team communication and negotiation are vital elements of multicultural scenarios. A multi-cultural scenario demands a management that places several factors into consideration during decision making. A team is proficient at accomplishing complex and huge tasks. However, there is the high likelihood for varied views that stall resolutions. In intra-team miscommunication, the inability to strike a compromise leads to long negotiations that do not produce meaningful resolutions.

Works cited

Brett, Jeanne. Negotiating globally how to negotiate deals, resolve disputes, and make decisions across cultural boundaries. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley, 2007. Print.

Matz, David. Intra team miscommunication: the negotiator’s fieldbook. New York, NY: American Bar Association, 2006. Print.

Negotiation courses possess

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Negotiation courses possess the role of preparing students for multiple situations. These contexts include salary negotiation, inter-organizational decision making, and others. Negotiation skills should help trainees interact with a variety of people (Ebner 90). In the end, there is a huge tendency for negotiation courses to assume physical distances that separate people in real world situation. Negotiation that occurs through e-mail is one of the strategies that cater for the physical distances that separate people. In a considerable sense, e-communication has proliferated into dialogues that involve individuals of close proximity. This makes e-communication a tradition rather than a mere tool for compensating for distances.

Media of communication influences the interpretation and sharing of messages. This makes e-mail communication a different context of negotiation. It is notable that an individual might easily relay information in an e-mail rather than a in a face-to-face communication. This suggests that e-mail communication has a different type of richness and interactivity. E-mail is mildly rich medium of dialogue because it does not allow the transmission of visual and verbal cues (Ebner 91). On the other hand, face-to-face communication allows the expression of verbal and visual cues. Visual cues, such as body language, are instrumental part of communication since they express the seriousness of communication. Verbal cues are useful in emphasis and other aspects that compliment messages. In turn, e-mail communication is arguable as a medium that does not allow for emotional connection. In addition, e-mail is medium that shares low interactivity. This is because instantaneous reply of messages is not mandated.

E-mail communication is an electronic transfer of communication that has helped in bridging distances between people in negotiation processes. This medium of dialogue provides a different context for analysis and interpretation of messages. In spite of its convenience, e-mail communication possesses low richness and interactivity. This is because it does not allow the transmission of verbal and visual cues. Besides, it does not mandate the instantaneous reply of messages.

Works cited

Ebner, Noam et al. You’ve got agreement: negoti@ting via email. Pdf. Antwerpen: Maklu, 2011. Print.

Jared Diamond (born on September 10, 1937) is an American geographer

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Book Review

Jared Diamond (born on September 10, 1937) is an American geographer, a student of history, anthropologist, and writer most famous for his well-known science books. Initially trained in physiology, Diamond is known for drawing from an assortment of fields, including humanities, nature, geology, and evolution science. He is also a teacher of physiology at the UCLA Institute of Medication. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies is a nonfiction book by Jared Diamond.

Guns, Germs, and Steel won awards in 1998 for presenting a more logical clarification on ethnic and cultural variances in ancient human societies to date. A genuine and convincing assessment concerning the explanations behind the nature of select cultures thriving since humanity’s evolution. This book is also considered massively open to the layman. The book is distinguished overwhelmingly in the fields of evolution science, and biogeography represents a prompt clarification for the different grouping of human fate that is satisfactorily kept up by data from various disciplines of scientific investigation.

Maybe the most astonishing accomplishment Guns, Germs, and Steel achieve that of giving a ceaselessly amazing clarification for ethnic and racial complexities than can biased individual hypotheses of humankind’s history. The scope of the book is extensive coverage from the earliest civilizations from thirteen thousand years ago till today over the whole world. While no single landmass or society is recommended, its most essential depth, Australia and nearby regions as the most significant extent of the investigation. Since Diamond experienced more years in these areas, he can provide a genuine assessment. Diamond’s remarkable ability to portray to the world in the small details helped make making his hypothesis of history tasteful to the overall pursuer.

The central topic Diamond focuses on is how did the Europeans manage to colonize the majority of the world, including Local Americans, Africans, and Native Australians rather than the vice-versa. The fitting response, as indicated by the author, lies with fundamental approaches of distinct conditions from which diverse societies rose—arguing that sustainable food creation is essential for a general populace to manage other people to expertise in different sectors. Likewise, the community would achieve more prominent individuals that provide military assistance, especially by massive numbers in times of war.

Diamond explains the effects of the uneven spreading of domesticable plants and livestock around the globe. The subsequent approach of parts affected the changing pace of spread and improvement on the knowledge in various landmasses. Eurasia, with its strategic location and ample land and ecological regions, saw a far sharper speed of the spread of arranged sustenance sources, conditions, and advances than did Africa and the Americas, with their more remote locations. The third factor affected disperse, and improvement between landscapes; the moving degrees of detachment between continents have impressively influenced the development rates. What’s more, another difference in the sections, include contrasts in the area and population density between the societies. It impacts the probability that civilization would invent and handle inventions or be incorporated by their neighbors (Diamond 20).

The “guns, germs, and steel” title of the proposed weapons, illnesses, and advances, whose improvement and spread are subject to the four blueprints of components Diamond follows. They are the basic models that explain the book. At the base of Diamond’s pyramidal question is large-scale food production and storage. He acts as a brilliant watchman for history being driven by natural possibility elements of geography, a record of inequitable distribution of resources.

Along with scientific research carried out in certain regions, Diamond also cites several historical writings. However, some of them are not extremely reliable as individual stories appear exaggerated. He relies on outside sources for areas he was unable to perform data collection. Still, the book focuses on Australia and New Zealand, areas where more research was conducted. Diamond manages to explain why specific populations in other regions succeeded and multiplied while others were completely wiped out. He included ecological factors along with the spread of information and proximity to other civilizations as significant factors.

The book is relevant to me in explaining different factors as to how many dynasties came to power. Additionally, it gives an appealing history lesson on the evolution of civilizations and cultures up to what they are today. Also, a lot of research has been put into the works of Diamond. Many scholars use his text to conduct research in their area of expertise and see if there is any correlation between data. His work is famous in the fields of geography and geology concerning history.

The theory explained in the book is well defined, in my opinion. Diamond can elaborate on many different reasons the Eurasians were able to thrive. The language is also simple enough for any laymen to understand the information provided. His argument is against the belief that certain peoples or races are superior genetically to others. Guns, Germs, and Steel will appeal to anybody intrigued by the documentation of man since the early civilizations. This book is recommended for people interested in the history of humankind.

Works Cited

Diamond, Jared M. “Guns, germs, and steel: the fates of human societies.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 43.4 (2000): 609.

Travel Article

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Purpose and Audience

Purpose can be termed as the writer’s or author’s intention/target when writing an article for a particular audience. Purpose is normally brought out in articles when the writer wants the reader to see what he saw, feel what he felt, and hear what he heard among other targets. Audience refers to the final consumers of the art or work by various authors. The audience can take many forms; a single person, general audience and group audience. This article demonstrates the understanding of audience and purpose through the development of ideas, language features and structures by making links between them. It does so by narrating a short story about teenage friendship which commands attention in its use of imagery, explanations, analyses, explorations, critique, details, examples and a range of viewpoints CITATION Bry09 l 1033 (Bryan Station High School, 2009).

Friendship is always there but we do not go for it. It is God-given and many still take it for granted. A time comes, which comes, but rarely in history to forget the past and focus on the new. It was cold in Sue and the dark came very early. The fluorescent lights came and the streets became pleasant by their look through the windows. There was much play hanging outside the shops as children ran about. Snow powdered the feathers of birds, chicken and the fur of foxes. The wind blew their tails and turned their feathers. At the same period, Linda and I were going through thick and thin in our gradually blossoming friendship. Initially, the friendship had suffered a fracture when her parents discovered the secrete love affair between the two of us. Linda faced deadly threats from her parents. She was ordered to cast her dreams of ever being with me into the abyss. This brought a halt to our relationship and we stopped seeing each other for almost a month. It was not until this beautiful Sunday that we realized that we could never avoid suppressing the burning desire deep inside our hearts; the desire to be together was more than the need for our lives. Do ideal relationships take such a course? People who truly love each other go to the extent of dying for each other CITATION Tee13 l 1033 (Teena, 2013). Was I ready for this?

I must admit that the church hall was out of bounds by six o’clock in evening. At the gate to the church, a woman sold roasted chestnuts, and there we met every evening and were very polite and interested in what was the matter, and sat on the concrete slab there that was to bind our differences together. It was warm standing in front of the charcoal fire and the chestnuts were warm afterwards in the stomach. Linda was very young and very beautiful. Her love was the only thing I could kill for. She defined the meaning for love to me and I could not refuse to do anything for her even if it meant wrestling with an angel. Such promises usually come with friendship commitments. Many relationships are kept alive by the promises that the partners have in store for each other. It is hard to come by relationships that are devoid of promises. This was normal for our relationship CITATION Alo13 l 1033 (Alonna, 2013).

On this Sunday evening, a hush fell over Sue’s church hall. Linda and I were the only people present there. The eloquence silence in the church’s vicinity was one that could only be heard by the dead. As we sat with Linda on a wooden bench trying to mutually exchange our feelings for each other, something terrible happened. It was the turning point of my life. Linda began complaining about a headache then followed by other myriad problems that I could not decipher. Unable to make a decision on what to do, I resorted to wailing just to awaken help from nearby homesteads. Linda was quickly rushed to the hospital and I was arrested for interrogation. Seriously speaking, what could you have done? The only option, I think, is to suffer the same fate as mine CITATION Bri13 l 1033 (British Broadcasting Corporation, 2013).

Immediately after my arrest, Linda’s parents were breathing down my neck. They could not tolerate my innocent pleas. They were determined to have me jailed so as to ensure that their daughter was out of danger. They had warned me severally against associating with their daughter. The reason why they could not believe in my innocence was Linda’s condition. She had succumbed to a coma and could neither speak nor talk. My parents fought tirelessly to soften the enmity that had grown so big as a result of my connection with Linda’s state of the mind. Their struggle was all in vain as Linda’s parents could settle at nothing other than seeing me spend days behind bars until the doctors could say something better concerning Linda’s fate. Moreover, the only way I could be released was through Linda’s gain of consciousness and an utter of no harm from me.

After a week, Linda was able to regain her mental faculties. However, she could not tell anything about her admission to the hospital. Doctors only said that traces of pneumonia were present in a close scrutiny of her blood. This served to tighten the grip that her parents had on my detainment. The turning point of my life came when Linda asked about my whereabouts and demanded that I be availed in the ward she had been admitted. This was the most trying moments in my life because she wanted to see no one else except me. When I reached there, our faces graced each other happily. She could not help but fall for my ever positive expression. She let out a charming grin that led me to spoil for a hug from her. I reached out for her slender beautiful arms which were eagerly waiting to for their perfect partners. As we hugged one another with lots of relief, she muttered what seemed impossible to me, “I will stick by you forever”. The mention of forever did not hit me because reflecting on the past experiences we had come through with her could not exude any form of hope in me. Critically speaking, after such frustrations, no one would still have urge of keeping such a relationship CITATION The12 l 1033 (The Writing Center, University of California, 2012).

The paper has demonstrated the understanding of audience and purpose in its narration of a short story. The story has enshrined a lot of stylistic devices which serves to command attention from the audience and maintains their interest through suspense. Imagery is a common device with that spans the structure of the narrative. Most importantly, the paper has developed ideas and made links between them throughout the paper by use of a short story that describes teenage friendship.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Alonna, S. (2013). Arts and Culture. My Destination .

British Broadcasting Corporation. (2013). Theb influence of Style, Purpose and Audience on Text. English .

Bryan Station High School. (2009). Author’s Purpose and Exercises. Purpose and Audience Powerpoint .

Teena, M. (2013). Imagery Surruonds You. Love Toknow .

The Writing Center, University of California. (2012). Audience. The Writing Center .

Judicial Reform for Juveniles

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Judicial Reform for Juveniles

Recently, Cyntonia Brown who had been convicted of murder at the age of 16 was granted clemency by the Tennessee governor and will be released from prison. She had been sentenced to serve 51 years and while giving her the parole, the Governor noted that her sentence may have been too harsh. Brown’s case has garnered a lot of national attention especially on the judicial reforms needed. More often than not, teenagers commit certain crimes that get them really long sentences that they may actually miss their teen years in a world full of freedom. There are several criminal justice reform advocates that have pointed out concern to judgments and sentences granted to teenagers bearing in mind most are not often completely developed and their actions may have been influenced by certain aspects of their life unlike an adult who may clearly understand what he/she is doing.

Brown’s case where she killed a man who wanted to have sex because she felt unsafe is a case where at times sentencing may be too harsh. Brown was a victim of human trafficking and on that said day, her boss referred to as “cut throat” had sent her to the streets to get him money. She had been living with “cut throat” for a while after having to escape from her home a clear indication she was a troubled child. The US judicial system seems too often punish offenders although I believe this should not be the case and while sentencing decisions are made the aim should be rehabilitation. Although we cannot justify Brown’s killing of Allen, I agree with Governor Haslam that the sentencing was too severe for a girl who was just in her teenage years and was a victim of a manipulative drug dealer who had turned her to a prostitute (Mattise, 2019).

According to a report by the Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency and Prevention, hundreds of thousands of young girls are often arrested. There have been reports of the dangers these young girls may face while in prison. There have been reports of sexual assault if these young girls especially by the staff members. States that are worst affected by these cases include Ohio, Georgia, South Carolina and Illinois. When most teenage girls are sentenced to these prisons, they are often defenseless and look up to the prison law enforcers for protection. However, some these officers are taking advantage of these young girls probably because they know they may get easily scared and they have no one to run to. There should be measures put in place to ensure these acts do not happen in the prisons. According to research more than 80% of girls in the juvenile system have at one point experienced violence in their home. Most of these girls are often victims of abuse at home or trafficking (Gwynne, 2015). Some young girls have been sentenced for running away and most of the time they are often running from their abusers.

One concern from the case is placing of teenager especially those at 16 in adult prisons. It is sad that a 16-year-old is placed in a cell with individuals over 30 years’ old that have also committed serious crime. A person at the age of sixteen is still a child trying to figure out their life unlike a full grown adult. Most have argued that 16-year olds are little adults but we need to embrace the fact that these are still children and should be placed in juvenile cells. Rehabilitation in juvenile prisons is far much better than in an adult prison and this is evident in the case of The Central Park Five. Korey wise who was 16-years old and sent to adult prison had the most trauma than the rest who were sent to juvenile prison. In a juvenile prison a teenage girl may be accorded education and better amenities. There are states that still send teens to adult prisons for committing certain crimes such as murder and sexual offences. Despite the fact that the offences may be serious, the teenagers ae still young children who may not get the proper guidance in an adult orison as compared to a juvenile system (Ford, 2019).

Prison system are meant to help victims in rehabilitation and not to condemn them. Most teenagers who commit a crime at a young age are often victims or violence, made decisions without really understanding the consequences or have been misguided by an adult. In passing sentences to such cases a lot should be considered including number of years they can serve. Brown was to serve for 51 years before getting a parole meaning without the governor’s mercy she may have remained in prison till she was 67. All juvenile sentencing should be allowed parole hearing after a reasonable period and sentencing should also be fair.

References

Ford, C. (2019, August 30). ‘Children Are Different:’ Sentencing Juveniles as Adults. Retrieved from https://pulitzercenter.org/blog/children-are-different-sentencing-juveniles-adults.Gwynne, K. (2015, September 29).

Girls in juvenile detention are often the victims of family violence, report finds. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/sep/29/girls-us-juvenile-detention-family-violence-sexual-abuse.

Mattise, J. (2019, January 8). Correction: Teen-Life Sentence-Clemency story. (2019, January 8). Retrieved from https://apnews.com/199ec93abff34bf2a6c79b0ec385419b.

Logical Fallacy

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Logical Fallacy

What if, all of us could save time and money by just visiting a mall and buying a pair of shoe? And all the time saved we could visit the world, go for adventures, watch movies and we could not be forced to wake on that morning or evening after dinner and hit the gym. The muscle pains days and straining to try to boost our self-esteem through losing weight could all be stories of the past. All of us could be happier by not avoiding eating all the junk food or by asking for food delivering because no matter how much food we eat just by a walk to that class or to the workplace, we could all burn all those calories. We could all use the endless hours we spent at the gym doing other constructive things, example those PE’s lessons students can have a tutoring on the weak subjects and all the money we pay as membership to the gym could be an additional income. Skechers fitness group promote the snickers they use the false cause fallacy by stating the benefits of wearing those shoes.

In the advertisement on the sneakers in store, they are both a woman and a male wearing those sneakers and both of them are smiling. The advertisement have 4 choose two designed for the women and 2 for the men, the shoes benefits are listed which are weight loss, tone muscles, reduce stress on ankles and need and improve the posture. The name of the shoes is shape-ups, and the ad says to get the shape as you walk and not setting foot in the gym, it then goes ahead to tell the viewer that if one is interested in getting the details.

The advertisement to promote its products and have many people buy them uses more than just one fallacy, there is that of false authority and false cause. By using Kardashian as one of the covers, it surely draws most viewers considering the body shape of the star; this will lead to most people who admire and look up at the star to buy the pair of shoe. The second fallacy is the false cause where the advert relates wearing a shoe to keeping fit; these two things do not at all relate. In reality, how can just by wearing a shoe make a person lose weight that is normally lost after very many workouts in the gym and how can your hand muscles tone yet there is no effort done towards the same. These fallacies misinform the author, and in spite, people might buy because of the message they portray, the end will be no different and will only serve that one person who wears them and hits the gym. Additionally, in the adverts, the girl is wearing the workout attire yet it says keep fit while not going to the gym, she could have worn some office wear or casual. Lastly, in one of the shape ups advert with both a lady and a guy both are running, this misdirects the viewers because you have to wear the shoe and go around your everyday activities and by the end, you will achieve all those benefits associated with the shoes.

Both fallacies could be avoided all thing and still achieve the intended purpose of marketing the shape-ups, this could have been achieved by advising wearing of this and going to the gym. The ad could have stated work for fewer hours and still achieve the necessary exercise but not going to the gym. In addition, the cover image could be that of renowned athlete example, bolt because as much as they are still selling with the cover star the athlete sells will be much high and the advert would have included some gym equipment’s, example weight lifting for the hands. The result would have been better because in the previous advert they are implying that by working even the muscles will tone, yet this is illogical. The advert should have also incorporated how long one should wear those shoes by stating the miles because the sole of the shoe seems to cause more problems than good if worn every day by straining the muscles too much. By incorporating, those changes the sales could go far way up, the clients could be satisfied, and the shape-ups could sell themselves.

Skechers is aimed at selling its products at any cost, but it is not true that we can achieve fitness by simply wearing a shoe and going to the gym, this is illogical and therefore, impossible. With the changing world today because of the diseases associated with lifestyle, this ad should in the future focus of incorporating wearing the shape-ups while going to the gym, because this is the only way those benefits outlined in the advert can be realized. The shape-ups are a good shoe that deserves thumbs up but unless the company resolves to change, they might not survive in the market with other better shoes entering the market.

Sex Education

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Sex Education

The increased debate on sex education in schools has been accredited to the high number of adolescents engaging in sexual behaviors with less regard not only of the teen pregnancies but also the diseases associated with the behavior. Most scholars believe that schools will serve as a great avenue to regulate such behaviors because it is where most young people spend time and also it is where they gain knowledge on various issues of the government. The paper below will focus on whether sex education should be taught in school concerning an article while supporting both sides of the matter.

           According to ‘Bringing Parents into The Picture’ an article by Thomas Lickona the incorporation of both parents and teachers will provide a better perspective about sex education to protect young people from the permissive society’s harmful effects. Throughout the article, the author has only incorporated the positive sides on why is not only important to incorporate sex education into the curriculum but on the significant part, the parents will play. The author’s main idea is that it is time for parents to be incorporated into the program and how this will happen. According to the author, it is important to join together with parents to prevent the suicide rates that according to him are more prone to sexually active young people, also the number of children who learn away from home will reduce too. In addition, the author believes that the effects of sexually active young people are sickening, they include teen pregnancies, STDs, high abortion rates, sexual harassment, sexual abuse, and behavioral and emotional problems.

           The author also believes that by incorporating teachers this will help create an environment where young people can be open with their parents making it easier to discuss on these issues, Also, the fact that young people will be able to understand that the effects of sexual activities while young goes beyond teen pregnancies and diseases bur also self-contempt, depression, aftermath of abortion which can have long term effects. In my essay, I can use the reasons the author has stated on why it is important to incorporate sex education in our schools and the part our parents who we spend quite some time with can play. Lastly, this article is going to help me with futuristic ideas on why it is important for sex education in schools and on ways we can achieve the same.

Works Cited

Education, Character-Based Sexuality. “Bringing Parents into the Picture.” Educational Leadership (2000).

Changes in organization culture at Tesco

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783766” Executive summary PAGEREF _Toc359783766 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783767” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc359783767 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783768” Company overview PAGEREF _Toc359783768 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783769” Changes in organization culture at Tesco PAGEREF _Toc359783769 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783770” The nature of organizational change brought about by innovation (multi-channel digital strategy) PAGEREF _Toc359783770 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783771” The main drivers (motivation) for this change PAGEREF _Toc359783771 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783772” The main objectives to be achieved by the change PAGEREF _Toc359783772 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783773” Key stakeholders impacted by the change PAGEREF _Toc359783773 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783774” Innovation resistance PAGEREF _Toc359783774 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783775” Resistance to change PAGEREF _Toc359783775 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783776” Causes of employee resistance to changes in organizational culture PAGEREF _Toc359783776 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783777” The change management strategies to employ when implementing the strategy PAGEREF _Toc359783777 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783778” Various types of organizational change PAGEREF _Toc359783778 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783779” How to measure the success of change management process PAGEREF _Toc359783779 h 15

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783780” References PAGEREF _Toc359783780 h 17

Executive summaryOrganization culture is a concept that is used to refer to a collection of organizational beliefs, values, general demeanor and policies that are critical to the daily running of companies (Mullins,2010). The concept is used to refer to the general context of all activities that are done within a given firm. In this paper, we explore the concept of change management within Tesco due to the possible resistance to changes in its organizational culture. The strategic change in this case is the adoption of a multi-channel digital strategy within the operations of the retail chain. The methods of implementing this strategic change are evaluated as well as the ways of measuring the success of the suggested change management strategies.

IntroductionOrganization culture is a concept that is used to refer to a collection of organizational beliefs, values, general demeanor and policies that are critical to the daily running of companies (Mullins,2010). The concept is used to refer to the general context of all activities that are done within a given firm. In this paper, we explore the concept of change management within Tesco due to the possible resistance to changes in its organizational culture. The strategic change in this case is the adoption of a multi-channel digital strategy within the operations of the retail chain. The methods of implementing this strategic change are evaluated as well as the ways of measuring the success of the suggested change management strategies.

Company overviewTesco PLC is a leading UK general merchandise and grocery retailer. It is also the 3rd largest grocery retailer worldwide (Potter,2011). The company controls over 30% market share within the UK market where its closes rivals are ASDA, Sainsbury’s, Morrison’s and the Co-operative Food. Tesco is famous for its excellent loyalty and endless dedication to its clients. The company’s workplace and staff policies tailored to create an excellent shopping experience. For the sake of achieving excellence, the employees at Tesco PLC are encouraged to be extremely courteous, friendly and polite with good mannerism being a mandatory requirement.

The organization also strives a creating an excellent operating environment that is professional and yet formal. All these are reflective of the personal touch, affordability and quality nature of their product offerings. Additionally, Tesco’s organization structure has a great emphasis on organization culture. The organization structure at Tesco is hierarchical with a top down operating structure. Briefly, the organization structure at Tesco PLC is autocratic as well as formal. This organization structure and culture are what makes Tesco one of the best performing retailers worldwide.

Changes in organization culture at TescoExperts in organizational behavior, note the concept of organizational culture change to be a necessary element of every company. For performance to be optimal, adjustments must be made to existing organizational cultures. Companies must ensure that they adopt completely new changes for them to remain competitive within the contemporary and future marketplace. Armstrong (2009), for instance, reiterated that change is the only element in an organization that is constant. Kotter (2000), however, indicated that companies are in a state of constant flux. Mullins (2010) noted that the inescapability of organizational change is a constant element of every firm as a result of the quest by these firms to adapt to the new and emerging business challenges, technological innovations and new ways of doing business. Market forces such as the dynamism of products and services are what forces firms to adapt to changes. Organizational change is therefore an element that must be taken into account in the formulation of new business strategy as well as the creation of new insights. Several forces can initiate organizations within Tesco. In this paper, we concentrate on their need to align their business and marketing strategy by the adoption of a multi-channel digital strategy. This in itself is a technological innovation that can create serious changes to Tesco’s organizational culture.

The nature of organizational change brought about by innovation (multi-channel digital strategy)The work of Ellen, Bearden and Sharma (1991) argued that even though technological innovations can be seen as one of the main keys of success and survival for several firms, it can also be a key source of employee resistance. Hitachi Consulting UK noted that the adoption of a multichannel strategy is the only sure ways for UK retailers to maintain competitiveness within the current and future market place (Hitachi, 2012). The company issued a strong warning to all UK companies to adopt a strategic multi-channel approach in order for them to survive. Customers must first be taught how to engage these multichannel strategies. This must then proceeded by an effective re-orientation of the entire business operation in order to successfully deliver the identified engagement. The manner in which technology can be used in facilitating the engagement then becomes the final step. The process is noted by Hitachi Consulting Group to be greater than any other existing information technology platform initiative and should include people, system processes as well as technology changes across the entire business units such as e-commerce, marketing, customer service as well as social media (Hitachi,2012). This means that the implementation of the strategy would be enterprise-wide.

For Tesco PLC to realize this goal, it must ask itself pretty hard questions since its traditional organizational boundaries as well as responsibilities would be highly challenged. All areas of Tesco’s business (supply chain, buying and retailing operations, merchandising, finance, IT and human resources) would be affected by this change. The quest for a seamless consumer experiences as well as constant brand image would cause serious changes to Tesco’s organizational culture. Resistance to this change is therefore obvious.

The main drivers (motivation) for this changeAs noted earlier, the main driver for this change is the need to remain relevant and competitive within an increasingly competitive UK and global market place. Hitachi Consulting UK noted that the adoption of a multichannel strategy is the only sure ways for UK retailers to maintain competitiveness within the current and future market place (Hitachi, 2012). The company issued a strong warning to all UK companies to adopt a strategic multi-channel approach in order for them to survive. Customers must first be taught how to engage these multichannel strategies. This must then proceeded by an effective re-orientation of the entire business operation in order to successfully deliver the identified engagement. The manner in which technology can be used in facilitating the engagement then becomes the final step.

The main objectives to be achieved by the changeThe multi-channel approach would allow Tesco’s customers to shop from wherever they want (be it in-store, at home, from the company’s online catalogue, through their Smartphone or PCs). The system would allow consumers to locate their preferred products easily and shop online as well as order their products for delivery right straight to their doorsteps. All of the company’s digital marketing as well as PR initiatives would seamlessly be integrated. An elaborate mix of multi-channel strategies such as in-store advertisements, search engine optimization approaches, search engine marketing strategies, pay per click advertising as well as social media would be employed. The advantages of using this a multi-channel approach are improved sales and business performance, the ability to share all forms of actionable information as the ability to come up with a better attribution model that can help Tesco to gain a better strategic foresight. After all, the future of shopping is argued by Deloitte to lie within the digital realm. According to a research carried out by Deloitte, multi-channel customers spend about 82% (averagely £116) more money in each of their transactions as compared to the in-store ones. The contemporary multi-channel consumer is claimed by Deloitte to be well informed about their shopping and this, ultimately results in higher volume and value of their purchases.

Key stakeholders impacted by the changeIn order to determine the key stakeholders who would be impacted by the change, a stakeholders analysis is quite necessary. A stakeholder analysis is a process that helps us to determine the various individuals who would be affected by the introduction of the multi-channel digital strategy within the operations of Tesco PLC. A quick look at the scenario indicates that the implementation of the multi-channel digital strategy would be enterprise-wide. The specific areas whose operations would be directly affected in the company are supply chain, buying and retailing operations, merchandising, finance, IT and human resources. This means that the key stakeholders who would be impacted by the change are Tesco employees from various departments and customers. It is therefore important to evaluate the impact that this change would have on these key stakeholders.

As noted earlier, technological innovation is often seen as the secret to success and survival for most companies. This is regardless of whether such a technology is to be used for internal or external users. The adoption of any technological innovation should and must take consideration of the final user’s reaction. According to the work of Mahajan, Muller, and Wind (2000), a vast majority of technological innovations have experienced great failure in the marketplace. This has happened without regard to the benefits that they have or may have brought to the firms or the economy. One of the main causes of innovation failure in the marketplace is customer resistance to these innovations (Sheth, 1981). A multi-channel strategy is a concept that relies on a multiplicity of technological innovations.

Innovation resistanceAccording to Gatignon and Robertson (1989), resistance to innovation is a perfect case of resistance to institutional or organizational change. This is for the reason that innovation is a cause of changes in consumption as well as production. Resistance to change is defined by Zaltman and Duncan (1977) as any behavior aimed at maintaining the current state of affairs in the presence of great pressure to modify the current state. Resistance to organizational change is therefore, a purely normal process or reaction of people to any changes that may interfere with the prevailing equilibrium of organizational activities as noted by Watson (1971). Innovation resistance on the other hand takes place when people resist the various changes that are associated with a given innovation but not the rejection of the innovation in itself. During the course of innovation diffusion, resistance is normally experienced at the stage right before adoption, as indicated in the work of Woodside and Biemans (2005). If the vendor of a given innovation is incapable of overcoming the resistance, then its adoption may be delayed or completely fail. Chances of multi-channel digital innovation creating resistance within Tesco are therefore real.

Resistance to changeThe contemporary global economy is rife with changes within the participating organizations. The changes are continuous and swift. Due to the reason that change is part of organizational dynamism, employees and customers who resist these changes may ultimately impede the operations of these companies. Individuals can never change overnight. People change gradually and it takes them time to acclimatize to the new behavior set as well as work-defined patterns. In this paper, our focus is the effect of organizational change on employees and how to manage the resistance associated with the adoption of new changes within Tesco as an organization. Care must be taken to manage organizational culture change due to the fact that the process can create resistance and skepticism and thereby make it impossible to successfully implement various organizational improvements (such as the adoption of a multi-channel strategy) (Folger & Skarlicki, 1999).

Causes of employee resistance to changes in organizational cultureThere are several causes of resistance to change within an organizational setting. These particular factors can be categorized into two main groups- organizational and individual sources. The individual sources of resistance emanate from fundamental human traits like needs, perceptions, personalities as well as needs. These categories of human traits are inherently ingrained deeply into a person’s behaviors and core beliefs. They are also not easy to manipulate. For instance, there are employees who believe that the adoption of any kind of technological innovation would result in layoffs and forceful retrenchments. The adoption of a multi-channel digital strategy could therefore, be perceived as a threat to their jobs. Other examples of individual sources of resistance to change are fear of the unknown, security, economic reasons as well as selective processing of information. Security in this case refers to an individual’s need to experience safety within their working environment (Robbins & Judge, 2010).Issues like job security are therefore what might be the main source of concern among a certain class of workers at Tesco. Economic factors on the other hand are a source of change resistance due to individual reasons like the fear of not performing new tasks in the best way possible. This they feel could get them either demoted or replaced altogether. Tesco employees in the marketing and sales force may therefore feel inadequate against technology that would be brought about by the multi-channel strategy.

The change management strategies to employ when implementing the strategyChange management is the elaborate study of the reasons why firms require change, how those change influences them as well as how they should respond to those changes within their environment. All stakeholders within a given firm or organization have a key role to play in the effective and successful realization of change management. In order for Tesco to succeed in implementing change management, it must engage in doing the following;

Establishing a very clear change management strategy both at its management level while also communicating this shared vision to the entire organization

Realizing that effective communication the key to a successful implementation of any given change management strategy.

All Tesco managers must beat the temptation of resisting participation of reaching a decision during the very early stages of involvement. Usually, there are two main advantages for allowing all sorts of early participation to occur during the change process. This is because it encourages stakeholders to have a sense of project ownership

The creation of an open climate that is necessary for expressing individual apprehension as well as concerns and the application of positive effects of thoughts and understanding of the given organization.

It is also important for Tesco to set goals that are quite clear for individuals or workers to aim at

Training should be viewed as an important investment in the developing of skills as well as creation of an alternative organizational type.

Various types of organizational changeIn order to fully understand the best strategies for implementing organizational change at Tesco, it is important that we outline the various type sof organizational changes in existence. First, we must note that there are several ways of grouping organizational change. The property understanding of the actual nature of organizational change is critical to the proper determination of a suitable strategy. These are the different types of organizational change;

Incremental changes

The concept of incremental change could be a major and even highly important change. However, it is repetitive and gradual. Change if done incrementally, may help in stopping all aspects of employee resistance.

Strategic change

According to Pettigrew and Whipp (1991) strategic change is a very wide concept. This is because it is long term and can be used in addressing issues that are enterprise-wide. The ability of an organization to accurately determine and comprehend the various competitive forces at work as well as how these forces change over a period can be associated with the ability of a business operation to rally as well as utilize the available resources for a given competitive response over time. All organizations must within this line of thought, expect change. The proper planning as well as management of the concept of organizational change must be made a critical part of organizational strategy.

Lewin’s Force Field Model

According to this model, an equilibrium must first be interfered with in a rather planned way for change to be realized. This is accomplished by strengthening the change forces while also weakening the forces that act against organizational change. According to this model, the following are the key processes;

Unfreeze – the process that effectively alerts a system to the actual need for realizing a give change

Change – the development of new responses on the basis of new information.

Refreeze – the establishing of change through the introduction of new responses into the concerned personalities.

The continuous change model

According to this model, the top leaders within a given organization are critical in the process of articulating the mission and strategic vision of a given company. They must discuss the main changes that are important in the meeting of corporate objectives with the other employees while also telling them the suitable alternatives and the most likely results of the process as noted by Kotter (1995).

The Emergent approach of change

According to this strategy, Tesco’s management has a vital role in the advancement of change agenda. As Tsoukas and Chia, (2002) noted, this observation is expressed and derived from the ‘emergent approach’ of change management. It is generally known that there exists a scope for the initiation as well as implementation of change in a bottom-up approach as opposed to the opposite.

Kotter’s model

According to this model, the change process involves a series of eight steps. The steps include;

1. Establishing of urgency

2. Establishing an alliance

3. Creating a vision as well as strategy for organizational change

4. Communicating this vision as well as organizational strategy clearly.

5. Removing obstacles

6. Production of noticeable signs of the improvement in terms of short-term goals

7. Adhering to the process of change and avoiding quitting when circumstances are tough

8. Cultivation as well as determining a new culture to help in supporting organizational improvements together with the innovations that are being instilled.

Overall, there are four major steps that Tesco must involve itself in for the change management process to be successful. The first process involves communicating to its employees and customers in a clear and quite straightforward manner the importance as well as need for the change process. This process must take place in a civilized manner without crating any dramatic pictures. All Tesco employees must visualize and feel assured by the senior management that the situation is under control. They have to be assured that everything that is to be changed is for their best interest of the company. In the process, the employees must be acknowledged and be heard. The communication process must therefore be interactive.

The second step involves the provision of reinforcement of organizational support for the change process. The transitions that people face during the change process must be considered at this stage. It is important to note that whenever change takes place, people usually need adequate time to absorb the meaning of these changes. It is important to note that some of the workers may get into a negative spiral. Tesco must therefore provide such employees with the support and resources that they require to succeed and cope . This can be done by means of internal sessions with their senior management or training opportunities for the workers to learn the required new skills that are necessary for change.

The third step involves the reinforcement of the positive through the recognition of both individuals as well as groups who need to embrace the given change. This means that at Tesco, the employees who demonstrate great performance during the transition phase would eventually be recognized through promotions and other incentives.

The forth process involves making sure that Tesco establishes various measures of organizational or change management success.

The reasons why change was important at Tesco

There are various reasons why change is important at Tesco.They involve the following;

The creation of better value for their customers

As part of the company’s specific strategy for retaining its clientele and also attract new ones, it had to adopt the multi-channel strategy as part of its value creation process. This is what led to the adoption of the multi-channel strategy.

A growing customer base

Tesco’s success in the present time can be partly attributed to the rapidly growing clientele vase. The multi-channel strategy is suitable since it would allow the company to target a larger customer base without any physical limitations.

Technological innovations

In regard to the growth and advancements in technology, it is critical for companies to use advanced technologies for them to become successful. The company needs to implement the multi-channel strategy for it to improve its operational throughput.

Competition

Competition is a common factor in the triggering of organizational change worldwide. Tesco needs to use the multi-channel digital strategy to leverage its performance and to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors like ASDA.

Labor costs

One of the main business objectives of every enterprise is profit maximization. Tesco needs to improve on its operational efficiency both at back and front-end. The multi-channel digital strategy would allow the company to reduce the number of staff needed for functions such as marketing, order processing etc.

How to measure the success of change management processAccording to Rick (2012) measuring is the initial process in the quest for absolute control and eventual improvement of every organization. Some of the common measures for the success of change management strategies are the achievement of the set project goals and objectives, the implementation time as well as checking to what degree the expenditure is within the initial budgetary allocation.

Several change management experts advise that it is important to measure various activities like the number of employee communication sessions that are held. The main challenge is usually the measurement of the effectiveness of change management operations that are marked by cases of non-events. These includes the measurement of employees who are not resisting organizational changes, the measurement of valued employees who are not leaving the organization, measurement of projects that are not being abandoned, measuring rediuctions in productivity in the implementation stage as well as measuring the number of customers who are not negatively affected.

In order to assess the success of change management, one needs to measure the success of the individual transitions as a response to the changes. Whenever a given organization is implementing change, the change comes into live one individual at a time. Each of the affected workers must go through an intense personal transition for them to adopt any given change. Organizational success is therefore a cumulative outcome of these individual transitions. Change is therefore aimed at realizing successful individual transition.

In order to effectively measure the extent of individual transitions, the company must first define these transitions, measure the nature of individual progress and then measure the cumulative impact of these transitions.This information can be gathered by means of interviews with a representative samples of the affected stakeholders as well as via individual surveys.

The level and nature of individual progress as well as cumulative impact must be repetitively measured during the project lifecycle for the project effectiveness to be evaluated objectively. An effective as well as useful measurement regime must focus on how the various change management initiatives are contributing to the overall improvement of organizational outcomes.

The other techniques involve the use of benchmarking as well as gap analysis techniques. The benchmarking process involves comparing Tesco’s performmanbce with those of ASDA and other competitors. The firms must however belong to the same category. A gap analysis can also be used in measuring the gap between Tesco at present at where it should be in the future.

References

Armstrong, M.,(2006), ‘Human Resource Management’, London, Kogan Page

Folger,R. Skarlicki,DP (1999) “Unfairness and resistance to change: hardship as mistreatment”, Journal of Organizational Change

Gatignon, H., & Robertson, T. S. (1989) Technology diffusion: an empirical test of competitive effects. Journal of Marketing, 53(1), 35–49.

Hitachi (2012). UK Retailers Need to Adopt a Multi-Channel Strategy to Survive, warns Hitachi Consulting UK. Accessed on 22nd |June, 2013 from HYPERLINK “http://www.hitachiconsulting.co.uk/newsDetails.cfm?EID=918” http://www.hitachiconsulting.co.uk/newsDetails.cfm?EID=918

Kotter, J. P. (1995). Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail. Harvard Business Review

Mullins, L. J. (2010) Management & Organizational Behavior: 9th Ed. U.S.A.:Pearson Prentice Hall

Pettigrew, A. and Whipp, R., (1991). Managing Change for Competitive Success, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford

Rick,T (2012).How to measure change management success. HYPERLINK “http://www.torbenrick.eu/blog/change-management/”http://www.torbenrick.eu/blog/change-management/

Robbins & Timothy A. Judge., (2010) Organizational Behaviour, 14th Edition

Tsoukas, Haridi o s and Robert Chia. (2002). “On Organizational Becoming: Rethinking

Organizational Change.” Organization Science 13:567-582.

Watson, G. (1971), “Resistance to Change”, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 4, May – June, pp. 745 – 766.

Woodside, A. G. and Biemans, W. G. (2005). “Modeling Innovation, Manufacturing, Diffusion, and Adoption/Rejection Processes”, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 380 – 393.

Zaltman, G. and Duncan, R. (1977), Strategies for Planned Change, Wiley, Toronto.

Channel Assignment and Congestion Control in Mesh Networks that are Multi-Radio

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Outline

Channel Assignment and Congestion Control in Mesh Networks that are Multi-Radio

1.1 Abstract

Introduction

2.1Thesis Statement

Analysis of the problem of channel assignment and congestion and its solution

Description and analysis of Channel Assignment

Methods of solving channel congestion

Use of the Iterative approach in solving the problem of channel assignment and congestion control.

Findings of the research

Results obtained from using the MRMC-CC approach

Results obtained from using the ABL05 approach

Conclusion

Importance of carrying out the research

Advantage of solving the problem of Wireless Congestion Control

Work cited list

Channel Assignment and Congestion Control in Mesh Networks that are Multi-Radio

Abstract

Exchange of information is made easy through timely and rapid internet. The latter is a platform which provides servers and clients with the much needed disparate of information. Furthermore, according to the rules of communication, various protocols have to be related closely. This is for the benefit of ensuring that there is efficient and maximum transfer of data on the internet. Some vital elements of wireless congestion control are fairness and network utilization. Through the use of the Iterative approach channel assignments and yield rates obtain fair objectives. This is what this paper seeks to find and establish as being true.

Introduction

In many orthogonal channels that have multiple radios, the deployment of mesh networks is taking place. This is meant to ensure that high speeds are achieved. There is also a chance that interference mitigation will occur. Many flexibilities have not been explored and this is observed by the architectures that exist. Channels and radios are meant to be allocated fairly in order to control congestion and to maintain fairness. The reason for engaging in this research is that the problem is extremely complex. Furthermore, joint optimization of traffic allocations and radio channel assignments has to occur. The latter is different from the solutions, which exist for single radio.

This paper seeks to find a solution on the problem of channel assignment and congestion control. Also, it seeks to follow an approach that focuses on decomposition and iterativenss.

Analysis of the problem of channel assignment and congestion and its solution

Channel and rate assignment is a problem that needs to be solved through joint optimization. The nature of channel assignments is extremely discrete and thus, the need to study it. Studying an assignment that is fixed channel and the sub problem of congestion control will ensure a solution is found (Bertsekas, 2003. 23). The problem is referred to as being non-linear programming and it is vital in many aspects. The various multiple radios and converged solution accounts are derived from updates that are rate adapted. It also deals with channel-dependent interference and traffic distribution. The latter is possible by ensuring that traffic distribution is flows through radio paths that have been constructed. Moreover, time slots and channels have to be shared in order for traffic to occur naturally. This is possible through the feasibility conditions that exist in their different appropriate sets.

Wireless networks are gaining popularity fast, and the result is that there is congestion and heavy utilization. Bottlenecks for performance are measured by the wireless networks that are heavy utilized. The robust operation of wireless networks is understood best by the various networks used in communication. Network performance is also optimized by having the required understanding. Channel utilization is another method that can effectively solve the problem of congestion control (Wang & Palaniswami & Low, 2003.119).

Congestion control is an issue that needs to be addressed through channel utilization. In order for the network capacity to be distributed spatially, channel assignments have to be empowered by multiple radios. It is obvious that the different channel and radio exploitation transmissions are advantageous. Distribution of traffic should be conducted in a method that focuses on direction. Unfortunately, the latter still needs to be proven by researchers in this field. At every intermediate node, there is traffic that is incoming and it is referred to as total. The various links should all accept the incoming links that are split. The different radios will also accommodate the traffic that is incoming. Furthermore, the outgoing and incoming traffic is distributed as per source. The latter is also possible through conjunction of fairness requirements and source rates. The range of transmission should be within the distance of the flows. In turn, it will be possible to account for the impact achieved through induced interference.

Induced interference is present in every node, and a radio to radio path has to be constructed. It is referred to as the outer‘s’ of the node to node. ‘S’ is referred to as the source, and it is adjacent to the route known as ‘e’. The nodes have ends as well as common channels where a path has to be created. In route ‘e’ there are links, which are subsequent, and they are positioned between the nodes. The previous links are the main reason why the paths are created (Lin & Shroff, 2004). This means that the link, which exists, is known as radio to radio. The procedure of path incremental construction makes sure that all other links are interrelated to it. It extends further until the route of node-to –node is linked. This means that every source‘s’ has paths. The two sub problems are formulated through the introduction of a formulation. Node paths for assignments that are fixed channel are achieved through traffic allocation (informit.com, 2011.1). This means that the sub problem of congestion control takes place. The other sub problem is associated with assignments that are combinatorial channel discrete. The problem of optimization is a solution to congestion control derived from mapping. In turn, the radio paths are distributed further into traffic. Information on channel congestion is provided by finding the solution. It addresses the sub problem of channel assignment. The procedure that follows in interactive whereby, utilization of the overall network is successfully guaranteed. The approach used in this research is beneficial in achieving fairness and utilization of networks.

Individual rates are equal to the radio-to-radio links, and they all follow a crossing network link. The aggregate link portion is affected by the individual rates. The various radio paths are routed with the incoming traffic. The relationships that exist between the networks are in the form of generic contention (Pahlavan & Krishnamurthy, 2009.78). Channel assignment is given to source rates and radio paths, to control the sub problem of congestion control. Resources that are highly congested will no longer have traffic due to channel assignment. The option would be to make sure that the congested areas have added bandwidth. Information obtained from congestion control solves the sub problem that is heuristic. In turn, network utility will be successful and guaranteed.

Algorithms are used in channel assignment and congestion control and they are successful and guaranteed methods. The latter functions based on radio paths and assignments that are fixed channel. This procedure is of extremely low intensity thus, usage of algebraic operations that are comprehensible. On the other hand, algorithms used in channel assignments have low complexity. The search occurs in cliques that are extremely congested. Channel modifications that are favorable are selected through conditions that are eligible. Verification and manipulation of algebraic equations leads to solving the sub problem.

The findings of this research are thus interpreted by various methods that are accepted all over the world. The approach used is known as MRMC-CC, and it focuses on essential aspects of the research. This means that the multi channel and multi radio wireless mesh networks are computed in two approaches (Greenspan & Klerer, 2008. 60). The other approach is known as ABL05, and it ensures that the pairs of source destinations are computed. The latter uses the paths referred to as node to node and are involved in linear programming. The source rate that is obtained gives a maximum yield and ensures fairness is maintained. The demand vector is made to be in proportion with the weight that has been allocated.

The above approach used in this research uses formulation that is utility based. The latter ensures that fairness is maintained all the time. The path of the node to node used is single and this is due to the source destination. Congestion of networks is controlled by networks that engage in robust operations. The latter is especially beneficial when dealing with wireless networks, which are heavily congested. Rates of data, which are low, are used in frameworks for transmission. In turn, good put, and network throughput, are decreased in the network. Frame loss is achieved as a result of the nodes that allow transmission of rates of data that is low. The distances between the frames can be increased further through a signal to noise ratio. Rates of data, which are high, should be consumed when congestion is present. The implemented multirates adaption scheme functions in a unique way. The impact on work performance of the wireless congested control is high (Xu &Tian & Ansari, 2005.220). The other option, which exists, is that power transmission can be controlled by the clients. The latter ensures that high data rates are effectively utilized through transmission and data frames.

In the different scenarios, which have been witnessed, the mesh network finds that there is under utilization when the ABL05 is used. When compared to the MRMC-CC, the latter is much low as compared to the minimum rate, which is required. Furthermore, there are two reasons, which bring about under utilization. Source rates are forced upon by fairness constraints, and this occurs even in topologies that are non regular. ABL05 constraints, which are linked based, are conservative and thus, different from the ones in MRMC-CC. There is a belief that the links are interrelated in many ways. Topolog, which is based on a grid, seems to favor the ABL05 approach due to the constraints, which are involved. Spatial reuse is exploited by the paths of the node to node that are multiple (Stewart, 2000.1). Constraints that are linked based and those related to fairness are under utilized by the ABL05. The average rates of ABL05 are lower than those of MRMC-CCM, as the latter has higher yields. If the network has added resources, a difference between the two approaches increases. Network resources are utilized by the proportional fairness that exists and in a manner that is fair. If the problem of wireless communication congestion is not solved, performance will reduce drastically. Also, there is a risk that the wireless networks will degrade and become worthless. Losses might occur to the people who use wireless technologies, and especially those who use computerized systems.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the problem of wireless congestion should be addressed, as it benefits many of its users. Furthermore, it will be easy not to misjudge or misinterpret congestion of networks. Bandwidth and jitter ratio is achieved through the information feedback, which is obtained. A control mechanism for congestion control should exist in order to improve the system. The other areas of congestion control, which need to be researched, are on whether a permanent solution can be found to solve congestion control. This means that existing wireless networks will no longer have to affect various computerized systems. The community has a role to play in this issue, as it can advocate for more wireless communication networks to benefit it. Furthermore, society should use wireless communication networks that do not cause congestion. In turn, there will be an improvement in wireless communication congestion. Thus, channel assignment and congestion control are indeed problems that can be solved through proper and relevant research.

Work cited

Bertsekas, D. Nonlinear Programming. New York: Athena Scientific, 2nd edition, 2003. Print.

Xu, K. &Tian, Y. & Ansari, N. “ HYPERLINK “http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2004.07.006” Improving TCP performance in integrated wireless communications networks,” Computer Networks, 47, 2, (2005): pp. 219–237.

Greenspan, A. & Klerer, M. Et al. “ HYPERLINK “http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2008.4557043” IEEE 802.20: Mobile broadband wireless access for the twenty-first century,” IEEE Communications Magazine, 46, 7, (2008): pp. 56–63.

Stewart, R. “Stream Control Transmission Protocol.” Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), RFC 2960, 2000.

Lin, X. & Ness, Shroff. Utility maximization for communication networks with multi-path routing. IEEE Transactions on Networking, 51,5, (2006): pp 766–781.

Giannoulis, T & Salonidis, E. & Knightly, W. Congestion control and channel assignment algorithms in multi-radio multi-channel wireless mesh networks. Extended version available at http://www.ece.rice.edu/∼ag4934/agiannou/mrmc-cc-extended.pdf.

HYPERLINK “http://www.informit.com/articles/printerfriendly.aspx?p=98132” “Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology”. informit.com. HYPERLINK “http://www.informit.com/articles/printerfriendly.aspx?p=98132” http://www.informit.com/articles/printerfriendly.aspx?p=98132. Retrieved 2011-11-23.

Cantieni, G. Et al. Performance Analysis under Finite Load and Improvements for Multirate 802.11. Elsevier Computer Communications Journal, 28, 10, (2005) : pp 1095.1109.

Lin, X. & Shroff, B. Joint rate control and scheduling in multihop wireless networks. In Proc. Control and Decision Conference (CDC), Atlantis, Paradise Island, Bahamas, December 2004.

Wang, W. & Palaniswami, M. & Low, S. Optimal flow control and routing in multi-path networks. Performance Evaluation, 52, 2-3, (2003):119–132.

Pahlavan, Kaveh. & Krishnamurthy, Prashant. Networking Fundamentals – Wide, Local and Personal Area Communications. New York: Wiley, 2009.Print.

Chapter 3 Research Methodology

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Chapter 3: Research MethodologyIntroduction

This chapter will give an illustration and discussion of the methodology that has been adopted for this research, including how the collection and data analysis took place to test the hypotheses in the later stages. Research StrategyResearch methodology is the most important part of the research as it highlights how the data used in the research was collected and analyzed. The methods of data collection are many, but the most optimal; method of collecting data is the open that offers a comprehensive system of collecting data with minima limitation and draw backs. This method should be comprehensive to enable generalizability for the whole population. However, there are a number of factors that are put in to consideration when collecting data, noteworthy amongst them are validity and reliability of the results that would be realized after the research. Reliability in the research depends on the method of data collection used while the validity of the research depends on the layout of the questionnaire.

The researcher employed a multifarious deduction throughout the research. Research process is contemplated to ensure that an insightful idea is created to enable the researcher reach and a probable conclusion.

Search PhilosophyThese are the assumptions that underpin the research strategy and the method of data collection chosen. This research is mainly concerned with a subjective knowledge and interpretation of the phenomena is a social word basing on the general assumption that coherences in the social world are complex. On the other hand the research philosophy ion use is the positivism that argues that the research results can be generalised to cover the entire human population with respect to the general characteristics of the population under considerations.

Research ApproachThis research followed the deductive approaches of research as it tries to analyze the empirical data out of which the hypothesis was formed , it is therefore important to note the research approach in consideration should verify the causal relationship that in the existing theories.Quantitative and qualitative Approach to ResearchThe quantitative approach to research is the most effective method in the scientific researches however, this being a social research, the researcher made use if the qualitative research in which the data collected from the population of choice is categorized an analyzed based on the subjective understanding of the researcher. However, it is also important to note that due to the coherent weaknesses of the quantitative research, the researcher had to use quantitative research by analyzing the statistical data related to the Investigate Medical Tourism in Thailand to help him realize the research objectives. It is also noteworthy that quantitative research depend on the the establishment of the relationships between variables.

Research StrategyThe researched strategy of choice for this study was the deductive strategy as was easy to answer the research question with the aim of meeting the research objectives. Und this approach the formulated aims of the research were answered by effective test of the collected data. The researcher observed general theories and collected data. In this dissertation the deductive approach was chosen. General theories were observed out of which aims were formulated, a questionnaire to collect the data was set up that was essential to test those against existing literature to be able to either confirm or reject the original theories in the end.

Sampling and Data Collection for the Primary StudyData was collected by use of Likert type structured questionnaire, the questionnaires were self administered by the researcher. However, secondary study was conducted on the literature available on the Medical Tourism in Thailand such academic journal, social research report, industry magazines as well as course material available from the university library. Additionally, the internet was used to derive the most recent information on the Medical Tourism in Thailand. These data was used to test the hypothesis. It is important to note that one of the limitations of this research was time and access restriction. Therefore random sampling was done to get the population for research and restrict the confine the data collection to this particular group under the assumption that it would be generalised to represent the entire population

Data collection methodsThe research design employed by this study is the use of interviews where quantitative research methods will be used. Both primary and secondary data will be combined to realize the aim of this research. The rationale for using surveys and questionnaires was that they provided a simple and uncomplicated access to the study of values, and intention of the person who completed the instrument. Surveys or questionnaires may also be modified to collect general data from almost any human population. The data collected from surveys or questionnaires was both quantitative in nature. The presence of the interviewer can encourage participation and involvement and the interviewer can judge the extent to which the exercise is being treated seriously.

Data analysisThe data collected during the research was analyzed by use of SPSS. Before that data was analyzed it was coded and keyed into the SPSS. The SPSS was instrumental in the verification of the relationship between variable and analysis of the strength of the relationship that laws later used to make statistical inferences. However, it is imperative to note that the statistical inferences were based on the results of the analyzed data.