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Speech communication.

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Speech communication.In its use to communicate, electronic media has many negative effects which hinder its effectiveness. The ability to communicate gestures and tones, along with more subtle body language such as eye movements renders this form of communication useless in times when all contact is needed. This often leads to various feelings, some of which are depersonalization and isolation among its users as outlined by Sproul & Keisler (1502). With regard to these inefficiencies, many instances might necessitate use of other types of communication, in order to ensure a complete communication process is achieved.

This effect or influence of electronic media on communication has a largely negative impact on the process. The inability to communicate fully might lead to total lack of, or partial comprehension. It might also reduce the effectiveness of feedback as gestures and body language form a large part of this, as well as being inappropriate for some circumstances. Formal communication for example, can be seriously affected by electronic media. As much as it forms a large part of this type of communication, its effects could negate any benefits especially if social media habits and traits are assimilated. In light of this, Lengel & Daft (199) suggested avoiding this type of media for certain types of communication.

Research as recent as 2010’s, points to frequent use of computing devices and internet as debilitating on the human brain’s functions. The ability of the human brain to focus on a particular task is greatly undermined by the deluge of information we get from all these computing and communication devices especially when coupled with the internet. All these information has been demonstrated to invoke the brain’s centers responsible for responding to threats and opportunities hence sudden bursts of anxiety. Anxiety triggers the release of the hormone dopamine in the brain, without which we just feel bored.

As demonstrated by numerous researchers from the universities of Utah, California both in Irvine and San Diego report that the effects of computer use and the internet are mostly negative. These range from increased stress due to too much information to process, to less social development due to a total dependence on electronic rather than social interactive method. In some cases, an addiction has been shown to be present in heavy users of these technologies especially if they form part of whole livelihood making structures. This was shown to result in increased aggression and venting out on close family and/or friends.

However many the negatives are, the benefits of computers and internet use combined far outnumber them. From medical imaging to entertainment and defense, these benefits clearly demonstrate innovations here to stay. Its positive impacts on the brain being; increased reaction and multiple processing capacities, as demonstrated by game players have been extensively studied. Eyal Ophir, a Stanford researcher showed how all these increases in information and load has lead to tiny adaptations in certain human brains to help them better filter out distractions and juggle problems. This demonstrated the human brain’s ability to rewire itself and attend to changes in its environment, something previously thought nonexistent. All these research is convincing that computers have a profound impact on us in both a negative and positive manner.

Thomas Kuhn Critiques

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Thomas Kuhn Critiques

Thomas Kuhn is considered to have changed the perspective with which the scientific community and public viewed science completely. Once, the history of science used to be viewed as a defined progression from theory towards fact by the addition of more facts until the later was achieved, but afterwards things changed. Kuhn proposed a series of changes, resulting to revolutionary transformations characterized by the views of one scientific period having very little to do with those of the previous. He went forth to question the possibility of science ever finding the truth hence the emergence of what came to be popularly known as Kuhn’s concept of paradigm. This was generally regarded as a rejection of the positivistic notion of progress of knowledge.

Thomas differentiated between different kinds of science based on his concept of paradigm, resulting in two kinds of science; normal and revolutionary science. Normal science is that that was pursued by a group of scientists who shared a paradigm, this being a general consensus among a large group of scientists on concrete solutions to a central problem in their field. These solutions, called ‘exemplars’, formed the basis of their arguments and commitment that wasn’t based on critical testing. It relied upon their training and general experience in the same field. Normal science was also proposed to be rather isolated from outside influences and the paradigms of other scientific fields as well as non scientific values.

Kuhn’s views were criticized mainly for being insufficiently leftist at a time most scientific processes were geared towards a greater social welfare and towards more military and global might than their own repute. In the era of the race to the moon, the Cold War and penicillin as well as DNA, advancing such theories put Thomas Kuhn in the wrong side of public interest, as demonstrated by the heated debate and condemnation directed to his work by Steve Fuller and James Bryant Conant.

In his 1949 book ‘The Origins of Modern Science’, Herbert Butterfield compared the advancement of scientific theory as an optical illusion or visual gestalt, an image that depicts either a rabbit or a duck depending on its viewer. Butterfield’s perspective on the shifting paradigms in science that lead to scientific theory advances were characterized in his statement about ‘picking up sticks’. Here, he described how ‘handling the same bundles of data as before, but placing them in a new system of relations with one another by giving them a different framework’, was comparable to the earlier mentioned visual gestalt. As much as this rabbit-duck example poses a danger to the view of differences in scientific theory advancement as purely based on changing perceptions, it can still be seen how Butterfield’s views were supportive of Kuhn’s concept of paradigms.

In history, as was discussed in class, the first scientific revolution from Galileo to Newton led to an explanatory model of the world as a machine subject to the influences of physical laws under physics and astronomy. Newton’s concept of absolute time and space were later replaced by Albert Einstein’s space-time relativity model and generated a logical contradiction to the claim that any transcendence outside the traditional Newtonian-Galileo ‘closed world’ system would be a miracle or reincarnation itself. As this demonstrates, Einstein’s paradigm provided a crisis acknowledging the concept of paradigmatic revolution by Thomas Kuhn.

A good illustration of Kuhn’s theory of paradigm revolution is found in Biblical studies. In addition, there is a difference between his concepts of ‘paradigm’ and later narratives, including Bacon whose classical scientific methods he rejects. He simply denies that scientific advances were merely a step-by step inductive approach to discovery of the underlying fact. To him, scientific research always takes an approach that is defined by received presupposition or paradigm and convictions produced by previously existent scientific findings. In its received form, the cluster of beliefs and values or standards forming the basis of research while forming the provided framework advance to a whole field of study.

Kuhn’s second preposition, published in his second edition of his then famous literature, was the phrase ‘disciplinary matrix’. Problem solving from a scientific perspective for Kuhn was divided into three types; the paradigm disciplinary matrix, working on those areas that were most directly definitely experimental checks on the theory. All these experiments were still closely controlled by the matrix. Normal science was the second concept that matures when a group of scientists forwards a fundamental theory, inclusive of supporting evidence or data. This according to Kuhn defines the whole scientific revolution. The final concept was that of ‘extraordinary’ science, characterized by anomalies in a certain field that can’t be ignored easily. These anomalies were observed to fall into patterns that followed their own order.

Thomas Kuhn advanced many examples for each of the aforementioned concepts. The most interesting however, was that of the study of electricity where up to the first half of the 18th century, there was no standard theory of electricity. This is shown by the existence of many views back then on the same topic in men like Gray, Hauksbee, DeFay and Watson. Soon however, the theory of electricity became a ‘normal science’ when Benjamin Franklin combined all past theories. Kuhn mentions how James Clark Maxwell introduces a revolution in the second half of the 19th century via his electro magnetism theory, which among others was difficult for contemporaries to comprehend.

 

Sociology of popular culture.

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Sociology of popular culture.

Question 1

Structural forces form part of the larger structure that contains or consists of the interaction of different individuals at different levels of the society. Therefore, structural forces can be defined as the factors that influence change at different levels of the society’s interactive activities. Some scholars have come up with the idea that seeks to denounce these factors as forces since their schools of thought negate the probability of society being under the influence of its subjects, but most of the rest seem to support the existence of structural forces within the society and their effects on the interactive activity of man.

The emergence and use of slang as distinct and accepted forms of communication among the youth in society is a good example of a structural force changing the role of these young people in the same set up. Slang is a combination of various aspects of language, including mother tongue and definitive phrases that the youth come up with to ease communication among them, make messages discrete, share ideas on common platforms. As a form of communication, this force has led to the identification of the ability of the youth as communicators especially in music and other forms of expression, As such, the inclusion of the youthfulness and its attributes into major processes such as politics is usually done through language hence changing the role of youth from that of a dormant subject in the society, to the active member involved in driving change in the society (Schennig 45)

Social changes in the society, especially among the youth, are been made more and more open and public. Another structural force that has been instrumental in the change of social roles of the youth is attitude. This being the general expression of liking or disliking towards people, places, actions, or things, makes one of the most important forces acting as evidence of shifts in the roles of youth in society. Traditionally, attitudes formed a major definitive aspect of the teenager and youthful person, but the recent attention to these young people by the society has changed their place in same environment. Leaders want to hear out the views of youth concerning their policies and activity while in government. The church is also putting more effort into trying to marry the attitudes of the youth with their teaching as based on religion making these young people more instrumental in the general societal shifts and activities.

Cultural norm is yet another example of a structural force that is changing the roles of youth in society. Their way of life, regardless of geography and disposition, has been attributed to rebellion and disarray at the mercies of hormonal and mental growth, but this is being embraced as a way of understanding their hardships, views, and roles in life. The training and mentorship of youth leaders shows a change in the public’s ability to trust these young and often disorganized or rebellious members of the society, and entrust them with positions that require responsibility and an acute sense of logic. As more established vehicles of societal change, such as policy making, administration, and government, recognizes the ability of the youth and their non-conformist attitudes to drive positive growth, the roles of these same youngsters in the society’s interactive activities keep changing.

Question 3

The influence of the media on crime rates has been one of concern and extensive research for a long time. Murders such as the ones in Littleton, United States, seemed to have been orchestrated as gaming scenes as their perpetrators were aficionados of violent games. Unfortunately, many lives were lost and even more altered, but the question lingered as to whether indeed these games, and other forms of media, were directly related to these crimes.

Sternheimer gives numerous examples of the relationship between media – in its various forms – and crime in her book, ‘It’s Not the Media: The Truth about Pop Culture’s Influence on Children’. Crimes ranging from abuse and assault, to cold-blooded murder are reportedly linked to music, computer games, and television games (111). Her feeling regarding the same are laced with a clear understanding of the influential nature of media on the minds, actions, and attitudes of the youth, but she clearly states that there is no comprehensive proof to link the two.

While the Columbine shootings might easily provide an example that contradicts her views, she is quick to point out the difference between aggression and violence, in as much as the two are closely related in this context. Violent computer games and hard rock music might infuse aggressive behavior in the individuals that consume these forms of media, but venting this aggression is another thing altogether. In her opinion, the public is heeding to the calls from the government through its various instruments to view the media with fear so that they fail to see a true representation of the economic and political failures of their governments. In other words, the public has no need to fear the media or attach the current manifestations of social – political, and socio-economic failures, as evidenced by murders and suicide. Rather, they should embrace the media as a source of information, entertainment, and a form of expression.

Social entrepreneurs are individuals or organizations who use social panic to propagate innuendo and selfish ideologies, and are responsible for much of the current media’s negative image. These individuals have used the recent spate of school shootings, musical artist suicides, and others to advance a largely negative image. Their actions have resulted in the portrayal of media as an aid to crime in its various forms, leading to public confusion and unnecessary bias in the consumption of media by the public. Many share the view that television is harmful to children in terms of growth and intellectual development, games cultivate a predisposition for violence, and certain music corrupts the mind of listeners.

Question 6

Social panic is defined as a situation where a person, place, or event, is escalated by definition to the level of being viewed as a threat to the ideals and well being of the society (Cohen 52). In the realms of politics, the use of social panics has been documented as widespread phenomena, as individuals seek to raise concerns and worry to levels that might play into their strategies. By doing so, these individuals cultivate the right amount of concern as to warrant the inception of new means to change the perceived problematic issue or situation, thus optimizing their chances at success.

A lot of research into the sociology behind this phenomena points at the natural tendency of man to follow the individual, or people, who identify a problem, point it out, and publicly declare to solve it for the sake of social welfare. However, on most of these occasions, that same individual has motives that might be either ulterior or otherwise, but the masses have already identified with him/her. This clearly explains the rampant use of the social panic by politicians in their campaigns to try and woo as many supporters as they can. Tobias states how they achieve this through the “creation of non-existence social problems, the exaggeration of existent one in terms of magnitude, and the ever-present promise to solve them” (65). A good example of this kind of social manipulation is seen in the Australian Prime Minister’s election campaign. Julia Gillard uttered some controversial statements as a form of social panic aimed at escalating the influx of illegal immigrants into the country as a problem. She said, “Stop the boat people getting on boats”, and relied on the social perception created by her potential electorate to improve her position in the run for office.

As expected, the social panic concept‘s application in politics usually has moral ramifications. Issue of human right infringement and other evils have come up each time this concept gets mention. A good example is Julia Gillard’s statements regarding illegal immigrants, which though placing her in the social panic beneficiary’s seat, raised the touchy issue of racism. Social panic and morality are practically inseparable in the eyes of politics as many of the issues raised during use of social panic tend to be immoral. Some politicians have in exercising social panic to their advantage deprived the society of its basic rights. The detention of prisoners in Australia has for long been a selling point for Prime Ministers claiming it strives to separate criminals and the righteous in society. These incumbent politicians find favor with the masses who view this as a method of ensuring their security in country ravaged by violence and crime. What many fail to realize is that after the completion of his/her sentence, an individual’s continues detention is in direct contravention of their rights to freedom once again demonstrating the ability of social panic a misused tool.

Society has high regard for the welfare of children and their protection from all sources of harm. The proliferation of pornography and harmful content via the internet has come up as a recent source of harm from which political figures seek to fuel their campaigns. The welfare of children is a sensitive issue, and in trying to capitalize on this, some of this winning politician inadvertently, or otherwise, infringe on some human rights. The use if internet filters, content espionage programs, bans on a large scale intended to protect the plight of children harms the other members of society as it is goes against their right to accessing information. This exemplifies another instance where regimes use social panic to impose their rule on the society, yet the underlying situation is opposite of the intended end.

Question 7

Sociology is a social science aimed at a generalized study of human interaction (Anderson et. al 2). Some aspects of human interaction go beyond the concept of interaction, whereby human behavior becomes subject to more complex concepts. Aspects related to communication and leadership would be better understood while undertaking more detailed, scientific, and detailed characteristics if man from the perspective if psychology. In essence, sociology only scrapes the top of human interactive activity which has been demonstrated to be a deep, complex, and detailed affair.

The ability of sociology to explain the dynamic at play during complex human behavior portrayed during politics is therefore governed by this principle. In addition, the ability of media to transcend the barriers of time, age, and generation overpowers the capability of sociology as a discipline in trying to understand various aspects of the same. A good example is the inability of sociology to explain the tendency of certain individuals to blur the line between truth and lies because of ulterior motives. Therefore, sociology should refrain from attempting to understand complex human behavior and restrain its scope to its definition – the continued study of human interaction and its various aspects.

Works Cited

Andersen, Margaret L, and Howard F. Taylor. “Developing a sociological perspective.” Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2008. 2. Print.

Attorneys, Lawyers. “What is Moral Panic and why does it occur?” LAW INFORMATION. WordPress.com, 5 Jan. 2011. Web. 18 Mar. 2014.

Cohen, Stanley. “Opinion and attitude themed.” Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011. 52. Print.

Sternheimer, Karen. “Fear of video games.” It’s Not the Media: The Truth About Pop Culture’s Influence on Children. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 2003. 111. Print.

Structural forces form part of the larger structure that contains or consists of the interaction of different individuals at

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Sociology of popular culture.Question 1

Structural forces form part of the larger structure that contains or consists of the interaction of different individuals at different levels of the society. Therefore, structural forces can be defined as the factors that influence change at different levels of the society’s interactive activities. Some scholars have come up with the idea that seeks to denounce these factors as forces since their schools of thought negate the probability of society being under the influence of its subjects, but most of the rest seem to support the existence of structural forces within the society and their effects on the interactive activity of man.

The emergence and use of slang as distinct and accepted forms of communication among the youth in society is a good example of a structural force changing the role of these young people in the same set up. Slang is a combination of various aspects of language, including mother tongue and definitive phrases that the youth come up with to ease communication among them, make messages discrete, share ideas on common platforms. As a form of communication, this force has led to the identification of the ability of the youth as communicators especially in music and other forms of expression, As such, the inclusion of the youthfulness and its attributes into major processes such as politics is usually done through language hence changing the role of youth from that of a dormant subject in the society, to the active member involved in driving change in the society (Schennig 45)

Social changes in the society, especially among the youth, are been made more and more open and public. Another structural force that has been instrumental in the change of social roles of the youth is attitude. This being the general expression of liking or disliking towards people, places, actions, or things, makes one of the most important forces acting as evidence of shifts in the roles of youth in society. Traditionally, attitudes formed a major definitive aspect of the teenager and youthful person, but the recent attention to these young people by the society has changed their place in same environment. Leaders want to hear out the views of youth concerning their policies and activity while in government. The church is also putting more effort into trying to marry the attitudes of the youth with their teaching as based on religion making these young people more instrumental in the general societal shifts and activities.

Cultural norm is yet another example of a structural force that is changing the roles of youth in society. Their way of life, regardless of geography and disposition, has been attributed to rebellion and disarray at the mercies of hormonal and mental growth, but this is being embraced as a way of understanding their hardships, views, and roles in life. The training and mentorship of youth leaders shows a change in the public’s ability to trust these young and often disorganized or rebellious members of the society, and entrust them with positions that require responsibility and an acute sense of logic. As more established vehicles of societal change, such as policy making, administration, and government, recognizes the ability of the youth and their non-conformist attitudes to drive positive growth, the roles of these same youngsters in the society’s interactive activities keep changing.

Question 3

The influence of the media on crime rates has been one of concern and extensive research for a long time. Murders such as the ones in Littleton, United States, seemed to have been orchestrated as gaming scenes as their perpetrators were aficionados of violent games. Unfortunately, many lives were lost and even more altered, but the question lingered as to whether indeed these games, and other forms of media, were directly related to these crimes.

Sternheimer gives numerous examples of the relationship between media – in its various forms – and crime in her book, ‘It’s Not the Media: The Truth about Pop Culture’s Influence on Children’. Crimes ranging from abuse and assault, to cold-blooded murder are reportedly linked to music, computer games, and television games (111). Her feeling regarding the same are laced with a clear understanding of the influential nature of media on the minds, actions, and attitudes of the youth, but she clearly states that there is no comprehensive proof to link the two.

While the Columbine shootings might easily provide an example that contradicts her views, she is quick to point out the difference between aggression and violence, in as much as the two are closely related in this context. Violent computer games and hard rock music might infuse aggressive behavior in the individuals that consume these forms of media, but venting this aggression is another thing altogether. In her opinion, the public is heeding to the calls from the government through its various instruments to view the media with fear so that they fail to see a true representation of the economic and political failures of their governments. In other words, the public has no need to fear the media or attach the current manifestations of social – political, and socio-economic failures, as evidenced by murders and suicide. Rather, they should embrace the media as a source of information, entertainment, and a form of expression.

Social entrepreneurs are individuals or organizations who use social panic to propagate innuendo and selfish ideologies, and are responsible for much of the current media’s negative image. These individuals have used the recent spate of school shootings, musical artist suicides, and others to advance a largely negative image. Their actions have resulted in the portrayal of media as an aid to crime in its various forms, leading to public confusion and unnecessary bias in the consumption of media by the public. Many share the view that television is harmful to children in terms of growth and intellectual development, games cultivate a predisposition for violence, and certain music corrupts the mind of listeners.

Question 6

Social panic is defined as a situation where a person, place, or event, is escalated by definition to the level of being viewed as a threat to the ideals and well being of the society (Cohen 52). In the realms of politics, the use of social panics has been documented as widespread phenomena, as individuals seek to raise concerns and worry to levels that might play into their strategies. By doing so, these individuals cultivate the right amount of concern as to warrant the inception of new means to change the perceived problematic issue or situation, thus optimizing their chances at success.

A lot of research into the sociology behind this phenomena points at the natural tendency of man to follow the individual, or people, who identify a problem, point it out, and publicly declare to solve it for the sake of social welfare. However, on most of these occasions, that same individual has motives that might be either ulterior or otherwise, but the masses have already identified with him/her. This clearly explains the rampant use of the social panic by politicians in their campaigns to try and woo as many supporters as they can. Tobias states how they achieve this through the “creation of non-existence social problems, the exaggeration of existent one in terms of magnitude, and the ever-present promise to solve them” (65). A good example of this kind of social manipulation is seen in the Australian Prime Minister’s election campaign. Julia Gillard uttered some controversial statements as a form of social panic aimed at escalating the influx of illegal immigrants into the country as a problem. She said, “Stop the boat people getting on boats”, and relied on the social perception created by her potential electorate to improve her position in the run for office.

As expected, the social panic concept‘s application in politics usually has moral ramifications. Issue of human right infringement and other evils have come up each time this concept gets mention. A good example is Julia Gillard’s statements regarding illegal immigrants, which though placing her in the social panic beneficiary’s seat, raised the touchy issue of racism. Social panic and morality are practically inseparable in the eyes of politics as many of the issues raised during use of social panic tend to be immoral. Some politicians have in exercising social panic to their advantage deprived the society of its basic rights. The detention of prisoners in Australia has for long been a selling point for Prime Ministers claiming it strives to separate criminals and the righteous in society. These incumbent politicians find favor with the masses who view this as a method of ensuring their security in country ravaged by violence and crime. What many fail to realize is that after the completion of his/her sentence, an individual’s continues detention is in direct contravention of their rights to freedom once again demonstrating the ability of social panic a misused tool.

Society has high regard for the welfare of children and their protection from all sources of harm. The proliferation of pornography and harmful content via the internet has come up as a recent source of harm from which political figures seek to fuel their campaigns. The welfare of children is a sensitive issue, and in trying to capitalize on this, some of this winning politician inadvertently, or otherwise, infringe on some human rights. The use if internet filters, content espionage programs, bans on a large scale intended to protect the plight of children harms the other members of society as it is goes against their right to accessing information. This exemplifies another instance where regimes use social panic to impose their rule on the society, yet the underlying situation is opposite of the intended end.

Question 7

Sociology is a social science aimed at a generalized study of human interaction (Anderson et. al 2). Some aspects of human interaction go beyond the concept of interaction, whereby human behavior becomes subject to more complex concepts. Aspects related to communication and leadership would be better understood while undertaking more detailed, scientific, and detailed characteristics if man from the perspective if psychology. In essence, sociology only scrapes the top of human interactive activity which has been demonstrated to be a deep, complex, and detailed affair.

The ability of sociology to explain the dynamic at play during complex human behavior portrayed during politics is therefore governed by this principle. In addition, the ability of media to transcend the barriers of time, age, and generation overpowers the capability of sociology as a discipline in trying to understand various aspects of the same. A good example is the inability of sociology to explain the tendency of certain individuals to blur the line between truth and lies because of ulterior motives. Therefore, sociology should refrain from attempting to understand complex human behavior and restrain its scope to its definition – the continued study of human interaction and its various aspects.

OConnors a good man is hard to find.

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O’Connor’s ‘a good man is hard to find’.

The Gospel of Mark shows how much attachment man has for material things and the obstacles this attachment presents in his quest for moral uprightness and eternal life. The case in mind is that of a morally upright man who approaches Jesus and requests him to explain what else he can do to since he obeys all Ten Commandments. Jesus knowing the implication of material possession even to the morally upright and righteous, instructs him to rid himself of all his material possessions since these are bound to erode his morals.

O’Connor’s story has a similar thematic approach only it goes on to prove that indeed a good man is hard to find. The Misfit was wrongly accused of murdering his father and faces serious legal action, which he chooses to escape from since he feels to be innocent. The only problem Bailey’s mother had not factored in her bid to avoid a confrontation with this evil man is reflected in the Gospel of Mark. Here, Jesus tried to show how even the most upright and righteous of men was susceptible to the machinations of material things in the world, hence his requesting the man who had approached him to sell everything and follow him.

In advancing the themes of good and evil, O’Connor uses two very different characters. . The grandmother represents society’s righteous and The Misfit shows the exact opposite. Here, we find how O’Connor tries to exemplify the righteous by demonstrating a caring loving attitude towards family and kin, exemplified by the grandmother’s futile attempt at trying to direct the family away from danger, as. Again, her caring and loving attitude is demonstrated in how she cannot bear to leave the cat, Pitty Sing’ in the house alone while there is a convict on the loose. This theme is shown all the way to her tragic end when in act of compassion she touched The Misfit, whose reaction was to kill the begging old woman. Although critics argue on this act of compassion being the cause of her death (Gentry, p. 36, 2006), it seems to be the case. In his actions, The Misfit himself advances the theme of evil by killing a whole family with his accomplices. He won’t even listen to an old woman who braves impending death by touching him in an act of compassion, instead shooting her severally while uttering sarcastic remarks.

This story shows the multifaceted modern man who presents himself as immensely righteous while in truth being not. Today many people act and pretend to be morally upright while in real sense they are far from that. Acts of violence and corruption best exemplify this pretence that seems to know no boundaries, even afflicting those expected by society to uphold righteousness. The failure of man in moral uprightness is best exemplified in Priests accused of molesting young children, fathers accused of murdering whole countries and countries going up in arms against less able countries all show how ‘ a good man is hard to find’ indeed. Spirituality is especially rife with examples of how modern man has sunk beneath the expectations of his beliefs as illustrated by all the adultery, murder, lying and backbiting as well as theft and sexual perversion. Many will openly claim to follow the scriptures of their faith and act in a contradictory manner.

Works cited.

Gentry, M. (2006). Flannery O’connor’s Religion of the Grotesque. Mississipi: Univ. Press of Mississippi.

Eder, K. (2011). Flannery O’Connor, “A Good Man Is Hard To Find” – an Analysis. Munich: GRIN Verlag.

Spread of communicable diseases

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Introduction

Communicable diseases have been cited to cause several deaths as well as suffering to a huge populace in the underdeveloped world. These diseases may be spread through contact, ingestion of contaminated food or water, inhalation of contaminated air as well as through vectors. Vectors spread the communicable diseases through biological as well as mechanical means. In the latter case the vector picks up the infectious agent from a contaminated source and carries it outside its body to another media such as food or water where the agent is deposited. Consumption of such food therefore results in an infection. Flies are good example of mechanical vectors as they passively transmit infectious agent causing cholera to humans through the aforementioned media. On the other hand, vectors may also spread the diseases trough biological means where pathogens are harbored in the body of the vectors and transmitted in an active manner to the potential host. This may be exemplified by the spread of rabies from rabid animals to man through bites. Some communicable diseases may be spread through a variety of means such as cholera which can be transmitted through flies, feces, water as well as food. Such diseases require a multiple approach of control encompassing a continuum of food, water, air, personal hygiene, insects as well as sewage disposal (Munson, 2009).

It is always important to define the means of transmission of an infectious agent in an attempt to fully understand the biology of a disease so as to control the disease. Communicable diseases are spread through a variety of media including water, food, air, insects as well as contaminated objects. To begin with humans have contributed highly to such spread by providing a suitable environment for the growth and spread of the infectious agent. For instance, the generation and poor disposal of human wastes such as feces in the public have provided food source to vectors such as flies which thereafter transport the infectious agents from the wastes to the media such as food and water in human residence prior to consumption. The subsequent consumption of such infected food or water may cause diseases such as cholera, dysentery as well as typhoid. Ingestion of fecally contaminated water may enhance the spread of Giardiasis. On the other hand, food provides a suitable growth media for the vectors when poorly kept. High degree of hygiene is necessary in preventing the spread of diseases such as salmonellosis whose causative agent thrives well in a poorly preserved food and may be ingested upon consumption (Munson, 2009).

Vector-borne diseases may also be spread through formites. These are contaminated objects that provide a suitable resting place for vectors. For instance, objects such as paper or money may harbor infectious agents that can easily be transferred by vectors from one person to the other when such objects are shared among individuals. The spread of diseases such as TB is necessitated by formites especially when individuals put such contaminated objects in their mouths. Communicable diseases may also be spread by vectors through biological means. The transmission of diseases such as rabies and the bacillus of bovine TB from animals to humans follow the aforementioned transmission mode. For instance, rabies is transmitted to humans when bitten by a rabid animal. This is an active transmission and may therefore be lethal especially when such bites are executed in delicate such places as head, face or even neck (Acha et al, 2003). Typhus fever is also transmitted by body louse which has fed on the blood of a patient suffering from the fever and transferred rickettsia from their excreta to the new host. This can be avoided by enhancing body hygiene and general sanitation to keep away the louse.

Conclusion

Communicable diseases cause high rate of mortality and morbidity especially in the third world countries where comprehensive control measures are not well established. The diseases may at times be spread through a variety of media including water, food, air, formites as well as insects. It is therefore important to establish environmental control strategies that entail multiple facets encompassing continuum of food, water, air, personal hygiene, insects as well as sewage disposal. Personal hygiene as well as general sanitation is fundamental to the control of communicable diseases. According to Acha et al (2003) control of vector-borne diseases should be directed to the vector itself followed by the rodents.

Reference list:

Acha, P.et al (2003). Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals:

Chlamydioses, rickettsioses, and viroses. 3rd Ed. New York: American Health Org

Munson, F. (2009). Hygiene of Communicable Diseases; A Handbook for Sanitarians, Medical

Officers of the Army and Navy and General Practitioners. New York: General Books LLC.

Letter to the Editor, Wall Street Journal

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Letter to the Editor, Wall Street Journal

The debate on competition instigated by Peter Thiel’s article ‘Competition is for Losers, Review September 13’ begs some comments. It is an accepted economic truth that competition drives down profits. However, the company that wishes to make profits develops a cost strategy that maximizes the sales of its products to attract as many consumers as possible. A company must address the issue of cost structures among other things, if it is to be competitive. Thus, it is altruism to generalize the issue of competition based on low price only. Those companies which position themselves at a high price level do not fair better on profitability than those that embrace the low price approach. Capitalism reigns over the most efficient economy and offers the widest choices for consumers. After all, it is the consumers who drive the profits. The enterprises that continuously innovate in order to lower costs and remain competitive will always win in the long term.

Thiel’s claim that competition and capitalism are opposites, is fallacious. Competition is the foundation of capitalism. Lack of competition, in any economy, leads to mediocre products since there are no incentives to innovate. It is one of the reasons why socialist and communist economies failed. Thiel also confuses market power with monopoly. Monopoly is a theoretical construct used by economists to describe a market where there is only a single player. Market power, on the other hand, is the measure of the ability of the enterprise to increase its prices without affecting sales and, hence, increase profits. Google is more profitable not because of the monopoly, but because it can attract more consumers, and, consequently, gain bigger market share.

In conclusion, the views presented in Thiel’s article are incorrect. Stating that competition is for losers is misguided and unsubstantiated. Competition is healthy and is embraced by large and small economies and businesses alike.

Nutrition analysis

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UNIVERSITY:

DATE :

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Nutrition analysis

Introduction

I noticed abnormal weight at the age of thirteen while I was still in school. My parents used to work with the army, and most were the times I was left with the house help who rarely cooked most of the times. Most were the times I ate junk foods and packed them for lunch in school; little did I know the harm I was causing to myself. Weight gain lowered my self-esteem with my peers as I watched them play during break time; I could not even participate in basketball which was my best despite having a pitch in town. I often got sick, thus missing most of the classes in school, which even made me repeat some classes. When I got admitted to the hospital and explaining to the doctor my feeding habits, he got shocked and recommended some of the foods I should take. I had to change my routine programs such that I had to allocate more time to physical exercises. I was the firstborn in the family. I did not want my small brothers and sisters to through the same situation as I did. I wanted to help such people with the same condition as I wanted to become a nutritionist after school.

Nutrition analysis

It is easy to maintain a well-balanced diet and helps prevent usual health problems, including heart and diabetes. It can be hard to tell if the food you eat meets your diet’s nutrients and standards, and it is essential to be aware of this, especially if you are trying to develop healthier habits. I could calculate my calories, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins consumption in their database. To create a scale for people to measure their eating habits, both sex, age, weight, exercise levels and height were included in the database. The findings of a dietary analysis were studied, and numerous experiments were subsequently correlated with DRI (Dietary Reference Intake). In determining how much food I shall consume one day, this was extremely helpful. Finally, I have planned a regimen to keep my diet balanced. I had to consult my nutritionist, Dr Peter waters, to guide me in this. He discouraged eating junk foods as I used to do; he then advised my parents to employ a home health giver to look after me.

In my diet, Peter Waters emphasized the importance of three macronutrients: proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Carbohydrates, which include sugars, cellulose, and starches, are primarily organic compounds abundant in food and living tissues. A protein is a nitrogenous organic compound made up of larger molecules that contain one or more long amino acid chains. They are a necessary component for the physical components of the body’s tissues, such as hair, muscles, and collagen. Protein can be consumed at a rate of 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight (kg). Finally, the fat in one’s diet provides a large portion of one’s nutrition. Per gram of dietary fat, nine (9) calories are present. Because of its high caloric content, increased fat consumption increases the risk of obesity value. My intake of carbohydrates is just over half of the minimum recommended amount.

With the database modified to my information, I should take between 1,100 carb calories a day. These results show I intake approximately 550 carb calories. Suppose you don’t have enough carbohydrates in your diet. In that case, it can cause an energy deficit, resulting in your body breaking down the stored energy, and your body will try to obtain energy from a less good food source, which could produce unwanted side effects. Carbohydrates are the body’s primary source of glucose, which offers the required fuel for every cell in your body. Recommended protein levels show a minimum of about 240 protein calories a day and a maximum of about 875 calories ( Alexon). My intake averaged to be about 300 protein calories. This is within my range, but it is at the lower level. There are two main categories of protein deficiencies when one consumes enough calories but not enough protein calories; one will suffer from kwashiorkor. When one doesn’t consume enough calories or enough protein calories, one will suffer from marasmus. Reduction in protein synthesis inside the cells is one of the primary outcomes of protein deficiencies. Your body wouldn’t access essential compounds needed to create new protein molecules if you fail to consume critical amino acids, which eventually decelerates the production of new proteins. My recommended fat intake was between 490 fat calories and 850 fat calories per day. I averaged roughly 460 fat calories, which is just under the recommended daily intake. When someone doesn’t get enough fat in their diet, they could suffer from depression, an increased risk of blood pressure and cholesterol and poor vitamin absorption.

Micronutrients are frequently addressed as vitamins and minerals and are huge dietary components. Although they are usually only needed for the body in small amounts, they are essential in the development, prevention of diseases, and overall well-being (Kinstler et al.). The body can’t produce them, so your diet is where they are derived from. According to the results, my average caloric intake throughout the 3-day analysis was 1287kcal, expending an average of 2664kcal each day. This is a net loss of -1377kcal/day. The database concluded my recommended daily calorie intake is 2429kcal, which is just under double my actual average intake. A full data-sheet can be found in appendix C, Energy Balance. The predesigned equation to calculate estimated energy requirements (EER) left only weight, height, age and physical activity levels. My EER was calculated as 2438.12kcal/day. This is very close to the databases calculation, with just a difference of -9.12kcal. I am not getting nearly as many calories as I should be. To help this issue, I can eat regularly and according to my DRI. This analysis indeed indicates my personal nutrient ingesting isn’t as healthy as I initially thought it was. Consuming foods from primary groups, such as fats, carbohydrates, or fibres, is not generous in other essential nutrients.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, understanding foods are critical to ensure a healthy amount is going into your body each day. Some nutrients are only needed in small amounts, and this range varies based on what it is, but that doesn’t go to say a small amount of a nutrient is unimportant. Although people think you can have a deficiency for a particular nutrient, you can consume too much of something, which causes issues within the body. Since many people are so naïve to a lot of generic information, using this database will make people think about what they’re eating before eating it. This type of analysis can help people who have unhealthy lifestyles and diets to change with nothing more than statistics and personal motivation. This can be extremely rewarding and inspire the individual to keep going and change their diets and lifestyles and others as well. Parents should play a role in ensuring that their children are fed in an appropriate way by the care givers whom they leave with their children. Lack of proper diet can lead to diseases such a kwashiorkor as well as marasmus. Poor nutrition in children can lead to brain damage in thus the child becomes a poor performer in school.

Work cited

Axelson, Marta L., Terri L. Federline, and David Brinberg. “A meta-analysis of food-and nutrition-related research.” Journal of Nutrition Education 17.2 (1985): 51-54.

Kinstler, Angela et al. “Frequent Emesis With Enternal Nutition: Are Formula Hang Times A Factor? An Evidence Synthesis”. Journal Of Pediatric Nursing, vol 26, no. 4, 2011, p. e25. Elsevier BV, doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2011.01.277.

Krause, Marie V. Food, nutrition and diet therapy. Saunders, 1979.

Cost-Benefits Analysis Matrix

Project Management

Name

Institution

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc387902625” Cost-Benefits Analysis Matrix PAGEREF _Toc387902625 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc387902626” Risks of Integrating a New Payroll System PAGEREF _Toc387902626 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc387902627” Gantt Charts PAGEREF _Toc387902627 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc387902628” Performance Evaluation and Reviewing Technique (PERT) PAGEREF _Toc387902628 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc387902629” Critical Path Method (CPM) PAGEREF _Toc387902629 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc387902630” Feedback PAGEREF _Toc387902630 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc387902631” Types of Behavioral Problems PAGEREF _Toc387902631 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc387902632” References PAGEREF _Toc387902632 h 9

Project Management

Cost-Benefits Analysis MatrixAn organization that is planning to replace its internal payroll system with an outsourcing service has to consider the costs and benefits of outsourcing. Outsourcing is an effective way of dealing with internal problems and making the processes of organizations simple and efficient. While planning to implement a new system requires the managers to identify the costs involved. Replacing the old internal payroll system with a new outsourced payroll system will help in enhancing the productivity and performance of employees. It will help in analyzing the performance of employees continuously so that they are praised according to their performance. The employees will be able to focus on productive tasks so that they can accomplish their goals and targets (Santos, 1999).

Implementing a new system will have an impact on the costs and performance of the organization. The cost benefit analysis helps in determining that whether the costs are being used efficiently to gain advantage through it or not. A new payroll system will help organizations in achieving competitive advantage over its competitors. It will reduce the cost of using internal systems, which require both time and efforts. Outsourcing is often considered as a way of saving costs by hiring professionals. The companies can avoid penalties and legal complaints if they are using an efficient payroll system, which will protect the reputation and image of the business. Technology advancements help organizations in enhancing their processes and reducing their costs up to a significant extent.

Cost analysis matrix

Goals and objectives of the organization

Alternative plans of achieving the goals. There is need for data gathering.

Calculating benefits of each alternatives and choosing the best alternative

Making the diagram representing the matrix through an x and y axis.

Risks of Integrating a New Payroll SystemEvery business requires an effective and efficient payroll system, which can help in easily processing employee compensation. The payroll systems continuously evolve with the advancement of technology. These days, technology is updating technology tools and systems, which are helping organizations in performing various tasks. The systems help in the process of recording, reporting, and processing the working hours of employees, which helps in making the payroll process efficient. Businesses keep on integrating new and advanced payroll systems, which can help in making their compensation process easier and efficient (Santos, 1999).

There are certain risks involved in integrating a new payroll system, and it is necessary that the management analyze and evaluate these risks. The risks involve the lack of knowledge and awareness of the new system, which exerts pressure on the human resource management.. Implementing advanced technology requires the company to bear higher costs, which affects their budgets. Integrating new payroll systems requires proper training, which can help in effectively handling the payroll process and issues. If the training is not provided to employees and HR managers, they will not be able to manage the system efficiently (Anand, Gardner & Morris, 2007).

The risks in the payroll will be minimised through data integrity. Having data concerning the employees that is not compromised to reduce the possibility of having ghost workers in the the payroll. Data integrity also enables a manager to know the specific work which an employee is performing in the organization.

Outsourcing to payroll service bureaus is another method that ensures that the new payroll has the required dat. Through outsourcing there is need for a proper in-house preparation to ensure that all the required activities are put into consideration. The in-house preparation must be conducted in time to avoid messing with the payroll through rushing over issues. Proper outsourcing will reduce the problem of accountability of the payroll system. It will enable the payroll to be able to beat the strict deadlines that may result to improper payments.

Gantt ChartsGantt Charts are widely being used by organizations all over the world to manage their projects efficiently and effectively (Raz & Barnes, 2003). There are various advantages and disadvantages of Gantt Charts that help in understanding its use and implications.

The advantages of Gantt Charts are listed below in this paper:

It helps in making a clear picture of the plan of a project, which helps in understanding its complexity. The diagrams and charts help in understanding the process in a better way.

Gantt Charts help in planning the process in a timely manner by organizing the thoughts in the best possible manner.

It helps in demonstrating the tasks of the project and the required resources for each task. It helps in evaluating that whether the organization has all the required resources for accomplishing the goal of any project or not.

The Gantt Charts can easily be shared among the project management team and employees of the organization. It helps the employees in continuously keeping track of all the tasks involved in the project and how much time is required by each of the tasks.

There are some disadvantages of Gantt Charts, which should be known by the management of organizations. Some of these disadvantages are discussed below:

For larger projects, Gantt Charts can often become complex. There would be a large number of tasks involved and each task will require time and other resources. The project manager will be required to make employees understand the Gantt Charts so that they can understand their work.

Gantt Charts requires constant updates, and continuously updating the charts require both time and efforts. While working on a project, many things change continuously and making everything available on the Gantt Charts require continuous updates.

Example of a Gantt chart

NO. ACTIVITIES Task

1. Week 1 2. Week 2 3. Week 3 4. Week 4 5. Week 5 6. Week 6 Performance Evaluation and Reviewing Technique (PERT)PERT is a statistical tool, which helps in evaluating and reviewing all the tasks involved in completing a project. It is an effective project management tool, which helps the management in tracking each activity involved in the project. By comparing the PERT charts and Gantt Charts, it can be said that Gantt Charts are more useful for smaller projects as compared to the larger ones. Gantt Charts provide optimum opportunity to highlight each task of the project specifically. Gantt Charts also present an overview of all the resources that would be used in completing a project. PERT charts just provide an outline of all the tasks that are interconnected in a project (Raz & Barnes, 2003).

Critical Path Method (CPM)CPM is another important statistical tool, which is widely used for managing projects in different organizations. The CPM helps in calculating the time required for each and every activity or task involved in the project. It helps in aligning all the functions involved in the project management. By comparing CPM with Gantt Charts, it can be said that Gantt Charts are more helpful in proving a chart of all the activities along with all the resources and time required (Raz & Barnes, 2003).

Feedback

When a new system is being implemented in the organization, it is necessary to make sure that the users of the system do not face any problem. The system is designed to help its users in efficiently and effectively managing their role and responsibilities (Anand, Gardner & Morris, 2007). When a new payroll system is being implemented in an organization, it is necessary for the project managers to take continuous feedback from the HR managers. The new payroll system will be used by the HR managers to carry out the process of compensation and salaries. So, it is necessary that the project managers take feedback from the HR managers. The feedback will help in the following ways:

Suggestions, advices and ideas will help in bringing positive and relevant changes in the project.

Feedback will help the project managers and HR managers in designing an efficient and effective system that can make their project successful.

The feedback will also help in making sure that the HR managers and employees adapt the new system, which will help in making the integration process easier.

It is the responsibility of the project management team to take continuous feedback from the managers and employees. Once the feedback is taken, the project team has to filter out the irrelevant information so that they can use the relevant feedback to bring positive changes. Analysis and evaluation of the feedback will help in determining that what information is relevant and what is irrelevant. It will help in critically evaluating the useful information and making sure that an effective system is designed and implemented (Anand, Gardner & Morris, 2007).

A feedback loop is important in getting all the required data. The feedback loop is after the action. The action in this point is the payroll of the employees and the nature in which the payroll is administered to the employees.

Types of Behavioral Problems

Outsourcing the organization’s legacy payroll system is a major decision of the organization and will have a significant impact on the behavior of managers and employees. Many employees do not favor outsourcing the payroll system as it will share their personal information and data with the firms that are providing outsourcing services. Bringing change in any function or system of the organization requires acceptance from the managers and employees. A change has both positive and negative impact on employees, and it is necessary to evaluate the behavioral problems that might arise. The project team managers can evaluate the behavior problems to make sure that the outsourcing process is integrated successfully (Beer, 1997).

The behavior of employees and managers towards an outsourced payroll system won’t be favorable in all ways. They might not like the way they are being evaluated and judged by other firms. The HR managers might face problems in integrating the new payroll system into the organization because of the unfavorable response of employees. The project management team should continuously coordinate and communicate with the employees and HR managers so that they can get relevant feedback from them. The suggestions and feedback will help in focusing on the critical needs of employees and HR managers so that they can be catered successfully.

References

Anand, N., Gardner, K. and Morris, T. (2007). Knowledge based Innovation: Emergence and Embedding of new Practice areas in Management Consulting Firms. Academy of Management Review vol. 23, pp. 242-266. Retrieved from ( HYPERLINK “http://www.aom.pace.edu/amj/unassigned/anand.pdf” http://www.aom.pace.edu/amj/unassigned/anand.pdf).

Beer, M. (1997). The Transformation of the Human Resource Function: Resolving the Tension between a Traditional Administrative and a New Strategic Goal. Human Resource Management vol. 36 (1), pp. 49-53. Retrieved from ( HYPERLINK “http://www.e-campus.uvsq.fr/claroline/backends/download.php?url=L0JlZXJfdGFuc2Zvcm1hdGlvbl9SSC5wZGY%3D&cidReset=true&cidReq=ERH” http://www.e-campus.uvsq.fr/claroline/backends/download.php?url=L0JlZXJfdGFuc2Zvcm1hdGlvbl9SSC5wZGY%3D&cidReset=true&cidReq=ERH).

Raz, T. & Barnes, R. (2003). A Critical Look at Critical Chain Project Management. Project Management Journal, vol. 1 (1), 22-34. Retrieved from ( HYPERLINK “http://www.kupasazshomal.com/Editor/assets/magazine/Project%20Management%20Journal%20,December%202003.pdf#page=26” http://www.kupasazshomal.com/Editor/assets/magazine/Project%20Management%20Journal%20,December%202003.pdf#page=26).

Santos, B.D. (1999). Justifying investments in New Information Technologies. Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 7 (4), pp. 71-90. Retrieved from ( HYPERLINK “http://www.mesharpe.com/MISVirtual/11Santos.pdf” http://www.mesharpe.com/MISVirtual/11Santos.pdf).

Costs and Benefits of Hosting a Sports Event

Costs and Benefits of Hosting a Sports Event

Bringing a Major League Baseball A-League Team to an Area

Arranging for any event is usually a complex process for the planner with an intention of achieving a well balanced realization of the intended purposes. Any social event must be comprised of a number of targets in order for the planners to ensure that every aspect of the various areas involved is catered for in positive way. Gathering people for any form of social event is therefore an important social planning area that must comprehensively be considered. A good example can be captured in planning to host a Major League Baseball A-League team in a local setting to achieve certain social objectives. High profile athletes being involved in a sporting cum social event is an important gathering which involves certain considerations in terms of local government and the community at both the local and extended level. Defining the scope of the event to such a level must incorporate the specific costs and benefits which impact directly on the wellbeing of the society.

Social events need a clear analysis of the actual social consequences against the quickly anticipated social benefits after the gathering. Alternatively, economic deliberations must also be factored in an event to ensure that it is not only sustainable to host such gatherings but leave positive economic impacts for similar future engagements as well. Such considerations are performed during the overall impact assessment for a social event which involves an expansive aspect of a particular society as the main research question of this discourse illustrates (Lyck, 2006). According to the author, mega events for sports or any other gathering that the society becomes involved in have economic and social impacts which must be assessed in advance for the appropriate determination of viability in the respective perspective intended. In a similar manner, by hosting a superstars-filled team from the Major League Baseball A-League, the local community as well as the extended communities will be involved in a massive way due to the high profile guests. It follows that the authorities at the local setting must be involved at various levels to ensure that it is within the expected regulations to avoid a social problem.

Literature touching ion the effectiveness of planning of events and the social detail involved therein is currently available in a wide spectrum of perspectives. Sport is a common channel through which the community can be involved positively for both individual and community development (TSE Consulting, 2007). The local authorities will be involved in the arranging of the sports event since it affects the sport and sport policy at both the local and national level. According to Gratton and Henry (2001), sports are an important policy tools that the local and central governments can employ to formulate useful changes in the society such as positive behavior campaigns among the youths. Such policy tools are well considered by the authorities to ensure that positive impacts are experienced on the economy as well as on the social front. The UN (2005) has recognized the impact of sport for the wellbeing of the societies due to promotion of peace and coexistence among the participants. It therefore implies that the success of the event at a local event hosting high profile athletes will involve several people thereby achieving great socialization success. Both the local and the extended communities will partake in the event in some form of engagement due to the services needed in the venue. Gratton and Henry (2001) reckon that the integration aspect is an important element of sport for people near and far that passionately following the event. However, the consequences of such events such as unrests during such gathering must be avoided in order to ensure that other benefits such as economic gains do not override safety in unruly gatherings.

Perhaps some of the missing aspects of such events are on how to quantify risks in order to eliminate negative impacts of social events in case they turn out to be tarnished. Literature is available on how to quantify positive aspects of social events such as sports at various contexts but specific attention on how risk can be assessed is conspicuously missing (TSE Consulting, 2007, p18). Apparently, research would be most welcome particularly in terms of risk quantification with regard to various stakeholders to such events such as the government and the local and extended communities.

Social planning and management of events would well be served with information detailing the magnitude of positive and negative impacts of events and gatherings at various community levels. It is particularly an important social policy and strategy input to have the appropriate assessment of the costs and benefits of hosting any event involving the masses. Avoiding social crises would not necessarily be the main purpose of carrying out an assessment of the consequences but assist in making future events more successful and influential. The modern sociologist would take a keen following on the development of such topics since the social process takes different shapes under different circumstances. Finding out how social processes become beneficial and less harmful to the society would be the most important aspect of the planning involved in arranging such events.

References

Gratton, C. & Henry, I. P. (2001) Sport in the City: the role of sport in economic and social regeneration. London, UK; Routledge

Lyck, L. (2006) “Mega Sports Events” Retrieved from: HYPERLINK “http://openarchive.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10398/6631/working%20paper%205%20-%20megasports%20event.pdf?sequence=1” http://openarchive.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10398/6631/working%20paper%205%20-%20megasports%20event.pdf?sequence=1

TSE Consulting (2007) “Quantifying the Social Impacts of Hosting Sports Events,” Retrieved from: HYPERLINK “http://www.culturalwellbeing.govt.nz/files/Report%20on%20social%20impacts%20of%20hosting%20sporting%20events.pdf” http://www.culturalwellbeing.govt.nz/files/Report%20on%20social%20impacts%20of%20hosting%20sporting%20events.pdf

United Nations (2005) “International Year for Sport and Physical Education,” Retrieved from: HYPERLINK “http://www.un.org/sport2005/index.html” www.un.org/sport2005/index.html.