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Cotton-Picking Time by Maya Angelou

Non-Fiction

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“Cotton-Picking Time” by Maya Angelou was my favorite non-fiction compared to “from Man to Boy” by John Coleman. Angelou highlights some of the sufferings cotton pickers undergo right from the morning to the evening. Despite working hard and sacrificing in the cotton plantation, the cotton workers’ wages still do not satisfy them. The author’s mother wakes up with a lot of optimism and strong belief in God but her hopes and expectations do not bring the results expected. Angelou explains that, “their wages wouldn’t even get them out of debt to my grandmother, not to mention the staggering bill that waited on them at the white commissary downtown.” The other work only narrates a story about a name, which is not as touchy as the cotton plantation worker’s plight.

The overall theme of the work I preferred was the sufferings associated with poverty and slavery. Angelou explains that, “No matter how much they had picked, it wasn’t enough.” The lesson learned is the significance of persistence and determination amongst the less privileged individuals.

I connect with the character narrating the story because of the history and stories I have heard and read about cotton pickers in the South during slavery. The narrator narrates almost everything about what I have heard. Angelou says that, “During the picking season my grandmother would get out of bed at four o’clock (she never used an alarm clock) and creak down to her knees and chant in a sleep-filled voice.”

The fact that these are NON-FICTION essays (based on real experiences) greatly change the way I view/read the work because they attract my attention and enhance seriousness. Suppose they were fiction, I would have not taken them more serious.

I would you read more NON-FICTION essays like these rather than reading FICTION short stories from the week before because NON-FICTION are based on real experiences and are very touchy compared to the FICTION.

Could the Nintendo Wii be used to increase physical activity in primary school children with early signs of obesity

Could the Nintendo Wii be used to increase physical activity in primary school children with early signs of obesity?

Introduction

Increasing rates of obesity in young children

This paper posits to analyze whether Nintendo Wii can successfully be used to increase physical activity in primary school children with early signs of obesity. This importance of this study is based on the fact that obesity has recently been proven to a serious issue of concern with children as well as adolescents. Obesity in children relates to a situation of accumulation of excess fat in the body that causes negative effects to the health and the wellbeing of the child. The existing approaches of determination of the body weight in a direct manner are usually difficult calling for the application of procedures such as the BMI. As a result of escalating prevalence of obesity especially in children accompanied by the high rate of adverse effects to their health, the condition has been labeled a serious concern in the health of the children. Avoiding stigmatization warrants the application of the terminology overweight in place of obese. The effect of these condition is a shorter lifespan for the affected. Obesity in children has also been associated with significant risk factor (Chamberlin & Gallagher, 2008).

Obese children are in most cases confronted by emotional and also psychological problems. To the extreme, the condition can also result conditions that are life threatening such liver disease, skin infections, cancer, heart disease, early puberty also called menarche, diabetes, high blood pressure, sleep problems, eating disorders like the anorexia plus bulimia, asthma and other respiratory problems. The condition is anticipated to continue to their adulthood that consequently to high mortality rates (Lanningham-Foster, et al., 2006).

Considering the growth of generation X, there were expectations that the children would join their friends in the field and play. This trend has however changed with majority of the children being under restrictions to go out and play with their mates. This has been replaced with the use of computers and video games playing, a condition that has made them less active as compared to the children of similar age a few decades ago. Owing to the fact that playing of video games is more passive than active, the number of calories that are burned in the body consequently declines (Graves, Stratton, Ridgers & Cable, 2007).

This has been accompanied with a decline in nutrition and an escalating level of consumption of sugars in addition to fast foods as a result of the increase in their demand. Participation in traditional video games is associated with an insignificant burning of the calories in the body and this can only be enhanced with the introduction of Wii.

It has therefore become imperative to have a combination of the video games and high profile activities that will consequently lead to burning of a higher percentage of calories for the sake of enhancing the health and the wellbeing of children. This is particularly important for the primary school children with early signs of obesity. This is th basic principle behind the introduction of interactive system of video games called Wii that was initiated by Nitendo. Instead of just sitting down and make use of the remote control, standing up while mimicking actions to be completed on the screen results to the increase in the level of activity by the player (Graves, Ridgers & Stratton, 2008).

According to the so far conducted studies, the Wii games including bowling, boxing, and tennis aerobics among others are enhancing the level of exercise while the player continues to derive fun from the video games. They have also replaced the traditional games which are expensive based on the requirements to purchase them seperately

Nintendo Wii: increase physical activity in primary school children with early signs of obesity

The use of exergaming which also means video gaming in a physically active manner has been proven to improve the levels of activities in children. The gaming console given the name Wii was introduced by Nitendo in 2006 and it was proven to be revolutionary due it’s virtue of incorporating the lower body part movement with the movement of the upper body. Another positive contribution of the game was facilitating some facilities for the players which on traditional context are played outside like basketball, bowling right as well as baseball that can otherwise be performed in the living rooms (Cowley & Minnaar, 2008).

The positive attributes of the game made it possible to be introduced as an after-school program. Further exploration of the game proved that it is one of the most effective ways that can be adopted for a person to be physically active especially for the young people who at their 9 to 12 age bracket (Lanigan & Power, 2008).

With the efforts of the parents, the professionals in health care as well as educators strive towards the identification of means of increasing the levels of activities in the children, the use of video gaming remains to be one of the best options. The games are effective stimulants of the bodies along with the minds of the concerned. Most of the children experience higher rates of heartbeats accompanied by pedometer readings of up to 600. The ratings of the extent of enjoyment among the children is a further positive indicator that the use of the video games is an engaging activity and one of the most effective methods of increasing the level of activity among the young people (Epstein, et al, 2008).

Successful of use of video gaming to increase physical activity in primary school children with early signs of obesity is only realized with appropriate application of models such as the health belief model and the theory planned behavior. Health Belief Model, HBM, implies to a tool of beneficial use by the scientists in the process of predicting health behavior. When the concept is used together with video gaming, success in increasing the physical activity in primary school children with early signs of obesity can be achieved. The basis of the model is that the willingness of a person to undergo the process of change in behaviors of health is based on some important factors including: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers. The model has been proved to be realistic because it recognizes the willingness of an individual to change the behaviors of health should be associated with additional two elements which are cues to action along with HYPERLINK “http://std.about.com/od/glossary/g/selfeffiacyglos.htm” self efficacy (Lan, 2007).

Another model worth consideration is the theory planned behavior which establishes an interconnectivity of the attitudes to behavior an extension of theory of reasoned action. The theory has been proven to be efficient in productivity and persuasion. It has often found its application in studies dealing with relations in as far as belies, behavioral intentions, attitudes as well as behaviors are concerned in most of the field including healthcare (Robertson, 2004).

The popularity of Nintendo Wii has resulted therefore to the application of video gaming for the Extension educators along with the health professional in the process of incorporating physically in addition to the mentally stimulating activities in the activities of the primary school children with early signs of obesity. The possibility of incorporation of pedometers in the future for self monitoring of the movements of the students as they undertake their physical activities and the video gaming is still a subject under study. The exposure of primary school children with early signs of obesity to screen time serves as a potent predictor to negative outcomes as it serves as a tool of improving motor skills balance. It serves as a greater walkout for this category of students who can hardly go to the gym (Bonis, 2007).

Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and interventions

The onset of type 2 diabetes is associated with mild symptoms and it happens to be the commonest diseases that is usually under diagnosed and most suffers are not aware that they are victims. This is an unfortunate situation as a result of the significant damage that is likely to arise after the onset of the disease to the body causing a variety of complications (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 2008).

The diagnosis of the disease requires that it is separated from the possibilities of related mild symptoms. It is important to have a distinction of ype 2 diabetes from other related conditions including Type 1 diabetes, IGT as well as MODY. Occasionally underlying condition including metabolic syndrome, hemochromatosis and cystic fibrosis might act as base illness (Bloom, 2008).

One of the most important interventions is the use of Medical nutrition therapy, MNT which has been proven to prevent and also manage the condition and in some cases it also slows down the development rate of complications that are associated with diabetes. All in all, with the introduction of Nitendo Wii, parents, educators and professionals in health care need to eliminate the complications associated with diabetes especially during the early life of a person and make use of the facility to increase physical activity in primary school children with early signs of obesity for the sake of their better future. This deduction is based on the proven facts that Nintendo Wii can be used to increase physical activity in primary school children with early signs of obesity

Bibliography

Bloom, J. et al, 2008, “Nintendo Wii vs. Microsoft Xbox: Differential effects on mood, physiology, snacking behavior, and caloric burn”, Appetite, Vol. 51, No. 2., pp. 354-354.

Bonis, J., 2007, “Acute Wiiitis”, The New England Journal of Medicine. 356(23):2431-2432

Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 2008, Childhood overweight and obesity. Available at HYPERLINK “http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.html” http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.html, accessed on November 02 2010

Chamberlin, B., & Gallagher, R. 2008, Exergames using video games to promote physical activity. Abstract available at HYPERLINK “http://www1.cyfernet.org/cyfar08/Research/Chamberlin/Chamberlin-Research1.pdf” http://www1.cyfernet.org/cyfar08/Research/Chamberlin/Chamberlin-Research1.pdf accessed on November 02 2010

Cowley, A. & Minnaar, G., 2008, “New generation computer games: Watch out for Wii shoulder”, BMJ. 336(7636):110

Epstein, L. H., et al, 2008, “A viewing and computer use on body mass index in young children”, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 162(3).

Graves, E., Ridgers, N. & Stratton, G., 2008, “The contribution of upper limb and total body movement to adolescents` energy expenditure whilst playing Nintendo”, European journal of applied physiology . 104(4).

Graves, L., Stratton, G., Ridgers, N. & Cable, N., 2007, “Comparison of energy expenditure in adolescents when playing new generation and sedentary computer games”, BMJ. 22;335(7633);

Lanigan, J., & Power, T.G., 2008, “Obesity prevention and health promotion: How family life educators view their role”, Journal of Extension Article 6FEA5.

Lanningham-Foster, L., et al., 2006, “Energy expenditure of sedentary screen time compared with active screen time for children”, Pediatrics, 118; e1831-e1835.

Lan, X., 2007, “Role of eHealth in Childhood Obesity Prevention and Reduction,” Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association.

Robertson, R. J., 2004, “Harnessing Technology in a Multidimensional Approach to Childhood Obesity,” International Conference on Urban Health, Oct. 31, 2007.

Traditional Psychology is Flawed

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Traditional Psychology is FlawedPsychology is the study of how our minds work and the behaviors we depict. It is a field of medicine that has been in existence for thousands of years. Two main approaches have been used to argue about how to deal with mental issues and theories that have been developed to describe ways of improving mental well-being, traditional psychology and positive psychology. Traditional psychology was an approach that was used by the earliest psychologist. It explained how mental disorders came about and also focused on providing a framework that helped in the treatment of mental disorders. Positive psychology, on the other hand, is study is the study of happiness or what makes life worth living. I believe that in dealing with a person to get better use of positivity is important. Traditional psychology dwells on how dysfunctional a person is and it’s is an approach in psychology that I do not believe in. On this paper I will argue out why I feel traditional psychology is not a good solution in treating of patients as compared to positive psychology.

When we talk of mental wellness most people often think that the message is for individuals who may have been affected or have been diagnosed with a certain mental illness. However, this is not the case at times as humans we go through certain situation such as loss of jobs, hear breaks, financial difficulty, stress from school or even loos of a loved one and this is likely to interfere with our mental health. I believe that the Sigmund’s traditional psychology focuses on individuals that have already been diagnosed to have a mental disorder such as schizophrenia or bipolar. But what happens to the rest of the population that has not been diagnosed with any mental illnesses that is why I think the approach of traditional psychology is wrong (Hart, pg. 82). Traditional psychology tends to look at what is wrong with us so that it can fix it, rarely does it highlight our strengths and what is okay with us then use the positive aspect of our lives to try help us heal. Traditional psychology does not make the life worth living as compared to positive psychology.

Aside from traditional psychology dwelling on the dysfunctionality of a person, traditional psychology also makes us to blame certain people or cultures to reason why we are not mentally okay. Traditional psychology often forces a person to relieve a traumatic experience that may have happened in their life resulting in pain. By a person relieving something that happened to them they may become angry or develop hate towards the people who were part of the reason why they went through the trauma. I also think that traditional psychology often puts the client at a point where they believe to be a victim and the situations that happened in their life was something that they did not have control over. However, one needs to understand at times taking responsibility of certain things in your life is a good process of the healing and not always perceiving your situation as a cause of someone else’s mistakes (Gable, pg. 103).

Traditional psychology seems to be ignoring certain aspects of life that are important for human growth. This is unlike positive psychology that will looks at the things that bring happiness in our life, our potentials as human beings, the talents we possess and what makes us flourish. Traditional psychology seems to believe there is a normal and abnormal behavior and everyone needs to be fixed in order to have the normal behavior. A work out for happiness gives us hope as humans and encourages us to live to see another day as we make our lives worth living. In doing away with the traditional psychology which is more of psychology of illness we will be promoting the psychology of flourishing for each and every person as all people should be happy. I believe psychologist are not only tasked with duty of identifying disorders and treating them which is what traditional psychology often emphasizes on but rather, they should be on the fore front of helping every human even those that have not been diagnosed with mental issues to live a life that is full of happiness.

Sigmund Freud is said to be the psychologist that developed the traditional theory. Traditional psychology defines problem then identifies the best solution or way to deal with the issue. This process is characterized by examining one’s past, present as well as feature behaviors, focusing on a specific traumatic event that one may have gone through in their lifetime and how the events have contributed to one’s overall functioning. It is for a fact that certain traits, behavior, and emotions presented by humans are due to past experiences one went through, and in coming up with a comprehensive treatment framework, the process of understanding them is quite important (Wilber, pg. 125-127). However, I am very critical of this approach as it is worth noting that traditional technique is more focused on negative attributes such as fear, anxiety, death instead of happiness, joy, resilience, and compassion.

Positive psychology on the other hand which was a term used by Maslow in 1954 is characterized by studying what motivates us to exhibit the personality we have. As human beings focusing on the positive side of the happenings in our lives. Through understanding the positive influences in a human’s life we are able to understand them in a different aspect. I believe that psychology is more focused on healing and repair of the damaged human which is more of positive than traditional psychology. Other attributes that also characterize positive psychology over traditional includes courage, wisdom, hope, spirituality, and faith which practitioners using traditional psychology seems to ignore. Ignoring these aspects creates a gap and thus I believe by employing them during treatment the virtues of the individual should also come into play. Positive psychology will explore one’s behavior, emotions, and feelings that ultimately lead to happiness.

Psychology should not be involved with a branch of medicine that is focused on damage and illness but should also include how one is educated on discernment and love. Positive psychology unlike traditional psychology that mostly focuses on developing a framework to cure illness should be focused on both the emotional and cognitive processes which then facilitates behavioral change as well as the development of coping strategies. Positive psychology consists of three key pillars: positive personality, positive experiences, and positive institutions. Unlike traditional psychology that dwells on trauma positive psychology focuses on positive emotions which is more likely to lead to one’s contentment with their past. It also focusses on happiness in the present and also has hope about the future. In understanding one’s strength then human beings can find a way it achieves positive thoughts and emotions (Barros, pg. 318-327).

Although I may argue that traditional psychology is not so good in treatment of patients, it is important for me to recognize how it is still useful in the field of psychology to date. Traditional psychology, although has not seen any major improvement when compared to positive psychology some techniques and theories, are still being used especially in the treatment of psychological disorders. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is an example of such a technique which focusses on identification as well as modification of distorted thought patterns as well as the disturbing behaviors and emotions that are associated with them. The technique developed by Aaron Beck in the 1950s helps one become aware of their thinking process, and one can change both beliefs and attitudes. It has been proved to be very effective in treating several psychological issues including anxiety and depression. Other examples of traditional techniques include solution-focused therapy and psychotherapy. Some psychologists have dismissed positive psychology branding it as happy talk and is only useful in helping patients advance their optimal functioning and wellbeing. Most of these psychologists have suggested that it cannot be used as a stand-alone but can complement traditional psychology.

In conclusion, I advocate for the use of positive psychology in place of traditional psychology. Positive psychology is seen as a way which encouraged the patients to dwell more on the positive thoughts in building their strengths; thus it substitutes psychotherapy characterized by dwelling on negative emotions such as sorrow and anger. It is a form of psychology that accommodates even those that do not suffer from any mental issues. Just because a person does not get to experience any panic attacks or does not have bipolar does not mean they do not struggle. It is sad that most practitioners still embrace the use of traditional psychology as it is more clinical. However, some practices seem to be complementing positive psychology with traditional psychology instead of replacing it which is a great step in revolutionizing the idea that psychology only deals with mental illnesses.

Works Cited

Barros, Rita Manuela de Almeida, et al. “Research and practice in positive Psychology.” Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão 30.2 (2010): 318-327.

Gable, Shelly L., and Jonathan Haidt. “What (and why) is positive psychology?” Review of general psychology 9.2 (2005): 103.

Hart, Kenneth E., and Thomas Sasso. “Mapping the contours of contemporary positive psychology.” Canadian Psychology/Psychologies Canadienne 52.2 (2011): 82.

Lazarus, Richard S. “Does the positive psychology movement have legs?” Psychological inquiry 14.2 (2003): 93-109.

Twelfth Night Review

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Twelfth Night Review

The play twelfth night was originally done by one William Shakespeare. Its theme was marred with among other things plenty of love and affection. The piece of art was widely celebrated across the world. Later in the days, Trevor Nunn did its film adaptation. Trevor’s version was based on comedy unlike the Shakespeare’s. The film lays bare the fact that heartbreaking elements become laughable when seriously handled and are therefore pushed over to the top (Smith, 2017). The film revolves around romance and gender confusions as evidently shown by characters Imogen Stubbs and Jack Lemmon. Being that comic, the book received more than warm reception among the lovers of art and comedy. In order to achieve this, the author Trevor inarguably used a variety of stylistic devices to impress and present the book in the best possible way. Widely used are the styles of juxtaposition and music which blends well with her choice of word and creativity for the rest of the book. The essay intends to find out how the use of juxtaposition and music has helped the author in imagining, developing and actualizing the thematic concerns and concepts as evident in the book.

Juxtaposition

The juxtaposition is a literary device that involves putting things, people or dissimilar ideas side by side with the aim of comparing them. From the book Twelfth night, the style of juxtaposition is perfectly used to contrast and compare the love situation that is going on in the film (Smith, 2017). The love triangle shown is one of its own. This is particularly true when we visit the kind of that characters like Viola finds themselves in. One character falls in love with the other who fell in love with the other. Viola falls in love with Orsino. Similarly, Olivia falls in love with Viola. This love affair goes toxic since viola is unable to tell whether she is really a woman or not.

Olivia despite being so feminine and beautiful, she almost made it be a guy. Her creations and reality are juxtaposed. The extent of her difficulty in coming up with the difficulties that she goes through (Smith, 2017). The rigmarole of putting on her makeup, mustache and man’s costume. The physical pain she undergoes is juxtaposed to the benefits that she derives from her new status. She had to start engaging in men’s activities like fencing, riding and playing pool cards. The unending danger of the discovery that she was in after making her position with Orsino all shows the danger that she has to go through as a male. She severally has to disguise and degrade herself in order to remain safe

Music

In order to successfully develop her thematic concerns, Trevor employed the artistic use of music on several occasions. Music in the film is used to provide a unique atmosphere at the development of each theme. Talking of love then a soft romantic song plays on the background of the scene says it all. Before we are introduced to Bohemia, Autolycus sings a magnificent song that sets the stage for the yet to happen in the background (Smith, 2017). Again, Ariel songs to Ferdinand when he is washed ashore. This depicts the theme of love, tenderness, and care. Clearly, the song and its incidental narratives are fused into the settings and thematic concerns of the play.

Works Cited

Smith, P. J.. Goodbye Wave: Trevor Nunn’s Twelfth Night–A Maritime Valediction. Shakespeare, 1-9. 2017

Unemployment in USA

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Unemployment in USA in February 2014

Although it is sometimes overlooked, a key statistic for the understanding the employment market is the length of an average workweek. Some small changes in the average workweek usually imply large changes in the total hours worked. In the U.S., the average work week has fallen to 34.2 hours in February from 34.5 hours around September 2013, as per the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The decline, together with the mediocre job creation, shows that the total number of employment hours has decreased over the period.

The unemployment rate in the U.S in February 2014 appeared in this cycle:

Actual Previous Consensus Forecast

6.7% 6.6% 6.6% 6.5%

There is another possibility for the decline of average workweek that is the Affordable Care Act. It slowly induces businesses with lesser than 50 full-time workers—where full-time is defined as 30 hours per week—to keeping the number of hours low in order to to avoid having providing health insurance. This has played a part in the unemployment front. The jury is still on this explanation, though research has shown that existing laws that may be evaded through keeping firms small or working hours low can possess significant effects on the entire employment.

This is the division between female and male labor forces and it can be referred to as Occupational Gender Segregation. This relates to the reality that men and women do different jobs, based on understandings of what is the proper female and male work. According to Lazeart (2014), occupational gender segregation is sometimes vertical, whereby a woman concentrates on less influential jobs.

Despite the existent of some substantial volatility, U.S job creation has reached an average of 180k over the last 12 months which is slightly lower than the last 18 months average of approximately 191k. The private sector employment rate has increased for the 49th straight month, thus totaling to 8.681 million or about 177k per month. However, this has not lowered the rate of unemployment. This is because there are many potential employees clearing training institutions every other month. The government sector has been surprised by the upside creating 13k jobs, which are modestly higher than the last 3 month average of -14k. It seems that the trend of job creation rate is still approximately 175k to 185k per month, which is consistent with an economy that is growing at around 2%.

The USA labor force is characterized by a high unemployment rate among the youths and the less educated. Since 1993, unemployment rates between the youth and the uneducated have followed a similar trend, slightly increasing upwards. During the recent global recession, there has been a sharp increase as employers have been laying off most of their workers. The employment rate for all high school dropouts or graduates is higher than that of than for the overall population. The causes of discouragement and unemployment points out on the requirement to expand the access to higher levels of education and training programs. About one third of the discouraged labor force lack experience and lack of enough education.

The labor market is the supply and demand of so that there can be making of services and goods, sold or bought under the terms and conditions which constitute a contract in view of the law. The goods that are made are for sale, profit generation and exchange, not for the immediate satisfaction of the laborer needs. The USA labor market has moved from the primary sector to the service sector which can also be referred to as the tertiary sector. With the entry freedom of entry in the modern labor market, there have been existence and development of stiff competition.

For the anticipation that preceded unemployment report In February, many job seekers’ reaction was muted. On the economic growth and securities market, the industrial average edged up by about 30.83 points or 0.19 percent, thus closing at 16,452.72. For instance, the Standard & Poor’s 500-stock index grew by 1.01 points or a percentage margin of 0.05, closing at 1,878.04. However, the Nasdaq composite dropped by 15.90 points or about 0.37 percent, to end the day at 4,336.22.

There is long unemployment duration in this labor market. This reflects that there is underutilization of available human resources. Another evident characteristic is gap and limitations. The labor market has two measures that classify educational attainment. Age when individuals completed education and highest qualification. The age when an individually cleared school and the level of education determines whether a person gets employed. Workers are classified into three educational groups, those who graduated at 16 or under, between 17 to 20, and more than 21 years of age.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the USA labor market is not fair to the moat of the parties involved. There is a need to impose rules on equality, such as balancing the number of women and men in the market. This will go a long way in ensuring that no gender is considered weak. The Identity of workers should not be used to define the work they do, whether migrants or locals.

Work Cited

Bureau of Labor Statistics “BLS”. Unemployment in United States in February 2014. WebEdward, P. Lazeart . “The Hidden Rot in the Job numbers”. Wall Street Journal, 2014. WebNelson, D. Swartz. “As Job Creation increases in February”. The New York Times, 2014. Web.Jeffrey, Sparshott. “Economists react hits of spring”. The wall Street journal, 2014. Web

Trail of Tears

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Trail of Tears

When European settlers came to America they found that the Native Americans who were Indians. The Europeans were looking for new lands to conquer and America had proved to a viable place where they could obtain raw materials for their industries due to the vast amount of lands that had not been exploited. A good example would be how most English settlers who were considered to be from the lower class were able to move and got land for themselves. Native Americans were very welcoming to the European settlers not knowing that they would be the cause of their problems that would last decade of years to come. European settlers would engage in frequent war with the Natives as they wanted to impose their rule on them. Although they were able to negotiate a few treaties and leaved in peace for a while, after the American Revolution thing took a turn as the white settlers were now completely in power.

The Trail of Tears is an historical term that is used to refer to the forceful relocation that were done on the Native American community who had settled in South Eastern region of the United States. The forceful eviction was a result of enactment of Indian Removal Act of the year 1830 that had been signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1930 (Thorton, pg. 289-300). The act gave powers to the president to give the unsettled lands that were located on west of Mississippi and in exchange of the Indian lands that were located on existing state borders. Some tribes were okay with this act and moved peaceful while others felt that the relocation was unfair and they wanted to resist. This paper looks at how some native tribes were forceful removed from their land and the effect that the Removal Act had in the long run.

Land policy had long been an issue between the Native Indians and the Cherokee nation. Wen settlers first arrived and started setting up settling point like Jamestown. At first, the Indians were friendly people who welcomed the settlers but soon they noticed the Europeans wanted control especially of the land which is one thing that the Indians valued. The Indians would not allow the Europeans to take possession of their land and that is where the disagreement between the two groups begun (Wood, pg. 1471). The settlers knew the land was useful resource because of its fertility, minerals found in certain location that Cherokee community claimed possession and owning large chunks of land would have also been a sign of wealth. The Indians however believed that the land was communal and everyone was entitled to the land. It is the privatization of land that would lead to disagreement between the Indians and Europeans even after America attained its independence becoming a sovereign nation.

Gold deposits had been discovered in the land that the tribal Indians occupied in the 18000s. Most of these land approximately seven million acres had already been acquired in eastern Tennessee, northwest Georgia and southwest North Carolina. In 1819, Georgia would appeal to the government to remove the Indians from the tribal lands and when these appeals failed they decided to purchase the land. Cherokee which was among the largest tribal native Indian group had established their own government system which was quite similar to the United States system (Ehle, pg. 126). It was made up of a principal chief who was elected, a senate, and they also had a house of representative. They were considered as a threat by the U.S government and were among the tribes that would be moved from their land. There were states that were coming up with laws in order to drive away the Native Americans for example Worcester v. Georgia of 1832. These laws were passed in order to limit the sovereign rights of the Indians. In 1832, a ruling was made by the supreme court ruling the legislation by Georgia was unconstitutional but the federal authorities under the orders of Jackson ignored the order.

The year 1838 during the fall and winter the forceful eviction of the Native Indians begun. The Cherokees were forced to surrender their land on east of Mississippi River to the government and had to move to the west which is the present day Oklahoma. The eviction was not really smooth as a lot of force was being applied that led to injuries as well as deaths of several people. It is approximated that 4000 Cherokees died and this came to be famously known as Trial of Tears. The journey to the new land was not an easy journey as the migrants underwent devastating challenges. Some of these challenges included diseases, hunger, extreme weather conditions and exhaustion as they were required to match for longer journeys. Trial of Tears has been classified as one of the most tragic eras in the united states history (Strickland, pg. 292-309). Native Indians who were the original occupants of United States before even the British, French and Spanish were feeling the effect of people they had welcomed into their land.

Trails of Tears and the forceful eviction marked the sorrows that would follow the Indians. It was seen as the beginning of extermination of the Native Indians by the U.S government. After the American revolution had taken place and the government had been created, Indians were not seen as part of the nation as they were regarded a separate nation within a sovereign country. The Indians were committed to living peaceful with the white settlers but once the settlers had their powers, they wanted to take control of everything as America had proved to be quite a rich and resourceful country. The U.S government in a bid to control these resources that the Indians too had access began a campaign that was characterized by false promises, a lot of treaties were signed that were not honored, racist attitudes as Indians were people of color, and threats by the military that they would remove them forcefully from their native territory. Indians felt unsafe and while some resisted the government intentions, most understood that the resistance would not bare any fruits and that is why some moved intentionally.

When the Indians moved to the West, it gave the settlers an opportunity to continue growing and prospering in the new country that they had created. The most prominent tribes that were affected by the forceful movement included Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, Cherokee and Chickasaw. These tribes had the majority of people driven out of their land which was approximately 60,000 Indians (Perdue, pg. 89). These groups were particularly targeted because they were the majority, were civilized and had good leadership organizational structure. Their way of life and functional system was well organized and defined as they had laws on ownership of property, government offices, had built their own schools which were quite similar to Europe. The white settlers saw them as a threat and if not squashed they would create a revolution that may have an effect on the American government. The leaders from these tribes were often open to negotiating peace talks but most time U.S government wanted everything done their way or would trick them into signing treaties which would not eventually be honored.

One of the effects that the forceful relocation had was broken trusts between the Indians and the white settlers. The Indians were now being treated with utmost disrespect to a land that they first were occupants, it damaged their spirit as a nation. The relocation resulted in immeasurable misery that led to despair. In order for the government to ensure that the Indians relocate swiftly, they were prearranged and wretched to various travelling caravans that would allow ease of management by the military. During the trail they experienced the worst of conditions. They did not have anywhere to sleep when it was dawn and had to sleep in the cold on mad or plain ground that had crawling insects. The caravan included children who also had to undergo such terrible conditions. They did not have enough food and some died due to starvation. There were sever disease outbreaks including pneumonia, dysentery, whooping cough, tuberculosis and pellagra. These diseases contributed to the high number of deaths that were experienced during the movement of the caravan.

The 1830 Removal Act although it gave President Jackson the power to relocate the Indians as they had given their consent, they had to be compensated. However, this proved to be an empty promise as the relocation was not implemented as per the policy. Choctaw Indians who were the first group to be migrated in 1831 had served as a reference to successful relocation. The group was followed by Seminole in 1832, Creek would later follow in 1834, Chickasaw 1837 and last was the largest group Cherokee 1837. By 1837, it is approximated 46000 Native Indians had been moved from the southern states forcefully. Their relocation opened up 25 million of acres of land that were given to white settlement. The settlers used this lands to grow cotton that was a high selling commodity during the 19th century especially as an export product. This was a clear indication that the government wanted to completely eliminate the Indians. How can a government in place trick people who had owned land legally for years to relocate through false promises of compensation and forcefully removing those who did not abide by the law, only to award the land to white Europeans for personal gain (Minges, pg. 453-479). If the promises in the treaty had been honored and the relocations conducted in a more humane manner, then it would have been a little bit better.

Aside from death and diseases, removal of the natives from their land broke families apart. While some Indians did not want to move to the west some escaped and began a life in North of Mississippi. A system that was already organized was also destroyed. The Indians had to restart their civilization again in a different location including having to build new schools, hospitals and social amenities. This took them back to a phase they had already crossed and evolved (Young, pg. 502-524). The Cherokee tribe which had very fertile land were forced to the dry plains which were not good agricultural land. A tribe that was once mighty to be reckoned with had been turned into nothing. There was a split in the group as some agreed others refused who were the majority and were being led by Chief John Ross who was negotiating so that they could not lose their land. Their culture was also lost as they started adopting European culture and over the years a tribe that was the majority is now among the most minority groups in America. The westward expansion by the European was a sign that they could do anything in order to stay in power.

More than a decade later issues of land and resources still persist between the U.S government and the Indians. In 2016, the U.S Government was required to pay $492 Million to 17 American Indian Tribes for the mismanagement of the resources. There have been more than 100 lawsuits that have been brought to court by American Indians as well as the tribal government against the federal government most citing the injustices they underwent including failed promises from the treaties. Tribal lawsuits have proved quite difficult to settle as most are often based on payments that should have been made by the government over the course of the decades (Berutti, pg. 291-308). Because of an error that was made by the Jacksonian administration, Trail of Tears may continue to haunt the United States for a very long time.

In conclusion, Trail of Tears perfectly illustrates the inhumanity that Native Indians had to undergo in a country they were the first inhabitants. The white settlers who moved to America were hell bet on creating a perfect life and freedom for themselves and were greedy that they wanted to possess everything including the rich land. Trail of Tears had quite a devastating effect to the Indians as they suffered from diseases, lacked food and shelter, suffered harsh climatic conditions which resulted in death of thousands of people including the children. Trials of Tears shows the white supremacy that existed among the European nations who believed they were better than all the other races and thus they had to exert their rule upon them.

Works Cited

Berutti, Ronald A. “The Cherokee Cases: The Fight to Save the Supreme Court and the Cherokee Indians.” American Indian Law Review 17.1 (2016): 291-308.

Ehle, John. Trail of tears: The rise and fall of the Cherokee Nation. Anchor, 2011.

Minges, Patrick. “Beneath the underdog: Race, religion, and the trail of tears.” The American Indian Quarterly 25.3 (2001): 453-479.

Perdue, Theda, and Michael D. Green. “The Cherokee Removal.” A Brief History with Documents. New York-Bedford (1995).

Strickland, William M. “The rhetoric of removal and the trail of tears: Cherokee speaking against Jackson’s Indian removal policy, 1828–1832.” Southern Journal of Communication 47.3 (1982): 292-309.

Thornton, Russell. “Cherokee population losses during the Trail of Tears: A new perspective and a new estimate.” Ethnohistory (1984): 289-300.

Wood, Mary Christina. “Indian land and the promise of native sovereignty: The trust doctrine revisited.” Utah L. Rev. (1994): 1471.

Young, Mary. “The Cherokee Nation: Mirror of the Republic.” American Quarterly 33.5 (1981): 502-524.

Sight and Vision in Oedipus the King

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Sight and Vision in Oedipus the King

Oedipus Rex or Oedipus the King is an Athenian tragedy play by Sophocles that follows the life of Oedipus a great king who seems to be fleeing away from his fate but he eventually meets it at the end of the play. In the play there are numerous references to the act of seeing, vision, insight, the light as well as darkness. Theme of sight is an important motif throughout the play. Seeing in the text has been used both metaphorically as well as literally. Oedipus who is the King of Thebes has physical sight but he is quite blind to the evidence surrounding his life including his background. Sophocles uses theme of sight and vision to portray knowledge, physical light and the truth all which are depicted in Oedipus’ actions that led to his tragic end as king.

Sophocles throughout the novel builds the character of the king in three distinct phases all which portray both the themes of vision and light. In the beginning of the novel, Oedipus the king has physical sight, he is also quite knowledgeable as he even solves the Sphinx’s riddle. He is quite brave as in choosing to answer the riddle, he was prepared to die in case he failed as Sphinx had threated death upon anyone who failed. During this phase, we can say sight and light can be related to his knowledge and bravery as he even rescues freeing the city from Sphinx evil reign. However, he soon changes his character and becomes a man in denial determined to solve the riddle on Laius death. We can see his ignorance showing therefore bringing the aspect of his blindness to both his past as well as present (De Vlemick, pg. 197-214).

Sophocles introduces Teiresias who is a prophet but also blind to show the aspect of Oedipus blindness metaphorical. Although Teiresias is blind, he can still see the corruption that exudes in Oedipus’ life and the king who has complete sight cannot see the truth surrounding his life. Oedipus issues a curse upon Laius’ killers a curse that eventually would befall him instead. He places a curse on himself, “I curse myself as well… if by any chance he proves to be an intimate of our house, here at my hearth, with my full knowledge may the curse I just called down on him strike me!” (Sophocles, line 285) yet Tiresias goes ahead to tell him that he is the corruption of the land.

Oedipus is blind to the fact that his people are suffering the plague because of his own action yet a blind man can see this. It is proven that Oedipus escaped from his parents a while fleeing he meets with his real father Laius killing him. He goes on to become king of Thebes and ends up marrying the mother. He learns he has fulfilled the prophesy and was the cause of the misfortunes in the city of Thebes (Zachrisson, pg. 313-331). When truth is presented surrounding Oedipus birth and circumstances of his life, he blinds himself with pins stating “What good were eyes to me? Nothing I could see could bring me joy” (Sophocles, line 1473-74). At the end he has seen the light by accepting the fact that he has to meet his fate and humble himself. He realizes even with his eyes he was not able to see the truth that was in front of him the whole time. Oedipus believed he was doing what was right for his people that is why we use the term tragic hero on him. He was unable to escape the prophesy that doomed his life.

In conclusion the novel seeks to answer the question whether painful knowledge of the truth may be more important than having happiness? King Oedipus was a knowledgeable man who wanted to be a great king for his people. By being blind to the truth he was a happy and a noble hero to his people. However, his blindness to the truth regarding his past and his obsession to solve Laius’ death resulted in his fall from the once noble hero to a sad, humiliated, blind man.

Works Cited

De Vleminck, Jens. “Tragic choices: Fate, Oedipus, and beyond.” The locus of tragedy. Brill, 2008. 197-214.

Sophocles, E. A. Oedipus the king. Classic Productions, 1994.

Zachrisson, Anders. “Oedipus the King: Quest for self‐knowledge–denial of reality. Sophocles’ vision of man and psychoanalytic concept formation.” The International journal of psychoanalysis 94.2 (2013): 313-331.

Works Cited

Research Summaries

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Research Summaries

Summary of a Research Article: Is Divorce More Painful When Couples Have Children? Evidence from Long-term Panel Data on Multiple Domains of Well-being

This article explores the psychological effects of divorce to the children. There have been various theoretical models that have indicated how divorce has an effect and is more painful to the children. Little research is available where a researcher looks at kids as moderators in divorce cases. In conducting the research, the first hypothesis used in the research that children caused much more effect on the wellbeing of parents during a divorce. The second hypothesis was children intensified a decline in divorce-related resources. Among the research question posed in conducting the research included: How would presence of children in marriage moderate divorce and does the age of children play a role in divorce process.

In conducting the research, interview was conducted in various households where parents had divorced and they had children. Household members who were of age 18 and above were interviewed in order to establish the transition that took place from marital to divorce state. 2353 participants were randomly selected with the criteria they had to have been divorced after years of marriage. The findings from the research was that presence of children increased emotional crisis on parents, economic losses and social resources. (Leopold, 2016). Mothers who had little kids who were yet to start school or were in pre-school were more likely to stop working. Mothers and fathers were also likely to fall into drug use such as alcohol because raising children as a single parent was hectic.

Summary of the Research Article: If We’re Going to Change Things, It Has to Be Systemic:’’ Systems Change in Children’s Mental Health

If We’re Going to Change Things, It Has to Be Systemic:’’ Systems Change in Children’s Mental Health is a research conducted to understand well-being of children. The research established a purpose that was to provide information that would aid in the development of care systems. It was enhanced to act as a reference for interested or parties in the subject of study and even further researchers to expand the knowledge and understanding the principle care units that include family, youth involvement, individualized care and cultural competencies that aimed at developing effective strategies for building systems and delivering services. The research question for the research was how the systems currently in place affected mentally ill children. The purpose of this article development was derived from calls for reforms on the child mental health in the United States since the 1960s. The hypothesis used in this research was how Soft System Methodology affected the systems of care especially for children with serious emotional disorder.

In conducting the research, a multi-embedded case study design was used in order to examine system changes. There were six systems that were selected through a national nomination process. The research used extensive document review as well as targeted phone interviews with the involved stakeholders. The study found out the current emphasis on medical fields through evaluation to be an emphasis on the implementation of evidence-based practices. Culture, individualized services, family children mental health and competence in linguistics had formed the bases to principles and values of systems in the study. Across the nations in order to develop community-based systems of care for children and families across states, there must be involvement multiple constituencies (Hodges, Ferreira& Israel,2012).

Summary of the Research Article: Children’s Shyness Moderates the Associations between Parenting Behavior and the Development of Children’s Pro-Social Behaviors

In a research article named Children’s Shyness Moderates the Associations between Parenting Behavior and the Development of Children’s Pro-Social Behaviors, a study on whether there is a relationship between the parenting style of a parent and the degree of shyness exhibited by the child they parent is conducted. To preface the work, shyness is described is described as a temperamental state in which a child exhibits unease when in a social group composed of individuals unfamiliar to them (Beier, Terrizzi, Woodward, & Larson, 2017). The main hypothesis made before the study theorize that children parented by parents who showed affectation and exercised behavioral on them would be more pro-social and moreover, the same associations would be more pronounced in children that exhibit shyness. While conducting the study, questionnaire was the data collection method of choice in which parents of 9368 children born in Finland in the province of central find land were supplied with questionnaires regarding their children`s temperament as far as shyness is concerned as well as their parenting styles. To establish the children`s temperament, the questions used the Children Behavior Questionnaire which contains 175 questions which require ratings on the children`s behavior on a scale of 1 to 7 as the answers.

To collect data on the children`s social behavior, the research used the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC) in which a scale of 1 to 4 is used to rate the social behavior of a child on 126 different items. On parenting styles, the research used the Finnish version of Block`s Child Rearing Practices Report (BCRR) parental affection and behavioral control subscales where the participants were required to rate, on a scale of 1 to 5, their level of affection and behavioral control on 14 different items. According to the results obtained from this method, it was established that the affection of both mothers and fathers positively affected how the social behavior of their children by enhancing it. Among shy children only, more affection from their mothers was found to improve their pro-social behavior, a phenomenon which could not be linked to non-shy children. Further, the research established that affection from fathers only helped improve the social behaviors of shy children while their behavior control was good when instilling pro-social behavior in non-shy children.

Summary of Research Article: Shyness and Social Conflict Reduce Young Children’s Social Helpfulness

In the article Shyness and Social Conflict Reduce Young Children’s Social Helpfulness, research is done aimed at trying to confirm the hypothesis that shyness and conflicts are impediments that hinder children from being useful in a societal setting. The research question in the research was whether both shyness and social conflict reduced a child social helpfulness. The two main hypotheses were formulated which were as follows: in the event the individual to be helped is clearly unwilling, then a child will refrain to help if the decision to do so is based on their preference to the individual. Secondly, since shy children dread the consequence of conflict, they will be less likely to help if the individual is unwilling (Zarra-Nezhad, 2018).

To confirm whether the hypotheses were right or not, experiments were conducted where children were exposed to opportunities of helping either physically or socially by setting up experiments which involved having a child help an experimenter to collect a she dropped or helping her gain the attention of another experimenter she pretended not to hear her calling while appealing disinterested. The aims of the experiments were to determine whether a child`s decision to be socially helpful was dependent on the target individual`s interest and whether shyness determines the social helpfulness of a child. From the research 81.3% of the children were observed to provide immediate physical help while only 59.4% of them readily provided social support. When the experimenters showed clear disinterest to be helped, the children refrained from helping them confirming the theory that the preference of the target individual negatively affects a child`s decision to be helpful both physically and socially. Regarding the association between shyness and social helpfulness, there was a direct link between shyness and social helpfulness while none was established between shyness and physical helpfulness confirming the theory that social helpfulness is more demanding to shy children since it requires taking social risk.

Summary of Research Article: Clinical Characteristics of Young Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Atherosclerosis

This research looks at both biochemical and clinical characteristics of the young diabetic patients that also suffer from arteriosclerosis as well as Type II Diabetes. The research was a cross sectional study that involved 2199 subjects who had been hospitalized in the hospital with type two diabetes. The research question was the occurrence rate of arteriosclerosis on children. The hypothesis for the research was whether age had an impact on occurrence of arteriosclerosis. The patients were divided into two groups those who had atherosclerosis and non-atherosclerosis. An older group was also included as part of the study who had arteriosclerosis and were at least 45 years of age. There were comparisons made between the different groups in order to establish metabolic and cardiovascular risk profiles of the young patients (Yang, 2016).

The results established that the young people had deleterious profiles of hyperlipidemia and weight when compared to the older generation. Atherosclerosis was also more prevalent in lower extremity arteries of the young patients when compared with the old. The comparison between the young patents with atherosclerosis and non-atherosclerosis pointed out they were more likely to have longer diabetes duration, have older age and larger waste size especially in females and higher BMI and poor control of their blood lipid parameters. Their cholesterol level in both groups did not bear any significant difference. Younger type two diabetic patients were also likely to experience diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetic neuropathy incidences when compared to the older patients.

Summary of Research Article: A cross-sectional study on correlates of high blood pressure among school-going children in an Urban Area.

The researcher of this article aims at establishing if there is a link between blood pressure in school going children specifically in urban areas. Over the years there has been a significant number of children who have suffered from increased high blood pressure and obesity. The research question for the study was whether there was if school played an impact in resulting in high blood pressure among school going children. Hypothesis for the research was whether played any role or was a factor that led to development of high blood pressure in children.

In order to establish this, a cross sectional study was carried out for one and half years involving 892 children who were selected randomly both male and female between 8th-10th class. Measurements including height, weight and Blood pressure were recorded and classified per the BMI and standard guidelines outlined depending on both age and sex. The researcher was able to establish that children who were obese had elevated systolic blood pressure and elevated diastolic BP. The children who had familial history of diabetes in their history also had elevated diastolic pressure. The male also had elevated blood pressure than the female gender. There was a correlation between weight, height and BMI with Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. From the experiment, the researcher established risk factors for elevated BP as being obese or overweight, family history of diabetes or hypertension and increase in age (Katta, 2018).

References

Beier, J., Terrizzi, B., Woodward, A., & Larson, E. (2017). Shyness and Social Conflict Reduce Young Children’s Social Helpfulness. Child Development, 88(6), 1922–1929.

Katta, A. V., & Kokiwar, P. R. (2018). A cross-sectional study on correlates of high blood pressure among school-going children in an Urban Area. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 43(2), 82.

Leopold, T., & Kalmijn, M. (2016). Is divorce more painful when couples have children? Evidence from long-term panel data on multiple domains of well-being. Demography, 53(6), 1717-1742.

Hodges, S., Ferreira, K., & Israel, N. (2012). “If We’re Going to Change Things, It Has to Be Systemic:” Systems Change in Children’s Mental Health. American journal of community psychology, 49(3-4), 526-537.

Yang, W., Cai, X., Han, X., & Ji, L. (2016). Clinical Characteristics of Young Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Atherosclerosis. PloS one, 11(7), e0159055.

Zarra-Nezhad, M., Moazami-Goodarzi, A., Nurmi, J.-E., Eklund, K., Ahonen, T., & Aunola, K. (2018). Children’s Shyness Moderates the Associations between Parenting Behavior and the Development of Children’s Pro-Social Behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 3008–3018. doi: doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1134-0

Technology and Existentialism

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Technology and Existentialism

Technology has helped us expand how we communicate to each other and has also expanded our freedom of speech. Often we log on to social media where we can express on the views we have and you can get the backing from same people whom you share the same line of thought. The greatest challenge when it comes to controlling the freedom of speech is in the social media platform is the freedom of speech. Over the year’s social media has become the major platform where we express our views whether politics, social problems or economic problems. social media has also become a great platform where the leaders have had the opportunity to interacts with its citizen. Twitter specifically is one famous social media platform that is mostly used in engaging leaders and the citizen (Shao, pg. 96-104). The social media has provided a space where you can reach a large number of people and over the years it has even been used to campaign, explain manifestos or create a live session where individuals are able to engage with their leaders on matters pertaining their manifesto and their promises to the people.

Although social media has incredibly changed the way we convey our messages, it has also become problematic as there are no laws guiding freedom of speech in the internet (Byrd). Because of the web, it is presently conceivable to communicate all the more unreservedly and secretly on issues, be they political, social or monetary with almost no cost. However, concerns have been raised over the utilization of the web in methods for putting limits on what we say and post on the web. This has realized the subject of restriction on the substance we access or post however again it winds up almost impossible as it is viewed as a way of stepping on the freedom of expression. With occurrence of things such as cyberbullying, the debate on internet censorship has emerged.

The internet censorship is no longer a matter of legislation but now narrows down to moral questions. Even while James Madison was advocating for freedom of speech, he did not envision a situation we are in now, this may probably be because social media is a result of technology which was not there when the constitution was created. If the government tries to intervene on the censorship, the human activist will be on the road in a couple of hour accusing the government of infringing on the first amendment freedom of expression (Mailland, pg. 179). It is in the interest of the public to come up with laws that will restrict the freedom of speech on the social media sites. These sites have been used to propagate hate message, bully, troll innocent people as well as spread fake news. Spreading of fake news my result in a lot of panic in the country. Twitter is one social media site that is notorious for spreading of fake news or hatred. Just one tweet can be retweeted by a million of people in matter of hours. With the freedom of speech, you find individuals advocating against a certain race or even religion in these platforms. They cannot be arrested for this as they are protected by the 1st Amendment act. It is such loopholes in the bill of rights that have made some legislators to try and come up with legislations that will save such situations.

Jean-Paul Sartre a renowned philosopher who expounded on the theory of existentialism believed that “existence precedes essence. “I believe he would support the internet and it’s use. This is because he believed that as humans we were at a position to define ourselves including the use of internet despite all its disadvantages associated with it. However, Sartre is likely to advocate for the responsible use of the internet given the fact that as humans we ate in a position to make the best choices for us. Every single choice that one decides to take as human defines us and also gives a revelation on what we may think human being should be. In order to explore the internet and its negative impact that it has, then we must first use it. Denying the use of internet because we envision the internet to be in a certain way or used in a specific way by everyone is “living in bad faith” as Sartre said. Sartre was a philosopher who wanted the humans to break out of the shackles they had put on themselves. Those then who would love to use the internet as a form of entertainment or to entertain themselves should be left to do so (Mei, pg. 106).

Technology expands the human freedom in so many ways. Despite the part of the world one is, they can comfortably access any information or communicate to a person in any part of the world Everything g now is being used by the use of technology and now with the new field of Artificial Intelligence and data science, humanity is accomplishing so much even more than they could imagine. However, it has also diminished human freedom, the case of Cambridge Analytica is a perfect example. Through the use of the internet and people being able to share their data out their companies like Cambridge Analytica re using this information to influence people decision in certain ways and mostly election. Many have cited the concern of having free and fair election after there were news that highlighted how data science was being used to swing election. Despite the lows associated with the internet here and there the advantages outweigh the disadvantages depicting how technology and internet has expanded human freedom.

Works Cited

Mailland, Julien. “Freedom of speech, the internet, and the costs of control: The French example.” NYUJ Int’l L. & Pol. 33 (2000): 179.

Mei, W. A. N. “Being and Free Choice of Life——On Sartrean Existentialism in Morrison’s The Bluest Eye and Beloved [J].” Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Social Sciences) 3 (2009).

Shao, C., Ciampaglia, G. L., Varol, O., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. The spread of fake news by social bots. arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.07592. 2017. 96-104.

Literature Reflects Life in the Gilded Age

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Literature Reflects Life in the Gilded Age

As immigrants started to surge into America in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, they had any desires for a wonderful new life in the Land of the Free. They may have imagined that they would not need to live in confined and unsanitary conditions as they had in their old homes. They may have had any expectations of discovering an extraordinary new profession that would soar them to notoriety and fortune and permit them to live like the Carnegies, Rockefellers, and Morgans did. It could be conceivable that all their trusts were guaranteed once they got a quick look at the New York City horizon, extending the extent that the eye could see and extending like arms spread inviting home a friend or family member. The sun may have been sparkling brilliant and brilliant, washing the not really inaccessible city in an incredible light. At a separation it was perhaps a standout amongst the most wonderful sights that their eyes had ever happened upon. On the other hand, the land that looked so delightful and fabulous from the separation was really loaded with covetousness, debasement, and go getters. That is the way America might be portrayed throughout the Gilded Age. The wrapping was beautiful, yet the present was appalling.

Such affluent business visionaries as the Rockefellers and Carnegies served to make America the magnificence that she was on the outside, however to a degree they additionally helped the spoiled inside. America’s new European occupants existed in confined condo and worked in hazardous processing plants. The production lines housed the most recent engineering of the Gilded Age, the sequential construction system. According to Rowlandson, the large scale manufacture that the mechanical production system realized made the rich wealthier, yet did nothing to help poor people. They were working extended periods in at times greatly perilous conditions. Wounds and even passing’s would happen because of flawed apparatus or depleted representatives; however these events were frequently disregarded or concealed to keep away from any terrible reputation (Rowlandson 67). As the migrants overwhelmed the huge urban areas looking for occupations, different Americans headed west with the development of the railroad. On the other hand, no one appeared to think seriously about that they would be interrupting the American Indian’s domain. It additionally appeared that nobody minded. America was insatiable for land that lay to the west and would be very misleading in getting the land that they needed. The American Indians were pushed further and further west, and their tribes started to diminish. It appeared to be as though in this age that nobody was winning however the well-off white man.

Who was to uncover the defilement and advantage that streamed all through the Gilded Age? The creators of this time took it upon themselves to show how America was abusing its own. Creators and speakers, for example, Seattle, George Washington Cable, William Dean Howells, and Mark Twain concentrated on the subjects of defilement and advantage that were show in the Gilded Age. According to Emerson, one such case of a work offering the subject that debasement was talked by the Indian boss, Seattle, and interpreted for conservation by those intrigued by Native American concerns.

“Sometime in the past our kin secured the terrains as waves of a wind-unsettled ocean blanket its shell-cleared floor, however that time since a long time ago has passed away with the best of tribes that are presently yet a distressed memory” (228). So says Seattle in “Our People Are Ebbing Away Like a Rapidly Receding Tide.” In this discourse talked by the head of the Suquamish and Dewamish, Seattle recounts how the American Indian tribes are contracting into a close obscurity because of the degenerate white man. Nonetheless, Seattle knew enough that to deplore the white man would result in his work from being recognized and cause more objection towards himself and his kin. Subsequently, he portrays the tricky white man in a manner that may be recognized as joking.

A case of this methodology happens when he says, “The Great-and I assume great White Chief sends us word that he wishes to purchase our territories yet is eager to permit us enough to live agreeably” (228). Seattle knows exceptionally well that the cash that they will be paid will probably be little and that the area which they will accept will be the most exceedingly bad that there is to offer. Seattle returns to thank the White Chief for paying them for the area in light of the fact that, being the Native American, they have no rights and this gesure is seen as being to a great degree liberal. Not long after that Seattle says, “our extraordinary and great father, I say, sends us word that in the event that we do as he cravings he will secure us” (228). This announcement is not a type of liberality; however rather, it is the control of the Indians done by the all the more influential white man. Seattle is incognito when demonstrating how degenerate the populace of the Gilded Age could be. Seattle was by all account not the only one to manage an unmistakably good however clandestinely unsavory area swindler. George Washington Cable additionally managed the issue, however in a more private family climate.

In “Belles Demoiselles Plantation” Cable shows that debasement can exist inside a family and not simply between two different gatherings of individuals. The story manages Colonel Chaleau and his relative Charlie. The two principle characters originate from a blended family, the Colonel of French respectability and Charlie from the Choctaw Indians. The Colonel claims a great estate that sits on a duty. It goes to the Colonel’s consideration that the area is disintegrating separated and falling into the waterway and soon his wonderful estate could drop into the stream alongside the mud. The Colonel chooses to attempt to purchase Charlie’s property which exists in the city. He goes to Charlie and makes him an offer for his structures that is substantially more than what they are value. Charlie gets suspicious of the Colonel’s dealings. The old Indian asks why the Colonel would offer to pay such an extensive entirety for his structures and offer his own particular Belles Demoiselles for such a low cost. It is then that the Colonel positively gets misleading and does something that goes unequivocally against Creole convention. He sells out his own particular family. The Colonel advises Charlie that he needs to offer his ranch for no other explanation than to live in the city. At last the Colonel pays for his lies as he and Charlie witness his sublime ranch, alongside his darling little girls, fall in the stream. It without a doubt appears to be as though Colonel De Charleu pays for submitting a definitive sin against his family; inasmuch as, Editha, from William Dean Howells’ short story, never gets what she merits.

William Dean Howells’ “Editha” is an illustration of the shark that existed throughout the Gilded Age. She is a character whose psyche declines to see the pitiless substances of war, however rather sees the sentimental side of war that she peruses in her energetic books. She tosses her romanticized perspectives of war up in her life partner’s face, persuading him that it would be best for him to join the armed force. She understands that Gearson could be harmed or conceivably kicks the bucket in fight yet appears to be not to tend to, then consideration would be centered on her and she could go about as the courageous women in her books demonstration. Howells shows Editha’s twisted4 dream as she considers Gearson losing his arm in fight when he keeps in touch with, “She excited with the feeling of the arm around her; consider the possibility that that ought to be lost?” (368. Editha is manipulative with regards to Gearson. She controls him utilizing thoughts that she may have perused in her books. It is not ardent when she says, “‘I am yours, for time and endlessness time and forever'” (368), for after she articulates this expression she supposes to herself that these words “fulfilled her starvation for expressions.” Gearson does wind up passing on, and Editha acts in the way that she has perused that she ought to. She gets “wiped out” and wears dark. Editha and her father go to see Gearson’s mother, yet the mother sees directly through Editha’s veneer. Gearson’s mother defies Editha asking “‘What you got that dark on for?'” (371) on the grounds that she sees Editha for the manipulative, serving toward one, go getter that she truly is.

To sum up, the closure is surely shocking; however Twain demonstrates the debasement of the Gilded Age as no other creator could. Conceivably impacted by his great companion William Dean Howells, Twain likewise loathed the debasement and advantage that was moving through the Gilded Age. He was maintained as a dependable pioneer for American popular government and took the side of “the strong mass of the uncultivated” (266) as opposed to “the slight top hull of mankind” (266). His sensitivity towards the poor may have determined from growing up poor himself. Be that as it may, despite the fact that he grows up poor, he thought back affectionately on the days preceding the Gilded Age.

Work cited

Cable, George Washington. Belles Demoiselles Plantation. McQuade, et al. 2: 513- 524.

Downes, Paul. Democracy, Revolution, and Monarchism in Early American Literature.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print.

Elliott, Emory. The Cambridge Introduction to Early American Literature. Cambridge, UK:

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. “Self- Reliance.” Rpt in Course Materials for ENGL 2131. Web. June17, 2014.

Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklin. Vol. 65. Trajectory Inc, 2013.

Hartsock, John C. A History of American Literary Journalism: The Emergence of a ModernNarrative Form. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000. Print.Howells, William Dean. Editha. McQuade, et al. 2: 362-371. McQuade, Donald, et al., eds. The Harper American Literature. 2nd ed. 2 Vols. NewYork:HarperCollins, 1993.

Rowlandson, Mary W. The Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rolandson.United States: Filiquarian Publishing, 2005. Print.

Twain, Mark. The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg.”McQuade, et al. 2: 311-342.